BIA LVIII

Collège de France Chaire "Civilisation de l'Égypte pharaonique : archéologie, philologie, histoire" Institut français d'archéologie orientale BIAwww.egyptologues.net Bulletin d'Information Archéologique LVIII Juillet - Décembre 2018 Le Caire - Paris 2018

Bulletin d’Information Archéologique REVUE SEMESTRIELLE n° 58 juillet / décembre 2018 Directeur de la publication Nicolas GRIMAL [email protected] Rédaction et coordination Emad ADLY [email protected] IFAO Ambafrance Caire S/C Valise diplomatique 13, rue Louveau F-92438 Chatillon http://www.ifao.egnet.net 37, rue al-Cheikh Ali Youssef B.P. Qasr al-Aïny 11562 Le Caire – R.A.E. Tél. : [20 2] 27 97 16 37 Fax : [20 2] 27 94 46 35 Collège de France Chaire "Civilisation de l’Égypte pharaonique : archéologie, philologie, histoire" http://www.egyptologues.net 52, rue du Cardinal Lemoine F 75231 Paris Cedex 05 Tél. : [33 1] 44 27 10 47 Fax : [33 1] 44 27 11 09 Remarques ou suggestions [email protected] Les articles ou extraits d’articles publiés dans le BIA et les idées qui peuvent s’y exprimer n’engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs et ne représentent pas une position officielle de la Rédaction. En couverture Masque funéraire découvert à Saqqâra. Crédit: Ramadan B. Hussein/Université de Tübingen © Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Le Caire. 2018 © Collège de France. Paris. 2018 ISSN 1110-2489 Système de translittération des mots arabes consonnes v o y e l l e s . ‘ " z # q longues : $ â, % î, & û ' b ( s ) k brèves : a, i, u * t + sh , l diphtongues : aw, ay - th . s / m 0 G 1 Dh 2 n 3 H 4 t 6 h autres conventions 7 kh 8 z & w/û tæ’ marbºta = a, at (état construit) 9 D : ‘ ; y/î article: al- et l- (même devant les “solaires”) < Z = gh > r ? f

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 7 SOMMAIRE SYSTÈME DE TRANSLITTÉRATION…….…3 ÉDITORIAL………………………………..…5 SOMMAIRE……………………………….…7

I – JUILLET 2018

DIMANCHE 1ER JUILLET 2018 ...... 9 LUNDI 2 JUILLET 2018 ...... 10 MERCREDI 4 JUILLET 2018 ...... 11 JEUDI 5 JUILLET 2018 ...... 12 LUNDI 9 JUILLET 2018 ...... 21 MERCREDI 11 JUILLET 2018 ...... 21 JEUDI 12 JUILLET 2018 ...... 23 SAMEDI 14 JUILLET 2018 ...... 27 DIMANCHE 15 JUILLET 2018 ...... 27 LUNDI 16 JUILLET 2018 ...... 28 MARDI 17 JUILLET 2018 ...... 29 MERCREDI 18 JUILLET 2018 ...... 29 JEUDI 19 JUILLET 2018 ...... 31 LUNDI 23 JUILLET 2018 ...... 36 MERCREDI 25 JUILLET 2018 ...... 36 JEUDI 26 JUILLET 2018 ...... 40 VENDREDI 27 JUILLET 2018 ...... 44 MARDI 31 JUILLET 2018 ...... 44

II – AOÛT 2018

MERCREDI 1ER AOÛT 2018 ...... 46 JEUDI 2 AOÛT 2018 ...... 50 VENDREDI 3 AOÛT 2018 ...... 53 SAMEDI 4 AOÛT 2018 ...... 54 MERCREDI 8 AOÛT 2018 ...... 55 JEUDI 9 AOÛT 2018 ...... 60

SAMEDI 11 AOÛT 2018 ...... 65 MARDI 14 AOÛT 2018 ...... 66 MERCREDI 15 AOÛT 2018 ...... 67 JEUDI 16 AOÛT 2018 ...... 69 SAMEDI 18 AOÛT 2018 ...... 77 DIMANCHE 19 AOÛT 2018 ...... 77 JEUDI 23 AOÛT 2018 ...... 79 SAMEDI 25 AOÛT 2018 ...... 80 LUNDI 27 AOÛT 2018 ...... 80 MERCREDI 29 AOÛT 2018 ...... 81 JEUDI 30 AOÛT 2018 ...... 82

III – SEPTEMBRE 2018

SAMEDI 1ER SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 87 LUNDI 3 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 87 MERCREDI 5 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 91 JEUDI 6 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 94 LUNDI 10 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 95 MERCREDI 12 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 96 JEUDI 13 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 97 DIMANCHE 16 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 108 LUNDI 17 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 110 MARDI 18 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 111 MERCREDI 19 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 113 JEUDI 20 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 113 VENDREDI 21 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 115 SAMEDI 22 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 116 LUNDI 24 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 117 MARDI 25 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 117 MERCREDI 26 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 119 JEUDI 27 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 119 VENDREDI 28 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 126 DIMANCHE 30 SEPTEMBRE 2018 ...... 126

S o m m a i r e BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 8 IV – OCTOBRE 2018

LUNDI 1ER OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 127 MARDI 2 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 128 MERCREDI 3 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 128 VENDREDI 5 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 128 SAMEDI 6 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 129 MERCREDI 10 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 130 JEUDI 11 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 140 LUNDI 15 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 142 MARDI 16 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 144 MERCREDI 17 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 144 JEUDI 18 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 146 MERCREDI 24 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 146 JEUDI 25 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 147 VENDREDI 26 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 148 DIMANCHE 28 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 149 LUNDI 29 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 150 MARDI 30 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 151 MERCREDI 31 OCTOBRE 2018 ...... 154

V – NOVEMBRE 2018

JEUDI 1ER NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 155 SAMEDI 3 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 157 DIMANCHE 4 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 157 LUNDI 5 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 158 MARDI 6 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 159 MERCREDI 7 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 159 JEUDI 8 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 160 VENDREDI 9 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 161 SAMEDI 10 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 161 DIMANCHE 11 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 161 LUNDI 12 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 161 MARDI 13 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 162 MERCREDI 14 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 162 JEUDI 15 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 167 MERCREDI 21 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 173 JEUDI 22 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 174 VENDREDI 23 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 179 LUNDI 26 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 180 MERCREDI 28 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 180 JEUDI 29 NOVEMBRE 2018 ...... 181

VI – DÉCEMBRE 2018

DIMANCHE 2 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 185 MARDI 4 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 185 MERCREDI 5 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 186 VENDREDI 7 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 188 MARDI 11 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 189 MERCREDI 12 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 190 JEUDI 13 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 193 VENDREDI 14 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 196 SAMEDI 15 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 199 LUNDI 17 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 201 MARDI 18 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 201 MERCREDI 19 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 201 JEUDI 20 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 202 MARDI 25 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 210 VENDREDI 28 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 211 DIMANCHE 30 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 212 LUNDI 31 DÉCEMBRE 2018 ...... 213

VII – WHO'S WHO?

MINISTÈRE DE L’ARCHÉOLOGIE ...... 214 MUSÉES ...... 223 UNIVERSITÉS ...... 225 POUVOIR EXÉCUTIF ...... 226 DIVERS ...... 227

