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Lamont, Craig Ronald (2015) Georgian Glasgow: the City Remembered Through Literature, Objects, and Cultural Memory Theory

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Lamont, Craig Ronald (2015) Georgian Glasgow: the city remembered through literature, objects, and cultural memory theory. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7041/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Georgian Glasgow: the city remembered through literature, objects, and cultural memory theory Craig Ronald Lamont, M.Res Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Literature School of Critical Studies University of Glasgow 2015 © Craig Ronald Lamont 2015 1 Abstract The core argument under discussion in this thesis is that Georgian Glasgow (1714-1837) has been largely overshadowed by the city’s unprecedented growth in the following centuries when it became a symbol of the industrial age. In this sense much of the work being done here is a form of cultural excavation: unearthing neglected histories from the past that tell us more than is presently known about the development of Glasgow. The thesis will engage with literature, history, and memory studies: a collective approach that allows for both general discussion of ideas as well as specific engagement with literature and objects. The larger issues to which these converging disciplines will be applied include the Scottish Enlightenment, religion, cultural identity, slavery, and diaspora. The thesis is developed chronologically through the Georgian period with contextual discussions of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries at each stage. This results in a more rounded analysis of each theme while making the argument that Georgian Glasgow remains underrepresented in the public realm. The main historical figures that help this argument are: Robert and Andrew Foulis; Tobias Smollett; Adam Smith and James Boswell; and John Galt. Each of these main figures represent distinct themes that define the case studies of the argument. They are: print culture and religion; science and medicine; slavery; and transatlantic migration and colonisation. There are crossovers, for instance the points made about religion in chapter one may be utilised again in chapters two and four; while the very broad theme of the Scottish Enlightenment is discussed to varying degrees in every chapter. The methodology strives to discuss literary, historical, and theoretical memory studies together. In the latter field, the theories of the pre-eminent scholars underpin the case studies of people, places, and objects. Given the connection of this thesis to the major Glasgow Life exhibition, How Glasgow Flourished: 1714-1837 (2014), this interdisciplinary approach is able to reflect the public response to ‘Georgian Glasgow.’ The majority of these findings are revealed in the conclusion chapter, although the experience of working collaboratively with Glasgow Museums informed the thesis as a whole. While this thesis primarily aims to recover and engage with the forgotten aspects of Glasgow’s past, it is also shaped as a methodological template transferrable to other places and time periods. By engaging with the specialisms of academia and taking them into the public realm via other institutions, this thesis strives to remember Georgian Glasgow while outlining a practical process for cultural engagement elsewhere. 2 Contents List of figures 004 Acknowledgements 008 Declaration 009 Introduction 010 Chapter I – ‘Being of the Georgian way’: Religion and Print Culture in the age of the Foulis Brothers 035 Chapter II – ‘Unimpair’d remembrance reigns’: Science and Medicine in the age of Tobias Smollett 078 Chapter III – ‘That barbarous traffic’: Slavery in the age of Adam Smith and James Boswell 130 Chapter IV – ‘Then went forth our Scots’: Imperialism, Identity and Literature in the age of John Galt 177 Conclusion – Exhibiting the Character of Glasgow, 1888-2014 222 Appendix I 261 Bibliography 268 3 List of Figures Figure 1. John Slezer, ‘The Colledge of Glasgow’ (1693). Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland. Page 38. Figure 2. Title page of The Protestation of the Generall Assemblie of the Church of Scotland (Glasgow: George Anderson, 1638). Image published with permission of ProQuest. