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29 Original Article UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO the POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS Abd El-Sattar, I. 1. Introduction

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29 Original Article UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO the POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS Abd El-Sattar, I. 1. Introduction Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies An international peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually www.ejars.sohag-univ.edu.eg Original article UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO THE POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS Abd El-Sattar, I. Egyptology dept., Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum Univ., Fayoum, Egypt E-mail address: [email protected] Article info. EJARS – Vol. 10 (1) - June 2020: 29-42 Article history: Abstract: Received: 24/6/2019 The pyramid texts are funerary spells which were found in eleven Accepted: 28/11/2019 pyramids of old kingdom kings and queens. This paper deals with Doi: 10.21608/ejars.2020.98960 the phenomenon of excluding some spells of the old kingdom pyramid texts after their first attestation. This study assigns the term "Un- transmitted spells" to identify these spells which were attested in a certain pyramid while not reselected once again in the other pyramids. The paper focuses on those of Unis pyramid, which has 38 un-transmitted spells, trying to answer two essential questions: Keywords: why these spells emerged only once in the pyramid of Unis and New philology were not transmitted or reselected into the other old kingdom pyramids? Were these spells transmitted or reselected and became a Old kingdom part of the re-contextualization program after the old kingdom or Pyramid texts not? The study suggests three reasons for the phenomenon in Unis question depending on the investigation of the Pyramid Texts Un-transmitted spells editing during the old kingdom. 1. Introduction Since the discovery of the pyramid texts and the criteria of this process [12-25]. up to now, most of the pyramid texts studies Moreover, those studies have been dominated focused on where these texts originated by three philological disciplines: The textual and how they developed. In addition, the criticism, the literature criticism, and the orientation of its reading—from the entr- new philology [26-28]. The first one focuses ance to the funerary chamber [1-2] or from on the reconstruction of a hypothetical the funerary chamber to the entrance [3]— archetype/Vorlage of the surviving texts' was the principle for a long debate. Most variants. The second is devoted to studying of Egyptologists agreed that the orientation the interpretation of the text, its characte- of the hieroglyphs is closely connected ristics, and the development of its genres. with the direction of reading and the layout The third one considers the intellectual and of the texts. In that respect, they pointed the cultural environment of the texts' editors that the location of spells physically plays "manuscript culture" are important factors a role in the choice and the meaning of that influence the re-contextualization pro- each text, and namely, the relation between gram of the texts. The text had a single the texts' corpus and its location on the walls [1- 11]. Recently, the pyramid texts meaning and its later variants should be studies began to concentrate on how the regarded through the prevailing culture. genres of these texts were transmitted or In other words, the new philology identifies reproduced through space and time. These any change appearing during the process studies have tried to identify the mechanisms of text transmission as a part of the new of these texts' transmission or reproduction, text culture [5,16,23-24]. 29 2. Research Methodology depended on the homogenous theme, and the location became secondary. The phenomenon of why some texts (spells) are not reselected or transmitted from a pyramid to another one in the old kingdom 4. The Old Kingdom Un-transmitted is a part of the transmission process which Pyramid Texts could be subjected to the hypothesizes of What is opted by the author for the term the textual criticism, the literature criticism, "Un-transmitted Spells" are those which and the new philology. Accordingly, this uniquely attested in such a pyramid and paper attempts to answer two essential que- they were not reselected once again in the stions; why these spells emerged only once other old kingdom pyramids. The phenom- in Unis' pyramid texts corpus and were not enon of the un-transmitted spells is explicit transmitted or reselected into the other old in the pyramid texts of Teti which has 36 kingdom pyramids corpora? Were these spells that were not transmitted to his post- spells transmitted or reselected and became pyramids. Only two of them were transmitted a part of the contextualization program to the middle kingdom and were excluded after the old kingdom or not? thereafter. The pyramid texts of Unis include 227 spells. The editors of his post-pyramids 3. A Glimpse on the Organization of reselected 189 spells and excluded 38 spells the Pyramid Texts as follows: PT 200, PT 204, PT 209, PT The old kingdom pyramid texts' arrange- 226, PT 228-232, PT 234-239, PT 241- ment and their topographical distribution 243, PT 247-252, PT 260, PT 263. PT was and still the subject of investigation. 