VIII - INDEX ……………………….…229

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 9 I – JUILLET 2018 Dimanche 1er juillet 2018 During restoration work being carried out on the eastern side of the King Djoser Step Pyramid in Saqqâra, archaeologists discovered a statuette of Osiris. Head of the Saqqâra archaeological site Sabrî Farag said that the statuette was discovered in a small crevasse between the huge blocks of the pyramid’s eastern façade. The statuette depicts Osiris, the god of resurrection and eternity, with the double crown, holding a feather in one hand and a sceptre in the other. “The statue was probably concealed in this area by a priest of Saqqâra in antiquity,” Farag said, adding that the artefact is undergoing restoration. (Nevine El-Aref, “Osiris statuette discovered between blocks of Saqqâra step pyramid”, Ahram Online, July 1, 2018. Voir également « Découverte d’une statue en bronze d’Osiris à l’intérieur de la pyramide de Djoser », al-Tahrîr, 1er juillet, Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte à Saqqâra d’une statue d’Osiris portant une plume et un sceptre », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 1er juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise au jour d’une statuette d’Osiris dans la pyramide de Djoser », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 1er juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie découvre une statue du dieu Osiris à Saqqâra », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er juillet ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Mise au jour à Saqqâra d’un Osiris en bronze », Sada al-Balad, 1er juillet). - - A Ptolemaic tomb has been discovered during an archaeological inspection on a privately owned plot of land in Sîdî Gâbir, Alexandria. According to Egyptian law, any land that is to undergo construction must be archaeologically excavated and inspected by a mission from the Ministry of Antiquities before building foundations are laid down. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the tomb was found five metres below the ground’s surface and houses a large black granite sarcophagus. Experts have not yet determined to whom the tomb belongs.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 10 Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the tomb was found five metres below the ground’s surface and houses a large black granite sarcophagus. Experts have not yet determined to whom the tomb belongs. “The sarcophagus has been sealed since it was created in antiquity,” Wazîrî told Ahram Online, adding that the coffin is 185 cm tall, 265 m long and 165 cm wide. A heavily deteriorated marble bust a man, who may be the tomb’s owner, was also discovered inside the tomb. (Nevine El-Aref, “Ptolemaic tomb discovered in Alexandria”, Ahram Online, July 1, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte d’un énorme sarcophage antique à Alexandrie », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 1er juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise au jour d’un gigantesque sarcophage en granit à Alexandrie », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 1er juillet ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte d’une tombe ptolémaïque à Alexandrie », Sada al-Balad, 1er juillet ; Nivîn Kamil, « Mise au jour d’un sarcophage en granit noir à Alexandrie », Watanî, 1er juillet ; Mâgda Sulaymân, « Découverte fortuite d’un sarcophage antique à Sîdî Gâbir », al-Ahrâm, 2 juillet ; Marwa Mursî, « Sarcophage d’Alexandrie : Des crânes flottant dans l’eau des égouts », al-Watan, 19 juillet ; MENA, « Le liquide contenu dans le sarcophage d’Alexandrie n’est pas un jus de momies », al-Tahrîr, 21 juillet). - - Lundi 2 juillet 2018 Dr Khâlid al-‘Inânî, Minister of Antiquities, said that plans of developing the Pyramids area will be completed in the near future. He added during a meeting of the Tourism Committee at the House of Representatives held today, that political leadership ordered to allot EGP 100 million a month to fund this plan. The minister affirmed that slums near the Pyramids will remove. He revealed that tourists’ access to the Pyramids via Nazlat al- Sammân will be sealed. Meanwhile, another access will be permitted through Fayyûm entrance. Vehicles will be left outside the Pyramids’ periphery. The tourists will ride friendly cars to make tours. Private sector takes parts in running services in the Pyramids’ area. (Ahmed Moamar, “Government allots EGP 100 million a month to develop the Pyramids’ area: Minister”, Sada al-Balad, July 2, 2018). - - La Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités d’al-Sharqiyya a mis en examen un fonctionnaire à la retraite qui effectuait des fouilles clandestines dans son jardin situé à Minyâ al-Qamh. Il a mis au jour un puits de 9 mètres de profondeur d’époque grécoromaine ainsi que 5 poteries. (« Un retraité découvre un puits d’époque romaine lors de fouilles illicites », al-Ahrâm, 2 juillet 2018). - - Experts discovered the Bîr Umm Tînîdbâ site in the Eastern Desert, near the Red Sea, which may have contained evidence of how the first Pharaohs of Egypt could have created their empire, Daily Star reported. They located a tomb containing the remains of a woman, believed to be about 30, who was buried with Nile Valley ceramic vessels and shells from the Red Sea.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 11 While there is nothing to suggest how she died, experts believe she was of a high social status based on her large burial mound that overlooked a main site where ancient inscriptions were made on walls. Excavation teams found paintings and hieroglyphs, which depict several animals – mainly bulls, donkeys, giraffes and antelope. The artwork also depicted religious symbolism of the time and art styles that were drawn from across ancient Egypt. Dr John DARNELL, director of the Yale University Egyptological Institute in Egypt, said the discoveries show how the different groups within Egypt had closer ties than previously thought. He told Daily Star Online: “This is significant in showing the interconnections of the people who lived in the area, manning the desert roads.” This era of Egyptian history – called the predynastic period – has fascinated researchers, as the main foundations that led to the period of Pharaohs and the construction of the ancient pyramids began in that period. Dr DARNELL said the carvings showed how easily the first rulers of Egypt would have expanded into distant parts of the country and maintained their immense power. He added: “Together with the tombs, we can see here not Egyptian from the Nile in the desert, or some purely desert oriented group, but an interesting and for the time rather cosmopolitan group of people. This is important in allowing us to see the mechanisms for the formation and expansion of what we can with some justification call the first major and expansive state for which we have good archaeological and writing evidence.” The carvings were found almost one year after the burial tomb was first located, but has cemented the belief that cultures were closer than had originally been believed – despite being in the grip of different kingdoms. At that time three major powers ruled the lands that would eventually become Egypt. It was during this predynastic period – also known as Dynasty 0 – that the key hallmarks of Ancient Egyptian culture emerged, including hieroglyphs and royal burial sites. (Nada Moustafa, “Ancient Egypt secrets unearthed: Shock new burial site dating back to 4,000 BC found”, Sada al-Balad, July 2, 2018). - - Mercredi 4 juillet 2018 Le directeur général des antiquités du Fayyûm, Sayyid al-Shûra, a révélé qu’au cours des deux dernières années, des individus ont été arrêtés lors de fouilles clandestines menées dans 250 sites archéologiques. À lui seul, le chef-lieu de Tâmya a enregistré près de 60 % de ces pillages. Dans ces 250 sites inspectés, aucune pièce antique n’a été trouvée. Cette ruée vers les fouilles clandestines est motivée par l’enrichissement rapide. Elle a coûté la vie à près de 20 habitants du Fayyûm. Aveuglés par l’appât du gain, 5 individus appartenant à une même famille ont trouvé la mort au cours d’une seule opération de fouilles. On note également l’augmentation du nombre de charlatans qui exploitent la cupidité des simples gens, en leur faisant miroiter la présence de trésors mirifiques cachés et leur capacité à les identifier. Mais, pour dénicher ces trésors en or, il faut auparavant de l’or. Dans le village de Bîhâmû, un charlatan a convaincu certains maris de lui confier les bijoux en or de leurs épouses, en échange de leur révéler l’emplacement d’une tombe emplie d’or. En pleine nuit, l’escroc s’est évidemment enfui avec son butin. Ce fait-divers s’est répété à Itsâ. Le directeur général des antiquités du Fayyûm en appelle à un renforcement de la législation en cours, visant à criminaliser toute opération de fouilles clandestines, même si elle n’aboutit pas forcément à la découverte de vestiges antiques. « Lorsque l’inspection de la zone fouillée illicitement conclut à l’absence de matériel archéologique, l’affaire est systématiquement classée et les prévenus libérés », déplore al-Shûra. (Rabâb al-Gâlî, « 20 habitants du Fayyûm ont trouvé la mort lors de fouilles clandestines », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 4 juillet 2018).

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 12 - - Jeudi 5 juillet 2018 Although his previous term in office faced several challenges, at the top of which were budgetary problems that had been likely to prevent suspended work from being completed, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, whose tenure has recently been renewed, succeeded in surmounting many obstacles to put the ministry’s activities back on the right track. After 27 months in office, many who had been initially surprised at his appointment are now applauding his management style. One foreign archaeologist who requested anonymity said that al-‘Inânî’s passion for his work had helped promote Egypt’s image abroad as a safe country seeing exciting new discoveries and the opening of new archaeological sites, along with the sprucing up of development projects and the sending of temporary exhibitions abroad. One ministry employee who talked to Al- Ahram Weekly on condition of anonymity said that al-‘Inânî had worked hard to improve the ministry’s human resources through providing international scholarships and skills as well as by improving living standards. On the other hand, al-‘Inânî’s critics have pointed to his policy of sending temporary exhibitions abroad and the soft opening and logo of the new Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) overlooking the Gîza Plateau. They also accuse him of re-opening already inaugurated sites to promote his work. The Weekly spoke to al-‘Inânî in his office at the ministry’s premises in the Cairo district of Zamâlik to find out how much he has achieved, what challenges remain, and his answers to his critics. The walls of al-‘Inânî’s spacious office are covered with ceramic gravures in foliage patterns. A replica of the well-known Ancient Egyptian painting of the Maydûm Geese decorates the office’s entrance wall, while a large map of Egypt showing the country’s archaeological sites is on the wall at the far end. A reproduction of the golden necklace of the Ancient Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamun hangs on another wall. The side tables are decorated with replicas of the lion god Sekhmet, the justice goddess Maât, the boy-king Tutankhamun astride a panther and hunting on a papyrus skiff, large replicas of Islamic vases painted with foliage motifs and geometrical designs and of the iconic bust of the beautiful ancient queen Nefertiti. The office has a small leather office chair and a large meeting table with six seats. al-‘Inânî’s desk is kept clear and uncluttered. Nothing is on it except his mobile phones, laptop, small bell buttons to call his secretary and a block notepad on which he writes his agenda and notes. He completed his doctorate in Egyptology in 2001 at Montpellier III University in France, writing on Ancient Egyptian royal names. He began his academic career at the Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management at Hilwân University, where he rose through the ranks. While at Hilwân, al-‘Inânî was director of the Open Learning Centre, head of the Tourism Guidance Department, vice dean for education and student affairs, and acting professor of Egyptology. He is an associate scientific expert and member of the board of administration at the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology (Ifao) in Cairo and a visiting professor at Montpellier III University. He has lectured in France and Switzerland, as well as in Egypt. In October 2014, he was appointed director of the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation (NMEC) at Fustât in Cairo, and more than a year later he became director of the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square. In

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 13 March 2016, he was appointed to Egypt’s antiquities portfolio. During his previous tenure as minister, al- ‘Inânî aimed to embody a new vision and carry out careful plans to properly preserve the country’s antiquities, upgrade the skills of ministry staff, and work to resume archaeological projects that had been on hold. His previous tenure was also distinguished by several important discoveries in both Upper and Lower Egypt, a fact that led archaeologists to call the year 2017 the “year of discoveries”. It also witnessed the opening or reopening of several museums, such as those at Tell Basta, Kom Ûshîm, Marsa Matrûh and the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, as well as archaeological sites such as King Fârûq’s Hilwân Corner, the Zaghlûl Mosque in Rosetta, the Mâmî al-Sayfî building in Islamic Cairo and the restored al-Azhar Mosque. al-‘Inânî also oversaw the advancement of development projects, including the inauguration of a temporary exhibition hall at the NMEC and continued construction work on the GEM, which is now 80 per cent complete. The Gîza Plateau Development Project is 90 per cent complete and is expected to be finished soon. Restoration work at the Graeco-Roman Museum and the Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue in Alexandria, as well as on the Baron Empain Palace in Heliopolis in Cairo, are also underway, as is the restoration and rehabilitation of several Islamic monuments in Rosetta with the aim to develop the area into an open-air museum for Islamic art. A pre-qualification stage tendering process for local and international companies and consortia to bid for contracts to manage and operate facilities at the GEM complex has also been launched as well as the new museum’s promotional logo. FUTURE DREAMS: “My dream is to complete all the unfinished projects, chief among them the GEM, the Gîza Plateau Development Project, the Avenue of the Sphinxes in Luxor, the Baron Empain Palace in Heliopolis, the Graeco-Roman Museum and Jewish Synagogue in Alexandria and the NMEC in Cairo,” al-‘Inânî told the Weekly. The minister responded to recent criticisms of the newly unveiled logo of the GEM, asserting that it was only promotional and aimed at the branding, marketing and advertising of the GEM on a grand scale. It was not the final design, he said, and he welcomed all comments and criticisms from the various syndicates, universities and artists on the matter. He promised to launch an international competition among Egyptian and foreign artists to select a final logo for the GEM after its completion and inauguration, as well as one for the NMEC and other museums in Egypt. “No museums or archaeological sites in Egypt have logos at the moment except the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square, whose first ever logo was created in 2002 to celebrate its centennial,” al-‘Inânî pointed out. “Sending exhibitions abroad has been the ministry’s policy for years. I did not invent it. Such exhibitions promote Egypt’s archaeological heritage. They provide free promotional campaigns, attracting tourists as well as generating money for conservation and the completion of suspended development projects,” al-‘Inânî said, responding to a question about his sending of exhibitions abroad. “Egypt’s revenue from the Tutankhamun exhibition now on display in Los Angeles is estimated at $50 million for each county and state involved, and there will also be a percentage paid on the number of tickets and souvenirs sold. The ministry will benefit from 10 per cent of the value of the items sold, as well as by $1 for each visitor above 400,000, reaching $4 per visitor at 700,000 visitors.” The exhibition had been featured in the international headlines and on street and other advertising, he said, helping to drive home the message that Egypt is safe for foreign visitors. Next week in Monaco another exhibition on the Gold of the Pharaohs displaying a collection of 150 items of jewellery and piece of art will be inaugurated

