9781107018266 Index.Pdf

Home , Castabala (city), Harpy Tomb, Kerkenes, Rassam cylinder, Tlos (Caria), Tushpa

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01826-6 - Empire , Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre Index More information

INDEX

Abbas, 235–7 , 263 , 270 Alis¸ar, 21 accounting practices. See fi nance altars, 28 , 85 , 212 , 226–7 , 234 , 308; Fig. 134 Achaemenid (meaning), 274 Altıntas¸, 177–8; Fig. 100 Achaemenid Altıntepe, 32 , 59–60 , 81 , 106 , 138 , 302; Fig. 32 bowl, 125 , 127 , 129 , 132 , 134–5 , 136–40 , Alyattes, 145 , 168 , 278 , 297 150–1 , 181 , 184–7 , 295 , 296 , 308; Amanus Mountains, 46 Figs. 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 73, Amaseia, 274 75, 103, 104, 105, 106 Amyrtaeus, 13 Empire, extent of, 8 Amyzon, 229 imperial rhetoric. See Truth/Lie Anahita, 13 , 229 , 237–8 , 252 , 308 , 310 institutions, longevity of, 14 Anatolia, as region of the empire, 1–2 , 15–16 religion, 207–8 . See also ascension Antalcidas, Peace of, 45 style anthemion stelae. See stelae, anthemion Achaemenid Anatolian, 69 Antioch, 46 Achaemenid koine, 69 , 157 Antipater of Sidon, 203 Achilles, 307 Aramaic, 11 , 39 , 41 , 62 , 64 , 88 , 98 , 106 , 160 , administrative 187–8 , 197 , 214 , 235–7 , 239–40 , 243 , centers, 34 253 , 256 , 260 , 270 , 282 , 289 , 309–10 , regions, 16 , 32 , 33 , 278 312; Fig. 61 adoption of Persian luxury ideas outside the Ararat, Mount, 15; Fig. 12 empire, 12–13 Aras River, 15 Adrastus, 226 archers, 73 , 94 , 246 , 279 , 286 , 289 Aegean, 15 architectural style and power, 57–60 , 63 , 81 Aeolis, 89 , 90 , 91 , 109 archives, 29 , 33 , 34 , 53–4 , 58 , 64 , 65–9 , 81 , 256 , Aeschylus, 242 , 311 279 , 284 , 313 Afghanistan, 71 Arebsun, 235–7 , 263 , 270 , 309–10 Afyon, 19 , 178 Ariaramnes, 229 , 308 A g˘aca Kale, 64 Arin-Berd, 284 Agesilaus, 95 , 283 , 291 Aristophanes, 292 Agoracritus, 215 Aristotle, 95 , 289 , 290 Ahuramazda, 10–11 , 13 , 51 , 52 , 73 , 225 , 235–8 , Armenia, 17 , 33 , 51 , 91 , 106 , 112–13 , 128 , 135 , 240 , 246 , 282 , 286 , 308 , 310 137–9 , 181–3 , 262 Aksaray, 237 army, 27 , 46 , 83–5 , 86–8 , 267 alabastron, 53 , 173 , 180 , 183 , 204 , 282 communication in. See communication Alaca Höyük, 21 ethnicity of, 43 , 89 , 90–1 , 92–3 , 107 , Alcmeon, 23 288–9; Fig. 46 alcohol, 122–3 , 129 et passim maintenance of, 87–9 Alexander of Macedon (the Great), 14 , 39 , 45 , 95 , sites with evidence for (catalogue), 108–13 96 , 117 , 171 , 248 , 274 , 276 , 292 Arneae, 222 , 307 Alexander Sarcophagus, 248–9 , 312 Arrian, 274 , 275 , 290 , 307

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01826-6 - Empire , Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre Index More information

