29 Original Article UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO the POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS Abd El-Sattar, I. 1. Introduction

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

An international peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually

www.ejars.sohag-univ.edu.eg Original article

UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO THE POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS

Abd El-Sattar, I.

Egyptology dept., Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum Univ., Fayoum, Egypt E-mail address: [email protected]

Article info. EJARS – Vol. 10 (1) - June 2020: 29-42 Article history: Abstract: Received: 24/6/2019 The pyramid texts are funerary spells which were found in eleven Accepted: 28/11/2019 pyramids of old kingdom kings and queens. This paper deals with Doi: 10.21608/ejars.2020.98960 the phenomenon of excluding some spells of the old kingdom pyramid texts after their first attestation. This study assigns the term "Un- transmitted spells" to identify these spells which were attested in a certain pyramid while not reselected once again in the other pyramids. The paper focuses on those of Unis pyramid, which has 38 un-transmitted spells, trying to answer two essential questions: Keywords: why these spells emerged only once in the pyramid of Unis and New philology were not transmitted or reselected into the other old kingdom pyramids? Were these spells transmitted or reselected and became a Old kingdom part of the re-contextualization program after the old kingdom or Pyramid texts not? The study suggests three reasons for the phenomenon in Unis question depending on the investigation of the Pyramid Texts Un-transmitted spells editing during the old kingdom.

1. Introduction Since the discovery of the pyramid texts and the criteria of this process [12-25]. up to now, most of the pyramid texts studies Moreover, those studies have been dominated focused on where these texts originated by three philological disciplines: The textual and how they developed. In addition, the criticism, the literature criticism, and the orientation of its reading—from the entr- new philology [26-28]. The first one focuses ance to the funerary chamber [1-2] or from on the reconstruction of a hypothetical the funerary chamber to the entrance [3]— archetype/Vorlage of the surviving texts' was the principle for a long debate. Most variants. The second is devoted to studying of Egyptologists agreed that the orientation the interpretation of the text, its characte- of the hieroglyphs is closely connected ristics, and the development of its genres. with the direction of reading and the layout The third one considers the intellectual and of the texts. In that respect, they pointed the cultural environment of the texts' editors that the location of spells physically plays "manuscript culture" are important factors a role in the choice and the meaning of that influence the re-contextualization pro- each text, and namely, the relation between gram of the texts. The text had a single the texts' corpus and its location on the walls [1- 11]. Recently, the pyramid texts meaning and its later variants should be studies began to concentrate on how the regarded through the prevailing culture. genres of these texts were transmitted or In other words, the new philology identifies reproduced through space and time. These any change appearing during the process studies have tried to identify the mechanisms of text transmission as a part of the new of these texts' transmission or reproduction, text culture [5,16,23-24].

2. Research Methodology depended on the homogenous theme, and The phenomenon of why some texts (spells) the location became secondary. are not reselected or transmitted from a pyramid to another one in the old kingdom 4. The Old Kingdom Un-transmitted is a part of the transmission process which Pyramid Texts could be subjected to the hypothesizes of What is opted by the author for the term the textual criticism, the literature criticism, "Un-transmitted Spells" are those which and the new philology. Accordingly, this uniquely attested in such a pyramid and paper attempts to answer two essential que- they were not reselected once again in the stions; why these spells emerged only once other old kingdom pyramids. The phenom- in Unis' pyramid texts corpus and were not enon of the un-transmitted spells is explicit transmitted or reselected into the other old in the pyramid texts of Teti which has 36 kingdom pyramids corpora? Were these spells that were not transmitted to his post- spells transmitted or reselected and became pyramids. Only two of them were transmitted a part of the contextualization program to the middle kingdom and were excluded after the old kingdom or not? thereafter. The pyramid texts of Unis include 227 spells. The editors of his post-pyramids 3. A Glimpse on the Organization of reselected 189 spells and excluded 38 spells the Pyramid Texts as follows: PT 200, PT 204, PT 209, PT The old kingdom pyramid texts' arrange- 226, PT 228-232, PT 234-239, PT 241- ment and their topographical distribution 243, PT 247-252, PT 260, PT 263. PT was and still the subject of investigation. 275-279 (except PT 277), PT 294, PT The pyramid texts compose of spells, cluste- 300, PT 313-315, PT 317, and PT 319- red in genres that have the common character 320. These spells, except for PT 200, and are thematically homogenous [22]. The were transmitted after the old kingdom pyramid texts of Unis were arranged by and they were integrated and rearranged Osing in groups [9], while Allen subdivided into new compositions. They were also them to sequences [6]. Previously, Alte- modified in the content, the orthography, nmüller classified the pyramid texts and the size of the genres, and the size of used the term Spruchfolge to refer to each spell. Therefore, their later reviving clusters of spells [29]. On the other hand, may offer additional help to answer the the complete study of the topology and the hypothesized questions of this paper. In disposition of the old kingdom pyramid this current study, these spells will be texts were explored by Hays who broke classified into many groups based on their them down into groups; each containing location and the theme that was classified more than one sequence and subsequence by Osing, Allen, and Hays. Consequently, (recurring series) [30-31]. Both Osing and they will be identified, by the author, Allen organized the spells based on the from G1 to G4 which can be tabulated in theme and location, while Hays essentially tab. (1).