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 14 to promote Egypt in a top European summer resort. “I will get the best use of exhibitions abroad through the revision of the committee responsible for them,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that he wanted to see this include economic and marketing experts as well as accountants in order to produce concrete studies of insurance amounts and the best financial use of exhibition revenues. al-‘Inânî said he had never re-opened an already open museum or site in Islamic Cairo, as some had claimed. All the newly opened sites had been closed for restoration, he said. “Islamic monuments are living edifices that have to be maintained and refurbished every now and then, such as mosques, wakâla [trading buildings] and bayts [houses].” The most dangerous risk factor for Islamic monuments is the subterranean water that can leak into the buildings and have negative impacts on walls, floors and woodwork. To help protect and preserve such monuments, 81 rescue projects had been launched to restore and preserve 100 edifices in Islamic Cairo, al-‘Inânî said. To protect them from looting, as they had recently been targeted by robbers and antiquities traders, the ministry had started an ambitious scheme to document artefacts and pulpits in the country’s mosques, al-‘Inânî said. He said the project was a step towards the preservation and protection of these artefacts, as well as their counterparts in Coptic and Jewish monuments threatened by antiquities traders. Early last year, seven lanterns from the al- Rifâ‘î Mosque in Cairo were stolen, though they were later recovered. Nine years ago, the pulpit of the Qânîbây al-Rammâh Mosque in the Citadel area was stolen and still has not been found. “Documenting the pulpits and artefacts in mosques is a very important way of protecting them from threats,” he concluded. Documenting the pulpits also does not mean removing them from the buildings, though they will be transferred from their original locations if this is the most efficient measure for their preservation. The conversation turned to ministry efforts to recover Egypt’s illegally stolen and smuggled antiquities. Over the past two years, Egypt had succeeded in repatriating 975 stolen artefacts from 10 foreign countries, al-‘Inânî said. The latest retrieval was late last week from Italy with the help of the Foreign Ministry, the office of the prosecutor-general in Egypt and the Italian authorities. A collection of 21,660 coins and 195 objects consisting of 151 faience ushabti statuettes, 11 clay plain and decorated pots, five cartonage gilded mummy masks, a wooden sarcophagus, two symbolic wooden boats of the dead, canopic jar lids, and three porcelain tiles decorated with foliage scenes from the Islamic era have been recovered. Through its Recovered Antiquities Department, the ministry combs auction house catalogues and websites worldwide, identifying stolen items so they can be withdrawn from sale and returned. Meanwhile, local antiquities inspection units are compiling an inventory of items missing from storehouses or chipped from monuments to be checked against items up for auction. Security systems will be upgraded at archaeological sites and museums, a new state-of-the-art storehouse will be built, and new legislation increasing the penalties for those found guilty of illegally dealing in antiquities has been approved in the amendments to Egypt’s antiquities law. MINISTRY FINANCES: al-‘Inânî said the ministry’s debts from the Ministry of Finance since 2011 had reached LE6 billion, as the latter had provided the Ministry of Antiquities with around LE75 million a month for the salaries of its 32,414 employees. The ministry’s revenues are used to proceed with restoration projects, he added. “Revenue has increased from last year with the rise of tickets prices at archaeological sites and revenues from exhibitions,” al-‘Inânî said,

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 15 adding that in November ticket prices would be increased again. The establishment of an antiquities holding company was also a very important means of generating revenue for the ministry by offering professional services alongside high-quality commercial products. Implementing sitemanagement projects and providing cultural programmes for children and adults in an attempt to emphasise their sense of national belonging and raise their cultural and archaeological awareness will all be part of the holding company’s mandate. The ministry will soon be setting up its first factory for replicas with a budget of LE1 million, he said. “This will not only be a revenue channel for the ministry, but also an employment opportunity for young people.” The upcoming period will see the accomplishment of several archaeological projects, al-‘Inânî said, adding that a new discovery would be announced in mid-July and the Gîza Plateau Development Project is to be completed within two weeks. After the completion of the project, the plateau will be proclaimed a pedestrian area and access around it will be by golf cart. A visitor route has been established to take visitors on an unforgettable promenade through the Old Kingdom necropolis on 14 stops. Cars and buses will park in a special parking area in front of the plateau’s new entrance on the Cairo-Fayyûm Road. The current gate on the Pyramids Road will be closed and used only for official visits. A visitor centre will greet visitors upon arrival, preparing them for their tour with a detailed map of every monument on the site as well as background information on the plateau and Old Kingdom kings, queens, officials and priests. The Sphinxes Avenue in Luxor will also be completed within the next six months. An existing church will be removed and another one built further away for worshippers to free up the area. The services building of the existing Coptic Church will be removed, and the whole avenue will be open to visitors by the end of 2018. The long-awaited Suhâg Museum is to be opened next month after a delay of 28 years. Construction work on the museum was started in 1990, but then stopped until 2016. The Abydos visitor centre in Suhâg is to be inaugurated at the same time. Three exhibition halls will be opened at the NMEC by the end of this year as well as the Jewish Synagogue in Alexandria and the Baron Empain Palace in Cairo. The Graeco- Roman Museum in Alexandria and the Tanta and Kafr al-Shaykh museum in Delta will be inaugurated in mid-2019. By the end of 2018, construction work on the GEM will be completed, al-‘Inânî said. The museum’s first phase will be ready for inauguration within the first quarter of 2019, including the atrium, the grand staircase and the 7,000-metre Tutankhamun Gallery where the entire collection of the golden boy-king will be exhibited for the first time in the shape of more than 5,000 treasured artefacts. “Within days, the first showcase for the Tutankhamun funerary collection is to arrive in Egypt,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that the fabrication of these high-tech showcases had taken 12 months of work in Germany and Italy. The showcases for the rest of the GEM collection will take another year to finish and will be made in Germany, Italy, France, Spain and Japan. The Ministry of Antiquities is also trying a new kind of cooperation with the private sector to spruce up facilities at archaeological sites and museums. In collaboration with the Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation it has recently launched the pre-qualification stage for local and international companies and consortium to bid for the contract to manage and operate facilities at the GEM. This has improved success as several companies have shown their interest and asked for extensions of the submission deadline. al-‘Inânî went on to say that the GEM would have much more to offer besides the extraordinary Ancient Egyptian artefacts, since

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 16 there would also be revenue-generating opportunities to guarantee the sustainability of this cultural complex and the diversity of its activities and events. It will have a conference centre for more than 1,000 guests, a cinema for 500 persons, an attractive retail area with 28 shops and eight restaurants, a further two large restaurants and an open-air theatre overlooking the Pyramids and spacious piazzas for festivals with more than 15,000 participants. There is also a large multifunctional building attached to the complex that can be used for administration, rendered as a boutique hotel, or used for other innovative purposes. Several other opportunities have been bid for by the private sector. The most recent is a request for a building on the touristic esplanade in Hurghada to be transformed into a museum. Although the ministry has an empty plot there for a museum project, it would require LE1 billion to execute it. As a result, it will put all the security and technical requirements for a museum out to tender, and the building will be completed as a publicprivate partnership. The ministry will transfer the artefacts, and the building will be under the full authority and management of the ministry, while its private-sector owner will have 50 per cent of the revenues. The new Hurghada Museum will open in mid-2019. Similar cooperation has been carried out with the Kafr al-Shaykh and Matrûh governorates and has led to the inauguration of the Matrûh National Museum and preparation work on the Kafr al-Shaykh National Museum. al-‘Inânî is almost satisfied with his achievements over the last two years, but he believes there is still much to do. He also hopes that during his tenure he will be able to complete all the suspended projects as well as raise the living standards of archaeologists further, providing them with medical insurance and a syndicate and allowing them to take the lead in archaeological work in their native land. (Nevine El-Aref, “A vision for Egypt’s antiquities”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 5, 2018). - - L’Inspectorat des antiquités d’al-Minyâ-Sud a installé des fils de fer barbelés sur une longueur de 120 m et une largeur de 90 m autour des temples de Ramsès II et de Néron, situés dans la zone archéologique d’al- Ashmûnayn. Cette opération a été supervisée par le directeur général de la zone, Dr ‘Alî al- Bakrî. Ces barbelés constituent un rempart contre les empiètements dont sont victimes ces deux temples. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 120 m de barbelés pour protéger Ramsès II et Néron à Minyâ », Sada al-Balad, 5 juillet 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance des travaux de réaménagement de la zone archéologique d’al-Ashmûnayn », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 30 août ; Térésa Kamâl, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement d’al-Ashmûnayn », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 31 août). - - I have visited Japan twice in the last two years. The first time was in 2017 when I accompanied the Egyptological exhibition the “Golden Pharaohs and Pyramids: Treasures from the Egyptian Museum” about the Pyramid builders and their age to the cities of Toyama and Shizuoka, in addition to spending a wonderful time in Tokyo. I stayed there for one month and learned a lot about Japan. I was also lucky enough to meet the famous Egyptologist and father of Egyptology in Japan, professor Sakuji YOSHIMURA. The second time I visited Japan was in 2018 when I was the keynote speaker at an international conference on museums in the 21st century and talked about the Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum in Alexandria and the secrets behind the composition of its

