Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form

Maryland Historical Trust Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form

1. Name of Property (indicate preferred name)

historic Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery other

2. Location

street and number 14554 Elm Street not for publication city, town Upper Marlboro vicinity county Prince George's

3. Owner of Property (give names and mailing addresses of all owners) name Prince George's County street and number 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive telephone city, town Upper Marlboro state MD zip code 20772 4. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Prince George's County Courthouse liber 4411 folio 183 city, town Upper Marlboro tax map 101 tax parcel 25 tax ID number 03-0192302 5. Primary Location of Additional Data Contributing Resource in National Register District Contributing Resource in Local Historic District Determined Eligible for the National Register/Maryland Register Determined Ineligible for the National Register/Maryland Register Recorded by HABS/HAER Historic Structure Report or Research Report at MHT X Other: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Prince George's County Planning Department 6. Classification

Category Ownership Current Function Resource Count district X public agriculture landscape Contributing Noncontributing building(s) private commerce/trade recreation/culture buildings structure both defense religion 1 sites X site domestic social structures object education transportation objects X funerary work in progress 1 0 Total government unknown health care vacant/not in use Number of Contributing Resources industry other: previously listed in the Inventory 1

7. Description Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22

Condition

excellent deteriorated X good ruins fair altered

Prepare both a one paragraph summary and a comprehensive description of the resource and its various elements as it exists today.

The Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery is located directly north of the intersection of Elm Street and Governor Oden Bowie Drive in Upper Marlboro, Maryland. The two box tombs are the only interments in the cemetery. The cemetery is situated at the top of a sloping lot, with grass terraces to the south and east leading to the roadway below. Mature trees and shrubs outline the steep slope of the north side of the lot, adjacent to Schoolhouse Pond. The Old Marlboro Primary School (PG: 79-019-51) is located directly west of the cemetery.

CEMETERY

A concrete walkway approaches the cemetery, stopping to the southwest of the site. A marble sill plate rests below a single-leaf iron gate, marking the only entrance to the cemetery. The cemetery is surrounded by a masonry and metalwork enclosure composed of six brick piers and an iron fence. Sandstone pavers cap the piers, which each feature a cannonball finial. The box tombs are comprised of a marble tablet resting horizontally on a foundation of stretcher-bond brick. The southernmost box tomb has slightly dislodged from its brick foundation. Small boxwoods line the interior of the cemetery. Memorial plaques are located on the southwest and southeast brick piers.

The box tomb tablet of William Beanes reads:

WILLIAM BEANES / SON OF / WILLIAM & MARY BEANES / WAS BORN JANUARY 24 / 1749 / AND WAS MARRIED TO / SARAH HAWKINS HANSON / NOVEMBER 25 / 1773 / DIED 12 TH OCTOBER 1828 IN THE / 80 TH YEAR OF HIS AGE

The box tomb tablet of Sarah Beanes reads:

HERE LIES THE BODY / OF / SARAH HAWKINS BEANES / DAUGHTER OF / SAMUEL & ANN HANSON / BORN AUGUST 12, 1750 / MARRIED TO / WILLIAM BEANES / NOVEMBER 25, 1773 / AND DIED 15 TH JULY / 1822 / IN THE 72 ND YEAR / OF HER AGE

The plaque on the southwest brick pier reads:

ON THE SITE OF THE MARLBOROUGH HIGH SCHOOL STOOD THE RESIDENCE OF DR. WILLIAM BEANES . HERE THE GENERAL ROSS MADE HIS HEADQUARTERS AUGUST 22, 23, 1814 ON HIS MARCH TO BLADENSBURG AND WASHINGTON . HERE DR. BEANES WAS MADE A PRISONER FROM INSTIGATING THE ARREST OF MARAUDERS FROM THE BRITISH ARMY . IT WAS TO SECURE HIS RELEASE THAT FRANCIS SCOTT KEY VISITED THE BRITISH FLEET AND BEING DETAINED DURING THE BOMBARDMENT OF FORT MCHENRY WAS INSPIRED BY ITS VALIANT DEFENSE TO WRITE THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ANTHEM .

The plaque on the southeast brick pier reads:

WITHIN THESE WALLS REST THE REMAINS OF WILLIAM BEANES . 1749-1828. PRINCE GEORGE ’S COUNTY PHYSICIAN , PLANTER , PATRIOT . SERVED ON THE COMMITTEE OF PRINCE GEORGIANS TO CARRY INTO EFFECT THE RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS . SURGEON IN THE GENERAL HOSPITAL , PHILADELPHIA DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR . FIRST SENIOR WARDEN OF TRINITY CHURCH , MARLBOROUGH . Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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INTEGRITY

The Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery retains a high level of integrity. The box tombs, suffering from vandalism and neglect, underwent extensive restoration efforts in 1914 and again in 1985 by the Prince George’s County Committee of the Maryland Historical Trust. The design, materials, and workmanship of the gravesite have not been compromised. Although Doctor Beanes’ nearby residence was destroyed by fire in 1855, because of restoration efforts the cemetery’s sense of setting, feeling, location, and association have remained intact. The gravesite retains sufficient integrity to convey its significance as a memorial to Doctor William Beanes.