Table (1) Unis' Un-transmitted spells into his post-old kingdom pyramid texts The Unis' un- transmitted spells The The whole genre Unis' transmitted Group into the post-pyramids Location spells into the post- pyramids G-1A PT 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, W/B/Wg PT 226-243 PT 227, 233, 240 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243 G-1B PT 275, 276 W/A/Eg PT 273-276 PT 273, 274 G-1C PT 278, 279, 294, 300 W/A/E PT 277-301 PT 277, 280-293, 295- 299, 301 G-2A PT 204, 209 W/B/Eg PT 204-205, 207, PT 205, 207, 210-212 209-212

G-2B PT.200 W/P/N PT.199, 32, 23, 25, 200 PT 199, 32, 23, 25 G-3A PT 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 W/A/Wg PT 247-253 PT 253 G-3B PT 260 W/A/W PT 254-260 P 254-259 G-3B PT 263 W/A/S PT 260-272 PT 261-262, 264-272 G-4A PT 313, 314, 315, 317 W/C/W PT 313-317 PT 316 G-4B PT 319, 320 W/C/E PT 318-321 PT 318, 321

4.1. Group 1A -PT 226, PT 228-232, the antechamber of Teti, Pepi I, Merenre PT 234-239, and PT 241-243: and Pepi II [34,36]. Recently, few words of PT 245-246 were discovered by the Group 1A includes the serpent spells [32, french mission in the pyramid of the queen 33] and the other hostile beings which Behnw [37]. The transmission of three are classified by Osing to two groups; spells from this genre to the post-Unis Group A: the genre PT 226-243, consists pyramids reflects, as suggested by some of 18 spells, which entirely attested only Egyptologists, the synecdoche principle in the pyramid of Unis, filling the west i.e. these short sequences are made to gable of his burial chamber (W/B/W), and Group A2: the genre PT 276-299 which represent the whole genre [5,16,22,23]. occupy most of the east wall of his It is noted that the location of the serpent spells in the post-Unis pyramids was often antechamber (PT 277-299- W/A/E) and restricted to the east wall of the antechamber a part of its gable (PT 276- W/A/Eg) [9]. and its gable, while the old one—the west The first genre PT 226-243 is distinguished gable of the burial chamber—was aband- by Allen as a sequence (H) [6], while oned. In Pepi I's pyramid texts corpus, the Hays designates it as section (K1), a part compilation process of the serpent spells of the Group (K) by which it is identified continued and extended to the corridor, as Apotropaia [30]. Also, additional genre ascending corridor, and the vestibule (PT PT 375-399 was added to the pyramid 538, PT 550-51 A-D). Basically, the gen- texts corpora of the post-Unis pyramids. It is also identified by Hays as the apotropaic erative process of editing and compilation texts against the serpent that compose the serpent spells started in the pyramid with the genre PT 276-299 Section (K2a- texts corpus of Teti who added 25 new b). This section is inscribed above the spells (PT 375-399), and they extended right hand of the entrance of the serdab, to the post-Teti pyramid texts corpora, occupying the south part (right-hand) of particularly in Pepi I's pyramid texts the east wall of Pepi I's antechamber, and corpus who added 32 new spells (PT 499- the north part (left-hand) of east walls of 500, PT 501A-D, PT 502A-Q, PT 1035, the antechambers of Teti, Merenre and PT 1043) marked by developing a new Pepi II [34-36]. The genre PT 226-243 was location in the north [38]. There is cons- not entirely transmitted to the pyramids of ensus among the Egyptologists that the Unis' successors, except three spells that purpose of the genre PT 226-243 is to were isolated, discretely amalgamated into protect the deceased king from the snakes the post-Unis pyramid texts corpora and and other reptiles. They are non-ritualistic integrated into the genre PT 276-299. The spells, spoken in the first person, and incorporation of these three spells into the recited by the deceased king himself as post-Unis pyramid texts was accompanied magical spells [6,32]. The editors of the by the change of their location. The first post-Unis pyramid texts corpora margina- one (PT 227) is located on the east wall alized the genre PT 226-243, while it was of the antechamber of both Pepi I and indispensable in the middle kingdom. At Pepi II, while the second one (PT 233) is this point, the editors of the middle kingdom placed on the east wall of the antechamber did not only revive this genre, but they also of Pepi I, Pepi II. The third one (PT 240) explained its meaning. They frequently is commonly attested in the post-Unis pyr- attributed its introductory spell PT 226 to amids and it is located on the east wall of the title rA n(j) xsf rrk m Xr.t nTr (Utterance