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 17 archaeological collections. The invitation to this important conference was from my colleague and friend Nozomu KAWAI, professor of Egyptology at Kanazawa University. I enjoyed the city of Kanazawa very much and met with many Japanese Egyptologists, among them the famous Japanese Egyptologist professor Jiro KONDO. Japan is a very advanced country, and the Japanese people like ancient Egypt very much. Although Japan has been interested in Ancient Egypt for a long time, Egyptology in Japan is not well known to the outside world. Japanese scholars such as Kiichi KAWAMURA, Sakuji YOSHIMURA, Jiro KONDO, and Nozomu KAWAI are famous all over the world due to their outstanding Egyptological projects involving archaeological excavations, conservation, studies, and cooperation with major projects in Egypt, however. These projects have included the construction of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) in Gîza and the conservation of the second boat of the Pharaoh Khufu to the south of the Great Pyramid at Gîza. Egyptology in Japan is relatively recent and started when the first Japanese ambassadorial mission to Europe visited Egypt for the first time in 1862. The second Japanese ambassadorial mission to Europe visited the Gîza Plateau in 1863 and took a famous photograph of Samurai warriors in front of the Great Sphinx at Gîza. Egyptomania then started to invade Japan through drawings, paintings, photographs and descriptions in books translated from western languages. In 1888, the Medical School of the Tokyo Imperial University received an ancient Egyptian mummy and coffins from the Yokohama consulate of the French Embassy in Japan. From December 1909 to January 1910, the Japanese professor and historian Katsumi KUROITA visited Egypt and wrote several articles on its archaeology. Japanese scholar Kosaku HAMADA then studied with the father of modern Egyptology, Sir William Matthew Flinders PETRIE, becoming the first Japanese scholar to study Egyptology properly. Some finds from PETRIE’s excavations in Egypt were later donated to the Kyoto Imperial University, where they are now in the Hamada Collection. Seitaro OKAJIMA (1895-1948) is considered the founder of Japanese Egyptology, and he introduced to Japan the discipline of Egyptology as it is usually practiced in the West. He published seven books and more than 30 articles on various aspects of Egyptology, including history, language, culture and papyrology. In 1954, prince Takahito MIKASA, the brother of the emperor HIROHITO, founded the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, and this then contributed significantly to Japanese Egyptology. Ichiro KATO (1921-2009) was one of the great pillars of Egyptology in Japan after World War II. In 1952, he travelled to study Egyptology at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago in the US. He was later promoted as a full professor of Egyptology at Kansai University in Japan. Hachishi SUZUKI (1926-2010) also studied Egyptology at Cairo University and participated in the UNESCO salvage campaign in Nubia in the 1960s. In 1965, the Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition toured Tokyo, Kyoto and Fukuoka. This exhibition fostered an interest in Egyptology among the Japanese and was visited by nearly three million visitors. Other Egyptian exhibitions increased Egyptomania in Japan. Television documentaries, films and numerous books on Ancient Egypt created a fever for all things ancient Egyptian in Japan, making ancient Egypt increasingly popular. The writer and journalist on the Japanese newspaper Asahi SHINBUN, Denroku SAKAI, played an important role in publishing popular books on Ancient Egypt in Japan. In 1966, Kiichi KAWAMURA and Sakuji YOSHIMURA of Waseda University conducted the first Japanese archaeological project in Egypt. Sakuji YOSHIMURA and Jiro KONDO established Egyptian archaeology in Japan and continue their amazing fieldwork in Egypt each year. One of the most important projects of the Waseda team was the excavation of the second boat of the Pharaoh Khufu at Gîza, and

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 18 I requested that this be displayed at the GEM after its complete restoration and assembly when I was supervisor of the GEM project from 2011 to 2013. In 2007, professor of Egyptology at Waseda University Jiro KONDO started working at the non-royal tombs in the Theban Necropolis, focusing on the reign of Amenhotep III. Nozomu KAWAI, professor of Egyptology at Kanazawa University, began working in Abûsîr and made marvellous discoveries about the site and New Kingdom Egypt. In 2000, Sakuji YOSHIMURA established the Institute of Egyptology at Waseda University. However, there is still no university programme in Japan focusing entirely on Egyptology. He also organised many Egyptological exhibitions promoting Ancient Egypt and Egyptian antiquities among Japanese audiences through fieldwork projects that have often been filmed or written up in books. While collections of Ancient Egyptian antiquities in Japan are relatively minor, the Miho Museum has an outstanding collection. In 2003, the Ancient Egyptian Museum Shibuya Tokyo was established with nearly 1,000 Egyptian artefacts. In 2010, Tokai University received a gift of Egyptian antiquities owned by Hachishi SUZUKI, totalling nearly 6,000 artefacts and the largest collection in Japan. Japanese Egyptologists make many efforts to introduce Egyptology from a specifically Japanese point of view that is different from the western approaches to modern-day Egyptology. Warm greetings are due to Japan and to the Japanese school of Egyptology and its outstanding figures of Sakuji YOSHIMURA, Jiro KONDO and Nozomu KAWAI because they love Egypt and its people and civilisation. Thanks are due to them all because of their sincere efforts to save Egypt’s antiquities and to promote the magic of ancient Egypt everywhere, especially among the welleducated Japanese on the planet of Japan. (Husayn ‘Abd al-Basîr, “Egyptomania in Japan”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 5, 2018). - - Le projet de réaménagement du plateau de Gîza inclut un centre pour les visiteurs. Il s’agit d’une zone tampon de 4 000 m2, située à la nouvelle entrée du site sur l’autoroute Le Caire-Fayyûm. Cette zone englobe une billetterie, une salle de projection cinématographique, une salle muséologique, une bibliothèque, ainsi qu’un secteur dédié à l’administration et aux différents services. Une superficie de 500 m2 sera également consacrée aux bazars et aux cafétérias, destinés à renflouer les caisses du ministère de l’Archéologie. Le projet de réaménagement du plateau de Gîza est sur le point de s’achever, déclare le président du département des projets. Les travaux restants (câblage électrique, réseau d’égouts, citernes anti-incendie) seront achevés au cours de l’année. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le réaménagement du plateau de Gîza se dote d’un nouveau centre pour les visiteurs », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 juillet 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Achèvement ce mois-ci du réaménagement architectural du plateau de Gîza », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 18 juillet). - -

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 19 “The gold in your land is like the dust. I have begun a new palace: send me as much gold as is required for its decoration and for what is needed. If it is your intention that a sincere friendship should exist, send much gold and you will receive whatever you need,” wrote the Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit to the Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III in a document called the Amarna letter. Gold was highly prized among the Ancient Egyptians and used to play a key role as it was seen as signifying eternity. It was a symbol of the dazzling light of the sun deity Re and a sign of the gods as it was believed that their skin was made of gold and their bones were composed of silver. As the Pharaohs themselves were also considered to be divine, gold was used for royal coffins and funerary equipment to help preserve their mortal remains for eternity. Gold was also an important material in social, economic and diplomatic relations. It lay at the core of international trade, and it was used as a reward to courtiers and military leaders, as well as a vital diplomatic tool for Egypt’s allies and vassal monarchs to keep them happy and helping to fight to maintain the country’s borders. In order to highlight such notions and explore the creativity of the Ancient Egyptian goldsmiths who worked so skilfully on this shining metal, combining it with silver and other precious and semi-precious stones to produce masterpieces of art, an exhibition, “The Golden Treasures of the Pharaohs”, is lighting up the Mediterranean city-state of Monaco this summer. Under the auspices of the Monegasque government, the Municipality of Monaco and the Compagnie monégasque de Banque (CMB), the Grimaldi Forum Museum will play host to this wonderful exhibition, being put on 10 years after another entitled “Queens of Ancient Egypt” which gathered together a collection of 250 artefacts revealing different facets of these queens. Many of them were mothers, wives and daughters who epitomised the grandeur of their people, playing a predominant role in religion and social and political life and inspiring the artists of their times. “The Golden Treasures of the Pharaohs,” said Ilhâm Salâh Head of the Museums Sector, is scheduled to be inaugurated by Monaco’s head of state Prince ALBERT II and Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî along with top officials from both countries. It will last for two months and will bring together a collection of 150 masterpieces carefully selected from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square that show a series of prestigious ensembles discovered in the royal tombs. These feature jewellery, vases, pendants, bracelets, belts, necklaces, golden mirrors, sarcophagi, gilded furniture and funerary masks from the First Dynasty right through to the New Kingdom.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 20 Among the objects on display are the winged scarab bracelet and the golden funerary mask of the 11th-Dynasty king Pseusenne I, the butterfly silhouette silver bangle of queen Hetepheres, mother of king Khufu, and the gold jewellery of king Sekhemkhet, uncovered inside his pyramid at Saqqâra. There is also the funerary collection of queen Ahhotep, mother of king Ahmose, discovered in the Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ Necropolis on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor. However, the most important artefacts on show are those of Yuya and Tuya, the grandparents of the monotheistic king Akhenaten, found in the Valley of the Kings, and artefacts from the Tanis Treasure discovered in 1939 by French Egyptologist Pierre MONTET in Tanis in the Delta. In a press conference held early in June, Director of the Grimaldi Forum Sylvie BIANCHERI said it had been working on the preparation of the exhibition for more than two years in close cooperation with Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities to host artefacts that will be put on show for the first time in Europe. al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly that the exhibition included several artefacts, among them the Yuya and Tuya funerary collection and the Tanis Treasure, which will make up the core display of the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square and replace the Tutankhamun collection that will be transferred to the new Grand Egyptian Museum overlooking the Gîza Plateau. “We approved the travelling of these objects in order to explain to the world that the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square will not be dead, as some have said, after the transfer of the boy-king’s treasure,” al-‘Inânî said. He added that the museum’s 116th anniversary in 2018 will be the occasion of its rebirth and second inauguration with a new display of its collection and the development of its halls. al-‘Inânî described the Monaco exhibition as one of the best ways to promote Egypt as a unique cultural and tourist destination. He said American visitors were fascinated by the Tutankhamun collection now on display in Los Angeles, and added that the Monaco exhibition would attract not only the Monegasque but also visitors from Nice and Cannes in France as well as from Italy. French Egyptologist and curator of the exhibition Christiane ZIEGLER said it would take visitors way beyond the emotions its collection elicits by focusing on the bonds, which connected the Ancient Egyptians to gold. (Nevine El-Aref, “The Pharaohs in Monaco”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 5, 2018. Voir également « Le prince ALBERT II et le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugurent une exposition pharaonique à Monaco », Ruz al-Yûsuf, 6 juillet ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie offre une reproduction de Toutankhamon au prince de Monaco, ALBERT II », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 7 juillet ; ‘Alâ’ al

