Indie Visual Kei“

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Indie Visual Kei“ MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Metal, Make-Up und High-Heels – Japanische Hardcore Fans und indie visual kei“ verfasst von / submitted by Lisa-Maria Maierhofer BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2016 / Vienna 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 843 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Japanologie degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ingrid Getreuer-Kargl Vorwort An dieser Stelle möchte ich all jenen Dank aussprechen, ohne die diese Arbeit nie zustande gekommen wäre. Allen voran danke ich meinen Eltern, die mich, seit ich 15 Jahre alt war, mit Freunden nach Deutschland auf Konzerte fahren ließen und mich immer unterstützt haben. Selbst als ich nicht wie geplant nach der Matura Humanmedizin gemacht, sondern mich für ein Stuidum der Japanologie entschieden habe. Ich danke auch all den Freunden und Bekanntschaften, die ich im Laufe all dieser Jahre in Österreich, Deutschland und Japan auf Konzerten und während meines Studiums kennenlernen durfte. Besonderer Dank gilt auch Murai Chieko, der Managerin der Konzerthalle OSAKA MUSE, und ihren MitarbeiterInnen, die mir später im Zuge meiner Forschung meine Interviewpartner vermittelt haben. Natürlich bedanke ich mich auch bei meinen Interviewpartnern, die mir einen sehr tiefen Einblick in die japanische Szene verschafften. Ich danke meinem Betreuer Katō Hitoshi, der mir während meines zweiten Japanaufenthaltes an der Universität Ōsaka zur Seite stand, meine Forschung vorangetrieben hat und mir bei der Transkription meiner Interviews geholfen hat. Ich bin ebenfalls all jenen zu tiefstem Dank verpflichtet, die sich kurzfristig dazu bereit erklärt haben meine Arbeit durchzulesen, zu korrigieren und mir Feedback zu geben. Zum Schluss möchte ich noch meiner Betreuerin Ingrid Getreuer-Kargl großen Dank aussprechen, da sie diejenige war, die mich immer wieder ermutigt hat, diese Arbeit zu schreiben, auch wenn ich manchmal scharfe Kritik von Kommilitonen wegen meines Themas einstecken musste. Ohne all diese Unterstützung hätte ich nie den Mut und die Kraft gehabt, diese Masterarbeit zu verfassen. VIELEN DANK. Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................. 5 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Visual kei als Musikgenre .............................................................................................................. 14 2.1. Die Begründung eines neuen Musikgenres ....................................................................... 14 2.2. Neo visual kei und das neue Millennium........................................................................... 17 2.3. Musik und Songtexte ......................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Musiklabels – indie und major visual kei ........................................................................... 22 2.5. Der Erfolg von visual kei in Europa .................................................................................... 24 3. Versuch einer dichten Beschreibung eines indie visual kei Events ............................................... 25 4. Analyse der Fans und indie visual kei Konzerte ............................................................................. 68 4.1. Bangya – japanische visual kei Fans .................................................................................. 68 4.1. Fans in Kontakt mit visual kei Musikern –Tsunagari, sefure und mitsu ............................ 71 4.2. Theoretischer Ansatz zur Analyse des Konzertraums ....................................................... 73 4.3. Räumlicher Aufbau einer Konzerthalle ............................................................................. 74 4.4. Die (An)Ordnung des Konzertraumes ............................................................................... 76 4.4.1. (An)Ordnung der Halle durch Veranstalter und Musiker .................................................... 76 4.4.2. (An)Ordnung der Halle durch Fans ...................................................................................... 79 4.2.3. (An)Ordnung der ersten Reihe ............................................................................................ 80 4.2.3.1. Jōren und shikiri ........................................................................................................... 81 4.2.3.2. Geregelte Ticketverkäufe - Das jōren-Netzwerk .......................................................... 