31 for driving away rrk-serpent in the necropolis) Saqqara. Additionally, Hussein concluded [17,29-30]. Also, this meaning is dealt with that the transmission of the genre PT 226- by CT.885 that states xsf rrk xa Ra 243 to the Memphite and Heliopolitan shaft- (Driving away rrk-serpent so that Ra may ombs of the Saite period was dynamic shine) (CT.VII. 94 m). Furthermore, the concerning the inclusion and the exclusion occurrence of this genre extends from of the spells in short sequences that were El-Qatta and Saqqara to Lisht, Meir, and rearranged, like the middle kingdom copies, Thebes. In the burial chamber of the in interrupted and uninterrupted sequences tomb of NhA (Q1Q) at El-Qatta, this genre [47]. The short sequences PT 227-229, is subdivided into two continuous sequences PT 233, PT 242, and PT 239 in this order PT 226-227 and PT 229-240 which are are more common in the saite period with located on the east wall of this chamber the fact that no two tombs contain the [39-41]. Worthy of note, the genre PT same series of spells [22]. To round off, 226-243 was locally varied in the middle reselecting short sequences of spells from kingdom pyramid texts. Its entire copy the genre PT 226-243 was a mutual feature in both the middle kingdom and the late occurred twice in the burial chambers of period. In the textual program of reselecting both sA-Ht-Hr-jbj [39] and sk-wsxt [17] in the pyramid texts in the middle kingdom Saqqara cemetery from which the largest and the late period, this genre is often number of its copies come. At Lisht, the associated with the genre PT 213-219 tomb of s-n-wsrt-anx contains the whole which thematically center on the emerging spells of this genre [5,42], while the lid from the Duat. It is also connected with of the coffin (L1NY) of Xty has PT 226- the spells of offering ritual PT 62-81 and 241, PT 243 and lacks PT 242 [5,17]. On PT 204-205; the spells of censing and the other hand, the other sources texts libation PT 23, PT 25, and PT 35. Obv- from Lisht have just a few spells [17,43]. iously, the preceding spells constitute a Likewise, the sources texts of Meir [17, part of the old textual program of Unis' 39,44] and Thebes [17,39] incorporate burial chamber and the passage between fewer spells that are continuously or disco- the burial chamber and the antechamber. ntinuously arranged in shorter sequences. At this point, it could be suggested that What should be noted is that these short reselecting a specific genre may depend on sequences consist of one or more spells; its original location as well as its relat- particularly the initiatory spells of this ionship with the other genres. It means genre PT 226, PT 229, PT 226-228, PT that the genre does not only connect with 226-230, and PT 226-231. After the middle its original location but also it has a cohesive kingdom, the genre PT 226-243 was aba- correlation with specific genres with which ndoned until it was reused once again in they perform a definite role and represent the Saite Period. Hussein noted that the one unit. If a genre loses its original location and its relationship with the other "Grabpalasten" of the Saite period at Asasif genres, it may be excluded. This suggestion eliminated this genre except for the tomb is supported by the hypothesis of Hussein of PA-dj-Imn-(m)-jpt (TT33) in which it who argued that the meaning and the was integrated with the genre PT 276-299 purpose of the genre PT 226-234 go beyond in a single composition [22-47]. Both the the king's protection to a cosmogonic and two genres are located on the same wall, mythologic meaning [22,48]. According as s-n-wsrt-anx did, under the title rA n to his argument, this genre signifies the xsf rrk m Xr.t nTr [45-46] that was mythological struggle between Ra and the previously attributed to the introductory chaos serpent app that takes place in the spell of the genre PT 226-243 in the water (Abyss). Worthy of mention, the middle kingdom. What worthy noted is genre PT 226-243 has already various that xr.t nTr is substituted with jmn.t (the references of this struggle, while it became west) as attested in the tomb of PsmTk at apparent in its middle kingdom title rA n(j)

