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Amarna Sunset Amarna Sunset AMARNA SUNSET AMARNA SUNSET Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation Aidan Dodson The American University in Cairo Press Cairo New York First published in 2009 by The American University in Cairo Press 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt 420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 www.aucpress.com Copyright © 2009 by Aidan Dodson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Dar el Kutub No. 4198/09 ISBN 978 977 416 304 3 Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dodson, Aidan Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter- Reformation / Aidan Dodson.—Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2009 p. cm. ISBN 978 977 416 304 3 1. Egypt—antiquities—kings and rulers I. Title 932 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 13 12 11 10 09 Designed by Andrea El-Akshar Printed in Egypt To Dyan: thanks for a wonderful first decade! CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Maps xiv Abbreviations and Conventions xix Preface xxi Introduction: Sunrise 1 1 The Noonday Sun 11 2 The Waning Sun 27 3 The Northern Problem 53 4 The Living Image of Amun 61 5 The Zananzash Affair 89 6 God’s Father to God 95 7 The Hawk in Festival 109 8 Sunset 135 Notes 139 Appendices 163 1 Chronology of Ancient Egypt 163 2 Relative Chronology of Egyptian and Foreign Kings of the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Dynasties 166 3 Royal Names of the Late Eighteenth Dynasty 170 4 Tentative Genealogy of the Late Eighteenth Dynasty 172 Bibliography 174 Index 198 vii ILLUSTRATIONS All images are by the author except where otherwise stated. Maps Page 1. The Nile Valley xiv 2. Tell el-Amarna xv 3. The Near East during the fourteenth century BC xvi 4. Thebes xvii 5. The temple-enclosure of Amun-Re at Karnak xviii Figures 1. Thutmose III as conqueror; Karnak, Pylon VII. 1 2. The temple at Sedeinga. Kristen Thompson. 2 3. Amenhotep III in the art style adopted after his first jubilee (Luxor Museum). 3 4. Crown Prince Thutmose B, as depicted in the shrine of Apis I at Saqqara (Munich Gl.93). 4 5. Relief, reused in the core of Pylon X at Karnak, of the Aten and Amenhotep IV in conventional style (Berlin 2072). 4 6. Stela showing the Aten in conventional style, but with cartouches (Edinburgh A.1956.347). 5 7. Relief showing Amenhotep IV in a proto-Amarna style (Louvre E13482ter). 7 8. Stela of the Amarna royal family in the classic Amarna style (Berlin 14145). 7 9. The royal family processes in chariots to the Aten temple (TA4). Davies 1903–08: I, pl. x–xa. 8–9 ix Page 10. Durbar scenes in the tomb-chapels of Huya (TA1) and Meryre ii (TA2). Davies 1903–08: III, pl. xiii–xv, xxxvii. 12 11. The growth of the royal family in the tomb of Meryre ii. Davies 1903–08: II, pl. xxxiv, xxxviii; Lepsius 1849–59: pl. 99b. 14 12. Pair of blocks bearing the names of Prince Tutankhuaten and a princess (SCA store room at the Ashmunein). After Roeder 1969: pl. cv[56-VIII A], cvi[831-VIII C]. 15 13. Relief of Kiya (Copenhagen Ny Carlsberg ÆIN 1775). 16 14. Plans of the tombs of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. 19 15. Meketaten being mourned within a bower (TA26). Martin 1989a: pl. 68. 20–21 16. Mourning the body of Meketaten (TA26). Martin 1989a: pl. 63. 22 17. Double death scene (TA26). Martin 1989a: pl. 58. 22 18. Mourning Queen Tiye (?). Martin 1989a: pl. 25, 26. 25 19. The unfinished hall of the tomb-chapel of Neferkheperuhir- sekheper (Amarna TA13). Bouriant et al. 1903: pl. xxxvi. 28 20. Layout of decoration of tomb-chapel of Meryre ii (TA2). After Davies 1903–08: II, pl. xxvii, xxxvii, xli. 28 21. Smenkhkare and Meryetaten (TA2). After Davies 1903–08: II, pl. xli, with texts restored after Lepsius 1849–59: pl. 99a, 1897: II, 138, and Moseley 2009: 144, fig. 7.8. 29 22. Globular vase from Tutankhamun’s tomb, with restoration of erased text (Cairo JE62172). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford; restoration after Loeben 1994: fig. 5. 30 23. Ring bezels of Smenkhkare. Petrie 1894: pl. xv. 31 24. Plan of the Great Palace at Amarna. Pendlebury 1951: pl. xiv. 31 25. Brick from the Coronation Hall at Amarna. Pendlebury 1951: pl. lxxxiii[III]. 32 26. Lost block from Memphis with remains of cartouches Smenkhkare and Meryetaten. Newberry 1928: 8, fig. 4, after Nicholson 1891. 33 27. Ring bezels of Neferneferuaten. Petrie 1894: pl. xv. 33 28. The central strip of the lid of a broken box bearing the names of Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, and Meryetaten (Cairo JE61500a). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. 34 29. Statuette of a female king from KV62 (Cairo JE60714). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. 35 x ILLUSTRATIONS Page 30. Nefertiti smiting an enemy (MFA 64.521). David Moyer. 37 31. Face of middle coffin used in the burial of Tutankhamun (Cairo JE60670). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. 42 32. Unfinished stela of Pay (Berlin 17813). 43 33. Fragmentary stela of the royal family (Petrie UC410 + Cairo JE64959). Adapted from Stewart 1976: pl. 12 and Allen 1988: 118, fig. 1. 44 34. Graffito of Pawah in the tomb of Pairi (TT139). Gardiner 1928: pl. v–vi. 45 35. The sarcophagus of Akhenaten (Cairo TR 3/3/70/2). 48 36. The back of the throne from KV62 (Cairo JE62028). R. Partridge, Ancient Egypt Picture Library. 49 37. Stela showing Tutankhaten offering to Amun and Mut (Berlin 14197). Erman 1900: 113. 49 38. Tutankhamun on the lap of his nurse (Saqqara tomb I.20). Dyan Hilton. 50 39. South branch in the Royal Wadi at Amarna. 51 40. Tomb TA29 in the Royal Wadi at Amarna. Dylan Bickerstaffe. 51 41. Pectoral from KV62 originally made for Neferneferuaten (Cairo JE61944). Harry Burton, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. 52 42. The tomb of Horemheb at Saqqara. 56 43. Syrian captives in the tomb of Horemheb (RMO H.III.OOOO). 57 44. Horemheb presents Asiatic and Libyan envoys to Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun (RMO H.III.QQQQ. H.III.SSSS & 58–59 F1914/4.1, Vienna 214 and Berlin 22663). Martin 1989b: pl. 112, 115. 45. Asiatic battle scene from Tutankhamun’s Karnak monument. The blocks included here were found widely dispersed at Medamud and Luxor, as well as at Karnak. After Johnson 1992: fig. 1–2, 17–18. 58–59 46. Northeast corner of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak. 62 47. The Restoration Stela of Tutankhamun (Cairo CG34183). R. Partridge, Ancient Egypt Picture Library. 65 48. Statue of Horemheb in scribal pose (MMA 23.10.1). 66 49. Fragment of gold foil from KV58 (Cairo JE57438). Davis 1912: 128, fig. 4. 67 50. Tutankhamun followed by an erased figure of Ay on a block from Pylon IX at Karnak. After Sa‘ad 1975: 99, fig. 5. 68 ILLUSTRATIONS xi Page 51. Aerial view of the central part of the Karnak Temple. Salima Ikram. 69 52. Architrave from the “Temple of Nebkheperure in Thebes,” from Pylon II at Karnak. 69 53. Tutankhamun’s sphinx avenue at Karnak, leading from Pylon X to the Mut temple. 70 54. Erased image of Tutankhamun on Pylon III at Karnak. 71 55. Luxor temple. 72–73 56. Tutankhamun receiving southern “tribute” in TT40. Davies and Gardiner 1926: pl. xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxix. 74–75 57. Lintel of Tutankhamun reused in the tomb of Shoshenq D at Memphis (Cairo JE 88131). 76 58. Statues of Amun and Amunet at Karnak. 77 59. Statue of Amun and Mut (Luxor Museum). 78 60. Khonsu depicted with the face of Tutankhamun (Cairo CG38488). 79 61. Triad of Tutankhamun between Amun and Mut (Cairo CG42097). 81 62. Block from the tomb of Ptahemhat-Ty (Berlin 12411). Weigall 1924: 227. 81 63. The southern New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara. 82 64. The end of the West Valley of the Kings. 85 65. Plans of the tombs of Tutankhamun (KV62), Ay (KV23) and Horemheb (KV57). 85 66. Plan of the temples at Medinet Habu-north. 87 67. View of the Medinet Habu area from the west. Martin Davies. 87 68. The northeast corner of the burial chamber of Tutankhamun. 93 69. Ay and Tey as shown in their tomb-chapel at Amarna (TA25). 97 70. Fragmentary statue of Nakhtmin B and his wife (Cairo CG779). 98 71. Block statue of Ay B (BMA 67.174.1). 101 72. Stela of Nakhtmin C (Berlin 2074). Lepsius 1849–59: III, pl. 114[i]. 102 73. The temple gateway area at Akhmim. 103 74. Colossal statue at Akhmim of Tey(?). 105 75. Dyad of Amun and Mut at Luxor Temple. 106 76. Hunting and fishing scene in WV23. 107 77. Knob bearing the name of Ay (Turin S.5162). 108 xii ILLUSTRATIONS Page 78. Restoration text of Horemheb at Deir el-Bahari. Lepsius 1849–59: III, pl. 119c. 109 79. Coronation Statue of Horemheb (Turin C.1379). 110 80. Plan of the private tomb of Horemheb at Saqqara. 114 81. Dyad of Horemheb and his (unnamed) wife (Luxor Museum). Martin Davies. 115 82. Front of remains of a statue of Mutnodjmet at Dendara. 116 83. Rear of remains of a statue of Mutnodjmet at Dendara. 117 84. The north face of Pylon X. 118 85. Mutnodjmet as a sphinx (Turin C.1379).
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