Index

Arses. See Artaxerxes II Black Sea, 15 , 35 , 179–81 , 274 , 302 Arshama, 48 , 279 Bosphorus, 15 , 57 , 300 Arslankaya, 19 bowls. See Achaemenid, bowl ; round-bottomed Artabazus I, 59 bowl Artapates, 80 Artaphernes, 43 , 44 , 95 , 280 , 290 Cadusians, 12 Artaphernes II, 44 Caecus River, 89 , 91 , 143 Artaxerxes I, 12 , 66 , 260 , 313 Calycadnus River, 188 Artaxerxes II, 13 , 44 , 46 , 80 , 87 , 273 , 281 Cambyses, 9 , 276 , 299 Artaxerxes III, 13–14 , 276 , 299 Çan Sarcophagus, 174 , 176; Fig. 97 Artaxerxes IV, 14 canals, 41 , 280 Artemis, 214–9 , 220 , 226–30 , 257–8 , 298 , 307; Cappadocia, 19 , 33 , 35 , 43 , 44 , 64 , 112 , 179 , Figs. 127(?), 128 235–8 , 249 , 289 Artemis Anaitis, 229 , 308 , 310 Carchemish, 12 , 291 Artemis of Ephesus, 161 , 215 , 216–9 , 226–30 , Caria (Carian), 16 , 24–5 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 44 , 81 , 91 , 252–3 , 257 , 263 , 270 , 306 , 312 111–12 , 167 , 202–5 , 230–4 , 262 , 273 , Artemis Perasia, 47 309 Artemis Persike, 229 , 308 language, 202 , 253 Artemisia, 34 , 202–6 , 232 , 279 league, 233 Artimas, 197 Castabala, 47 , 214 Aryaramna, 64 Caunus, 90 , 91 , 202 ascension, in Achaemenid religion, 208 , 227 , 230 , Cayster River, 106 , 143 , 159 243; Fig. 146 Celaenae, 51 , 54 , 90 , 91 , 137 , 178 , 282 Asidates, 89 , 107 Chalcidice, 75 Assur, 73 Choaspes River, 117 , 128 Assurbanipal, 18 Cicero, 283 Assyria, 16 , 17–18 , 138 Cilicia, 16 , 24–5 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 46–7 , 48 , 81 , 89 , 91 , Assyrians, 90 , 91 , 182 , 191 , 276 112 , 187–8 , 214 , 239–41 , 278 Astyages, 8 , 200 Cimin Tepe, 59 , 138 Athena, 53 , 193 , 222 , 225 , 308 Cimmerian invasion, 23 , 276 Athenaeus, 116 , 118 , 292 Cimon, 191 Athens, 12 , 13 , 43 , 44 , 75 , 79 , 170–1 , 254 , 273 , cist tombs, 144–5 , 158 , 181–2 , 184 300 , 303; Fig. 42 Clazomenae, 168–9 , 213 , 300 Atossa, 242 Clazomenian sarcophagi. See sarcophagi authority-autonomy model, 2 , 3–4 , 4–8 , 26–7 , cloth production, 254–5 , 312 29 , 30–1 , 45 , 47 , 59 , 63 , 72 , 76 , 81–2 , clothing, 67 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 94 , 101 , 148–50 , 152 , 107–8 , 114 , 128 , 130 , 136 , 140 , 141 , 153 , 188 , 201 , 204 , 208 , 224 , 254 , 259 , 150–1 , 153 , 193 , 195 , 201 , 206 , 208–9 , 267 , 286 , 294 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 304 218 , 224–5 , 243–4 , 249 , 251–2 , 258 , Cnidus, 273 , 281 266–71 , 273 coins, 28 , 33 , 38 , 46 , 72–6, Table 3 , 222 , 230 , Autophradates, 304 252 , 279 , 286 , 289 , 310–11; Figs. Aydın, 295 41, 42, 122, 129, 135, 140, 141 . See also Tiarate head coins Baal. See Bel Comania, 91 , 107 , 289 Baba Jan, 294 communication, 47 , 48 , 85 , 90–2 , 101–4 , 245 , 248 Babylon, 9 , 13 , 33 , 41 , 86 , 91 , 188 , 215 , 223 , 274 copybooks, 28 , 245 , 248–9 , 256 , 312 Babylonia, 11 , 14 , 23 , 44 core-periphery model, 2 , 3 , 34 Babylonian, 51 , 53 , 89 , 288 courier system, 48 Bactria, 8 , 91 , 256 , 279 Cranaspes, 43 , 57 Bagadates, 229 , 308 Croesus, 1 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 43 , 215 , 216 , 278 , 306 Balawat, 17 crowns, 73; Figs. 140, 141, 146 banking. See fi nance Ctesias, 245 , 273 , 292 , 311 banqueting. See feasts cult banqueting vessels, 53 continuity of, 28 , 209–25 Barakes, 229 conversion of, 28 , 234 , 269 Bardiya, 9 hero, 222–5 , 307–8 Bayındır, 177 introduction of, 28 , 53 , 234–41 , 252 , 270 , Bel, 237–41 , 263 , 270 , 310; Figs. 140, 141 309; Fig. 139 Berossus, 252 , 274 Matar, 209–19 , 230 , 270 , 305–6; Fig. 124 Bin Tepe, 145 , 297; Fig. 70 power statements in, 53 Birecik, 63 , 183 royal, 28 , 73–6 , 205 , 208 , 241–4 , 252; Fig. 145 birthdays, 119–20 , 121 syncretism/hybridization of, 28 , 225–34 , Bisitun, 9 , 49 , 193–4 , 246 , 247 , 275 , 280 , 281 ; Fig. 27 308 , 309 Bisitun Inscription, Babylonian version, 19 , 49 , Cunaxa, battle of, 13 , 44 , 80 250 , 281–2 Cybele, 23 , 47 , 209–19 , 234 , 238 , 306; Fig. 128