32 xsf rrk m Xr.t nTr (Utterance for driving 273-274 [50-53] which describe the king away rrk-serpent in the necropolis). Since as the one who swallows and devours his this struggle connected with the necropolis enemies and his kin; his mother and or the west and the abyss, the location of father, the gods and the akhu, in order to this genre on the west gable of Unis' burial obtain their powers. According to Allen chamber is very appropriate to correspond viewpoint, the two spells PT 273-274 with the cosmogonic west. This last expla- confirm the king's ascension from the nation, as well as reselecting short sequences primeval water Nu, crossing its gate to the of this genre after the old kingdom, may sky [6]. In PT 275, the king is identified answer the question of why the editors of with Sobek wr m Sd.t to overcome the the post-Unis pyramid texts corpora mar- ginalized this genre, and why they reused dangers in this water. According to Allen, only three spells from it. Depending on the genre PT 276-299 which is located the last discussion, the genre PT 226-243 on the same wall seems to play the same is connected with the west-gable of the role of protecting the king during his burial chamber which was occupied in ascension to the sky [6]. As a result, PT Unis post-pyramids by the spells of the 275 could be described as a "protective- king's ascension to the sky as well as the spell" with a mythological origin. During pyramid texts of Nut [5,30,49] rather than their editing process, the editors of Teti's the serpent spells. As a result, the change pyramid texts corpus eliminated the two of this genre's location as well as the loss spells PT 275-276 and rearranged PT 273- of its cohesive relation with the other 274 after the new genre of serpent-spells genres of the burial chamber explains the PT 375-399 and some spells of the genre reasons for its disappearance in post-Unis PT 277-299. Add to, the genre PT 277- pyramids. 299 in the post-Teti pyramid texts corpora 4.2. Group 1B -PT 275-276 connected with the spells of offering- Group 1B consists of the two spells PT group (H) according to Hays [30]- rather 275-276. They are a part of the genre PT than the spells of the king's ascension. Both the editors of Teti and his successors 273-276 which is located on the east gable rearranged the spells of the genre PT 273- of Unis' antechamber. It is organized by 276 and their relationship with the other Osing in group (D) [9], while it is classified genres by exclusion and addition. The by Allen as a part of Sequence (F2), editors of Teti pyramid texts excluded which begins with PT 273 and ends with PT 275-276 and integrated PT 273-274 the PT 276 [6]. Hays arranges these spells with PT 375-399 (serpent-spells) as a in Section (K2b), identifying them as genre of the king's protection, while the Apotropaia [30]. Only the two spells PT editors of Tetiʼs successors excluded PT 273-274 of this genre, known among the 273-276 and rearranged PT 277-299 toge- Egyptologists as the "cannibal hymns ther with the offering spells, probably to spells", were transferred to the pyramid protect the serdab and the offering [33]. texts of Teti. After the old kingdom, the 4.3. Group 1C – PT 278, PT 279, PT two spells PT 275-276 were transmitted, as components of the genre PT 267-291, 294, and PT 300 to the east wall of the burial tomb of sn- Group 1C contains the spells PT 278, PT wsr.t-anx [42]. After the middle kingdom, 279, PT 294 and PT 300 which are located PT 275 was eliminated, while PT 276 on the east wall of Unis' antechamber. was once attested in the tomb of PA-dj- These spells are the members of the Imn-(m)-jpt (TT33) as a part of the genre genre PT 277-301 which is classified by PT 276-299 (serpent-spells) [23]. The Osing as a part of group (D) [9]; while two spells PT 275-276 connected with Allen distinguishes them in Subsequence the so-called "cannibal hymns spells" PT (F3) [6]. Hays arranges them in section

(K2) [30]. With reference to the above, offering-rituals which are addressed on Osing classifies PT 277-299 as group A2 behalf of the deceased king, invoking (serpent-spells) which are completely diff- some celestial beings to provide the king erent in theme from PT 300-301. Apart with his meals. The editors of the post- from PT 278, PT 279, PT 294, and PT Unis pyramid texts corpora excluded PT 300, the other spells of this genre were 204 and PT 209 and integrated the other transmitted to the post-Unis pyramid texts spells of this genre into another group. corpora with the same location. In the Also, they added PT 206 and PT 208 to middle kingdom, this genre is entirely the new composition which shows some- attested in the tomb of s-n-wsrt-anx [42], what different locations. In this regard, while PT 300 is attested in the burial PT 208, PT 210-212 are placed in the east chamber of Wsr at Lisht [16,43]. In the wall of Merenre's burial chamber and the new kingdom, the entire genre PT 277-301 east gable of both Teti and Pepi II's burial were abandoned, while it was attested chamber. Also, PT 206, which is not attested together with the genre PT 223-246 in a in Unis pyramid texts corpus, accompanies single composition in the late period tomb PT 208, PT 210-212 on the same location of PA-dj-Imn-(m)-jpt (TT33) [23]. They in the pyramids of both Merenre and Pepi are located on one wall under the title rA II, while it is located on the east wall of n xsf rrk m Xr.t nTr; the middle kingdom Pepi I's ascending corridor. Furthermore, title of the introductory spell of the genre PT 212, attested twice, is placed on the PT 226-243. The exclusion of some spells east wall of both the burial chamber and of the genre PT 277-299 was due to the the antechamber of Pepi I. In the middle editorial activities after Unis. The editors kingdom, the entire spells of the genre PT integrated them with the other homogenous 204-212 were also transmitted in short ones. The un-transmitted spells of this sequences in continuous and discontinuous genre were replaced, after Unis, by the strings. This transmission extended to El- spells of the new ones which are similar Qatta, Saqaara, Dahshur, Lisht, Asyut, and in content and theme i.e. PT 375- 399, Abydos. Both the burial chambers of Ijj- PT 1035-1043, and PT 502 A-H [30]. On m-Htp [16-17] and s-n-wsrt-anx at Lisht the other hand, PT.300 was undoubtedly have PT 204-205, PT 207, and PT 209-212 excluded because of its heterogeneous theme. in the same order of Unis pyramid texts 4.4. Group 2A -PT 204 and PT 209 [6,42]. Furthermore, two textual sources from the middle kingdom preceded the Group 2 A composes of PT 204 and PT introductory spell of this genre by a title. 209. They are a part of the genre PT In this regard, the stela (C20520) of Nhj 204-205, PT 207, PT 209-212, which is from Abydos [16,39,54], which has the exclusively inscribed on the east gable of spells PT 204-205, PT 207, and PT 209- Unis' burial chamber. Noticeably, the only 210, attributed the spell PT 204 to the source of this genre with a continuous title rA n(j) swAD wDH.w (Recitation for series is the version of Unis; although, it making the alter flourish) [54]. It is similar lacks the spells PT 206 and PT 208. Osing to the title which preceded PT 204 on the arranges these spells as a part of group (B) interior back of the coffin of Imnj (S1Ba) which begins on the north wall of the [16] from Asyut which read as swAD wDHw burial chamber, spills over to its east wall, n(j) s m Xrj.t nTr rdi.t sxm⸗ f m pr.t-hrw and ends on the north wall of the passage (Making the alter of a man flourish in the between the burial chamber and antecha- necropolis that he has power over invoc- mber [9]. Allen exclusively assigns these ation-offerings) [55]. The latter seems to be spells in sequence (D) [6], while Hays the complete formula of this title which, as classifies them as a part of group H (Pro- Lapp suggested, refers to the whole genre, visioning) [30]. These spells represent the not to PT 204 alone [55]. What should be