8. Significance Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Period Areas of Significance Check and justify below

1600-1699 agriculture economics health/medicine performing arts 1700-1799 archeology education industry philosophy X 1800-1899 architecture engineering invention politics/government 1900-1999 art entertainment/ landscape architecture religion 2000- commerce recreation law science communications ethnic heritage literature X social history community planning exploration/ maritime history transportation conservation settlement military X other: Local History

Specific dates c. 1828 Architect/Builder Unknown

Construction dates c. 1828

Evaluation for:

National Register Maryland Register not evaluated

Prepare a one-paragraph summary statement of significance addressing applicable criteria, followed by a narrative discussion of the history of the resource and its context. (For compliance projects, complete evaluation on a DOE Form – see manual.)

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Doctor William Beanes was a prominent physician and planter in Prince George’s County. The Beanes Cemetery in Upper Marlboro, containing the remains of Dr. Beanes and his wife Sarah, serves as a memorial to the doctor known best for his passive role in Francis Scott Key’s penning of the “Star Spangled Banner” in 1814.

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery is located in Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Upper Marlboro, situated in eastern Prince George’s County, was established when the General Assembly of the Province of Maryland passed the “Act for the Advancement of Trade and Erecting Ports and Towns” in 1706 and 1707 in order to establish commercial centers in Maryland. 1

By 1718, county residents petitioned to have the county seat moved from Charles Town to Upper Marlboro, which was completed in 1721. 2 Chosen for its location on the Western Branch of the Patuxent River, the area was thought to be a convenient trading location. Upper Marlboro, with its designation as the county seat, soon became the social, political, and commercial center of Prince George’s County.

Doctor William Beanes was born near Upper Marlboro on January 24, 1749. He was a respected surgeon, and as his practice grew rapidly. In addition to his practice, Beanes was able to acquire several farms as well as the

1 Marina King, “The Tobacco Industry in Prince George’s County, 1680-1940,” Historic Contexts in Prince George’s County: Short Papers on Settlement Patterns, Transportation and Cultural History (Upper Marlboro, MD: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991), 69-71. 2 Susan G. Pearl, “Early Taverns,” 2. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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local grist mill. 3 The land his home, Academy Hill, was located on was conveyed to him by William Sprigg Bowie in 1779. 4 Academy Hill was a 144 acre estate, the finest house in town. 5

During the American Revolution (1775-1783) Doctor Beanes served as a surgeon to the American troops while in Philadelphia. Beanes treated soldiers injured during combat on Long Island, in the Brandywine Valley, and from the hardships of the winter encampment at Valley Forge 1778-1779. 6 He was later a founding member of the Medical and Chirurgical Facility of the State of Maryland. By the age of 65, Doctor Beanes was the most prominent citizen in Upper Marlborough: a physician, a major landowner, proprietor of the local grist mill, an accomplished scholar, and a popular gentleman.

Beanes is remembered principally, however, for his incidental role in Francis Scott Key’s writing of "The Star- Spangled Banner." 7 He was taken prisoner by British forces after they had raided Washington, D.C. in 1814. The British took the doctor prisoner after he had a small number of British soldiers arrested as they headed back out of Washington, D.C. These soldiers had enjoyed the hospitality of Doctor Beanes before the attack on the capital city, as he was a Federalist. Why Doctor Beanes had these men arrested is a subject of debate; what is not debatable is the British reaction to what had happened. The British swiftly returned to Upper Marlboro, seeking out Doctor Beanes. “They crashed into the house and pulled Beanes out of bed barely giving him time to dress. Beanes was forced to ride a bare-backed mule the 35 miles back to the fleet anchored in Chesapeake Bay.” 8 It is this action that led to the involvement of Francis Scott Key in the War of 1812.

Francis Scott Key was a Federalist living in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Richard West, a patient of Doctor Beanes, called upon his brother-in-law Francis Scott Key to help ensure the safe return of Doctor Beanes. Key, with the approval of President James Madison, sought out the British Fleet and Doctor Beanes. 9 He brought with him a collection of letters written by British soldiers who had been treated by the doctor and spoke of the fine treatment rendered upon them. The British commander of the North American Fleet, Alexander F.I. Cochrane, upon being presented letters from the wounded British soldiers documenting the superior medical

3 Joseph E. Jenson, “166 Years Ago This Month…William Beanes: The Doctor Behind “The Star-Spangled Banner” Maryland State Medical Journal (September, 1980): 60. 4 William Sprigg Bowie to William Beanes, Prince George’s Land Records, CC2:646. 5 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 368. 6 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 368. 7 Prince George’s Historical Society, “Prince George’s County Hall of Fame Inductees,” http://www.pghistory.org/HallofFame/#4. 8 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 370. 9 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 372. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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attention of Doctor Beanes released him.10 It was not without conditions though that Doctor Beanes would be released however, Key and Beanes were held captive until the British forces could carry out their planned attack of Fort McHenry in Baltimore the next day, September 13, 1814. It was during this evening and following morning that Francis Scott Key penned “The Star-Spangled Banner”.

Doctor William Beanes died in October of 1828, at the age of 79. In an article about him, Eugene L. Meyer describes his final resting spot, “True to his wishes, he was buried in his garden with his wife, Sarah.”11 The estate and land holdings of Doctor Beanes were eventually conveyed in 1841 to William N. Boteler, by the trustee for the estate of John B. Brooke. By this time, the Upper-Marlboro Academy had been established on the property; beginning 150 years of public education associated with the property owned by Doctor Beanes at Academy Hill. 12 The land that the cemetery is associated with was conveyed to the Prince George County Board of Education in 1917.