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 21 Minyâwî, « L’exposition des trésors des pharaons fait la une de la presse monégasque », Sada al-Balad, 7 juillet). - - Lundi 9 juillet 2018 Le directeur général de la zone archéologique de Gîza, Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn, s’est félicité de la hausse des taux de fréquentation du site des pyramides, qui accueille quotidiennement 2 500 à 3 000 touristes étrangers et 3 000 à 4 000 visiteurs égyptiens. Ces chiffres explosent durant les fêtes et jours fériés. Lors du petit Bayram, le plateau de Gîza a attiré 15 000 visiteurs le premier jour, 14 000 le deuxième jour et 13 000 le troisième jour. Ces statistiques vont encore augmenter après l’achèvement du projet de réaménagement du plateau de Gîza, qui favorisera le déplacement des visiteurs à l’intérieur de la zone archéologique. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le projet de réaménagement du plateau de Gîza attire déjà les touristes avant même son inauguration », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 9 juillet 2018). - - Mercredi 11 juillet 2018 Les poteries sont en bon état de conservation (© Nasma Réda) Au rez-de-chaussée du Musée égyptien du Caire, 1 991 pièces de différentes époques sont exposées depuis le 4 juillet et pendant quelques semaines. Il ne s’agit pas de pièces ordinaires : elles font partie du lot (21 855 pièces antiques) restitué récemment d’Italie. Pour la directrice du musée, Sabâh ‘Abd al- Râziq, cette exposition montre la variété des pièces et leur beauté. « Les pièces de monnaies restaurées remontent aux époques ptolémaïque et gréco-romaine, les tessons de céramique remontent à l’époque islamique, alors que les masques funéraires en cartonnage et en lin datent probablement des XXVe et XXVIe dynasties av.-J.C. », déclare-telle. Quelques-unes ont été immédiatement restaurées par le département de restauration du musée qui a réussi à nettoyer, rassembler et rétablir beaucoup de pièces de la collection dont des poteries, des masques de différentes dimensions, des ouchebtis et autres. « La plupart des pièces, surtout les poteries, sont bien conservées, mais un masque funéraire a été gravement endommagé et a été isolé au laboratoire à cause des bactéries », souligne Mu’min ‘Uthmân, directeur général du département de restauration au Musée Égyptien. En fait, toutes les pièces exposées n’ont pas subi un travail de restauration. Certaines d’entre elles, qui nécessitent une restauration, sont exposées telles quelles. Le but étant de montrer aux visiteurs et aux spécialistes l’état des pièces avant et après la restauration. De même, des photos de quelques pièces ont été placées dans les vitrines, montrant les efforts déployés pour rendre les pièces à leur état d’origine. Selon ‘Uthmân, les restaurateurs ont utilisé les anciennes méthodes ainsi que des matériaux naturels afin de réparer, coller et nettoyer les pièces. ‘Uthmân explique en outre que les boiseries des bateaux saisis étaient en morceaux à leur arrivée aux laboratoires, et le couvercle d’un sarcophage était coupé en deux parties, probablement pour faciliter son transfert. « D’après les inscriptions hiéroglyphes, le sarcophage appartient à un homme appelé Irty-rw, et remonte à l’époque tardive. C’est aux archéologues et historiens d’étudier toutes les écritures et tous les matériaux pour nous informer des détails précis de chaque pièce », dit-il, assurant que ce travail va prendre du temps. L’histoire de ces pièces exposées remonte à 2017 quand les autorités italiennes ont dévoilé une affaire de trafic de 21 855 pièces

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 22 dans les douanes du port de Salerno. Elles avaient alors saisi un conteneur dit « diplomatique » contenant 23 700 pièces antiques de différentes époques qui appartiennent à 10 pays. Mais il a fallu attendre le 29 juin dernier pour que 21 660 pièces de monnaies antiques et 195 artefacts de différentes époques soient restitués à l’Égypte. En effet, ce n’est qu’en mars 2018 que la police italienne a informé le ministère égyptien des Affaires étrangères de l’affaire qui, à son tour, a envoyé un CD contenant 118 photos aux responsables des antiquités. Ces derniers ont alors formé un comité d’experts sous la direction du ministre des Antiquités, avec comme membres l’ex-secrétaire général de la Ligue arabe, Nabîl al-‘Arabî, l’archéologue Zâhî Hawwâs, l’ambassadrice Hiba Marâsî, du ministère des Affaires étrangères, et un certain nombre de juges du bureau du procureur général. Le cartonnage et le lin étaient fort endommagés (© Nasma Réda) Ensuite, le procureur général égyptien, Nabîl Sâdiq, a ordonné l’envoi d’experts en Italie pour examiner de près les pièces saisies. Après quelques jours, Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du CSA, s’est rendu à Salerno et est retourné avec ce nombre énorme d’objets antiques. « C’est une affaire sans précédent car généralement, les procédures judiciaires relatives à la restitution des pièces antiques prennent beaucoup de temps. Dans un cas pareil, et surtout avec ce nombre énorme de pièces, la restitution aurait pu prendre des années, mais heureusement, on a repris les pièces un mois seulement après l’annonce officielle de leur saisie », explique Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, chef du département de la récupération des pièces antiques au ministère des Antiquités, qui salue les efforts des autorités égyptiennes, surtout le procureur général. Wazîrî a, de son côté, salué la coopération fructueuse entre les diplomates et les autorités judiciaires et culturelles entre l’Égypte et l’Italie pour faciliter le retour des pièces antiques. En mai dernier, le ministère des Antiquités avait publié un communiqué de presse où il affirmait que les objets en question viennent probablement de fouilles illégales, car aucune des pièces n’est inscrite dans les registres. Mais aujourd’hui, le ministère semble être revenu sur cette hypothèse. « Tout ce que l’on peut dire c’est que ces pièces n’ont pas été volées d’un musée ou d’un entrepôt du ministère. On ne sait pas exactement d’où elles proviennent », a déclaré Wazîrî, qui a aussi précisé que « les pièces restituées remontaient à différentes périodes de la civilisation égyptienne depuis l’ère pharaonique et gréco-romaine et jusqu’à l’époque islamique ». La collection comprend 151 ouchebtis en faïence, 11 poteries, 5 masques funéraires, dont quelques-uns sont dorés, un sarcophage en bois, deux petits bateaux, deux couvercles des vases canopes et trois céramiques datant de l’époque islamique. Les enquêtes sont toujours en cours en Italie, en coopération avec le côté égyptien, pour connaître les circonstances de cette contrebande. (Nasma Réda, « Des trésors dérobés, de l’ombre à la lumière », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 11 juillet 2018. Voir également Nâgî al-Girgâwî, « Le Procureur général remercie les autorités italiennes », al-Ahrâm, 1er juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie restaure les antiquités restituées par l’Italie en vue de leur exposition », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er juillet ; Nada Moustafa, “Egypt puts relics recovered from smugglers in Italy on display”, Sada al-Balad, July 5). - -

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 23 Jeudi 12 juillet 2018 A decade after the inauguration of the Queens of Egypt exhibition, the Mediterranean resort of Monaco this summer is hosting its second exhibition on Ancient Egypt in the shape of the Golden Treasure of the Pharaohs exhibition that displays 2,500 years of goldsmiths’ art in Ancient Egypt. The exhibition was inaugurated at the weekend by Monaco head of state Prince ALBERT II and Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, who invited the prince to visit Egypt to admire its distinguished monuments and the new Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) after its inauguration next year. He also invited him to take a plunge into the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria’s eastern harbour where the ancient sunken city of Heracleion is located. The minister of antiquities offered the prince a replica of the ka statue of the golden boy-king Tutankhamun, and the prince offered al-‘Inânî stamps, which the principality has especially launched for the exhibition. They depict the golden mummy mask of king Pseusenne I and a painting of Monaco. Inteshedu al-‘Inânî described the Monaco exhibition as a major ambassador for Egypt and one of the best possible ways to promote the country as a unique cultural and tourist destination. He said American visitors were fascinated by the Tutankhamun collection now on display in Los Angeles, and added that the Monaco exhibition would attract not only the Monegasque but also visitors from Nice and Cannes in France as well as from Italy. The stakes are not only economic, but also political, as Egypt, waging a war against terrorism, sees cultural heritage and the treasures of the Pharaohs as a weapon against extremism. “We are fighting against terrorism and for what is dearest to us — our history,” al-‘Inânî said. He told Al-Ahram Weekly that the exhibition included artefacts including the Yuya and Tuya funerary collection and the Tanis Treasure that will make up the core display of the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square and replace the Tutankhamun collection that will be transferred to the new GEM overlooking the Gîza Plateau. (…) Prince ALBERT said the exhibition was Monaco’s way of paying homage for the second time to Ancient Egyptian civilisation 10 years after the state’s first exhibition on the queens of Egypt. He described the exhibition as unique because it put on show the goldsmiths’ art of Ancient Egypt covering 2,500 years of history starting from the First Dynasty right through to the Third Intermediate Period for the first time in Europe. “It does not only show the gold work of Ancient Egypt, but it also highlights the sophisticated techniques of the goldsmiths’ art and the distinguished and refined life of the Ancient Egyptian royals,” he said. Meanwhile, the exhibition poster featuring the gold mask of king Pseusenne I was

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 24 everywhere on display in Monaco, dominating the city’s beaches, stations, the façades of casinos, and luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Tuya’s sarcophagus Walking along the Monegasque seafront and its downtown area, it was easy to be overwhelmed by the density of the images of the silver sarcophagus of king Pseusenne I, the gilded mask of Yuya, and other images of ancient Egyptian golden ornaments. The Grimaldi Forum, where the exhibition is being held, has been turned into an Ancient Egyptian ceremonial arena. At its front stand a pair of colossal replica statues of the Sphinx, welcoming visitors as they pass through a modern-style gate covered with a large poster depicting the mask of Pseusenne I. Young women in black tied dresses in the Ancient Egyptian style and wearing golden and colourful bead collars and belts greet exhibition visitors and distribute chocolates decorated with objects from the exhibition. Further inside, the exhibition atmosphere becomes more dramatic, providing an impressive setting for the 180 gilded, lapis lazuli, silver, turquoise, golden and faience objects on display. A collection of 149 objects was carefully selected from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, while the rest were loaned by museums in Turin, Vienna and Paris. INSIDE THE EXHIBITION: Stepping into the exhibition, the visitor is taken into a truly epic experience to explore the techniques of jewellery production in Ancient Egypt, the source of its supply and its manufacturing secrets from modest miners to the pharaoh himself who owned many of these riches. Visitors are taken on a journey through time, techniques and styles showing the relations that ancient Egypt had with other countries and that influenced the decorative themes and style of the work. Designer William CHÂTELAIN, responsible for the spectacular display, said the atmosphere had been produced by an ambiance of bright light and contrasts that plunged into semi-darkness and the blue and ochre colours derived from the lapis lazuli used by the Ancient Egyptians. It recalled the atmosphere of the goldsmiths’ workshops of Ancient Egypt through drawings on the entrance wall, he said. Sylvie BIANCHERI, director-general of the Grimaldi Forum, told the Weekly that the idea of organising a second exhibition showing the magnificence of the ancient Egyptian civilisation had been born several years ago after the success of the first one held in 2008. She said the forum team had been working on the preparation of the exhibition for more than two years in close cooperation with Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities to host artefacts put on show for the first time in Europe. BIANCHERI said that the idea was not to raise revenue, but to show the world that Monaco could organise an international