34 noted is that the coffin (S1Ba) contains graphical distribution of these spells on the entire genre PT 204-212 which is the coffin S1Ba mentioned above. But it is topographically distributed over it on two still to ask one more important question; places; PT 204-210 are positioned on the that is, why the other spells of this genre coffin back, while PT 210-212 are placed were not transmitted into the pyramids of on the coffin head. Also, it is noted that Unis' successors? In fact, the editing PT 208 is attested twice on the coffin of processes, and the adaptation of the pyramid Imnj (S1Ba) [16], as mentioned above, and texts after the reign of Unis may answer on the burial chamber of NhA (Q1Q) from this question. In this regard, these spells El-Qatta [16] which has PT 204, PT 205, were replaced by the alternative group of PT 207-210. Finally, the stela of Aw-jb Ra spells PT 337-354 (offering ritual) which Hr (CG.28106) from Dahshur contains a are similar in content and may have been very short sequence PT 204-205 [16,39,56]. derived from the same source. Besides, the In the new kingdom, the spells of this editors of both Merenre and Pepi II pyramid genre are topographically distributed on texts corpora inserted PT 400 and PT 406 Hatshepsut's southern hall of offerings between those of this group [36]. Similarly, which is located on the third terrace of her PT 208, PT 210-212 were rearranged temple at Deir el-Bahari. PT 210-2012 are together and interpolated within this group. placed on the north wall, while PT 205, The spells of this group are distributed in PT 207, and PT 209-2012 occupy the south an interrupted series on the east gable of wall [21]. These spells are accompanied the burial chamber of Teti, Pepi II, and by offering scenes depicting the procession on the east wall of the burial chamber of of priests who present the offerings to Merenre. Contrariwise, the editors of Pepi I's Hatshepsut [57]. As a new composition, the pyramid texts corpus changed the location spells of this genre are also combined into of the offering ritual theme and placing it the book of the dead; chapter 178 [58]. on the east wall of the antechamber, and the Also, the eighteenth dynasty Theban chapel east wall of the ascending corridor [30]. (TT39) has PT 204-205, 207, and 209-212 4.5. Group 2B -PT 200 which are integrated with an offering list Group 2B contains only PT 200 which is type A-B, according to Barta [59]. Type a part of the discontinues numbering genre A-B corresponds to ninety pyramid texts PT 199, PT 32, PT.23, PT 25, and PT 200. of Unis' offering rituals on the north wall This genre is located on the north wall of the of his burial chamber [19]. In the Late passage between the burial chamber and the Period, the editors of the tomb (TT36) of antechamber. Osing classifies this genre Ibj at Asasif reselected the spells PT 205, as a part of the group (B) that occupies the PT 207, PT 208 and, PT 210-212. This north wall of the burial chamber, the east reselection may have been influenced by gable of the burial chamber, and the north that of Hatshepsut [21]. Also, the reselection wall of the passage between the burial of these spells continued in the twenty- chamber and the antechamber [9]. Allen seventh dynasty tomb of tAj-nj-nA-hbw at suggests another classification, putting this Saqqara whose editors arranged PT 204- genre as a part of sequence (C) that fills 210 in an uninterrupted sequence [21]. the east wall of the burial chamber and the PT 210-212 were transmitted into the post- passage between the burial chamber and Unis pyramid texts corpora whose editors antechamber. He marks this genre as sub- may have considered them as a cohesive sequence (C2). Moreover, Allen eliminates and independent unit. From the textual the spells of the east gable of the burial program of both Hatshepsut and Ibj, it chamber and added to this sequence PT seems to be that their editors also considered 244 which is located on the south wall of PT 210-212 as one and independent unit. the passage between the burial chamber This is also very clear through the topo- and the antechamber [6]. Obviously, PT 200

