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What Did Amarna's Fresco Add to Akhenaten's Era? Dr ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ١١ What did Amarna's Fresco add to Akhenaten's Era? Dr. Nour Galal · Few palaces from ancient Egypt have survived. The best preserved remains come from Amarna (Akhet-Aten), landscape filled with palaces, tombs, temples, worker's village and roads which connected them. The city was built on an organized plan allowed the Amarna inhabitants to live a peaceful and prosperous life1. The construction method consisted of mainly from sun-dried mud brick2, little like columns, frame doors from stones. It was constructed quickly Akhenaten began building palaces around to act as, religious, cultural, administrative. The palaces advanced with columns had their own storage magazines. From such ruins of the structures wealth of art from Amarna Fresco era can be admired today in the different museums.3 Art reflecting a period of extraordinary development. I will shed light on more theme relating to Amarna's Fresco such as: Description, Originality. I will try to determine how they prepared these walls and grounds and the relation of these paintings to Aten's religion since most of them are landscapes which reveal his beliefs, thus what was cosmos mean over the course of · Ain Shames University 1B. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of civilization, London, 1989, 261-317; id., World Archaeology 9(1917-1978), 132-139. 2O. Davies, Innovation in the Mud – Brick: Decorative and Structural Techniques in: Ancient Mesopotamia, world Archaeology 21(1990), 388; H. Fathy, Courna, A tale of two villages, Cairo, 1969, 63; Spencer, Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt, Warminster, 1979, 140-41; Gurcke, Bricks and Brick making, A Handbook for Historical Archaeology, Moscow, 1989; Mcdwell, Village life in Ancient Egypt, Oxford, University Press, 1999; D. Arnold, Building in Egypt, Pharaonic stone Masonry, New York, and oxford, 1991; id., The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, The American University in Cairo Press 2003, p. 34. 3 A few Paintings remaining; F. Petrie, Tell El Amarna, London, 1894, 14-15. H. Frankfort, (ed.), The Mural Painting of El- Amarna, London(1929), 67; F. Weatherhead, Recording and conservation of painted plaster from early excavation at Amarna in: Davies, W.(ed.), Color and Painting in Ancient Egypt, United Kingdom, 2001, 53-59. - 57 - PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ١١ Akhenaten's life. I will also try to examine the position of these paintings and whether it is suitable to walk above them. Fresco is any of several related painting types done on plaster, there are two types: 1-Buon Fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster. The earliest known examples frescoes done in the Buon Fresco method date at around 1500 BC.4 2- A Secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster5, the most common form of fresco was Egyptian wall paintings in tombs usually using the Secco technique. Here we want to know what kind of Amarna fresco, was it type one or two? Specialists believe that type 2 but the difference where the paintings are directly on a paving layer consisted of mud mixture with Lime.6 Mud floor apparently laid in even rows over a series of brick foundation compartments inside a thick7. As a general rule the brick work is covered with a layer of mud plaster, over which there is usually a thinner wash of white gypsum8, such floor- paintings were found at Malkata on the west bank where Amenhotep III built alarge palace complex9 of which foundations and other fragmentary remains survive. Fragments of painted plaster from ceilings, walls 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco 5 This pigments thus require a binding medium such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall; Tempera, painting has been found on early Egyptians sarcophagi decorations. 6 As for add a binding media to the colors: R. Newman, S. Halpine, The binding media of ancient Egyptian Painting in: W. Davies, (ed.), Color and Painting in Ancient Egypt, United ; Kingdom, 2001, 22-32 Lucas, AEMI, 76-79; C. Trounce, Gips, LÄ II 599-660; Arnold, Building 292-293. 7 Aikaterini Koltsida, Social Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Domestic Architecture BAR International Series 1608, 2007. 8 Spencer, op.cit,p.119. 