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Cyme, 45 , 213 Droaphernes, 229 , 308 Cyprus, 12 , 98 , 290 Dülük Baba Tepesi, 249 , 266; Fig. 149 Cyrus II (the Great), 1 , 8–9 , 25 , 26 , 42 , 57 , 79 , 80 , 86 , 95 , 163 , 200 , 245–6 , 271 , 273 , 274 , eating behaviors, 114 , 117–20 , 121–2 , 122–4 , 282 , 305 , 311–12 163 , 268 , 292 , 293 , 295; Fig. 57 . Cyrus the Younger, 13 , 44 , 47 , 54 , 79 , 80 , 87 , 91 , See also feasts 226 , 267 , 273 , 281 , 282 , 283 Ecbatana, 13 , 91 , 95 , 281 , 290 Cyzicus, 57 , 170 education, 28 Egypt, 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 23 , 41 , 45 , 71 , 88 , 91 , Daday, 180 106–7 , 183 , 184 , 191 , 256 , 275 , 278 , Daenamazdayasnish, 235–6 280 , 281 , 282 , 284 , 291 , 293 , 298 , 309 Dahan-i Gulaman, 234 , 309 Eion, 90 Darics, 73 , 75 , 286 , 289 Elamite, 1 , 51 , 53 , 275 Darius I, 8 , 9–11 , 34 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 65 , Elephantine, 41 , 88 , 90 , 106 , 247 , 282 , 289 , 309 , 312 67 , 94 , 120 , 182 , 193 , 242 , 246 , 250 , elites 275 , 279 , 280 , 283 , 291 , 299 education of, 28–9 , 77 , 94 Darius II, 12–13 , 44 , 280 ethnicity of, 33 , 76 , 132 , 142 , 150–1 , 171 , 200 , Darius III, 14 206 , 250 , 280 Darius, inscriptions mortuary inclusions, 27–8 , 141–2 , 148–50 , DB, 246 , 280 , 282 , 311 152–6 , 168 , 171–4 , 176 , 177 , 180 , 206 , DNb, 94 , 289 250; Fig. 65 DPd, 10–11 , 304 portable elite culture, 76 , 141–2 , 153–4 , 168 , at Elephantine, 312 250 in general, 193–4 , 299 role in governing, 27 , 32 , 33 , 66–70 , 76–9 , Dascylium, 32 , 42 , 43 , 51 , 53–4 , 55 , 56–9 , 64 , 81–2 , 186–7 , 247 , 250 , 260 , 263–6 , 267 65–7 , 81 , 83 , 96–7 , 127–8 , 137 , 157 , Elmalı, 197 167 , 175 , 180 , 187 , 250–1 , 256 , 263 , Eni Mahanani, 219 279 , 281 , 283 , 284 , 290 , 291 , 296 , 309 , Ephesus, 125 , 170 , 213 , 269 , 300; Figs. 129, 130 313; Fig. 31 Sacrilege Inscription. See Sacrilege Inscription Daskylitis, Lake, 57 from Ephesus Datiya (Datis the Mede), 280 Temple of Artemis, 24 , 132 , 306 decision-making, 129 Erbbina, 201 , 219 , 304 , 307; Fig. 118 Dedetepe, 173–4 , 176 Erythraea, 169 , 213 Delian League, 12 , 43 Erzincan, 59 , 132 , 135 , 284 , 302; Fig. 103 Delipınar, 188–9; Fig. 108 estates, 39 , 279 , 300 Delphi, Temple of Apollo, 1 , 24 ethnicity. See identity, ethnicity Demus, 79 Euphrates River, 1 , 12 , 15 , 63 , 103 , 135 , 183 Dercyllidas, 281 Eurymedon River, 12 , 44 Deve Hüyük, 78 , 83 , 103–5 , 132 , 135 , 184–7 , Ezra, 12 , 275 , 279 290–1 , 302–3; Fig. 104, 105, 106 Didyma, 57 , 220–2 , 263 , 283 , 307; Fig. 130 feasts, 122–4 , 135 , 147–8 , 150 , 152 , 153 , 161 , diet, 124 , 127 , 287 163–4 , 167 , 170 , 172 , 173–4 , 176 , 180 , dining. See eating behaviors ; feasts 182 , 230–4 , 243–4 , 268 , 292 , 309; Figs. Diodorus Siculus, 90 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 280 , 281 , 93, 98, 100 . See also eating behaviors 283 , 308 fi nance, 218 , 256–8 doorstones, from tombs, 145 , 146 , 158–9 , 299; fi re altars, 85 , 101–2 , 167 , 227 , 234 , 238–9 , 269 , Fig. 84 290 , 309 Dorginarti, 106 foodstuff s allotted to travelers, 48–9 Doriscus, 90 fortifi cations, 59–60 , 85 , 94–103 , 280 , 288 dress. See clothing fortresses, 105–7 , 291 drinking behaviors, 27 , 80 , 114 , 128 , 131–2 , funerary rites, 135–6 , 145 , 147 , 150 , 152 , 160 , 133–4 , 135 , 139–40 , 150–1 , 163 , 163 , 167 , 169 , 174 , 176 , 177 , 179 , 182 , 173–4 , 186 , 199 , 249 , 250 , 260 , 268 , 295 , 297 , 299 ; Fig. 98 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 299; Figs. 61, 65, 86, 87 Gadatas, 283 drinking vessels garrisons, 12 , 83 , 85 , 86–7 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 , clay, 27 , 122 , 125–8 , 133 , 136–40 , 146 , 152 , 94–103 , 290 , 291 181 , 182 , 184 , 268 , 296; Figs. 58, 64, Gaza, 90 66, 67 gender roles, 28–9 , 60 , 78–9 , 81 , 94 , 104 , 120–1 , glass, 125 , 132 , 292 , 294; Fig. 62 123 , 124 , 131 , 132 , 139 , 155–6 , 160 , metal, 27 , 59 , 79–80 , 118–19 , 120 , 122 , 130–3 , 163–4 , 167 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 174 , 175 , 132 , 133 , 147–8 , 150 , 152 , 173 , 180 , 180 , 185–7 , 191 , 198 , 203–6 , 246–7 , 184–7 , 199 , 267 , 284 , 292 , 294 , 295 , 254–6 , 259–60 , 267 , 268 , 293 , 298 , 302; Figs. 59, 60, 61, 71, 75, 86, 87, 96, 299 , 300 , 303; Figs. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 93, 97, 98