The box tombs of Doctor William and Sarah Beanes underwent a restoration effort in conjunction with the 1914 centennial celebration of the writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”13 The restoration work was undertaken by the public school children of Prince George’s County, assisted by the National Star-Spangled Banner Centennial Commission. Later restoration efforts occurred in 1985 when the Prince George’s County Committee of the Maryland Historical Trust undertook the task of rebuilding a brick wall, replacing a cannonball missing from the top of one of the fence pillars, and preserving the inscriptions on the tablets.14

10 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ ” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 373. 11 Eugene L. Meyer, “Here Lies the Real ‘Key’ To the National Anthem,” The Washington Post (9 September 2001). 12 Shirley Baltz, “William Beanes,” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files (1985), 4. 13 Shirley Baltz, “William Beanes,” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files (1985), 4. 14 Prince George’s County Committee, Maryland Historical Trust, and Prince George’s Heritage, Inc., Gravesite of Doctor William Beanes , 5.

9. Major Bibliographical References Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22

Baltz, Shirley. “William Beanes” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files, 1985. FindAGrave. “William Beanes.” http://www.findagrave.com/cgi- bin/fg.cgi?page=pis&GScid=640869&GRid=4295&PIgrid=4295&PIcrid=640869&PIpi=80104&. Jenson, Joseph E. “166 Years Ago This Month…William Beanes: The Doctor Behind ‘The Star-Spangled Banner” Maryland State Medical Journal (1980): 60. Pearl, Susan G. “Old Marlboro Primary School” (PG: 79-51) Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventory Form, 1995. Spiegel, Allen D., Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of “The Star-Spangled Banner” ” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995); 373.

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of surveyed property 3.522 Acreage of historical setting 6.702 Quadrangle name Upper Marlboro Quadrangle scale: 1:24,000

Verbal boundary description and justification

The Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery is located on a 3.522-acre parcel. The cemetery is situated at the top of a sloping lot, with grass terraces to the south and east down Elm Street and Governor Oden Bowie Drive. The northern border of the property is Schoolhouse Pond while the western boundary is formed by Old Mill Road. The Old Marlboro Primary School (PG: 79-019-51) is located directly west of the cemetery. The building is associated with Parcel 25 as noted on Tax Map 101.

11. Form Prepared by

name/title Paul Weishar, Architectural Historian

organization EHT Traceries, Incorporated date February 2008 street & number 1121 Fifth Street, NW telephone 202.393.1199 city or town Washington state DC

The Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 supplement.

The survey and inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringement of individual property rights.

return to: Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Department of Planning 100 Community Place Crownsville, MD 21032-2023 410-514-7600

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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CHAIN OF TITLE PRINCE GEORGE ’S COUNTY LAND RECORDS

Deed CC 2:646 William Sprigg Bowie to William Beanes, 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro August 14, 1779 together with all dwelling houses, out houses and improvements.

Will JRM 2:167 William Beanes, Sr. to William Beanes, Jr., 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro. June 7, 1793

Will TT 1:432 By second codicil, dwelling house and grounds devised to Phillip Key. After the #1810 death of Colmore Beanes should be held in trust for Key, to become his when he October 15, 1828 has issue. If he dies without issue, property to be sold.

Deed JBB 1:292 John B. Brooke, Trustee to sell the property of Doctor William Beanes to William January 16, 1841 N. Boteler, all the grounds, garden, buildings, and enclosures attached thereto; also the mill, meadows, and lands adjoining.

Deed JWB 5:359 Trustees of the Upper Marlboro Academy to the Board of County School December 5, 1885 Commissioners, part of the Academy grounds on which for some years past the Board has maintained a public school for females.

Deed 4411:183 Board of Education of Prince George’s County to Prince George’s Maryland, September 5, 1974 6.702 acres, with right to the pond. Known as Bell’s Meadows; same grantors acquired by JWB 5:359, 141:232 and 453:71.

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery, view of the southwest corner, looking northeast. (August 2007)

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery, view of the interior of the cemetery, looking northwest. (August 2007)

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery, view of the southeast pillar plaque, looking north. (August 2007)

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery, view of the southeast pillar plaque, looking north. (August 2007)

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: William Beanes Tomb, viewed from the north. (February 2008)

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-22 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Sarah Beanes Tomb, viewed from the north. (February 2008)

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Photo: Maryland Historical Society Marker, available from FindAGrave.com, credit Ron Williams. Maryland Historical Trust Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form

1. Name of Property (indicate preferred name)

historic Old Marlboro Primary School

other

2. Location

street and number 14554 Elm Street not for publication city, town Upper Marlboro vicinity county Prince George's

Category Ownership Current Function Resource Count district public agriculture landscape Contributing Noncontributing X building(s) X private commerce/trade recreation/culture 1 buildings structure both defense religion sites site domestic social structures object education transportation objects funerary work in progress 1 0 Total government unknown health care X vacant/not in use Number of Contributing Resources industry other: previously listed in the Inventory 1

7. Description Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51

Condition

excellent deteriorated X good ruins fair altered

Prepare both a one paragraph summary and a comprehensive description of the resource and its various elements as it exists today.

The Old Marlboro Primary School, located at 14554 Elm Street in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, is a Craftsman- style building with a bungalow form. Built in 1896, the Old Marlboro Primary School is unique within its neighborhood for its style and date of construction. The area surrounding the building consists primarily of large recently built government buildings. Sited between the Old Marlboro High School (PG: 79-019-52) and the Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery (PG: 79-019-22), just south of the Schoolhouse Pond, the Old Marlboro Primary School faces south overlooking the intersection of Governor Oden Bowie Drive and Elm Street.