35 is arranged with thematically homogenous chamber of sA-Is.t and on the coffin frag- spells PT 199, 23, 25, and PT 32. In this ments of sA.t-jbj from Dahshur [16,56]. respect, the subject of both PT 23 and PT As a separated spell, the introductory spell 32 is (the libation), while that of PT 199 of this genre PT 247, is placed on the east is (the reversion of offering wDb Htp.t nTr). wall of the burial chamber of Wsr [16,17] The subject of PT 200 is (censing), being and on the stela of Imn-m-HA.t-snb [16], the same as its preceding PT 25 which is while PT 249 is found on the stela (C also located on the first register of the 20093), and the fragments of the coffins north wall of Unis' burial chamber (PT Hu2, Hu5 and Hu6 [16]. Moreover, PT 23-57). Thus, this most probably explains 252 is found on the coffin of sbkw-Hr-HAb why PT 200 was not reused after Unis, from Meir [16]. Besides, PT 249 and PT 251 for the editors may have preferred to use are separately found on the north and south the spell PT 25 and did not find a need to sides of the canopic box of Hpjj-anx.tj⸗f reuse PT 200 which was considered as a [16]. In short sequences from Thebes, tautology [29]. PT 249-250 are found on the coffin T7C 4.6. Group 3A -PT 247-252 of Nbw-Hr-rdj.t (Cairo 28024), while PT Group 3A involves PT 247, PT 248, PT 252-253 are placed on the coffin T13C 249, PT 250, PT 251, and PT 252. They of smn-Htp (Cairo 28126) [16,17]. None are a part of the genre PT 247-253 which of the spells of this genre show titles in is placed on the west gable of the ante- the middle kingdom. But the eighteenth chamber. This genre is one of six genres dynasty tomb of Nxt-Mjn (TT87) has titles that are classified by Osing in group (D) preceding both PT 247 and PT 251 [19,30, which occupies the entire walls of Unis' 60] as follows: antechamber [9]. Allen identifies this genre *) PT 247 rA n(j) rdj(.t) pr Ax m sbA m p.t as a part of the sequence (F1) which fills Utterance of causing that an Akh goes the west gable and the south wall of Unis' forth from the gate in the sky. antechamber. According to Allen, this genre *) PT 251 rA n(j) xpr NN m nTr Utterance begins with PT 247 and ends with PT of the transformation of NN into a god. 258, while the sequence (F1) starts with From these titles, it is clear to assign the PT 247 and ends with PT 272 [6]. On the purpose of this genre. It is recited to give other hand, Hays assigns these spells as the king the ability to ascend from the a part of the Section (J.1 PT 247-272) gate of the sky as a god and an akh. The and identifies them as spells of (Arrival variant of PT 247 is CT.349 which states among the Gods) [30]. In his classification, "ra" tm rdj iT.t(w) HkA.w n(j) z(j) m-a⸗f m Allen recognizes the theme of this sequence Xrj.t nTr (Not letting the magic of a man (ascending to the sky). He considers that be taken from him in the necropolis) bears PT 247 is the beginning of this sequence, the same meaning and purpose. On the other for it states the statement of "the emerging hand, the title of book of the dead; chapter from the Duat" [6]. Among the spells of 174 is derived from PT 247-250, and it this genre, only PT 253 was separated from reads as rA n(j) rdj.t pr Ax m sbA aA m p.t its location and integrated into a new one, (Utterance of causing an Akh to ascent finding its way to the south part of the from the great gate of the sky) [30]. west wall of Teti's antechamber. Later, Also, the false door of the Eighteenth this genre was entirely transmitted to the Dynasty Theban chapel (TT39) has middle kingdom in short sequences incl- excerpts from PT 249 (266a-b) and PT uding one or two spells. In that respect, 252 (272a-c) [19]. In the Late Period it is entirely found on the south wall of tomb of SSnq at Asasif, PT 247 is the burial chamber of sn-wsrt-anx from preceded PT 245-264 and is followed by Lisht [16,42], on the east wall of the burial the two short sequences PT 269-272, and