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gifts, 33 , 79–81 , 120 , 131 , 204 , 218–19 , identity 282 , 287 ethnicity, 28 , 33 , 54 , 55–6 , 64 , 77 , 89 , 90–1 , Gobryas, 120 , 240 , 285 , 293 , 311; Fig. 143 129 , 130 , 132 , 150–1 , 154 , 155 , 157 , Gökçeler, 150 , 163–4 , 295 , 299; Figs. 75, 90 158 , 160 , 166–8 , 171 , 172 , 174 , 178 , gold, 23 , 24 183 , 184 , 190 , 192 , 194 , 197 , 198 , Gordion, 16 , 19–22 , 32–3 , 60–3 , 65 , 125–6 , 199–201 , 206 , 218 , 219 , 223 , 248–9 , 127 , 137 , 176–7 , 178 , 184 , 243 , 262 , 252 , 253–4 , 260–3 , 266 , 285 , 295 , 296 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 296 , 305 , 313; 300 , 303 , 312 Figs. 14, 58, 99 religion, 263 , 269–70 , 305 , 307 Graeco-Persian style, 68 status, 28 , 33 , 76–7 , 79–81 , 119–20 , 121 , Granicus River, 89 , 171–4 122–3 , 129–36 , 137 , 142 , 148 , 150–1 , grave markers, 158–64 et passim 152 , 155 , 158 , 160 , 161 , 172 , 176–7 , Greek 178 , 180 , 182 , 186–7 , 191–2 , 199–201 , language, 64 , 75 , 89 , 101 , 159 , 192 , 197 , 204–5 , 206 , 223 , 246–7 , 250 , 252 , 227–9 , 253 , 261 , 300 259–60 , 268 , 295 lyric poets, 277 ideology, 49–50 , 250–2 mercenaries, 89–90 Idrieus, 231 , 233–4 greetings, 77; Fig. 43 I˙kiztepe tombs, 65 , 132 , 147–8 , 150 , 295; Figs 37, 73 guides, 49 Iliad , 23 , 277 Gyges, 22 , 23 Ilium, 53 , 249 , 307 , 312 Incesu, 163 Hacımusalar, 137 India, 39 , 279 Hacınebi, 183–4 , 296 Inscribed Pillar, 192–3 , 201 , 280; Fig. 112 Halicarnassus, 51 , 53 , 273 Ionia, 9 , 25–6 , 44 , 45 , 76 , 90 , 105 , 108 , 159 , Haliller, 161 168–71 , 189 , 202 , 212 , 221 , 263 , 281 , Halys River, 1 , 19 , 23 , 89 283 , 299 , 312 Hamadan, 9 Ionian Revolt, 43 , 89 , 95 , 280 , 307 Harpagus, 26 , 193 Irdabama, 34 , 279 , 298 , 303 Harpy Tomb, 172 , 175 , 190–2; Fig. 110 Irtashduna (Artystone), 34 , 279 , 298 , 303 Harta, 137 , 146–7 , 297; Fig. 72 Issus, 240; Fig. 144 Hasanlu, 298 ivory, 99 , 176–7 , 303 Hayallı, 161 Hecatomnids, 230 , 262 Jerusalem, 12 Helios, 204; Fig. 122 jewelry, 79–80 , 142 , 145 , 147–8 , 148–50 , 153–4 , Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, 280 , 281 , 290 , 291 155 , 176–7 , 183–4 , 260 , 267 , 298; Figs. Hellespont, 15 , 57 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 99 Hellespontine Phrygia, 12 , 33 , 35 , 55 , 57 , 77 , 81 , Justin, 273 , 275 90 , 91 , 108–10 , 137 , 171–6 , 279 , 284 , 289 , 295 Kaman-Kalehöyük, 249 , 312 Hermus River, 23 , 89 , 106 , 143 , 299 Karaburun, 135 , 137 , 197–9 , 295 , 304 ; Fig. 65 hero cult, 222–5 , 307 Kel Dag˘, 106 Herodotus, 9 , 10 , 18–19 , 23 , 39 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 53 , Kelenderis, 281 89 , 90 , 94 , 106 , 116–17 , 119 , 121 , 129 , Kerkenes Dag˘, 21 , 213 , 277 215 , 237 , 245–6 , 273 , 275 , 277 , 278 , Kertch, 157 , 249 , 312 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , Kharga Oasis, 291 291 , 292 , 293 , 306 , 311 Kheriga/Kherei, 191 , 193 , 201 , 304 Hieroglyphs, 53 , 204 King’s Dinner, 114–19 , 122 , 280 , 292 Hittites, 19 , 276 King’s Eye, 279 horses, 39, Table 2 , 46 , 48 , 78–9 , 83 , 87 , 88 , 93 , King’s Peace, 13 104 , 105 , 107 , 133 , 145 , 147 , 164 , 170 , Kiraz, 161 174 , 175 , 175 , 176 , 180 , 185 , 246–7 , Kızılbel, 197–8; Figs. 115, 116 259–60 , 267 , 269 , 286–7 , 288 , 299; Kızöldün, 172–3; Fig. 96 Figs. 20, 23, 44, 46, 63, 87, 88, 97, 98, klinae, 135–6 , 142 , 145 , 146 , 146–7 , 171 , 173 , 101, 115, 132, 133 176–7 , 295 , 296 , 300; Figs. 65, 71, 99 Hydarnes, 280 Konya, 16 Hyrcanian plain, 106 , 143 Kubaba, 214 Hyrcanians, 90 , 91 , 107 Kuprlli, 191 Hystaspes, 299 Kybebe, 215 Hystaspes II, 44 Kybernis, 191

