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Home , Battle of Baltimore, Battle of Bladensburg, Charles Ball, Joshua Barney, William Beanes

MARYLAND

MILESTONES BATTLEFIELD TOUR “The enemy are in full march to Washington, Have the materials prepared to destroy the bridges... PS – You had better remove the records.” - Secretary of State in a letter to President Madison, August 23, 1814

During the , — 50 miles south of Bladensburg. The British forces had control of the goal was to burn Capitol and federal for over a year by buildings. the summer of 1814. A U.S. military command was created under Brigadier Secretary of State James Monroe General William Winder for the defense was sent to spy on the British troops. of Washington, D.C., , and He reported them “in full march.” eastern . Secretary of War John President Madison ordered two bridges Armstrong believed these forces would across the Eastern Branch of the be enough to protect the Capitol and Potomac () destroyed to the region. protect the Capitol, leaving the bridge at Bladensburg as the only crossing. On August 20, 1814, under the American troops were sent toward command of Major General Upper Marlborough to meet the British, but quickly retreated upon seeing the Ross over 4,500 seasoned British President Secretary of State James Monroe Brigadier General William Winder troops landed at Benedict, Maryland superior size of the British forces. by James Vanderlyn by Samuel Morse by Charles Saint-Mémin Historical Association White House Historical Association

The British Attack 1 (Numbers denote locations on map on rear.) At noon, British August 23, 1814 - Overnight in Bladensburg, General Winder forces entered Bladensburg. American troops fired across the assembled American troops. First positioning the troops on the river and bridge, forcing the British back behind buildings in high ground above Bladensburg, they were in a commanding Bladensburg. 2 Reorganizing, British forces set up and fired off position. However, overnight troops began retreating toward a new weapon – the . British troops attacked Washington, positioning on the low field just south of town. again, as the “rockets red glare” burst above the American’s heads. 3 , unclear of their support from the second The next morning, Winder found his troops in new positions and line, began to retreat down the Georgetown Pike. 4 The weary from moving overnight. American leaders, arriving for second line collapsed as the first line retreated. were the battle, began second guessing Winder’s position. General left behind. Soldiers broke and ran. Leaders attempted to reform Samuel Smith of and his aide, , a line, but were surrounded by advancing British troops. 5 organized troops a half mile away from the bridge. President Madison arrived to survey the troops, heading for the previous Around 1:15 p.m., in the small valley that held the infamous position — the high ground the troops had abandoned. Passing Bladensburg Dueling Grounds, Kramer’s — troops from Washington to Baltimore Congreve Rocket illustration Montgomery and Prince George’s County ­— met the advancing Turnpike marker, Beltsville, MD (1826-1828) the American forces, he nearly rode into British hands before an aide could stop him. Members of his cabinet also arrived — to British forces. The British were now facing the largest onslaught “observe the defeat of the British.” of the day, less than an hour since starting the attack. 6

Barney’s Stand ending the battle. Barney lay in the middle of the road with a shot to the leg, surrounded Commodore ’s group of hired private ...the militia ran like sheep chased by dogs. by his loyal flotillaman. He had ordered the soldiers soldiers, known as “flotiliamen,” led the final fight to retreat three times before most retreated toward - flotillaman , 1837 against the British. Barney had been left with orders Washington, D.C. to burn the “mosquito fleet” he commanded in the and his troops were to guard the lower British leaders General Ross and Admiral Cochrane Anacostia River bridge. Contradicting orders, they met with Barney and offered him a pardon for giving were directed by Barney to go to Bladensburg. their soldiers a fight. Barney accepted and watched as British forces marched toward Washington, D.C.. They 7 Flotilliamen arrived just as the British fired their were led by a group of formerly enslaved men, freed first shots at the bridge. They formed a line on the by the British, called the “Colonial Marines.” Barney Maryland/Washington, D.C. border on a small hill would die from this wound two years later. The bullet overlooking the battle. African American flotillaman was removed from his leg and is preserved today by Charles Ball watched as the militia below scattered the Daughters of American Revolution Museum in and retreated. Washington, D.C. Combining soldiers who were falling back from By four o’clock the battle was over and American the battle, Barney’s Flotilliamen fired their cannons forces were defeated. The British moved on to down the hill leading to significant British casualties. Washington D.C. By the end of the day, the Capitol, Battle of Bladensburg Re-enactment, August 2014, showing 8 However, the better trained British troops the President’s Mansion (White House), and many British soldiers overtaking the American forces under Barney. encircled Barney’s position, overtaking his left and Commodore Joshua Barney other public buildings were in flames. Courtesy Bruce McNiel by Rembrandt Peale