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 25 exhibition of the highest standard and provide a new kind of tourism and entertainment for visitors during the summer season. It aimed to change the image of Monaco as a kind of “European Las Vegas” into that of a cultural hub for archaeology, opera, theatre, ballet and international exhibitions, she said. “Although holding such an exhibition has cost us 2.7 million euros, tickets are very cheap,” she said, adding that the number of visitors could reach 75,000. The artefacts are distributed among six pavilions in chronological order, inviting visitors to travel through the history of Ancient Egypt and marked by the discovery of treasures by archaeologists or tomb-robbers. It is punctuated by the statues of sovereigns at the beginning of each reign, allowing visitors to understand the periods during which the various jewels were produced and to whom they belonged. Christiane ZIEGLER, the exhibition curator, described the exhibition as “exceptional” because of the quality of the works of art presented. “The Egyptian Museum has loaned us masterpieces that figure in art history textbooks: the Menkawre triad, the crown of princess Sithathoriunet, the mirror of queen Ahhotep, the duck bracelet of Ramses II, the gold mask of king Pseusenne, as well as many objects that have never left Cairo.” Prince ALBERT II and al-‘Inânî (above) (© Gaetan LUCI/Princely Palace) “The exhibition does not limit itself to presenting magnificent ensembles accompanied by documents tracing their discovery. It also examines the status of jewels, which are one of the oldest and most universal forms of artistic expression,” she told the Weekly. In the display there are objects that have never been shown before, such as those dating to the first kings of Egypt like the bracelets of king Djoser discovered in his tomb in Abydos, the stelae of king Qa, one of the first Egyptian sovereigns, and a necklace and a pendant of a princess found in Nag‘ al- Dayr. From the Pyramid age there is king Sekhemket’s gold jewellery, the jewels of a 12th-Dynasty princess found in Dahshûr, the earrings of king Ramses II from the New Kingdom, a delicate pendant adorned with the head of goddess Hathor from the Third Intermediate Period, and objects from the Tanis Treasure. Prince ALBERT II, al-‘Inânî, al-Mashât, Badawî and ZIEGLER Minister of Tourism Rânyâ al-Mashât who attended the gala opening told the Weekly that the Ministry of Antiquities had allocated a booth for the Ministry of Tourism during the 60 days of the exhibition to promote Egypt and its tourism destinations. The logo of the international campaign to promote Egypt, “This is Egypt,” was also printed on the brochures and signage of the exhibition, she said. Sahar Tal‘at Mustafa, head of the tourism and aviation committee in Egypt’s parliament, said that antiquities exhibitions abroad were effective ways of promoting Egypt. He had requested that the parliament establish a tourism committee like the existing economy committee to help do so, he said. (Nevine El- Aref, “Egyptian treasures on the Côte d’Azur”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 12, 2018. Voir également « Le prince ALBERT II et le ministre

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 26 de l’Archéologie inaugurent une exposition pharaonique à Monaco », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie offre au prince de Monaco une reproduction d’une statue du Ka », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 7 juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie invite le prince de Monaco à visiter le GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 7 juillet ; Ahmed Moamar, “Antiquities’ Minister presents replica of Tut King Ankh Amun to Monaco’s Prince”, Sada al-Balad, July 7; Ranâ Gawhar, « Monaco célèbre l’exposition des trésors des pharaons », al-Ahrâm, 9 juillet ; « Émission d’un timbre-poste à Monaco pour commémorer l’exposition pharaonique », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 9 juillet ; Nasma Réda, « L’or des Pharaons à Monaco » », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 18 juillet). - - The Egyptian security authorities discovered an ancient Greco-Roman site in the province of Minyâ, after chasing a gang specialized in antiquities excavation, based on information received by the Archaeological Police in Minyâ, saying that a group of strange men had been frequently visiting the area of "Eastern Shiba", Abû Qurqâs, al-Sharq al- Awsat website reported. Investigation showed that the arrested men formed a gang specialized in archaeological excavations, and discovered a full ancient city dating back to the second century AD and the Constantinian era, as well as an ancient church. The gang members agreed to smuggle and sell the artifacts in batches. The first batch, which was supposed to be smuggled for sale, included a large pottery with 484 ancient coins dating back to the Greco-Roman era. According to a statement by the Interior Ministry based on the thieves’ confessions, the first suspect was planning to transport the smuggled objects in his car, however, the area was raided, and the gang has been caught with the car, the excavation equipment, the pottery, and the 484 antiquities. The Egyptian Interior Ministry statement added that the General Security Department, in coordination with Minyâ Security Directorate and the General Directorate of the Tourism and Antiquities Police, arrested a gang of thieves that led to an area hiding a large archaeological site they were attempting to steal it. The statement said that “the Ministry of the Interior is working according to a strategy aimed at preserving the country’s wealth and national heritage, by tightening the security control over the archaeological areas, and combating and controlling artifacts traders, and members carrying secret excavations violating the antiquities preservation law.” It is worth noting that the security services were able to arrest the gang, after taking the necessary measures in coordination with the concerned authorities. The raid was part of a joint mission performed by the public security sector, and the Minyâ security authorities in the village of "Shiba". According to investigations, one of the members was preparing to smuggle 483 coins of copper and bronze dating back to the second and third centuries AD, a pottery dating back to the Greek era, in his own car. At a five-meter-deep pit, the authorities also found some pottery fragments from the excavation work, as well as the tools used. They also discovered an ancient Greek-Roman city with many rock-carved tombs extending to about 2 km, 600 meters wide, with columns and a Greek Roman church with a niche, a pillar and a cross. The Interior Ministry’s statement said that the charged men confessed their attempts of searching and excavating antiquities aiming at smuggling and illegally selling them. The car, the antiquities and the excavation equipment

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 27 used in the drilling process have been seized. (Nada Moustafa, “Arrest of Gang leads to discovery of Ancient Greco-Roman City: Interior Ministry”, Sada al-Balad, July 12, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie forme une commission pour expertiser les saisies archéologiques à Minyâ », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 9 juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie forme une commission pour expertiser les saisies archéologiques à Minyâ », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 10 juillet ; Raymond al-Râwî, « Arrestation d’un gang de pillage archéologique à Minyâ », Watanî, 10 juillet ; Mahmûd Fu’âd, « Tentative déjouée de pillage d’une ville antique à Minyâ », al- Ahrâm, 11 juillet). - - Samedi 14 juillet 2018 Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a démenti toute intention de démontage et de transfert de la tombe de Toutankhamon située à Louqsor. Il s’agit plutôt de transférer vers le Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) la réplique de cette tombe qui se dresse actuellement à côté de la maison de fouilles de CARTER. Cette réplique pourrait ainsi ouvrir l’appétit des visiteurs du GEM et les inciter à voyager à Louqsor pour y découvrir la vraie tombe. Pour cette même raison, nous espérons également exposer au GEM une reproduction de la tombe de Séthi Ier. Par ailleurs, al-‘Inânî a confirmé que l’installation d’un téléférique reliant le plateau de Gîza au GEM est en cours d’étude. « Je rêve également de créer un spectacle son et lumière dans la citadelle de Saladin au Caire », ajoute le ministre. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie fait le point sur le transfert de la tombe de Toutankhamon », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 14 juillet 2018). - - Dimanche 15 juillet 2018 The Egyptian archaeological expedition at the Mît Abû al-Kum site in Munûfiyya have uncovered a number of rooms dating back to the Roman and Byzantine eras, the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî announced in Thursday press statement. One of the discovered chambers features the Roman architectural style, as the walls consist of large stone blocks with precise angles indicating this dates back to the Roman era, Wazîrî said. Marble columns with a smooth Roman-style hull and a large number of coins were also found in the chambers. Other rooms contained Byzantine walls with uneven stone blocks of unequal sizes. Spaces that filled the mortar used in Byzantine architectural buildings made it weaker than the Roman mortar, as such the walls of Byzantine chambers were found disjointed. The mission also discovered a room with a floor containing tiles of various sizes. Inside they found a capital of a column flower decoration, containing six petals used in the style of Greek/Hellenistic buildings and used by Egypt’s Copts at that time to symbolize the six-arm cross, which also appeared on the bottom of a dish discovered in the room. The dish is currently under restoration, according to Wazîrî. Head of the Central Department of Lower Egypt Antiquities Nâdya Khidr said that a number of little archaeological artifacts that represent pure Christian motifs, such as the symbol of the cross and palm branches constructed in a Roman style, have been also discovered. Dishes, pans, and two large water jars in a good state of conservation have been found, beside a large number of non-decorative broken parts of utensils, Khidr mentioned. (“Roman, Byzantine chambers discovered in Munûfiyya”, Egypt Independent, July 15,

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 28 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce une nouvelle découverte d’époque romaine et byzantine à Mît Abû al-Kum », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 12 juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Une mission égyptienne découvre quelques tombes d’époques romaine et byzantine », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 12 juillet). - - Lundi 16 juillet 2018 Ministry of Antiquities on Monday received 116 antique pieces from Damietta port, following a failed attempt to smuggle them out several years back. Head of Central Administration of Ports Hamdî Hammâm told press that the Customs Administration had suspicions over several cargo branded as used furniture and antiques. Accordingly the administration presented the cargo for evaluation by Damietta’s antiquities office, which in turn assembled a specialized committee to go over the pieces. Only 116 were proven to be antiquities while the rest were modern. The items were seized in accordance with law 117 of 1983. The antiquities, seized in 2014, included wooden furniture, metal decorative pieces and earthenware, which go back to the Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha family, as well as ceramics which dating to the Islamic era. The General Manager of Ports Muhammad ‘Uthmân said that the Central Administration of Ports had been following case since 2014. However, a court decision was recently issued to deliver the returned pieces to the Ministry of Antiquities for them to store. Egypt has been exerting efforts to prevent the smuggling of antiquities and return smuggled pieces to its land. In the past two years, Egypt returned more than 1,000 pieces of smuggled antiquities including 586 pieces that were returned in 2017, according to the Repatriation Department Head Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd. More recently, France handed over to the Egyptian Foreign Ministry eight smuggled Egyptian artifacts in June, including a Pharaonic mask made of wood seized by the French authorities at a train station in Paris, said Assistant Foreign Minister for Cultural Relations Hiba al-Marâsî. June 2018 also witnessed the Italian Public Prosecution agreeing to hand over 118 Ancient Egyptian artifacts to Egypt seized from Salerno, Naples, top prosecutor Nabîl Sâdiq announced. (Farah Tawfeek, “Ministry of Antiquities receives 116 antiques after failure to smuggle them abroad”, Egypt Independent, July 16, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie saisit 116 pièces antiques volées dans le port de Damiette », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 16 juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Saisie dans le port de Damiette de 116 pièces datant de l’époque de Muhammad ‘Alî », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 16 juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie saisit 116 pièces antiques avant leur exportation illicite », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 juillet).