iconography and power, 33 , 49 , 62 , 67–72 , 75 , 81 , labor obligations and control, 41 , 81 129 , 147–8 , 150–1 , 154 , 163 , 167–8 , Labraunda, 230–4 , 309; Figs. 135, 136, 137, 138 170 , 172 , 179 , 184 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 196 , Lâle Tepe, 137 , 146; Fig. 71 200–1 , 206 , 224 , 233 , 242 , 249 , 250 , land granting systems, 27 , 38 , 218–19 , 257–8 251–2 , 260–1 , 264–6 , 282 language and power, 33 , 52 , 53 , 62 , 63–4

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Larisa, so-called, 169 , 300 , 309 Mitridastas, 218–19 , 257 , 263 , 269 Latmus, 106 Mitrobates, 43 , 57 l a w . See legal institutions Mnesimachus Inscription, 39 , 257–8 , 269 Lebedus, 169 models. See authority-autonomy model ; legal institutions, 39 , 218–19 core-periphery model Leto, 219 , 220 Monodendri, Cape, 226 Limyra, 106 , 197 , 200–1 , 224–5 , 304 , 308 monuments. See stepped monuments lions, 146 , 147 , 155–7 , 164 , 179 , 196 , 210 , 213 , mortuary 215 , 234 , 240–1 , 250 , 298 , 299 , 303 , inclusions, 27–8 , 74 , 75 , 103–5 , 132–3 , 141–2 , 311 , 312; Figs. 36, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 145 , 147–8 , 148–50 , 151–7 , 163 , 141, 142, 143, 145 167–8 , 173–4 , 176 , 177 , 180 , 181–3 , Lycia (Lycian), 16 , 24–5 , 33 , 35 , 64 , 75 , 106 , 183–7 , 188 , 213 , 269 , 295; 111–12 , 132 , 167 , 172 , 175 , 177 , Figs. 62, 63, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 104, 189–202 , 222 , 223 , 262 , 278 , 289 , 105, 106, 107 289 , 303 inscriptions, 160 , 174 , 197 , 202 , 261–2 , language, 192–3 , 253 , 261 , 280 , 307 298 Lycus River, 143 structures or types, 27–8 , 103 , 135 , 141 , Lydia (Lydian), 1 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 22–4 , 23 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 142–51 , 165–8 , 171–4 , 175–6 , 179 , 35 , 39 , 42–6 , 53 , 55 , 76 , 77 , 81 , 95–6 , 181–2 , 183 , 184 , 190–202 , 262–3 , 269; 100–3 , 105–6 , 110–11 , 126–7 , 132 , Figs. 68, 69, 70, 91, 92, 93 135 , 142–68 , 188 , 262 , 276 , 277 , 278 , Mosaic Building at Gordion, 60–2 , 284 279 , 295 mother goddess. See Matar cult crafts, 23 , 283 movement of work forces, 283 , 285 language, 158–60 , 226 , 253 , 260 , 298 multilingualism, 51 , 64 , 156 , 158–9 , 174 , 187–8 , pottery, 126–7 , 294; Fig. 67 192–4 , 197 , 202 , 204 , 229 , 235–8 , 243 , lyric poets, Greek, 277 253 , 260–1 , 270 , 275 , 282 , 284 , 304 , 313; Figs. 28, 112 Maeander River, 54 , 89 Musacali, 164 Maebazanoe, 101 Mylasa, 125; Fig. 62 Magnesia ad Sipylum, 105 Myra, 304; Fig. 114 Magnesia on the Maeander, 283 Myriandrus, 242; Fig. 145 Magians, 238; Fig. 139 Mysia, 89 , 107 , 109 , 168–71 , 288 Malatya, 16 Mytilene, 90 Malija, 222 , 225 Mallus, 47 Nabataea, 299 Mania, governor of Hellespontine Phrygia, 34 , Nabonidus Chronicle, 274 , 276 77 , 278 , 279 Nabopolassar, 18 Manisa, 163 Naqsh-i Rustam, 13 , 101 , 160 , 182 , 193–4 , 246 , many-columned hall, 59–60 299 Marathon, 9 , 280 Nebuchadnezzar, 9 Marmara, Sea of, 57 Nehemiah, 12 , 275 , 279 marriage, to secure allegiances, 45 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 23 , 52 Marsyas River, 54 Neo-Babylonia, 16 Matar cult, 209–19 , 230 , 270 , 305–6; Fig. 124 Neo-Hittite principalities, 16 , 276 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 53 , 203–6 , 231 , 262 , Nereid Monument, 75 , 199–201 , 304; Figs. 117, 118 305; Figs. 119, 120, 121, 122 Nile River, 106 Mausolus, 34 , 53 , 203–6 , 231–3 , 243 , 305; Notion, 90 Figs. 135, 137 numismatic evidence. See coins Mazaca, 47 Nush-i Jan, 294 Mazdaism, 13 , 207–8 , 234 Nymphaeum, 249 , 312 Megabazus, 12 Megabyzus, 218 , 257 , 263 , 269 , 307 , 313 Ödemiş, 161 Memphis, 90 , 153 Old Persian, 51 , 53 , 260 Mên, 237 Oroetes, 43 , 280 Mermnad kings, 22 Oxus Treasure, 262 , 301 Meydancıkkale, 83 , 98–9 , 250 , 267 , 290; Figs. 51, 52, 53 Pactolus River, 23 , 166 , 226 Midas City, 19 , 210–12 , 305; Figs. 125, 126 Pactyes, 43 , 95 , 280 Miletus, 57 , 90 , 170–1 , 213 , 221 , 263 , 283 , 300 , palace 307 at Altıntepe, 59–60 , 81 , 284 mints, Table 3 at Celaenae, 54 Mita of Mushki, 21 at Dascylium, 56–9 , 81 , 263 , 283 , 284 Mithradates, 80 at Persepolis, 13 Mithras, 13 , 237 , 308 at Tille Höyük, 63 Mithrenes, 96 Palestine, 107 , 291 , 293