SCHOOL

The Old Marlboro Primary School was constructed in 1896. The one-story, six-bay Craftsman-style building has a bungaloid form. The wood-frame structure is set on a poured concrete foundation and capped by a side- gabled roof. The roof is covered with asphalt shingles and features overhanging eaves. Square-butt wood shingles clad the schoolhouse, featuring corner boards. The structure features two exterior-end brick chimneys of stretcher-bond brick construction. All of the original windows have been replaced with vinyl-sash windows. The façade (south elevation) features a one-story, centrally located screened porch. Located on the same parcel of land as the Old Marlboro Primary School are two historic resources, the Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery (PG: 79-019-22) to the east, and the Old Marlboro High School (PG: 79-019-52) to the west.

The façade (south elevation) is marked by a centrally placed, projecting one-story, one-bay front-gabled roof porch. The porch is set on a stretcher-bond brick foundation, enclosed by screens, and features a gable end covered in imbricated wood shingles painted white. Located within the porch are a replacement wood door flanked to the east by a 6/6 vinyl-sash window. This window opening is not original, and based on its form and materials, appears to have been added c. 1975. Flanking either side of the porch are two 6/6 vinyl-sash windows with square-edge wood surrounds.

The west (side) elevation is dominated by a stretcher-bond brick chimney that pierces the overhanging eave of the southern slope of the roof. Fenestration consists of a projecting semi-octagonal bay window supported by wood brackets. The bay window has a replacement 12/12 vinyl-sash window flanked by 6/6 vinyl-sash windows. The windows have square-edge wood surrounds.

The one-story, six-bay north (rear) elevation consists of three additions. A two-bay shed roof addition is placed on the northwest corner of the main block. This addition has a roof line that projects off of the main block roof at a lower slope. A centrally located addition to the rear of the main block projects out as far as the northwest addition. This shed-roofed addition is not connected to the main block roofline; rather it projects out of the north (rear) elevation. This addition includes a door. The northeast segment addition has a roof line that extends off of the main block roof. A two-bay shed roof addition is also located on the northeast corner of the main block. This addition does not project as far as the northwest and central additions but does include an Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Historic Properties Form

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exterior-side brick chimney with a corbeled cap located between two window openings. A concrete stoop runs along the center and east additions. All of the window and door openings on the north (rear) elevation were covered with plywood at the time of the 2007 on-site survey. At the time of the 1986 on-site survey, fenestration on the north (rear) elevation consisted of 12/12 windows, 6/6 windows, and a single-leaf door.

The east (side) elevation is fenestrated by two 6/6 vinyl-sash windows with square-edged wood surrounds. A third window opening, the northernmost, has a bottom sash covered with plywood and a top sash supporting an air conditioning unit.

Multiple additions and alterations have taken place since the Old Marlboro Primary School’s construction in 1896. A photo of the property, dated after 1896, reveals the Old Marlboro Primary School’s substantially different original form. The façade (south elevation) featured an enclosed one-bay, two-story wing with an open bell tower capped by a pyramidal roof. Small gable dormers flanked the bell tower on the roof of the main block. Further, the rear elevation did not have any additions to it and the brick chimney on the west (side) elevation was not present.1

The interior of the building was not accessible at the time of the 2007 on-site survey.

INTEGRITY

The Old Marlboro Primary School retains a low level of integrity. The replacement of the original windows, door, and the loss of the bell tower and dormers has compromised the integrity of materials, design, and workmanship. The schoolhouse maintains its integrity of location and setting as the Old Marlboro High School (PG: 79-019-52) and the Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery (PG: 79-019-22) remain associated with the property on which Old Marlboro Primary School is located. At the time of the 2007 on-site survey, the building stood vacant and in poor condition. As a result, the Old Marlboro Primary School’s integrity of association and feeling have been lost.

1 Photo, “Marlboro School After 1896,” Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files.

8. Significance Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Period Areas of Significance Check and justify below

1600-1699 agriculture economics health/medicine performing arts 1700-1799 archeology X education industry philosophy X 1800-1899 X architecture engineering invention politics/government X 1900-1999 art entertainment/ landscape architecture religion 2000- commerce recreation law science communications ethnic heritage literature social history community planning exploration/ maritime history transportation conservation settlement military X other: Local History

Specific dates 1896 Architect/Builder Benjamin Wesley Cranford

Construction dates 1896, 1921

Evaluation for:

National Register Maryland Register not evaluated

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The Old Marlboro Primary School at 14554 Elm Street in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, is a typical example of late-nineteenth-century educational architecture. Noteworthy for the role it played in education, the Old Marlboro Primary School is most significant for the role it played in the early years of public education for girls in Prince George’s County. Situated adjacent to the Old Marlboro High School (PG: 79-019-52), these buildings sited on a hill overlooking Upper Marlboro represent 150 years of public education. The Old Marlboro Primary School maintains a low level of integrity due to its replacement materials and multiple additions, and as a result, does not retain sufficient integrity to convey its significance as a late-nineteenth- century schoolhouse.

