Viktoria Potapkina
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Nation Building in Contested States Viktoria Potapkina TESI DOCTORAL UPF/ANY 2018 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel DEPARTAMENT DE CIENCIES POLITIQUES I SOCIALS For My Family Acknowledgments I am grateful to UPF for being my academic “home” during the time I spent writing this thesis. I want to thank all the professors for their advice, critique and guidance. It was a long, but greatly enriching venture. My utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, who generously offered his time and expertise to discuss my work with me. I am thankful for his invaluable suggestions, endless encouragement, deliberation and guidance from day one. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues, who took the time to discuss my research with me, read various drafts and chapters, and generally supported me every step of the way. I am grateful to all the people who took their time to share their insight and observations with me in and about Northern Cyprus and Kosovo during the time I spent there. Finally, I would like to thank my family who have supported me during this uneasy process. My most sincere thanks go to my parents, grandparents and brother, who have provided me with unconditional support and encouragement. This thesis would not have been possible without their unfailing support. v vi Resum (Catalan) Aquesta tesi consisteix en una anàlisi dels processos de construcció nacional (nation-building) actuals. Centrada específicament en els casos de la República Turca del Nord de Xipre, la República Moldava de Pridnestroviana i Kosovo, es basa en dades originals en anglès i en un sol treball. Aquesta obra presenta una anàlisi comparada d'estats disputats (contested states) des d'una perspectiva interna, fent referència als processos interns que ajuden a la legitimació d'aquestes entitats i generen suports per la a la seva existència. El treball és un esforç per omplir llacunes a la literatura sobre estats disputats (contested states), i també per contribuir a la comprensió global de la construcció estatal i nacional, la formació d'estats i la sobirania. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és oferir un una nova manera de veure els conflicte d'estats disputats (contested states) des de la comprensió de la seva existència i continuïtat. vii viii Resumen (Spanish) Esta tesis proporciona datos recolectados de los procesos actuales de construcción de naciones en estados no reconocidos. Con un foco específico en la República Turca del Norte de Chipre, República Moldava Pridnestroviana, y República de Kosovo, los datos son presentados y recolectados en ingles por primera vez. El trabajo presenta un análisis y comparación de los estados no reconocidos desde una perspectiva interna. Así, revisando los procesos que ayudan a legitimar estas entidades desde adentro y creando apoyo para su existencia continua. El trabajo se esmera en empezar a llenar las brechas en la literatura actual sobre los estados no reconocidos así como contribuir en el entendimiento general de la construcción de naciones y estados, formación de estados, y su independencia. La meta de este trabajo es proveer una manera nueva de ver el acertijo que son los estados no reconocidos a través de una nueva visión en relación al entendimiento de su existencia continua. ix x Summary This thesis provides an overview of current nation building processes in contested states. With a specific focus on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, and Kosovo, original data is presented, collected in English in a single work for the first time. The work presents an analysis and comparison of contested states from an internal perspective, looking at the processes that help legitimize such entities from within and creating support for their ongoing existence. The work strives to begin filling the gaps in available literature on contested states, as well as to contribute to the overall understanding of nation and state building, state formation and sovereignty. The goal of this work is to provide a new way of looking at the puzzle that contested states are by offering insight into the understanding of their ongoing existence. xi xii Contents Resum (Catalan) ......................................................................................... vii Resumen (Spanish) ..................................................................................... ix Summary ....................................................................................................... xi Contents ....................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables .............................................................................................. xvii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 2. Finding The Missing Puzzle Piece: Questions and Methods ........... 5 2.1. Research Questions and Hypotheses .................................................. 5 2.2. Research Methods and Thesis Organization ...................................... 9 3. Placing the Thesis in Context: Main Concepts and Theories ........ 13 3.1. The State & State Formation ............................................................... 15 3.2. State Building ......................................................................................... 18 3.3. Sovereignty, Recognition and Contested States .............................. 20 3.4. Nations and Nationalism ....................................................................... 33 3.5. Nation Building ....................................................................................... 44 3.6. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 51 4. Mapping Out Contested States ............................................................ 53 4.1. General Overview .................................................................................. 53 4.2. Case Selection ....................................................................................... 64 4.3. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 66 5. Case Study 1: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ...................... 67 5.1. Historical Outline: Cyprus, “the Cyprus Problem” and TRNC ......... 68 5.2. The Creation of a “Usable Past” .......................................................... 78 5.2.1. Perceptions of History and History Books .................................. 78 xiii 5.2.2. National Holidays ........................................................................... 86 5.3. A Political Culture Based on the “Usable Past” ................................. 90 5.3.1. Flag, Coat of Arms, Anthem and Currency ................................ 91 5.3.2. Passports and Visas ...................................................................... 93 5.3.3. Transformation of Cultural Landscapes and Public Spaces .... 96 5.4. The Creation of Institutions and Traditions ......................................100 5.4.1. Museums .......................................................................................100 5.4.2. Representation Abroad and Contact with Other States .........103 5.4.3. Civil Society ..................................................................................106 5.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................113 6. Case Study 2: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ........................ 115 6.1. Historical Outline: the Region of Transnistria ..................................116 6.2. The Creation of a “Usable Past” ........................................................128 6.2.1. Perceptions of History and History Books ................................128 6.2.2. National Holidays .........................................................................140 6.3. A Political Culture Based on the “Usable Past” ...............................144 6.3.1. Flag, Coat of Arms, Anthem and Currency ..............................144 6.3.2. Passports and Visas ....................................................................152 6.3.3. Transformation of Cultural Landscapes and Public Spaces ..155 6.4. The Creation of Institutions and Traditions ......................................160 6.4.1. Museums .......................................................................................160 6.4.2. Representation Abroad and Contact with Other States .........164 6.4.3. Civil Society ..................................................................................167 6.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................174 7. Case Study 3: Republic of Kosovo ................................................... 175 7.1. Historical Outline ..................................................................................176 7.2. The Creation of a “Usable Past” ........................................................182 7.2.1. Perceptions of History and History Books ................................182 7.2.2. National Holidays .........................................................................189 7.3. A Political Culture Based on the Usable Past .................................194 7.3.1. Flag, Coat of Arms, Anthem and Currency ..............................194 7.3.2. Passports & Visas ........................................................................197 7.3.3. Transformations of Cultural