Maryland Historical Society Along the way, a few British stragglers were arrested Onboard the British vessel, Key and Skinner were After the Battle... by a group of citizens in Upper Marlboro and taken detained until the — the Defense Around noon on August 25, a hurricane-force storm to a nearby jail. When word reached the British of Fort McHenry — was finished. From this vantage extinguished the flames in the city. With no sign of commanders, they immediately called for the arrest point, Key would watch the “bombs bursting in support from British forces on the and of Dr. , a well-respected doctor and air” and found the next morning that “the flag was the mission accomplished, leaders called for retreat town elder for exchange. Georgetown lawyer, Francis still there.” His recent experience with “rockets red — back to the Patuxent River. At dusk, troops quietly Scott Key, and U.S. Agent for Prisoner Exchange, John glare” in Bladensburg and this battle would inspire withdrew to Bladensburg to gather their dead and S. Skinner, were sent to arrange for Beanes’ release. his writing of the poem that would become the wounded. Soldiers were miserable in sweltering They brought with them letters from British troops of America’s national anthem, The Star August temperatures. They were tired, ill, and who testified as to the compassion that was received Spangled Banner. wounded. Troops were so exhausted that many died in Bladensburg. Key and Skinner rowed out to the on the four-day march back. British Fleet, now located in Baltimore Harbor.

Button found at Magruder House site, from coat of sailor.

Maryland State Highways Administration image - NPS/Richard Schlect

This project has been financed in part with State Funds from the Maryland Heritage Areas Authority, an instrumentality of the State of Maryland. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Maryland Heritage Areas Authority. MARYLAND MARYLAND MILESTONES MILESTONES Anacostia Trails Heritage Area

Undaunted Monument Bladensburg Waterfront Park Bladensburg Waterfront Glenn Dale Greenbelt Hyattsville Laurel Rainier Mount Brentwood North Park Riverdale Park University County George’s Prince • • • • • • • • •

4318 Gallatin Street, Hyattsville, MD Hyattsville, 4318 Gallatin Street, HERITAGE CENTER HERITAGE and located in the Pyramid Atlantic Arts Center Atlantic Pyramid in the located and Beltsville Berwyn Heights Bladensburg Bowie Brentwood Cheverly Park College Manor Colmar City Cottage Edmonston MARYLAND MILESTONES MILESTONES MARYLAND One block from the Rhode Island Avenue Trolley Trail Trail Trolley Avenue Island Rhode the from One block Start your exploration of the Anacostia Trails Trails Anacostia of the exploration Start your Heritage Milestones Maryland the at Area Heritage a rotating and exhibits, brochures, With Center! starting a great is Center Heritage the schedule, event Our work partners Hyattsville. in historic place culture, art, history, the promote and preserve to George’s Prince of northern resources natural and Washington, outside just located Maryland, County, arts centers, sites, of historic variety a wide With D.C. local participating nineteen and rivers, and trails is Area Heritage Trails Anacostia the governments, Our residents. and visitors for experience a unique are: in Maryland communities participating • • • • • • • • • • Fort Lincoln Cemetery UM BWP where the Third Line stood under Barney’s command at the top of MD) where the Third Line stood under Barney’s hill. The historic mausoleum and Little Chapel are approximately where charging British forces overwhelmed the line. The view from this point gives a wide sweep over the former battlefield. Avenue, at Baltimore Finish at the Undaunted Monument (Upshur Street dedicated in 2014 to those who Bladensburg MD — next to “Peace Cross”), fought in the Battle of Bladensburg. The historic homes ( House, Magruder and Bostwick House) in Bladensburg are private only open for special events. All may be viewed from the exterior. UM FLC FLC the deepwater tobacco port, now a park owned by Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission great place to paddle a kayak. British soldiers would have crossed a bridge of similar length and width as the one may follow the bike trail (marked in here for pedestrians and bikes. You south to green on the map) or travel by car along former turnpike. Travel MD) to see Colmar Manor, (3505 38th Ave, the Bladensburg Dueling Grounds resistance from American forces where British forces encountered the stiffest duels were fought. — and where over fifty Then , visit Fort Lincoln Cemetery (3401 Bladensburg Road, Brentwood, BWP Explore the Remains of a Battlefield Remains the Explore The Battle of Bladensburg was fought in August 1814 on a large, open field that field has and orchard, just south of the town Bladensburg. Today, The primary become the communities of Cottage City and Colmar Manor. Turnpike, now Bladensburg Washington to Baltimore fighting was on the Road or Alternate US Route 1. The only remaining witnesses to the history of Bladensburg. No battlefield has been are the historic homes in Town preserved and only highly altered views remain. experience the remaining battlefield and views, start at Bladensburg To Park (4601 Annapolis Road, Bladensburg, MD) , once the site of Waterfront