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The Old Marlboro Primary School is located in the Town of Upper Marlboro. Located in central Prince George’s County, the town of Upper Marlboro was established when the General Assembly of the Province of Maryland passed the “Act for the Advancement of Trade and Erecting Ports and Towns” in 1706 and 1707 in order to establish commercial centers in Maryland.2 The town was already a gathering place for merchants, who often spent their time at Robert Robertson’s tavern, established in 1703.3

By 1718, county residents petitioned to have the county seat moved from Charles Town to Upper Marlboro, which was completed in 1721.4 Chosen for its location on the Western Branch of the Patuxent River, the area

2 Marina King, “The Tobacco Industry in Prince George’s County, 1680-1940,” in Historic Contexts in Prince George’s County: Short Papers on Settlement Patterns, Transportation and Cultural History (Upper Marlboro, MD: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991), 69-71. 3 Susan G. Pearl, “Early Taverns in Prince George’s County, 1703-1862,” in Historic Contexts in Prince George’s County: Short Papers on Settlement Patterns, Transportation and Cultural History (Upper Marlboro, MD: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991), 61-64. 4 Pearl, “Early Towns,” 2. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Historic Properties Form

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was thought to be a convenient trading location. Upper Marlboro, with its designation as the county seat, soon became the social, political, and commercial center of Prince George’s County. The first courthouse was constructed in 1721 and was later replaced in 1798. The completion of the Assembly Hall in the 1750s provided opportunities for social events, including balls, concerts, plays, and opera productions. In the 1760s, the first post office was established in the town.5

Martenet’s Map of 1861 shows a well-developed small town, primarily centered on Main Street. Most of the residential buildings are located to the west, while the commercial development was located in the east around the court house. Just a few years later in 1878, the Hopkins map documents considerable new growth in the town. Many new residences and stores were constructed, along with two new public schools, one for the education of boys, and one for girls.6 The Old Marlboro Primary School is located on the same lot as the original public school.

The location of the Old Marlboro Primary School is noteworthy because it was the site of the home of Doctor William and Sarah Beane. Born in 1749, by the 1814 Doctor Beane was the most prominent citizen in Upper Marlboro: a physician, a major landowner, proprietor of the local grist mill, an accomplished scholar, and a popular gentleman. Beane is best known for his passive role in Francis Scott Key’s writing of “The Star- Spangled Banner.” Beanes property in town was known as Academy Hill, the finest house in town.7 Following the death of Doctor Beanes in 1828, the land was conveyed to William N. Boteler in 1841.8 The property was sold to Boteler to fulfill stipulations set forth by Doctor Beanes in his will.9 The Upper Marlboro Academy had been established in 1835 and Boteler served as a trustee. Perhaps Boteler later donated the site to the Academy, but there is no conveyance recorded.10

The Old Marlboro Primary School was constructed by local house carpenter, Benjamin Wesley Cranford.11 The public school for girls opened for the first day of classes October 30, 1896.12 The Old Marlboro Primary School replaced another school house built in 1867 on the site. There are examples of contemporary school for

5 Susan G. Pearl, “Upper Marlboro History” (August 2001), 1. 6 G.M. Hopkins, Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington, Including the County of Prince George Maryland (Philadelphia: G.M. Hopkins, C.E., 1878). 7 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of “The Star-Spangled Banner” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 368. 8 John B. Brooke, Trustee of William Beanes, to William N. Boteler, Prince George’s County Land Records, JBB 1:292. 9 Will of Doctor William Beanes, Prince George’s County Land Records, TT 1:432 #1810. 10 Shirley Baltz, “William Beanes,” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files (1985), 4. 11 1880 U.S. Federal Census, Upper Marlboro, Prince Georges, Maryland; Series T9, Roll 513, Family History Film 1254513, Page 55.1000, Enumeration District 122, Benjamin Wesley Cranford. 12 Susan G. Pearl, “Old Marlboro Primary School,” (PG: 79-19-51) Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventor y Form (1995), 8:2. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Historic Properties Form

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girls established during the later half of the nineteenth century. In Baltimore, the Oldfields School is founded by Anna Austen McCulloch in Glencoe, Maryland, making it the state’s oldest girls' boarding school.13 The construction of a school for girls in Upper Marlboro at the end of the nineteenth century was not unique in the state of Maryland but was certainly a notable event in the history of Prince George’s County. The school continued to function as a public school for girls until 1921. It was at this time the Old Marlboro High School was constructed adjacent to the Old Marlboro Primary School. This precipitated the conversion of the Old Marlboro Primary School into the residence for the high school principal and his family. It is at this time that the building was altered significantly. The centered projecting entrance wing on the building was altered to a simple screened entrance porch. The two small dormers flanking the entrance wing on the south slope of the roof were removed and two brick chimneys, one exterior-end, one exterior-side, added.14 At the time of the 2007 on-site survey the Old Marlboro Primary School was vacant and was in poor condition.

13 The National Coalition of Girls’ Schools, “Milestones in Girl’s Education,” http://www.ncgs.org/type0.php?pid=48, (accessed October 18, 2007). 14 Susan G. Pearl, “Old Marlboro Primary School,” (PG: 79-19-51) Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventory Form (1995), 8:2.

9. Major Bibliographical References Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51

1880 U.S. Federal Census (Population Schedule). Online: The Generations Network, Inc., 2007. Subscription database. Digital scan of original records in the National Archives, Washington, DC. http://www.ancestry.com. Baltz, Shirley. “William Beanes” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files, 1985. Denny, George D. Proud Past Promising Future. Cities and Towns in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Brentwood, MD: Dilden Company, 1997. Jenson, Joseph E. “166 Years Ago This Month…William Beanes: The Doctor Behind ‘The Star Spangled Banner” Maryland State Medical Journal (1980): 60. Pearl, Susan G. “Old Marlboro Primary School” (PG: 79-19-51), Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventory Form, 1995.