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Index

Pamphylia, 12 , 16 , 24–5 , 46 , 137 , 278 Plutarch, 13 , 80 , 275 , 276 , 280 , 281 , 286 , 312 Paphlagonia, 89 , 135 , 179–81 , 288 , 301 Polyaenus, 115 , 280 , 292 Paradeisoi, 32 , 54–6 , 283 Polycrates, 43 parasang, 281 Polyxena Sarcophagus, 172 , 307; Fig. 95 parasols, 202 , 304 portable elite culture, 76 , 141–2 , 153–4 , 168 , 250 Parmenion, 117–18 p o w e r . See architectural style and power ; cult, Parnaka (Pharnaces), 120 , 285 , 293 power statements in ; iconography and Parysatis, 281 power ; language and power ; religion Pasargadae, 8–9 , 33 , 51 , 55–6 , 57 , 166 , 167 , 262 , and power ; visual record and power 264 , 282 , 283 , 294 , 305; Fig. 30 Priene, 231 passports, 48 , 279 Proconnesus, 57 , 172 , 173 Patara, 249 , 312 proskynesis, 77 , 286; Fig. 43 Pausanias, 226 Psammetichus II, 278 Payava, 195–6 , 304; Fig. 113 Ptah-hotep, 153 , 298 Pazyryk, 12–13 , 275 Pyramid Tomb at Sardis, 165–6 , 308; Fig. 91 Peace of Callias, 12 , 44 , 275 Pythius of Lydia, 77 Pergamum, 170–1 Pythius the architect, 203 , 231 Pericles, 224–5 Perikle. See Pericles Rassam Cylinder, 277–8 Persepolis, 11 , 13 , 33 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 65 , 67 , 71 , 95 , religion, Achaemenid, 207–8 . See also ascension 101 , 114 , 132 , 147 , 150 , 155 , 157 , 159 , religion and power, 33 , 63–4 , 275 193 , 195 , 231 , 232 , 250 , 290 , 299 Rhodes, 205 Apadana, 11 , 39 , 99 , 106 , 120 , 130 , 132 , 147 , rhyton, 129 , 130 , 131–2 , 294 , 296; Figs. 59, 61, 191 , 202 , 240 , 250 , 254 , 261 , 286 , 294 , 103 299; Figs. 7, 23, 43, 44, 60, 111, 133 roads, 27 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 41 , 47–9 , 57 , 81 , 91 , 113 , Fortifi cation Archive, 11 , 34 , 48–9 , 117 , 183 , 269 , 280 , 281 ; Fig. 26 120–2 , 129 , 130 , 154 , 156 , 207–8 , 235 , rock-cut tombs, 142–4 , 157 , 179 , 182 , 197 , 202; 239 , 240 , 248 , 250 , 255–6 , 274 , 275 , Figs. 68, 114 279 , 280 , 282 , 283 , 285 , 289 , 292 , 293 , round-bottomed bowl, 129; Figs. 59, 61(?) 294 , 298 , 299 , 303 , 309 , 311; Figs. 61, royal cult. See cult, royal 143 royal name seals. See seals, royal name Palace of Darius, 13 Treasury Archive, 274 , 312 Sacrilege Inscription from Ephesus, 77 , 227–9 , treasury relief, 13 , 67 , 193 , 286; Figs. 43, 111, 261 , 306 , 312 118 S¸ahankaya, 83 , 85 , 99–103 , 150 , 238 , 290; Figs. Persian luxury ideas outside the empire, adoption 55, 56 of, 12–13 Sais, 9 Petosiris, tomb of, 293 Salamis, battle of, 34 , 191 , 279 Phaedyme, 299 Samos, 13 , 43 , 44 , 90 Pharnabazus, 45 , 90 , 278 , 281 , 282 , 291 sarcophagi, 97 , 142–5 , 148 , 149 , 155 , 168–70 , Phaselis, 289 172–4 , 176 , 181 , 195–6 , 296 , 297 , 300 , phiale, 129 , 130 , 132 , 173 , 182 , 184; Figs. 59, 62, 307; Figs. 69, 94, 95, 113 65, 73, 96, 103 Sardis, 1 , 16 , 22–4 , 43–6 , 48 , 55 , 65 , 67–8 , 83 , Philip of Macedon, 14 85 , 89 , 90 , 95–6 , 100 , 132 , 133 , 136–8 , Phocaea, 165 , 213 142–3 , 144 , 145 , 151–7 , 187 , 215–16 , Phoenicia, 13 226–7 , 229 , 234 , 238 , 256 , 257–8 , 269 , Phraortes, 9 270 , 277 , 281 , 283 , 289 , 293 , 295 , 308 , Phrygia (Phrygian), 16 , 19–22 , 33 , 44 , 48 , 53 , 312; Figs. 16, 48, 134 110 , 125–6 , 135 , 157 , 176–9 , 209–12 , Sargon II, 18 , 21 262 , 276 , 278 Sarıkız, 148–50; Fig. 74 language, 209 , 210–12 , 253 , 276 Sarpedon, 225 pottery, 20 , 21 , 22 , 125–6 , 127 , 276 , 277 , 282; satrap, 32 , 33 , 35, Table 1 , 43–6 , 66 , 76 , 87 , 90 , Fig. 58 229 , 230 , 245 , 267 , 278 , 280 Phrygius River, 143 satrapies, 32 , 33 , 35, Table 1 , 44 , 278 , 301 Pigres, 91 satraps’ revolt, so-called, 13 , 45 pillar tombs, 175–6 , 190–5 , 203 , 224 , 303; Fig. schoolrooms, 28 , 245 109 Scythia, 9 pirates, 25 , 278 seals, 28 , 33 , 65 , 65–72 , 184 , 248–9 , 260 , 267 , Pisidia, 44 , 112 , 188–9 289 , 298; Figs. 61, 104, 106 Pissouthnes, 44 from Dascylium, 53–4 , 65–7 , 249 , 250 , 251–2 , Pitane, 169 282 , 284–5; Fig. 35 Pınara, 201 from Gordion, 60–3 , 65 , 71–2 , 243 , 249 , plane tree of Xerxes, 51 , 53 , 282 251–2 , 264–5 , 267 , 277 , 285–6; Fig. 40, Plataea, battle of, 11 146, 148 Pliny, 305 from I˙kiztepe, 68–9 , 249 , 260; Fig. 37

