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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit “Current Discourses on the Holocaust in Lithuania” Verfasser Mag. Johannes Langer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Washington DC, im Oktober 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 312 300 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andreas Kappeler - 2 - Persönliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende schriftliche Arbeit selbstständig verfertigt habe und dass die verwendete Literatur bzw. die verwendeten Quellen von mir korrekt und in nachprüfbarer Weise zitiert worden sind. Mir ist bewusst, dass ich bei einem Verstoß gegen diese Regeln mit Konsequenzen zu rechnen habe. Washington DC, im Oktober 2010 ______________________________ Unterschrift - 3 - Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Andreas Kappeler, for his supportive supervision, his insightful suggestions and valuable advice for my research and writing this diploma thesis. Prof. Kappeler has always strongly supported me and helped me out even with last-minute requests. This work was supported by the Research Services and International Relations Office of the University of Vienna for the Brief Scientific Stays Abroad Research Grant ( Kurzfristiges wissenschaftliches Arbeiten KWA ), which enabled me to conduct the qualitative expert interviews for this research paper in the capital of Lithuania, Vilnius, during three weeks of February 2009. I am thankful to all my interview partners for their time and their helpful insight into the topic. Additionally, I would like to thank all those people who supported me during my time in Vilnius in February 2009. In particular I want to mention Agnes Vaitauskaite, Adalbert Wagner, and Dalius Norkunas. I also would like to take the chance to express my gratefulness to the family in the Green House thanks to whom I have had unforgettable 14 months in the Jewish State Museum in Vilnius during 2004/05. Many thanks go to my aunt Ruth Langer for her help in proofreading and editing the diploma thesis. I am also grateful for her suggestions and encouragement which was very important for my work. Also, I am grateful to Magdalena Reitbauer and Michael Reiter for their help and Paulius Miezelis for his remarks. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their continuous support. Particularly, I am indebted to them that I have been able to continue my studies in the United States. - 4 - Never say you are walking the final road When leaden skies conceal blue days. Because the hour we have longed for will yet come Our step will beat out like a drum: We are here! From the green land of palms to the white land of snow We arrive with our anguish, with our pain And wherever a spurt of our blood has fallen Our might and our courage will sprout. The morning sun will gild our day; And yesterday will vanish with the enemy But if the sun and the dawn are late in coming May this song go from generation to generation like a password. This song was written with blood, and not with pencil-lead. It's no song of a free-flying bird; A people amongst collapsing walls Sang this song with pistols in their hands. This Yiddish song was written during the Holocaust by the young Vilna poet Hirsch Glick. The song was adopted as the official anthem of the Vilna partisans shortly after it was composed in 1943. - 5 - Table of Content PERSÖNLICHE ERKLÄRUNG .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 INDEX OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. HYPOTHESES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. CHAPTER OUTLINE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 2. COLLECTIVE MEMORY ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1. THE HISTORY OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY STUDIES .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1. MAURICE HALBWACHS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2. PIERRE NORA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3. ALEIDA AND JAN ASSMANN ................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2. CAPTURING COLLECTIVE MEMORY ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.3. THE RISE OF MEMORY AS A CRISIS OF HISTORY ? ................................................................................................................................... 24 2.4. THE ROLE OF THE HISTORIAN ................................................................................................................................................................. 26 2.5. PROBLEMS IN MEMORY STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.6. TRANSNATIONAL MEMORY PLACES ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 3. HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE ............................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.1. EXPLAINING THE INEXPLICABLE .............................................................................................................................................................. 30 3.1.1. THE INTENTIONALIST APPROACH .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.2. THE FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3. THE NECESSITY OF OPENNESS ............................................................................................................................................................ 32 3.2. DIFFERENT CULTURES OF HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.1. AUSTRIA .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.2. FRANCE ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3. GERMANY ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.4. ISRAEL ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 3.2.5. SOVIET UNION ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.6. UNITED STATES ..................................................................................................................................................................................
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