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of surveyed property 3.522 Acreage of historical setting 6.702 Quadrangle name Upper Marlboro Quadrangle scale: 1:24,000

Verbal boundary description and justification The Old Marlboro Primary School is located on a 3.522-acre parcel. The schoolhouse is situated at the top of a sloping lot, with grass terraces to the south and east down to the roadway below. Elm Street forms the southern boundary of the property while Governor Oden Bowie Drive forms the east boundary. Schoolhouse Pond is located down an embankment, forming the north boundary. The west boundary of the property is marked by Old Mill Road. The Old Marlboro High School (PG: 79-019-52) is located to the west while the Doctor William and Sarah Beanes Cemetery (PG: 79-019-22) is situated to the east. The building has been associated with Parcel 25 as noted on Tax Map 101 since its construction.

11. Form Prepared by

name/title Paul Weishar, Architectural Historian

organization EHT Traceries, Incorporated date November, 2007 street & number 1121 Fifth Street, NW telephone 202.393.1199

city or town Washington state DC

The Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 supplement.

The survey and inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringement of individual property rights.

return to: Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Department of Planning 100 Community Place Crownsville, MD 21032-2023 410-514-7600

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-51 Historic Properties Form

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CHAIN OF TITLE PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY LAND RECORDS

Deed CC 2:646 William Sprigg Bowie to William Beanes, 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro August 14, 1779 together with all dwelling houses, out houses and improvements.

Will JRM 2:167 William Beanes, Sr. to William Beanes, Jr., 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro. June 7, 1793

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Photo: Old Marlboro Primary School, view of façade (south elevation), looking north. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro Primary School, view of the southwest corner, looking northeast. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro Primary School, view of the northwest corner, looking southeast. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro Primary School, view of the east (side) elevation, looking northwest. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro Primary School, view of the façade (south elevation), looking north. (Date unknown)15

15 George D. Denny, Proud Past Promising Future. Cities and Towns in Prince George’s County, Maryland ( Brentwood, MD: Dilden Company, 1997), 353.

Maryland Historical Trust Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form

1. Name of Property (indicate preferred name)

historic Old Marlboro High School

other

2. Location

street and number 14524 Elm Street not for publication city, town Upper Marlboro vicinity county Prince George's

3. Owner of Property (give names and mailing addresses of all owners) name Prince George's County street and number 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive telephone city, town Upper Marlboro state MD zip code 20772 4. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Prince George's County Courthouse liber 4411 folio 183 city, town Upper Marlboro tax map 101 tax parcel 25 tax ID number 0192302 5. Primary Location of Additional Data Contributing Resource in National Register District Contributing Resource in Local Historic District Determined Eligible for the National Register/Maryland Register Determined Ineligible for the National Register/Maryland Register Recorded by HABS/HAER Historic Structure Report or Research Report at MHT X Other: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Prince George's County Planning Department 6. Classification

Category Ownership Current Function Resource Count district X public agriculture landscape Contributing Noncontributing X building(s) private commerce/trade recreation/culture 1 buildings structure both defense religion sites site domestic social structures object education transportation objects funerary work in progress 1 0 Total government unknown health care X vacant/not in use Number of Contributing Resources industry other: previously listed in the Inventory 1

7. Description Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52

Condition

excellent deteriorated good ruins X fair altered

Prepare both a one paragraph summary and a comprehensive description of the resource and its various elements as it exists today.

The Old Marlboro High School is located at 14524 Elm Street in downtown Upper Marlboro, Maryland. The building is sited to the west of the Old Marlboro Primary School (PG: 79-019-51) and south of Schoolhouse Pond. The school was constructed in two phases. The original main block, now located on the rear, was built in 1921 and the U-shaped Classical Revival-style addition was built in 1934. There are no secondary resources associated with this property.

SCHOOL

The main block of the Old Marlboro High School is a two-story, ten-bay structure located on the northwest (rear) elevation of the present school. It was constructed in 1921 of parged concrete clad in white stucco.1 A flat roof covers the building. The school originally had a Mission-style stepped parapet on the façade (southeast elevation).2 The original front-gabled entrance has been covered by the 1934 Classical Revival-style addition. The northeast (side) elevation is twelve bays wide. A single-leaf wood door and four fixed one-light windows are located on the basement level. The windows on the first story are covered in plywood, while the five-light metal classroom windows are extant on the second story. The northwest (rear) elevation of the main block features four windows on the basement level covered in plywood. A centrally located double-leaf metal door is placed on the first story. Flanking either side of the entry are two five-light metal classroom windows. The northernmost two windows have been covered in plywood. Paired five-light metal classroom windows are located on the second story directly above the entry. Flanking either side of the paired windows are two metal classroom windows. The south (side) elevation is ten bays wide. Ten five-light metal classroom windows are located on the first and second stories. All windows on the main block of the school feature concrete lug sills and concrete lintels.