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 29 - - Mardi 17 juillet 2018 Ambassador Bassâm Râdî, a spokesman for the Presidency, said that President ‘Abd al- Fattâh al-Sîsî has directed to complete all stages and furnishing of the Egyptian Grand Museum (GEM) by 2020. Ambassador Râdî added that date of opening the GEM will synchronize with opening the New Administrate Capital (NAC). In that year a number of mega national projects will be launched such as al-‘Alamayn New City in Matrûh Governorate, about 1000 km northwest to Cairo. It is worth to mention that Egypt plans to qualify new urban centers across all governorates to cope with the growth of population. According to government statics the Egyptian people adds about two million people every year. (Ahmed Moamar, “Grand Egyptian Museum to open by 2020: Spokesman”, Sada al-Balad, July 17, 2018. Voir également Rîhâm al-Zahhâr, « Les ministères du Tourisme et de l’Archéologie examinent le plan d’inauguration du GEM », Watanî, 26 juillet). - - La présidente du Parquet administratif, Amânî al-Râfi‘î, a ordonné le classement de l’affaire du grand incendie qui s’était déclenché dans le Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), le 29 avril dernier. La compagnie de BTP responsable du projet doit assumer tous les dégâts provoqués. Rappelons que le rapport d’expertise rédigé par les Forces armées a attribué ce sinistre au non-respect des mesures et des procédures de sécurité de la part du sous-traitant. Fort heureusement, l’incendie s’est restreint aux échafaudages et ne s’est pas propagé à l’intérieur du bâtiment du GEM. (Hind al-Sa‘îd, « Le Parquet administratif classe l’affaire de l’incendie du GEM », al-Ahrâm, 17 juillet 2018). - - Mercredi 18 juillet 2018 A sealed black granite sarcophagus, uncovered by chance in Alexandria, has triggered people’s imagination the world over, particularly on social media. The story of the sarcophagus started earlier this month when archaeologists stumbled upon it during an inspection excavation carried out on privately owned land in Sîdî Gâbir area in Alexandria. (…) The sarcophagus is carved out of black granite, 1.85 metres tall, 2.65 metres long, and 1.65 metres wide, and is without inscriptions that traditionally would describe its owner. It has remained sealed since antiquity. The mystery as to its contents has captured attention and led to much speculation. The sarcophagus has made headlines in several international and local newspapers and TV channels. The film “The Mummy” has been frequently referenced, satirically, as a warning of what might go wrong when sealed ancient Egyptian tombs are opened. An article written in The Express was entitled, “Egypt mummy discovered: Archaeologists warned against opening mysterious sarcophagus.” David MILNER, editor at Gamer Informer Australia, tweeted: “As a fan of Brendan FRASER’s ‘The Mummy’, I say don’t open the cursed sarcophagus. But as someone who saw Tom CRUISE’s ‘The Mummy’, I say do it. We deserve the horrors that await.” Jeet HEER of The New Republic joked: “If we’ve learned anything from every Mummy movie of the last 100 years, it’s that the sarcophagus must not be opened.” British author Nick MOSLEY quipped: “Just for once, how about we re-bury the sinister black sarcophagi and pretend we never found it? They’re going to open it, aren’t they? Oh well, I’m off to Tesco to stock up on holy water.” Some claim that the sarcophagus belongs to Alexander the Great whose tomb was never

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 30 found. Others speculate that the sarcophagus houses the secret of the Pharaohs’ curse and warn Egypt not to open it because upon its opening Egypt and the whole world would fall into the curse and stay in darkness for a thousand years. Still others claim that the sarcophagus belongs to an ancient Egyptian royal, and it is full of funerary gold. “The Ministry of Antiquities’ press office and I have received thousands calls from international and local media about this, all day along, in the last week,” Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online. Wazîrî said that claims that the sarcophagus might contain the mummy of Alexander the Great or Queen Cleopatra, or the New Kingdom’s King Ramses II, are unfounded and far fetched. Wazîrî told Ahram Online that it is better if people stop guessing and that archaeologists would open the sarcophagus within days. He also wondered why this sarcophagus has capture attention, though most of the discovered stone sarcophagi are sealed and intact, and are more luxurious and elegant than the one found in Alexandria. Last Saturday, Wazîrî said, five intact and sealed stone sarcophagi were found in Saqqâra necropolis, along with a mummification workshop, and when one was opened nothing happened; no curse, and the world did not fall into darkness as some claim will happen. Egyptologist and former Minister of Antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs told Ahram Online that the sarcophagus does not belong to Alexander the Great, or a Ptolemaic or Roman royal, because it was found outside the Roman royal area. Nonetheless, he suggested, it belongs to someone important and wealthy, as it is carved in black granite brought from Aswân. “For someone to bring granite from Aswân, located more than a thousand kilometres away, means the owner of the sarcophagus would have been rich,” Hawwâs said. Hawwâs told Ahram Online that for hundreds of years, several failed attempts were made by archaeologists and explorers to locate the tomb of Alexander the Great, believed by many to have been buried in Alexandria. The first failed attempt was made by a Greek restaurant waiter named STELLO who tried to find it in Mahattat al-Raml area in Alexandria, while late archaeologist Fawzî al- Fakharânî believed that Alexander was buried in al-Shatbî area. Other claimed he was buried in al-Nabî Daniel area, in Downtown Alexandria. “The dream of finding Alexander the Great’s tomb is overwhelming people. That is why I called the Ministry of Antiquities to hurry up and open the sarcophagus as soon as possible, to put an end to such a dream and suggestions,” Hawwâs told Ahram Online. Hawwâs believes that if the sarcophagus is intact it could only house a mummy. Else it would be empty, previously robbed by tomb raiders. (Nevine El-Aref, “Mystery of Alexandria sarcophagus may be revealed Thursday”, Ahram Online, July 18, 2018. Voir également Bassâm Ramadân, « Le sarcophage découvert à Alexandrie n’appartient pas à Alexandre le Grand », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 17 juillet ; Hend El-Behary, “Mysterious sarcophagus to be opened in two days, Egypt’s MOA says”, Egypt Independent, July 18; Nada Moustafa, “Clues Point to Occupant of Ancient 'Mystery' Sarcophagus”, Sada al- Balad, July 18; Zakariyyâ ‘Uthmân, « Le sarcophage découvert à Alexandrie renferme probablement la momie d’Alexandre le Grand », al-Ahrâm, 19 juillet ; Marwa Mursî, « Sarcophage d’Alexandrie : Les Ptolémées vaincus par les égouts », al-Watan, 19 juillet ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Un archéologue : La malédiction des pharaons n’est qu’un mythe sorti de l’imagnination de quelques auteurs », Watanî, 19 juillet). - - For thousands of years beneath Egypt’s desert sands a solidified whitish substance sat in a broken jar. Scientists now say it’s