86 4.2.3.3. Bedeutung der ersten Reihe auf einem Konzert .......................................................... 89 4.2.3.4. Shikiri-Verbote und Einteilung der ersten Reihe ohne shikiri ...................................... 92 5. Visual kei und Genderforschung ................................................................................................... 94 5.1. Die Faszination an japanischer Androgynität und visual kei Musikern ............................. 94 5.2. Genderidentitäten von visual kei Fans .............................................................................. 97 6. Resümee ...................................................................................................................................... 100 Glossar ................................................................................................................................................. 102 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... 109 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 117 English Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 118 アブストラクト ................................................................................................................................. 119 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: X JAPANs Aussehen in den späten 80er/frühen 90er Jahren (Quelle: jpopasia.com) 16 Abb. 2: Screenshot von LUNA SEAs Musikvideo "IN MY DREAM" 1993 (Quelle: youtube.com) 17 Abb. 3: DIR EN GREY um die Jahrtausendwende (Quelle: nihonreview.com) 18 Abb. 4: Chikashitsu kei Band MUCC (Quelle: vision-of-rock.de) 18 Abb. 5: Heisei Ishins Schlagzeuger Rai (Quelle: ameblo.jo) 19 Abb. 6: Oshare kei Band AnCafe (Quelle: visualkeihakubutukan.web.fc2.com) 19 Abb. 7: Host kei/kirakira kei Band the Sherry (Quelle: Cure Vol. 118) 20 Abb. 8: Vergleich zwischen Golden Bombers Sänger Shō Kiryūin (l.) und einem Host (r.) (Quelle: fanpop.com; ameblo.jp) 21 Abb. 9: Visual kei Band grieva (Quelle: jpopasia.com) 21 Abb. 20: Populäre Keidungsstile von visual kei Fans (seiso kei, sekushī kei, fuafua kei, rokku kei) (Quelle: yahoo.co.jp) 70 Abb. 21: Weitere Kleidungsstile von visual kei Fans (bicchi kei, kosupure kei, rorīta kei) (Quelle: yahoo.co.jp) 70 Abb. 22: Populäre Kleidungsstile von visual kei Fans der 90er Jahre (furugi kei, panku kei, kote kei) (Quelle: yahoo.co.jp) 71 Abb. 21: Screenshot des Forums „Tanuki“ (Quelle: tanuki 2016) 72 Abb. 10: Beispiel eines Aufstellers vor einem Konzerthaus 75 Abb. 11: Beispiele zweier Konzerttickets mit Ticketnummern. 77 Abb. 12: Beispiel von raibu manā eines indie isual kei Labels (Quelle: Starwave Records) 78 Abb. 13: Beispiele zu Informationen der Konzerthallen ESAKA MUSE (r.) und OSAKA MUSE (l.) (Quelle: matome.naver.jp) 83 Abb. 15: Grober Aufbau einer Konzerthalle und Einteilung der ersten Reihe in 515 84 Abb. 16: Beispiel von shikiri-Listen; links auf einem Block, rechts auf einem Smartphone 85 Abb. 17: Verschiedene furitsuke (Quelle: Menma 2012:80) 90 Abb. 19: Gitarrist HIZAKI (Quelle: Cure Vol. 71) 95 Die Transkription japanischer Namen und Termini erfolgt im Hepburn-System. Alle deutschen Überetzungen von japanischen Titeln, Kapiteln und Texten wurden von mir angefertigt. Japanische Namen werden in NACHNAME VORNAME angegeben. Mit *-versehene Bandnamen sind erfundene Bandnamen. 6 1. Einleitung „Zu den Besonderheiten des Visual Kei zählt jedenfalls der Umstand, dass er von Männern gesungen wird, die sich wie Frauen kleiden; während das Publikum vor allem aus Frauen besteht, die sich wie Männer kleiden, die sich wie Frauen kleiden.“ (Balzer 2005b) Gut zehn Jahre ist es her, seit ich dieses Zitat gehört habe. Damals lachten meine Freunde und ich – Fans von visual kei (ヴィジュアル系 jap. „visuelle/r Stil/Clique“) – wie absolut treffend diese Aussage über die europäische Szene1 war. Zugegeben, ich muss selbst heute noch darüber schmunzeln. Damals, im Jahr 2005/06, manifestierte sich visual kei gerade zur neuen, aufstrebenden deutschen Jugendkultur und einige Autoren von Musikzeitschriften zerbrachen sich darüber den Kopf, wie es sein konnte, dass eine hierzulande unbekannte Band aus Japan, deren Musiker „optisch einen auf Transe oder hippe Gothicschnitte machen“ (Edele 2006), eine 2500 Zuseher fassende Berliner Halle binnen drei Tagen - ganz ohne Werbung - ausverkaufen konnte (Balzer 2005a; Pollach und Matthews 2006). Das ist nun bereits elf Jahre her. Im Jahr 2013 beschloss
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