The addition, constructed on the façade (southeast elevation) of the main block in 1934, consisted of eight classrooms and an auditorium.3 The addition was designed in the Classical Revival style. The two-story, seven- bay central portion of the addition has a rectangular plan. Set on a poured concrete foundation, the concrete- block structure is faced in five-course Flemish-bond brick. A flat roof with concrete parapet caps the structure. The façade is ornamented with a concrete and denticulated brick stringcourse located above the second story windows. A recessed concrete panel is located above the stringcourse. The outer bays of the façade of the addition are fenestrated by two single-leaf metal doors with Classical Revival-style concrete surrounds featuring fluted pilasters, an entablature, and ogee-molded cornice. Sited on the second story above the doors are eight- light octagonal windows with rowlock surrounds. The central bays of the façade feature five full-story multiple- light metal accordion windows with nine-light round-arched transoms. The window openings have brick voussiors, concrete keystones, and concrete sills. Soldier-course and header-course brick patterning is located

1 1949 Sanborn Map, Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s County, Maryland, Sheet 3. 2 Marina King, “Old Marlboro High School,” (79-19-52) Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventory Form (1986), 8:2. 3 King, “Old Marlboro High School,” 7:1. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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below the windows. Six engaged brick piers or buttresses with concrete capitals separate the central window bays.

The two-story wing on the northeast (side) elevation is constructed of concrete blocks faced in five-course Flemish-bond brick. The wing features an L-shaped plan. A concrete and denticulated brick stringcourse sited above the windows wraps around the façade and side elevation of the wing. The wing is covered by a flat roof with a concrete parapet wall. The three-bay façade features an inset entry with a double-leaf metal door. A three-course round-arched lintel is sited over the entry. A fixed 24-light metal window with rowlock sill is placed symmetrically over the entry. Two multi-light metal classroom windows with concrete sills are placed on the façade, east of the entry. The setback façade features a double-leaf metal door with a three-course round- arched lintel. A six-light transom is located above the entry and features a soldier-course lintel. Seven multi- light metal classroom windows with concrete sills are located on the northeast (side) elevation of the wing. The third window bay from the south is a blind window. Two large window openings on the northwest (rear) elevation of the wing are covered in plywood. Four large and one standard-sized window on the southwest (side) elevation are covered in plywood.

The one-story addition of the northwest (rear) elevation, sited between the northeast wing and two-story main block was constructed in 1934. It is fenestrated by three multi-light metal classroom windows with concrete sills, the outer two of which have been covered in plywood. A single-leaf metal door is sited on the western end.

The two-story wing on the southwest (side) elevation is constructed of concrete blocks faced in five-course Flemish-bond brick. The wing features an L-shaped plan. A concrete and denticulated brick stringcourse sited above the windows wraps around the façade and side elevation of the wing. The wing is covered by a flat roof with a concrete parapet wall. The two-bay façade features an inset entry with double-leaf metal door. A three- course round-arched lintel is sited over the entry. A fixed 24-light metal window with rowlock sill is located symmetrically over the entry. A multi-light metal classroom window with concrete sill is placed on the façade, west of the entry. The setback façade features a double-leaf metal door with a three-course round-arched lintel. A six-light transom is sited over the entry and features a soldier-course lintel. Five multi-light metal classroom windows with concrete sills are located on the southwest (side) elevation of the wing, between the two entries. Ten multi-light metal classroom windows with concrete sills are located on the southwest (side) elevation of the wing. The northwest (rear) elevation of the wing is fenestrated by three asymmetrically placed windows, all of which are covered in plywood.

The one-story addition of the northwest (rear) elevation, sited between the southwest wing and two-story main block was constructed in 1934. It is fenestrated by a single-leaf metal door and a window opening infilled with brick.

The interior of the school was not accessible during the 2007 on-site survey. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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INTEGRITY

The Old Marlboro High School maintains a high level of integrity. The building retains its integrity of materials and workmanship. The 1934 addition to the school, which includes the Classical Revival-style façade, does not compromise the school’s integrity of design because it was built in the early twentieth century to house the expanding school population. Therefore, the 1934 addition has gained significance in its own right. The building maintains its integrity of location and setting sited in downtown Upper Marlboro. The building, no longer utilized as a school and currently vacant, has lost its integrity of feeling and association.

8. Significance Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Period Areas of Significance Check and justify below

1600-1699 agriculture economics health/medicine performing arts 1700-1799 archeology X education industry philosophy 1800-1899 X architecture engineering invention politics/government X 1900-1999 art entertainment/ landscape architecture religion 2000- commerce recreation law science communications ethnic heritage literature social history community planning exploration/ maritime history transportation conservation settlement military other:

Specific dates 1921, 1934 Architect/Builder Thomas H. Marsden, Hollyday and Stahl

Construction dates 1921, 1934

Evaluation for:

National Register Maryland Register not evaluated

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The Old Marlboro High School at 14524 Elm Street in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, is a fine example of early- twentieth-century educational architecture. Situated adjacent to the Old Marlboro Primary School (PG: 79-019- 51) these buildings, sited on a hill overlooking Upper Marlboro, represent 150 years of public education. The Old Marlboro High School retains a high level of integrity and has sufficient integrity to convey its significance as an early-twentieth-century educational building, although it is no longer serves that purpose.

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The Old Marlboro High School is located in the Town of Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Located in central Prince George’s County, the Town of Upper Marlboro was established when the General Assembly of the Province of Maryland passed the “Act for the Advancement of Trade and Erecting Ports and Towns” in 1706 and 1707 in order to establish commercial centers in Maryland.4 By 1718, county residents petitioned to have the county seat moved from Charles Town to Upper Marlboro. Chosen for its location on the Western Branch of the Patuxent River, the area was thought to be a convenient trading location. Upper Marlboro, with its designation as the county seat, soon became the social, political, and commercial center of Prince George’s County. The first courthouse was constructed in 1721 and was later replaced in 1798. In the 1760s, the first post office was established in the town.5

4 Marina King, “The Tobacco Industry in Prince George’s County, 1680-1940,” in Historic Contexts in Prince George’s County: Short Papers on Settlement Patterns, Transportation and Cultural History (Upper Marlboro, MD: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991), 69-71. 5 Susan G. Pearl, “Upper Marlboro History” (August 2001), 1. Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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education of boys, and one for girls.6 The Old Marlboro High School is located on the same lot as the original school for girls.