372

Index

from Sardis, 67–8 , 152 , 154–7 , 234 , 240 , 243 , Tell el-Herr, 106 249 , 250 , 251–2 , 260 , 285 , 311; Figs. Tell Kedoua, 106 1, 36, 38, 39, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 143, Telmessus, 201 , 219 , 307 146, 147 tempered sovereignty, 3 royal name, 51 , 53–4 , 66–7 , 282 , 313; Fig. 35 temple tombs, 163 , 167–8 , 200–2 , 203 , 224 , 304 sealing behaviors and practices, 54 , 65–7 , temples, 28 , 29 71–2 , 81 , 199 , 264–6 , 282 , 284 Teos, 168 Sevan, Lake, 17 Thibron, 281 Seyitömer Höyük, 256–7 Thrace, 20 , 49 , 57 , 119 , 295 Shalmaneser III, 17 Themistocles, 279 Sicily, 13 Thucydides, 44 , 273 , 275 , 280 Sidon, 248 , 295 tiarate head coins, 73–6 , 286 , 289; Figs. 41, 42 sigloi, 73 , 75 , 289 Tigris River, 1 , 15 Silifke, 188 , 281 Tilbes Höyük, 63 Sin Temple, 277–8 Tille Höyük, 63 Sinai, 106 Tire, 164 Sinope, 132 , 135 , 180 , 301; Fig. 102 Tiribazus, 45 slaves, 41 Tissaphernes, 44–5 , 85 , 91 , 101 , 193 , 229 , 280 , Smyrna, 168 , 213 , 278 281 , 283 , 308 Social War (Athens), 13 Tithraustes, 45 , 281 Sogdiana, 8 Tlos, 222 , 225 , 307 soldiers, 34 , 35 , 93–4 , 123 , 278 , 288; Fig. 46 Tmolus mountain range, 23 , 106 , 143 Solon, 24 Tomb of Cyrus, 166 , 167 , 305 sovereignty. See tempered sovereignty tombs. See cist tombs ; doorstones; mortuary ; Sparta, 23 , 44 , 45 , 193 , 246 , 273 pillar tombs ; rock-cut tombs; tumuli sphinxes, 146–7 , 157 , 188 , 189 , 232–3 , 243–4 , Tosya, 180 250 , 303 , 309 , 311; Figs. 34, 35, 37, 74, towers, 106 , 107 , 291 76, 100, 107, 108, 137, 138, 146, 147 Troad, 109 , 172 , 222 , 301 staters, 240 , 257; Figs. 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, Troelus, 198 145 T r o y . See Ilium stelae Trqqas, 222 anthemion, 143 , 156 , 159–60 , 298 , 301; Fig. 85 Truth/Lie, in Achaemenid imperial rhetoric, 10 , inscribed, 160 , 187 , 289 , 303 , 306 , 309–10 94 , 246–7 , 311 relief, 150 , 156 , 160–2 , 170–1 , 174–5 , 177–8 , Trysa, 219 , 223 , 308 180 , 189 , 210 , 249 , 267 , 295 , 299–300 , tumuli, 21 , 144 , 145–8 , 150 , 158 , 164 , 171–4 , 301; Figs. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 100, 176–7 , 179 , 188 , 197–9 , 277 , 297 , 300 , 108, 124 301 , 304 stepped monuments, 213–14; Fig. 126 Tumulus A at Gordion, 176–7; Fig. 99 Strabo, 238 , 247 , 274 , 289 Tushpa, 181 style (visual) and meaning, 66–72 , 75 , 81 , Tyberissus, 222 , 307 152–7 , 159 , 170–1 , 189 , 190 , 196 , Tymandus, 188 198 , 199–200 , 224 , 234–5 , 240–1 , 242 , 249 , 251–2 , 260 , 263 , 285 , 298 , 300 . Udjahorresne, 9 , 10 , 153 , 274 , 298 ; Fig. 5 See also Achaemenid Empire, style ; Ulhu, 18 architectural style and power ; visual Ünye, 180 styles Ur, 248 Sultantepe, 106 Urartu, 16 , 17–19 , 51–3 , 59 , 137 , 181 , 182 , 262 , 276 Susa, 11 , 33 , 39 , 48 , 71 , 91 , 144 , 254 , 275 , 281 , Urmia, Lake, 17 312 U s¸ak, 135 , 147–9 , 150 , 177 , 298 ; Fig. 73 syennesis, 46 , 281 Syllion, 91 value, 122–3 , 128 , 295 Syria, 9 , 103 , 183 , 184 , 262 Van Syrian Gates, 91 Lake, 15 , 17 , 181 Syro-Palestine, 12 the Rock at, 51–2 , 182; Fig. 29 Xerxes’ inscription, 51–2 ; Fig. 28 Tabalus, 43 , 95 vandalism, 229 Tarsus, 46 , 263 , 289; Figs. 140, 141 vessels. See banqueting vessels ; drinking vessels T a s¸ Kule, 165–7 , 238 , 308; Fig. 92 visual record and power, 33 , 49–50 , 62 , 65–72 , Tatarlı, 178–9 , 301; Fig. 101 282 . See also iconography and power Taurus Mountains, 15 , 46 visual styles, 54 , 62 , 66 , 129 , 309 . See also style taxes and taxation, 26, 27 , 32 , 34 , 35–42, Table 2 , (visual) and meaning 46 , 47 , 49 , 81 , 83 , 218–19 , 256 , 257–8 , 278 , 279 , 300 way stations, 34 , 48 , 279 , 281 ; Fig. 26 Darius’/Artaphernes’ organization of, 9 , 43 , 279 weapons, 86 , 87–8 , 91 , 92 , 101 , 103–5 , 107 , 183 , Tell Defenneh, 106 185 , 224 , 246; Figs. 46, 97, 105, 106

373

Index

Xanthus, 24 , 64 , 75 , 106 , 172 , 191 , 199–201 , 219 , inscription, 51–2 ; Fig. 28 222 , 223 , 223 , 225 , 249 , 270 , 280 , 304 , invasion of Greece, 43 , 54 , 119 , 191 , 279 307 , 308 , 309; Figs. 132, 133 plane tree of, 51 , 53 , 282 Xenophon, 18 , 54 , 79 , 80 , 85–8 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 107 , progress through Anatolia, 50–4 , 282 137 , 200 , 226 , 245–6 , 257 , 262 , 273 , 275 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 287 , Yarıkkaya, 106 288 , 289 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 296 , 306 , 308 , Yılan Kalesi, 106 311 , 312 , 313 Xerxes, 11–12 , 32 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 50–4 , 66 , 94 , 182 , Zagros Mountains, 8 , 9 204 , 242 , 260 , 269 , 273 , 282 , 283 , 307 , Zenis, 77 , 278 312 , 313 Zeus, 225 , 229 , 230–4 , 240 , 308; Figs. 135, 136

374