PT 302-304 [21]. Obviously, the editor sion of these two spells to the middle of the tomb of SSnq at Asasif reselected kingdom was restricted to Dahshur and some spells which represent all the spells Lisht. Both PT 260 and PT 263 are attested of the subgroups or the subsequences of in continuous series of the genre PT 260- Osing's group (D) [9], Allen's sequence (F) 272 in the burial chamber of sA-Is.t at [6], and Hays' group (J) [30] which occupy Dahshur [16]. What is noted is that the all the walls of Unis' antechamber and editors of this burial chamber distributed extend to the end of the south wall of the PT 247-273 on its east, west, and south passage between the burial chamber and the walls. Also, they are located on the south antechamber (PT 245-246). In the Roman wall of the burial chamber of Ijj-m-Htp in period, the hieratic papyrus of Ns-Imn which short series of spells PT 260-263, PT 267 is known as Sękowski papyrus has also and PT 270 which are separated from their PT 251-252 with many changes in words companions' PT 268-272 by the genre PT and orthographies [61]. The editors of the 204-212 [16,17]. On the south wall of the post-Unis pyramid texts corpora excluded burial tomb of sn-wsr.t-anx at Lisht [42], the genre PT 247-253, except PT 253, and PT 260 is attested in continuous sequences they used instead of it an analogous and PT 247-258 and PT 260-261. From the alternative genre devoted to the spirit of previous attestations, PT 260 and PT 263 the king. The spells of the new genre were connected with the genres PT 247-253, PT distributed, according to the classification 254-260, PT 260-272, and PT 204-212. This of Hays [30], from the top to the bottom is also confirmed in the Late Period tomb on the west wall of Pepi I's antechamber of PA-dj-Imn-jpt at Asasif whose editors (esp. PT 473-487), while they were divided reselected PT 245-267 [21]. Clearly, PT into two sections, like that of Unis, on the 264-266 are variants of PT 263 and they west gable and the west wall of the ante- are similar in content. Their theme centralizes chamber of Merenre (esp. PT 473-476) and on ferrying the king over the sky. In post- Pepi II (esp. PT 473-487). In the pyramid Unis tradition, the editors excluded PT of Teti, these similar and alternative spells 263, preferring to use its alternative spells are found on the north end of the antech- PT 264-266 which were transferred to the amber west wall. pyramid texts corpora of Teti and Pepi I [17, 4.7. Group 3B -PT 260 and PT 263 30]. Furthermore, the spell PT 473 which Group 3B has only two spells PT 260 is attested in the pyramids of Merenre and and PT 263. The first is the last spell of Pepi II is also thematically analogous of the genre PT 254-260 which occupies the PT 263. As for PT 260, it is invoked to the west wall of Unis' antechamber and spans god Geb—the bull of the sky—by the priest to its south wall, while the second is located who states that the king, identified with on the south wall of Unis' antechamber as Horus, reverted the throne of Geb, stopped a part of genre PT 260-272. Both PT 260 the fight on Ōn, and overcame his enemies. and PT 263 belong to Osing's group (D) [9], PT 260 may have been eliminated by the while it is classified as subsequence (F1) editors of post-Unis pyramids because of its and Section (J1) by Allen, and Hays, res- content and theme which are different from pectively. Also, they are related to the the other spells of this genre whose theme centers on the king's ascension to the sky previous genre PT 247-253, quoted above, and his arriving among the gods. and has the same theme [6,30]. Except 4.8. Group 4A – PT 313, PT 314, PT for PT 260, the other spells of the genre PT 254-260 were isolated and transferred 315, and PT 317 to the west wall of Teti's antechamber. In Group 4A includes the genre PT 313- the same way, PT 261-262, and PT 264-272 317 which occupies the entire west wall were also transferred to different locations of Unis' ascending corridor. This genre in Unis post-pyramids [17]. The transmis- is classified by Osing as Group (E1) [9],

Allen's Sequence (I) [6], and Hays' Section II [30]. As a result, the genre PT 313-317 (L2) [30]. As Allen suggests, these spells were replaced with the genre PT 503-535 visualize the king during his rising to the which have the same theme and location. sky, for the inception spell of this genre 4.9. Group 4B – PT 319 and PT 320. states that j.wn aA.jj p.t (open the two doors Group 4B is a part of the genre PT 318- of the sky) [6]. Hays identifies the group 321 which occupies the entire east wall (L) as Transformation that begins on the of Unis' ascending corridor. This genre is north wall of Unis' antechamber (L.1: Assu- classified by both Osing and Allen as group mption of the form of Horus) and continues (E2) and Sequence (J) respectively [9,6], on both the west wall of Unis' ascending while Hays identifies it as the previously corridor (L.2 beg: Assumption of therio- mentioned section (L2 end) [30]. Only two morphic forms) and the east wall of Unis' spells of this genre PT 318, and PT 321 ascending corridor (L.2end: Assumption of were transmitted into the post-Unis pyramid theriomorphic forms) [30]. Except PT 316, texts corpora with different locations. At the genre PT 313-317 was not transmitted this point, PT 318 was transferred twice into the post-Unis pyramid texts corpora. to the east wall of Teti's antechamber, However, the spells of this genre were while PT 321 was transferred to the west entirely transmitted to both the middle wall of Pepi I's ascending corridor- north kingdom tomb of sn-wsrt-anx [42] and the section [36]. On the other hand, both PT 319 and PT 320 were transmitted as mem- tomb chamber of Ijj-m-Htp [16,17] at Lisht. bers of the genre PT 318-319 to the middle Furthermore, the last spell of this genre kingdom burial chamber of both Ijj-m-Htp was also transmitted to the late period tomb and sk-wsxt at Lisht and Saqqara [17]. In of PA-dj-Imn-Htp at Asasif (TT33) in a the late period, PT 319 and PT 320 were new sequence PT 317-320 [21]. The genre transmitted to the tomb of PA-dj-Imn-Htp PT 313-317 is a clear example of the editing at Asasif (TT33), while the two lines of processes of the pyramid texts exclusion, PT 320 (515a-516a) were transmitted to modification, replacement, and alternation. the exterior lid of king Aspelta's sarcop- The disappearance of this genre in post- hagus [21]. Noteworthy, the two genres Unis pyramids connected with some changes PT 313-317 and PT 318-321 of Unis were about the theme and the location. Actually, abbreviated in the late period tomb of the spells of the genre PT 313-317 centers PA-dj-Imn-Htp to the series PT 317-320 in on equipping the king to ascend to the sky, the same manner of their arrangement in the bearing many different themes: PT 313 burial chamber of Ijj-m-Htp whose editors (Opening the door of the sky), PT 314 sequentially distributed the two genres PT (Protective spell against a bull), PT 315 313-317 and PT 318-321 on the west wall. (The king is a baboon greeting the sun- The latter matches the classification of Hays god), PT 316 (The king demands the help who arranges these two genres under the to ascend to the sky), and PT 317 (The same theme (Assumption of theriomorphic forms). Also, Hussein noted that the editors king is identified with the god Sobek). of the late period tomb of TA-n-nbw at Saq- The texts' theme of the post-Unis pyramid qara rearranged PT 320 after the short texts inscribed on the ascending corridors sequence PT 67-270 [22] whose theme is mainly focus on the king's ascension and (Ascending to the sky). The exclusion of his joining with the god Rea in the sky PT 319 and PT 320 in the post-Unis old rather than the king's assumption of the kingdom pyramid texts may be due to theriomorphic forms. Obviously, the new their theme which focuses, like PT 317- alternative spells of the king's ascension 318, on theriomorphic forms of the king and his joining with the god Rea in the that helps him to ascend to the sky. In sky PT 503-535 became the theme of the this respect, the king is identified with texts of ascending corridors after Unis, the bull with sunlight in each eye and especially those of Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi with the baboon god Babi.

