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English Society During the Georgian Period 07.00.00 ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ УДК 94420.07 UDC 94420.07 АЛЕКСАНДРОВА А.П. ALEXANDROVA A.P. кандидат филологических наук, доцент, кафедра ан- Candidate of Philology, Department of English Philology, глийской филологии, Орловский государственный уни- Orel State University верситет имени И.С. Тургенева E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] АНГЛИЙСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО В ГЕОРГИАНСКИЙ ПЕРИОД ENGLISH SOCIETY DURING THE GEORGIAN PERIOD Статья посвящена английскому обществу в Георгианскую эпоху. Дается краткое описание структуры общества и его особенностей; демонстрируется тенденцию роста населения, вызванная промышленной революцией; в статье показана весьма неоднородная природа английского общества и доминирующая роль высшего класса (аристократии и дворянства) в политике страны. Ключевые слова: Георгианская эпоха, эпоха Регентства, Англия, население, английское общество, социаль- ная структура, классовая система, правительство, правительственная система, парламент, члены парламента, Палата общин. The paper is devoted to English society during the Georgian era. It gives a brief description of its social structure and peculiarities and demonstrates a tendency of the population growth, which was caused by the Industrial revolution; it shows a highly variegated nature of English society and mentions the dominating role of the upper-class (aristocracy and gentry) in politics of the country. Keywords: Georgian era, Regency era, England, population, English society, social structure, class-system, government, governmental system, Parliament, Members of Parliament, the House of Commons. The Georgian era began with the German ‘House of of the Georges Britain became internationally powerful. If the Hanover’. The period lasted from approximately 1714 to 1830. 17th century was the age of the aristocracy and the 19th century The dynasty was accepted with the Act of Settlement (1701). the time of the industrial working classes, then the 18th century Even though these kings were accepted as monarchs following was the period when the middle classes held sway in terms of the Act of Settlement, it is claimed by some that they were not taste and consumption. [17] particularly popular monarchs, especially George I. The fi rst This was a period of great change, as cities grew, trade two Georges were considered foreigners, especially by many expanded and consumerism and popular culture blossomed. The Scots. George III, born in England, achieved wider British Georgians witnessed the birth of industrialisation; radicalism recognition. [1] and repression; and extreme luxury alongside extreme poverty. When Queen Anne died without any heirs, the English Life in the 18th-century city would have provoked a throne was offered to her nearest Protestant relative, George of dazzling mixture of sensations: terror and exhilaration, menace Hanover, who thus became George I of England. Throughout and bliss, awe and pity. Cities expanded rapidly in 18th century the long reign of George, his son, and grandson, all named Britain, with people fl ocking to them for work. George, the very nature of English society and the political The most important development in eighteenth-century face of the realm changed. In part this was because the fi rst two England was the growth of population. The population of Georges took little interest in the politics of rule, and were quite Britain grew rapidly during this period, from around fi ve content to let ministers rule on their behalf. These ministers, million people in 1700 to nearly nine million by 1801. As a representatives of the king, or Prime Ministers, rather enjoyed result, the people were spreading over the face of the country. ruling, and throughout this “Georgian period” the foundations It turned out to be that there was more population living on of English political party system was solidifi ed into something fertile soil than in towns. Thus, the typical Englishman was resembling what we have today. But more than politics changed; the yeoman in his fi eld and not the man in the street. However, English society underwent a revolution in art and architecture. people began to move from the country into new industrial This was the age of the grand country house, when many of the towns. Many people left the countryside in order to seek out great stately homes that we can visit today were built. Abroad, new job opportunities in nearby towns and cities. Others the English acquired more and more territory overseas through arrived from further afi eld: from rural areas in Ireland, Scotland conquest and settlement, lands that would eventually make up and Wales, for example, and from across large areas of Europe. an Empire stretching to every corner of the globe. [13] It was one of the main features of Georgian England at the start The Georges presided over, and were active patrons of, a of industrial revolution. century of unparalleled elegance and taste. Through the reigns By today’s standards, most 18th-century towns possessed © Александрова А.