The location of the Old Marlboro High School is noteworthy because it was the site of the home of Doctor William and Sarah Beanes. Doctor Barnes was a prominent citizen in Upper Marlboro: a physician, a major landowner, proprietor of the local grist mill, an accomplished scholar, and a popular gentleman. Beanes is best known for his role in Francis Scott Key’s writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Beanes property in town was known as Academy Hill, said to be one of the finest houses in Upper Marlboro.7 Following the death of Doctor Beanes in 1828, the land was conveyed to William N. Boteler.8 The property was sold to Boteler to fulfill stipulations set forth by Doctor Beanes in his Will.9 Prior to this however, the Upper Marlboro Academy had been established in 1835, with Boteler as one of its trustees. Perhaps Boteler later donated the site to the Academy, but there is no conveyance recorded.10

The Upper Marlboro Academy building was built c. 1860 and consisted of a one-and-a-half-story, three-bay wood-frame structure. A jerkinhead roof capped the building. An open cupola with a bell was centrally located on the roof ridge. The centrally located main entry featured a front-gabled portico. The main block of the current building was built in 1921 by Thomas H. Marsden for a price of $38,000, and replaced the Upper Marlboro Academy. In 1934, the Classical Revival-style façade was constructed by Hollyday and Stahl for $66,789. 11 The Old Marlboro High School operated until 1948, when classes were moved to the Frederick Sasscer High School to address overcrowding. The building continued to house primary school classes and the school administration until 1974.12 Prince George’s County currently owns the now vacant building.

6 G.M. Hopkins, Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington, Including the County of Prince George Maryland (Philadelphia: G.M. Hopkins, C.E., 1878). 7 Allen D. Spiegel, Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of “The Star-Spangled Banner” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4 (1995): 368. 8 John B. Brooke, Trustee of William Beanes, to William N. Boteler, Prince George’s County Land Records, JBB 1:292. 9 Will of Doctor William Beanes, Prince George’s County Land Records, TT 1:432 #1810. 10 Shirley Baltz, “William Beanes,” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files (1985), 4. 11 King, “Old Marlboro High School,” 7:1. 12 “Memories of Marlboro High,” The Washington Post, January 19, 2000, 16.

9. Major Bibliographical References Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52

Baltz, Shirley. “William Beanes.” (79-23), Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Files, 1985. Hopkins, G.M. Prince George’s County, from Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington. Philadelphia: G.M. Hopkins, C.E., 1878. King, Marina. “Old Marlboro High School.” (79-19-52) Maryland Historical Trust State Historic Sites Inventory Form, 1986. King, Marina. “The Tobacco Industry in Prince George’s County, 1680-1940.” in Historic Contexts in Prince George’s County: Short Papers on Settlement Patterns, Transportation and Cultural History, Upper Marlboro, MD: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991. “Memories of Marlboro High.” The Washington Post. January 19, 2000. Prince George’s County Land Records. Pearl, Susan G. “Upper Marlboro History,” August 2001, 1. Spiegel, Allen D. Ph.D. “The Role of A Physician in the Composition of “The Star-Spangled Banner” Journal of Community Health 20, no. 4, 1995, 368. 1949 Sanborn Map, Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s County, Maryland, Sheet 3. 10. Geographical Data

Acreage of surveyed property less than one acre Acreage of historical setting less than one acre Quadrangle name Upper Marlboro Quadrangle scale: 1:24,000

Verbal boundary description and justification

The Old Marlboro High School is sited on less than an acre in downtown Upper Marlboro, Maryland. The lot is bounded on the north by Schoolhouse Pond and on the south by Elm Street. The school has been historically associated with Parcel 25 as noted on Tax Map 101 since its construction.

11. Form Prepared by

name/title Saleh Van Erem, Architectural Historian

organization EHT Traceries, Incorporated date January 2008 street & number 1121 Fifth Street, NW telephone 202.393.1199

city or town Washington state DC

The Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties was officially created by an Act of the Maryland Legislature to be found in the Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 41, Section 181 KA, 1974 supplement.

The survey and inventory are being prepared for information and record purposes only and do not constitute any infringement of individual property rights.

return to: Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Department of Planning 100 Community Place Crownsville, MD 21032-2023 410-514-7600

Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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CHAIN OF TITLE PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY LANDS RECORDS

Deed CC 2:646 William Sprigg Bowie to William Beanes, 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro August 14, 1779 together with all dwelling houses, out houses and improvements.

Will JRM 2:167 William Beanes, Sr. to William Beanes, Jr., 1 acre adjoining Upper Marlboro. June 7, 1793

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, façade, looking west. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, façade of the northeast wing, looking west. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, rear elevation of the northeast wing, looking east. (August 2007)

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, west corner of the original main block, looking east. (August 2007) Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, rear elevation of the southwest wing, looking southeast. (August 2007) Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Inventory of Inventory No. PG: 79-019-52 Historic Properties Form

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Photo: Old Marlboro High School, façade of the southwest wing, looking north. (August 2007)