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copy from: The Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Page 46. Figure 3. Title page of Zacahry Boyd, Four Letters of Comforts (Glasgow: George Anderson, 1640). Image produced by ProQuest as part of Early English Books Online. www.proquest.com. Copy from: Edinburgh University Library. Page 46. Figure 4. Composite image using Figures 2 and 3, created by author. Page 46. Figure 5. Three medallions made by James Tassie: Adam Smith, 1723 - 1790. Political economist. (Scottish National Portrait Gallery: https://www.nationalgalleries.org/object/PG 1949); Robert Foulis, 1707-1776. Publisher and patron of the arts (Scottish National Portrait Gallery: https://www.nationalgalleries.org/object/PG 137); Joseph Black (© National Portrait Gallery, London). Page 67. Figure 6. David Allan, ‘The Foulis Academy of Fine Arts’ (1760). ©CSG CIC Glasgow Museums and Libraries Collection: The Mitchell Library, Special Collections. Page 71. Figure 7. David Allan, ‘The Interior of the Foulis Academy of Fine Arts’ (1762). Image reproduced by permission of The Hunterian, University of Glasgow 2015. Page 71. Figure 8. Thomas Annan, photographic reproduction of ‘The Foulis Academy of Fine Arts’ by David Allan. Accession number OG. 1947. 84. 1. Image © CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection. Page 71. Figure 9. Thomas Annan, ‘View of the William Adam Library, Old College’ (c.1880). Image © Historic Environment Scotland. Page 71. Figure 10. Title page of A Catalogue of Pictures (Glasgow: Robert & Andrew Foulis, 1758). Image courtesy of University of Glasgow Library, Special Collections. Page 72. Figure 11. John McArthur, Plan of the City of Glasgow (1778). Image courtesy of the University of Glasgow Library: Case Maps C18:45 GLA1. Edited by author. Page 73. Figure 12. Ibid. Page 73. Figure 13. Cropped section of Figure 10, edited by author. Page 73. 4 Figure 14. David Allan, ‘Fine Art Exhibition in the Court of the Old College’ (1761). ©CSG CIC Glasgow Museums and Libraries Collection: The Mitchell Library, Special Collections. Page 74. Figure 15. Daniël Mijtens (attributed), Maister Peter Lowe. Image reproduced by permission of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Page 87. Figure 16. McArthur, Plan (1778), edited by author. Page 88. Figure 17. Peter Fleming, Map of the City of Glasgow and suburbs (1807). Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland. Edited by author. Page 88. Figure 18. Thomas Annan, ‘The Second Faculty Hall, 1791-1860’, reproduced in Alexander Duncan, Memorials of the faculty of physicians and surgeons of Glasgow, 1599-1850 (Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1896). Page 89. Figure 19. John Bartholomew, OS Map of Glasgow (1888). Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland. Edited by author. Page 89. Figure 20. Author’s image: screenshot from Google Maps (2015). Page 89. Figure 21. William Stewart, The Interior of the first Hunterian Museum with the statue of James Watt (c. 1850). Image reproduced by permission of The Hunterian, University of Glasgow 2015. Page 100. Figure 22. Frontispiece of the James P. Browne, The Works of Tobias Smollett, v.1 (London: Bickers & Son, 1872). Page 117. Figure 23. Smollett’s Birthplace and Monument in the Vale of Leven c. 1777, found in Joseph Irving, The Book of Dumbartonshire (Edinburgh: W. and A.K. Johnston, 1879). Page 118. Figure 24. Painting of the Town’s Hospital. Image © CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection. Page 119. Figure 25. Engraving depicting Clyde Street Catholic Chapel and Towns Hospital from Clyde Terrace, drawn and engraved by Joseph Swan. Accession number 1927.39.e. Image © CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection. Page 119. Figure 26. Composite image created by author, using McArthur’s 1778 map (see Figs. 11, 12, 16) & David Smith’s Plan of the City of Glasgow and its Environs (1828). Image courtesy of University of Glasgow Library: Case Maps C18:45 GLA20. Page 120. Figure 27. Ibid. Page 122. Figure 28. James Fittler, ‘Glasgow Infirmary’ (1804). Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland. Page 122. 5 Figure 29. Composite image using McArthur’s 1778 and Smith’s 1828 map (see Figs. 26, 27), created by author. Page 124. Figure 30. Joseph Swan, engraving of the Hunterian Museum (1829). ©CSG CIC Glasgow Museums and Libraries Collection: The Mitchell Library, Special Collections. Page 125. Figure 31. Carl Frederik von Breda, James Watt (1792). Image © National Portrait Gallery, London. Page 128. Figure 32. John Blake MacDonald, James Watt (1858). Image reproduced by permission of The Hunterian, University of Glasgow 2015. Page 128. Figure 33. Photograph of the David Livingstone statue in Glasgow, taken by author. Page 142. Figure 34. Photograph of the Adam Smith statue in Edinburgh, taken by author. Page 143. Figure 35. James Sanborn, Wealth of Nations aka Adam Smith’s Spinning Top #2 (1998). Image reproduced courtesy of Kiffany Francis. Page 144. Figure 36. Thomas Rowlandson, Scottifying the Palate at Leith (1786). Royal Collection Trust / © / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II / 2016. Page 151. Figure 37. Cropped section from Description of a Slave Ship (London: 1787). © The British Library Board, 522.f.23, p. 46. Page 160. Figure 38. Donation box of the Glasgow Ladies’ Emancipation Society made by W Salmon for his wife Margaret Salmon. Accession number PP.1987.246.1. Image © CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection.
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