П. © Alexandrova A.P. 7 Ученые записки Орловского государственного университета. №3 (80), 2018 г. Scientific notes of Orel State University. Vol. 3 – no. 80. 2018 remarkably young populations. Young people were drawn to of the schools were inadequate. Others, however, were sending urban areas by the lure of regular and full-time employment, their sons to one of the handful of schools that were emerging and by the entertainments that were on offer there: the theatres, into prominence at that time, and this was normal practice at inns and pleasure gardens, for example, and the shops display- the end of the period. The most thriving public schools were ing the latest fashions. Eton, Westminster, Winchester, Harrow and Rugby. Those who London in particular was fl ooded with thousands of young wanted to fi nish these schools had to take part in the Grand people every year, many of whom worked as apprentices to Tour paving the way to the highest society. the capital’s numerous tradesmen. Other new arrivals gained The freedom of movement between the classes extended employment as domestic servants to the dozens of aristocratic practically right through the social scale. The exceptional families that began spending much of their time in elegantly diversifi cation of English social classes helped to make this built town houses. possible. The middle class is a case in point, for nothing is Though death rates remained relatively high, by the end more diffi cult than to decide which types are covered by the of the 18th century London’s population had reached nearly term. Scientists say that the middle-class included merchants, one million people, fed by a ceaseless fl ow of newcomers. By professional men, doctors, lawyers and churchmen who were 1800 almost one in ten of the entire British population lived in increasing in numbers and rising in status in this period. But the capital city. Elsewhere, thousands of people moved to the they were a miscellaneous group, too, as they were recruited rapidly growing industrial cities of northern England, such as from all directions, from the gentry, the business classes and Manchester and Leeds, in order to work in the new factories from the lower classes, for this was a good route up the social and textile mills that sprang up there from the 1750s onwards. scale for a poor person with talents and industry. The lower During the Georgian Period, wealth and social class sepa- gentry also presents diffi culties as their birth and manner of life rated the English citizenry. Beginning with the Royals, citizens link them with the main body of the gentry, but their incomes found their place based on birthright and wealth. The nobility place them on an economic level with the smaller business- stood above the gentry, who stood above the clergy, who stood men. The rural class next lower down, the smaller farmers, the above the working class, etc. [10] yeomen of England: they are not to be classed with manual The social structure of Britain has been highly infl uenced labourers, but then neither are they gentlemen. The working by the concept of classes. The class system is prevalent in the class is rich in differentiated grades: craftsmen, copper-miners, society of the United Kingdom in the 21st century too. The weavers, cowmen, ploughmen, casual labourers trudging the different classes were formed depending on various factors streets in cities and squatters in villages. such as education levels, income and the type of occupation. The merchants as representatives of middle-class were the As per the norms of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, driving force of the English economy. Some of them fought there were basically two social classes. One was called as the so successfully that they thrust themselves outside the classes House of Lords, comprising of the hereditary upper class and considered here, by becoming gentlemen. Edward Anthony another one was the House of Commons, representing every- the lawyer, Mr Marsh the solicitor and Dudley Ryder himself one else in the British social hierarchy. are representatives of another segment of the Georgian In his book “Life in Georgian England”, Ernest Neville middle classes: the professional men. The burgeoning wealth Williams, describing life of English people during the Georgian of all classes and the increasing complexity of social and Era, looks at the class system. economic relations swelled the ranks of the lawyers, farmers, England was thus a confederation of local communities. manufacturers, doctors, civil servants, clergy, soldiers, sailors, But horizontal divisions existed as well as vertical ones – in the architects, teachers, writers and actors. The high and mighty form of a very complex class structure. There are upper-class, Fellows and Licentiates were too few and too dear for most middle-class and lower-class. At the top were the few really of the middle classes, who were doctored by a third group – great aristocratic families.
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