5. Results (Textual program) from the burial chamber The pyramid texts corpus of Unis has 227 to the ascending corridor towards the north. spells that were arranged and organized This textual program achieves the main goal of the pyramid texts and any change that in many genres. Every genre consists of was made in this program was subjected some spells that have the same theme and to the editing processes that do not contradict they form with the other genres the textual the aim of those texts. The main goal of the program of the pyramid. The spells of Unis pyramid texts corpus were transmitted to pyramid texts is to transform the deceased his post old kingdom pyramid texts corpora king from the state of death to be an Akh except 38 spells that are called by the author imperishable star in the celestial world. as "Un-transmitted spells". However, all the Although the textual program varies from un-transmitted spells of Unis, those which a pyramid to another, it takes the similar were not circulated in the royal pyramids themes of genres that achieve the main goal. of the old kingdom, were reselected after The editing processes of modification and the old kingdom except for PT 200. They maturation of the pyramid texts started from found their way to the middle kingdom, the reign of Teti to the end of the old the new kingdom, the late period, and even kingdom by replacing, innovating, and the Roman period, but were often integrated changing the topographical distribution of into short sequences with interrupted and the spells and genres. Every textual program uninterrupted order. In the old kingdom, was subjected to the editorial activities and the textual program of each pyramid was processes of inclusion and exclusion of the subjected to the editing processes by excl- genres which produced new sequences of usion and inclusion some spells or genres spells that differ in size, content, location, based on many reasons. Concerning the and arrangement from the earlier ones. "Un-transmitted spells" of Unis, the current study investigated the phenomenon of their 7. Conclusion un-transmission in the royal pyramids of Although some Egyptologists assumed that the old kingdom. As a result, excluding reselecting one or more spells probably reflect some spells or entire genre depends on three the principle of "Synecdoche" i.e. using a part suggested reasons: The first one is using of the genre, in a new composition, to represent new and alternative spells or genres instead the whole genre, it seems that it goes beyond of the un-transmitted ones. The second one this assumption. Cleary, the exclusion of some is that the un-transmitted spells or genres spells can be regarded as a process of the text's lost their relevancy with the other genres transmission. In other words, the un-transmission since the spells or genres have a cohesive of specific spells of any genre is considered an relation among them and with the other implied process of this genre transmission and related genres. The third one is that the its re-edition. editors of the post-Unis pyramid texts corpora rearranged some of the spells inside References the genres to be thematically homogeneous. [1] Schott, S., (1950). Bemerkungen zum It is noted that these three cases are altägyptischen kult, BABA 5/2, Wie- sometimes accompanied by changing the sbaden. location of the spells or genres inside the [2] Painkoff, Al., (1968). The pyramid of pyramid. Thus, changing the theme of a Unis. texts with commentary, Bollingen certain location inside the pyramid is Series XL. 5, Princeton Univ. Press, NY. sometimes the reason for exclusion of [3] Spiegel, J., (1971). Das aufersehenun- the archetype of spells for the new ones. gsritual der Unas-pyramide, Band 23, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. 6. Discussion [4] Osing, J., (1994). Zu spruch 534 der pyr- The pyramid texts are read inside the amidentexte, BdÉ, Vol. 106 (1), pp: pyramids in continuous sequences of genres 279-284.

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