Coor din ates: 4 6 °5 0′N 2 9 °3 7 ′E Transnistria T ransnistria (Rom anian: [trans nistria]), officially ˈ Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР; Romanian: Republica Република Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN; Moldovan: Молдовеняскэ Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; Ukrainian: Нистрянэ (Moldovan) Придністровська Молдавська Республіка), and Republica Moldovenească Nistreană also called T ransdniester, T rans-Dniestr, T ransdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, is an Приднестровская Молдавская unrecognised state which controls part of the Республика (Russian) geographical region Transnistria (the area between Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika the Dniester river and Ukraine) and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west Придністровська Молдовська bank. This area was part of the former Moldavian Республіка (Ukrainian) SSR, and since the dissolution of the USSR has been Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika claimed by the Republic of Moldova as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester. Transnistria has been recognised only by three other otherwise mostly non-recognised states: Abkhazia, Artsakh, and South Ossetia.[6] The region is considered by the UN to be part of Flag Emblem Moldova. Anthem: Transnistria is designated by the Republic of Мы славим тебя, Приднестровье (Russian) Moldova as the Transnistria autonomous territorial My slavim tebya, Pridnestrovye (transliteration) We sing the praises of Transnistria unit with special legal status (Romanian: Unitatea 0:00 MENU teritorială autonomă cu statut juridic special Transnistria),[7] or Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").[8][9][10] After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year. As part of that agreement, a three- party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising twenty localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has Status Unrecognised state held, the territory's political status remains Recognised by the United Nations as de unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but de jure part of Moldova facto independent semi-presidential republic with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal Capital Tiraspol and largest city system, currency and vehicle registration.[11][12][13][14] Its authorities have Official languages Russiana adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem and Moldovanb[1] coat of arms. It is the only country still using the Ukrainian hammer and sickle on its flag. Inter-ethnic Russian[2][3][4] language After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ethnic groups (2015 Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to 34% Russians census) export goods through the Ukrainian border must be 32% Moldovans 30% Ukrainians registered with the Moldovan authorities.[15] This 4% Bulgarians agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Demonym Transnistrian, Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005.[16] Most Pridnestrovian Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship,[17] Government Unitary semi- but many Transnistrians also have Russian and presidential republic Ukrainian citizenship. The largest ethnic group is • President Vadim Krasnoselsky currently Russian people, who made up 34% of the • Prime Minister Aleksandr Martynov • Speaker of the Alexander Shcherba population in 2015. Supreme Council Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Artsakh Legislature Supreme Council [18][19] are post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones. These Partially recognised state four partially recognised states maintain friendly • Independence declared 2 September 1990 relations with each other and form the Community • Transnistria War 2 March – 21 July 1992 for Democracy and Rights of Nations.[20][21][22] • Recognition 3 non-UN membersc Area On 20 September 2017 , the PMR asked the UN for • Total 4,163 km2 (1,607 sq mi) observer status and complained over Moldovan • Water (%) 2.35 aggression.[23] Population • 2015 census 475,665[5] • Density 114/km2 (295.3/sq mi) Contents Currency Transnistrian rubled Etymology (PRB) History Time zone EET (UTC+2) Soviet and Romanian administration • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Secession Transnistria War Calling code +373e Further negotiations ISO 3166 code MD Geography Internet TLD nonef Administrative divisions Political status International relations a. Russian is the main official language. b. The Romanian language written in Cyrillic script Politics is officially called Moldovan in Transnistria. Transnistria border customs dispute Russian military presence in Transnistria c. Limited to the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia, Republic of Artsakh and South Ossetia (see Demographics Community for Democracy and Rights of 2004 Census Nations). 1989 Census d. Moldovan leu used in those areas under Moldovan Religion control and in the security zone. Economy e. +373 5 and +373 2. Economic history f. .ru and .md sometimes used. Macroeconomics External trade Economic sectors Human rights Media Moldovan schools Military Arms control and disarmament See also References External links Etymology Transnistrian Territory in relation The region is also known in English as "Trans-Dniestr"[24] or to the rest of Moldova, landlocked [25] "Transdniestria". Etymologically, these names are adaptations of along the border with Ukraine the Romanian colloquial name of the region, "Transnistria" meaning "beyond the River Dniester". The documents of the government of Moldova refer to the region as Stînga Nistrului (in full, Unitățile Administrativ-Teritoriale din Stînga Nistrului) meaning "Left Bank of the Dniester" (in full, "Administrative-territorial unit(s) of the Left Bank of the Dniester"). According to the Transnistrian authorities, the name of the state is Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) (Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР, Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, РМН, Romanian: Republica Moldovenească Nistreană; Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка, ПМР, Prydnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika). The short form of this name is Pridnestrovie (Russian: Приднестровье, Pridnestrovye; Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet: Нистрения,[26] Nistrenia; Ukrainian: Придністров'я, Political map of Transnistria with Prydnistrovya). "Pridnestrovie" is a transliteration of the Russian the differences between the "Приднестровье" meaning "[a land] by the [River] Dniester". Autonomous Dniestrian Territory de jure and the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic de facto History Soviet and Romanian administration Transnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km2 ) and an adjacent area (9,000 km2 ) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time formed part of Romania. One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia. The Moldavian SSR, organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed out of a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) and out of a part of the Moldavian ASSR roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria. In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. Romania controlled the entire region between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, including the city of Odessa as local capital.[27] The Romanian-administered territory – called the Transnistria Governorate – with an area of 44,000 km2 and a population of 2.3 General map of Transnistria million inhabitants, was divided into 13 counties: Ananiev, Balta, Berzovca, Dubasari, Golta, Jugastru, Movilau, Oceacov, Odessa, Ovidiopol, Rîbnița, Tiraspol and Tulcin. This enlarged Transnistria was home to nearly 200,000 Romanian/Moldovan-speaking residents. The Romanian administration of Transnistria attempted to stabilise the situation in the area under Romanian control, implementing a process of Romanianization.[28] During the Romanian occupation of 1941–44, between 150,000 and 250,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews were Moldavian ASSR (orange) and Romania, deported to Transnistria; the majority were executed or 1924–1940 died from other causes in ghettos and concentration camps of the Governorate.[29] After the Red Army reconquered the area in 1944, Soviet authorities executed, exiled or imprisoned hundreds of the Moldavian SSR inhabitants in the following months on charges of collaboration with the "German-fascist occupiers". A later campaign was directed against the rich peasant families, who were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia. Over the course of two days, 6–7 July 1949, a plan named "Operation South" saw the deportation of over 11,342 families by order of the Moldovian Minister of State Security, Iosif Mordovets.[30] Secession In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level. This led to the creation of various informal movements all over the country, and to a rise of nationalism within