9 G. Robins, The art of ancient Egypt, p. 136; O' Connor, Beloved of Maat, the Horizon of Re: The Royal palace in New Kingdom Egypt, in: Ancient Egyptian Kingship, 263-300. - 58 - PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ١١ and floors show that the buildings were lavishly decorated10 in particular the small audience chamber and in the columned hall of harem11, but the best preserved remains come from Amarna12. Unlike temples, palaces were built of mud brick and have not survived well. The scholars differed on the identification of the original target of a number of architectural buildings at Amarna, but it is clear that the palaces had more features from temple design13. Amarna's palaces and temples were lavishly decorated14. A temple, with the columned hall, throne room and dais being equivalent to the hypostyle hall, the sanctuary and the shrine for the cult statue. Temple pylon and elevated palace facade represent the horizon from which the sun-god roses and into which he sets, from which the king emerges and into which he returns; in both cases the renewal, and then the temporary cessation of cosmos is represented. The painted surfaces at Amarna that had survived best were floors15. Nfrw is an Egyptian ward means ground level16. At Amarna, painted plaster was occasionally found in situ on walls or floors, or as smaller, fallen fragments amongst building debris. The earlier excavators actually found only three groups of floors in Situ17. Two were in the eastern wing of the Great Palace, the throne room complex of the North Harim, and rooms to the south of it. And in the south Harim, the third was in one of the buildings in Maru- Aten enclosure. The research can not review all of them, but only introduced the most important from different sits, then discuss some important related topics. 10 Sakuji Yoshimura Tokyo (editor), Painted plaster from Kom el – Samak at Malqata south(I), The Egyptian culture center of Waseda University, 1995.; also JE 3408. 11 S. Smith, W. K. Simpson, The art and architecture of ancient Egypt, Benguin Books1982, 279, 286. 12 D. Arnold, Palast, LÄ IV, 644-646. 13 J. Assman, Palast oder Tempel, JNES 31(1972), 143-155. 14 Pigment colors, chosen for their beauty, Lime- fastness, and Longerity. 15 F.Weatherhead, Painted Pavments in the Great palace at Amarna, JEA 78(1992), 179-94. 16 Wb. II, 260.18. 17 UC 2275, 2245b-e, 2277, 2278, 2265, 2262, 2272, 2280, 2288, 2294, 2289. - 59 - PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ١١ Starting from the North palace, it was complex palace may be served as a retreat for the kings as a sort of actual zoological garden. Located near north of the royal apartment is a sunken garden surrounded by cells that were presumably for birds, the walls of the surrounding chambers still bore areas of painted plaster, originally from the Women's Quarters of the North Palace at el- Amarna excavated in 1926-2718. We call the central room on the north side, "Green Room" Paintings depicting Lotus buds and Flowers19. David O,Connor say that: it seems that this palace lacks the necessary residential features and is more ceremonial in type; its east-west orientation is also unusual for a palace20 The Great Palace is Located in the central city21, Petrie found the great pavement(10.40× 4.68) -Cairo museum 11163(Atrium R.28) in room E of the so – called north harim of the Great Palace, together with fragments from floors in adjacent rooms; these show the floor decoration was laid out around depictions of rectangular pools, containing blue water lily plants, tilapia and mullet, papaver rhoeas22which were surrounded by rectilinear bands enclosing stands of papyrus, reeds, poppies and cornflowers, ducks fly over the plants and bull calves leap through them23. These figures were all painted directly on mud plaster24. The traditional scene which .the King defeated his enemies was disappeared٢٥ King's House is part of a complex of ritual and administrative buildings located in the centre of the ancient city of Akhetaten. It lies to the north of the Small Aten Temple and close to the Great 18 Now in the Brooklyn Museum, Catalog number 27.35. 19 Frankfort, mural painting, pl.2. 20 O'connor, Beloved of Maat, The horizon of Re in Ancient Egyptian Kungship,edited by David O'Connor and David Silverman, 1995, p. 286. 21 Pendlebury, The City of Akhenaten, vol III, 34, 43,76 ,78 , pl 14. 22 R. Germer, Flora des Pharaonischen Agypten, Deutsches Archaologische Institut Abteilung Kairo, Sonderschrift(14), 1985, p. 44; Petrie, Amarra, pl. III. 23 F. Weatherhead, op.cit, 186, Fig.2. 24 Petrie, Tell El Amarna, London, 1894, 15-14. 25E.Hornung, Akhenaten and the Religion of Light,Cornell University Press,London,1999,p.30. - 60 - PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ١١ Palace, to which it is connected by the bridge and it has a Large, columned audience –hall and a broad courtyard. Functionally, both palaces were used for appointing and rewarding officials with great ceremony. In few places did wall scenes survive to a significant extent, and then only along the lower part of the composition, such as in the case of the famous 'princesses' scene from the King's House (Ashmolean museum)26 a fragment of brightly colored Fresco.
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