275-279 (except PT 277), PT 294, PT The pyramid texts compose of spells, cluste- 300, PT 313-315, PT 317, and PT 319- red in genres that have the common character 320. These spells, except for PT 200, and are thematically homogenous [22]. The were transmitted after the old kingdom pyramid texts of Unis were arranged by and they were integrated and rearranged Osing in groups [9], while Allen subdivided into new compositions. They were also them to sequences [6]. Previously, Alte- modified in the content, the orthography, nmüller classified the pyramid texts and the size of the genres, and the size of used the term Spruchfolge to refer to each spell. Therefore, their later reviving clusters of spells [29]. On the other hand, may offer additional help to answer the the complete study of the topology and the hypothesized questions of this paper. In disposition of the old kingdom pyramid this current study, these spells will be texts were explored by Hays who broke classified into many groups based on their them down into groups; each containing location and the theme that was classified more than one sequence and subsequence by Osing, Allen, and Hays. Consequently, (recurring series) [30-31]. Both Osing and they will be identified, by the author, Allen organized the spells based on the from G1 to G4 which can be tabulated in theme and location, while Hays essentially tab. (1). Table (1) Unis' Un-transmitted spells into his post-old kingdom pyramid texts The Unis' un- transmitted spells The The whole genre Unis' transmitted Group into the post-pyramids Location spells into the post- pyramids G-1A PT 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, W/B/Wg PT 226-243 PT 227, 233, 240 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243 G-1B PT 275, 276 W/A/Eg PT 273-276 PT 273, 274 G-1C PT 278, 279, 294, 300 W/A/E PT 277-301 PT 277, 280-293, 295- 299, 301 G-2A PT 204, 209 W/B/Eg PT 204-205, 207, PT 205, 207, 210-212 209-212 30 G-2B PT.200 W/P/N PT.199, 32, 23, 25, 200 PT 199, 32, 23, 25 G-3A PT 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 W/A/Wg PT 247-253 PT 253 G-3B PT 260 W/A/W PT 254-260 P 254-259 G-3B PT 263 W/A/S PT 260-272 PT 261-262, 264-272 G-4A PT 313, 314, 315, 317 W/C/W PT 313-317 PT 316 G-4B PT 319, 320 W/C/E PT 318-321 PT 318, 321 4.1. Group 1A -PT 226, PT 228-232, the antechamber of Teti, Pepi I, Merenre PT 234-239, and PT 241-243: and Pepi II [34,36]. Recently, few words of PT 245-246 were discovered by the Group 1A includes the serpent spells [32, french mission in the pyramid of the queen 33] and the other hostile beings which Behnw [37]. The transmission of three are classified by Osing to two groups; spells from this genre to the post-Unis Group A: the genre PT 226-243, consists pyramids reflects, as suggested by some of 18 spells, which entirely attested only Egyptologists, the synecdoche principle in the pyramid of Unis, filling the west i.e. these short sequences are made to gable of his burial chamber (W/B/W), and Group A2: the genre PT 276-299 which represent the whole genre [5,16,22,23]. occupy most of the east wall of his It is noted that the location of the serpent spells in the post-Unis pyramids was often antechamber (PT 277-299- W/A/E) and restricted to the east wall of the antechamber a part of its gable (PT 276- W/A/Eg) [9]. and its gable, while the old one—the west The first genre PT 226-243 is distinguished gable of the burial chamber—was aband- by Allen as a sequence (H) [6], while oned. In Pepi I's pyramid texts corpus, the Hays designates it as section (K1), a part compilation process of the serpent spells of the Group (K) by which it is identified continued and extended to the corridor, as Apotropaia [30]. Also, additional genre ascending corridor, and the vestibule (PT PT 375-399 was added to the pyramid 538, PT 550-51 A-D). Basically, the gen- texts corpora of the post-Unis pyramids. It is also identified by Hays as the apotropaic erative process of editing and compilation texts against the serpent that compose the serpent spells started in the pyramid with the genre PT 276-299 Section (K2a- texts corpus of Teti who added 25 new b).
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