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 31 “probably the most ancient archaeological solid residue of cheese ever found.” Archaeologists came across the finding while cleaning the sands around a 19th dynasty tomb at the vast Saqqâra necropolis of the ancient city of Memphis. The tomb of Ptahmes, the mayor of ancient Memphis, was initially discovered in 1885 but had been swallowed by shifting sands until its rediscovery in 2010. The whitish solidified mass was found during the excavation work between 2013 and 2014, along with a canvas fabric, which may have been used to cover the jar, possibly to preserve its contents, a study published this week in Analytical Chemistry said. The 3,200- year-old cheese was found to be made from a mixture of cow milk and that of a sheep or goat. “It (the sample) was subjected to thousands of cycles of hydration and dehydration due to the rainfalls and the Nile floods and also the very strong alkaline environment transformed all the fats and it was not possible to use conventional techniques,” Enrico GRECO, the study’s lead author, said. Cheese-making has been depicted on wall murals of ancient Egyptian tombs from 2,000 B.C. Also, a 2012 study published in the science journal Nature traces the earliest evidence of the industry to the 6th millennium BC in northern Europe, some 7,000 years ago. Older cheese residues discovered were typically attributed to natural fermented milk like yoghurt or kefir, but the discovery at Saqqâra revealed no trace of proteins from natural milk fermentation, GRECO said. “For this reason we can say that it is the oldest solid cheese ever found to date.” There is little information on this particular cheese-making process but “it was necessary to develop a specific technology and procedures that did not exist before,” GRECO said. “This is a very important point in the history of dairy food.” Among the study’s significant findings were the signs of bacteria potentially causing the deadly disease brucellosis, caught through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. If confirmed, it would be “the first biomolecular direct evidence” of the disease’s existence during the Pharaonic period, according to the study. “Brucellosis in ancient Egypt has been identified by the osteoarticular effects on mummies’ bones,” GRECO said. The finding may suggest, “Egyptians ate contaminated cheese or milk.” (Associated Press, “‘Most ancient’ solid cheese found in dug up Egyptian jar”, Egypt Independent, August 18, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Ibrâhîm, « Le plus ancien fromage au monde est pharaonique », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 août ; Nada Moustafa, “Mystery solved: this is how the world’s oldest cheese found in Egypt would taste like”, Sada al-Balad, August 20). - - Jeudi 19 juillet 2018 Journalists, photographers, diplomats and cultural attachés all made the journey to the Saqqâra Necropolis near Cairo this week and the area south of the Unas Pyramid to see the newly discovered Saite-Persian embalmers cachette and mummification workshop attached to a communal burial shaft with several burial chambers.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 32 They gathered around the remains of the mummification workshop, an originally rectangular building constructed out of mud brick and irregular limestone blocks. The building’s entrance is on the southwestern corner, leading into an open area with two large basins and a mud brick ramp between them. It is believed that these basins originally contained the natron used in the mummification process and the linen bandages used to wrap the mummies. To the northwestern side there is an embalmer’s cachette with a 13-metre shaft that ends in a rectangular-shaped subterranean chamber containing a large corpus of pottery. This includes vessels, bowls and measuring cups inscribed with the names of oils and other substances used in the mummification. The workshop contains a deep shaft sloping downwards by some 30 metres. It contains a series of tiny wooden ladders fixed to the bedrock and the communal burial chambers, each filled with one or two stone sarcophagi, wooden anthropoid coffins, and mummies wrapped in linen or decorated with golden sheets. Inside one of these chambers, only reachable through a small hole, hundreds of faience ushabti figurines partially buried in the sand beside a large stone sarcophagus were found. The chambers are arranged on the sides of two hallways. The first has an intact burial chamber to the west, where three decayed wooden coffins were found on top of the end of a large limestone sarcophagus. A fourth mummy was found to the north of the sarcophagus, along with further faience ushabti figurines. The wooden coffin on top of the sarcophagus was found in a badly damaged state, and the mummy inside it had a gilded mask on top of its face. The wooden coffin was once plastered and painted with an image of the goddess Nut, the mother of the god of the dead Osiris. The decoration also includes the titles of the owner of the mask along with his name, identifying him as the second priest of the goddess Nut and priest of the goddess Nut-shaes, a serpent form of the goddess. A mummy wrapped in linen with golden sheets The theophoric name of the owner of the mask includes the name of the goddess Neith, patron goddess of the ancient 26th Dynasty. Pieces of the painted plaster carrying the rest of his name are missing, and the mission is collecting more in order to read the full name of the deceased. “This is only the beginning,” Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî said during the visit to the site, adding that it would surely yield more discoveries after further excavation. He told Al-Ahram Weekly that the discovery had been made accidently during the Saqqâra Saite Tombs Project carried out by an

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 33 Egyptian-German mission directed by Ramadan Badrî Husayn, a professor from Tübingen University, in an attempt to document the Saqqâra tombs and shafts. During its survey, the mission had stumbled upon the mummification workshop and its secret shaft and embalmer’s cachette where a collection of 35 mummies has been uncovered along with four intact sealed sarcophagi that will be opened soon to explore what lies inside, al-‘Inânî said. One of the most important uncovered artefacts is the gilded silver mummy mask found on the face of one of the mummies uncovered inside one of the burial chambers in the communal burial shaft. Preliminary microscopic examination suggests that it is made of gilded silver, and the eyes are inlayed with a black gemstone (possibly onyx), calcite and obsidian. The wig was also inlayed with gemstones that were once embedded in colour pastes. A research and conservation project is being planned for the mask. “The archaeological investigations are still in their early stages,” al-‘Inânî added, telling the Weekly that chemical analysis of the remains of the mummification oils found in the measuring cups would take place in collaboration with German and Egyptian experts from the National Research Centre to discover their components. An intact burial chamber, its door bearing demotic inscriptions, was also among the discoveries, he said, and during the next archaeological season the mission would study this text and try to unseal the chamber to see what was hidden inside. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL GOLDMINE: “We are standing on a goldmine of information on the ingredients used to preserve mummies thousands of years ago,” Ramadân Badrî Husayn, director of the Saqqâra Saite Tombs Project and discoverer of the mummification workshop, told the Weekly. Ramadân climbing the shaft “We have the oils and the measuring cups, all of them labelled with the names of the oils and substances that were used in mummification but were never known about in detail until now, as their composition was an ancient Egyptian secret,” he said. “We can analyse the remains of the oil in the cups and discover its chemical composition,” he added, saying that the new discovery also provided clues about the ancient mummies’ social status. There were clear socioeconomic differences between the mummies found in the shaft, he said, as some were buried in private or in shared chambers. Their funerary collections differed as some had luxurious items while others were more modest. One burial chamber is dedicated to a woman named Tadi-Hur and contains a huge limestone sarcophagus, alabaster canopic jars, and 396 ushabti figurines with her name inscribed on them as well as 12 vessels of oils that are also labelled, he said. “Although Tadi- Hur’s sarcophagus is sealed and undisturbed, I expect it could house a large collection of amulets,” Husayn added. He said it was important to study Tadi- Hur’s mummy in order to identify her age at death. “The four intact sarcophagi found in the communal burial place are also very important because this is the first time that we have found this number of sealed sarcophagi in one place,” Husayn said, adding that three of the sarcophagi belonged to priests of the little-known serpent goddess Nutshef, which

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 34 means the deceased were from the Ancient Egyptian middle class. Gilded silver mummy mask “The gilded silver mask is another important item that has been uncovered, and one that I could not have expected to find,” Husayn said, adding that the last similar one was found in 1939 by Sâmî Gabra at Tûna al- Gabal in Minyâ. Its presence showed that some of the deceased in the tomb were members of the elite. “The find is a gift for scholars, as it provides new information about how the ancient Egyptians buried their dead and the socioeconomic level of those buried,” Husayn told the Weekly. A cartonage mummy mask Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said the discovery was the first to be found in the area since the excavation work carried out by Gaston MASPERO in 1900, during which he found several burial shafts. Wazîrî described the discovery as “important and unique”, adding that the analysis was just beginning, and more was expected to be found. Further excavation will now continue at the site that is intended to unseal several chambers adjoining the embalming workshop as well as open four of the five sarcophagi. Husayn explained that the mission was using state-of-the-art documentation and recording techniques, particularly laser scanning and photogrammetry. It was creating 3D photogrammetric models and laser scans of the burial chambers of Padinist, director of the royal archives, Psamtek, chief physician and commander of the Libyan mercenaries, and Amentayefnakht, commander of recruits. It had also conducted conservation work on the polychrome reliefs and inscriptions found in the burial chambers, he said. (Nevine El- Aref, “Mummification workshop found at Saqqâra”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 19, 2018. Voir également Farah Tawfeek, “Egypt announces discovery of five stone tombs, golden mummy in Saqqâra”, Egypt Independent, July 14; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte à Saqqâra d’un atelier de momification et de chambres funéraires », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 14 juillet ; Nevine El-Aref, “New Saqqâra necropolis discovery to reveal secrets of mummification: Egypt Ministry of Antiquities”, Ahram Online, July 14 ; Muhammad ‘Abd al- Rahmân, « Travaux de la mission conjointe égypto-allemande dans la nécropole de Saqqâra », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 14 juillet ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Saqqâra : atelier de momification et chambres funéraires », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 15 juillet ; Nada Moustafa, “Egypt uncovers mummy burial site near Great Pyramids”, Sada al-Balad, July 15 ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Mise au jour d’un atelier de momification au sud de la pyramide d’Ounas », al-Ahrâm, 15 juillet ; Nasma Réda, « La nouvelle « mine d’or » de Saqqâra », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 18 juillet). - - A black granite sarcophagus that was discovered earlier this month in Alexandria has been opened in a ceremony attended by Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî. Wazîrî confirmed to Ahram Online that the sarcophagus does not belong to Alexander

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 35 the Great (356 – 323 BC) as had been speculated by some on social media. A committee from the Ministry of Antiquities has said that the sarcophagus houses the remains of three warriors who appear to have died during battle. The opening had been delayed for three days to water leaks. Wazîrî said that the date of the sarcophagus has not yet been determined, although early inspection suggests that it dates to the Ptolemaic (332–30 BC) or Roman (30 BC – 642 CE) eras. Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, an expert on mummies, said that the skull of one of the skeletons bears the mark of an arrow wound. Wazîrî said that the skeletons and the sarcophagus will be transferred to the antiquities ministry storehouse in Alexandria, where they will undergo restoration and further inspection. (Nevine El-Aref, “Recently discovered Alexandria sarcophagus opened; does not belong to Alexander the Great”, Ahram Online, July 19, 2018. Voir également Nada Moustafa, “Mysterious giant sarcophagus discovered in Egypt”, Sada al- Balad, July 10; Ahmad ‘Âshûr, « Le sarcophage d’Alexandrie arrive aux entrepôts du ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Dustûr du 20 juillet ; Hâgar Fu’âd, « Récapitulatif de la découverte du sarcophage d’Alexandrie », al- Shurûq du 21 juillet). - - The turntable An over 4,400-year-old pottery workshop has been discovered near Kom Ombo Temple in Aswân, Upper Egypt as maintenance work was being carried out to reduce the level of underground water beneath the temple. The workshop, the oldest ancient Egyptian workshop ever discovered, dating back to the Fourth Dynasty (2,613 - 2,494 BC), was found in the area located between the Crocodile Museum and the Nile’s shore. The structure has semi-circular holes of different sizes and contains a collection of cylindrical stone blocks used to melt and mix clay. A pottery manufacturing wheel and its limestone turntable were also discovered. “The discovery is an important and rare one,” Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online, adding that this is the oldest workshop ever found in the country. Wazîrî explains that the discovery gives insight into the daily lives of ancient Egyptians as well as the development of pottery and industry throughout Egypt’s different dynastic periods.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 36 Wazîrî asserted that this is the first potterymanufacturing wheel to be found from the ancient Egyptian era, adding that several reliefs and paintings showing the development of pottery in ancient Egypt had been previously discovered. Egyptologist Miroslav VERNER had discovered just the head of a potterymanufacturing wheel made of burned clay in a pottery workshop found at Queen Khentkawes II’s temple in Abûsîr necropolis. (Nevine El- Aref, “Oldest-ever ancient Egyptian workshop discovered in Aswân”, Ahram Online, July 19, 2018. Voir également Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte du plus ancien atelier de poterie dans le temple de Kom Ombo », Watanî, 19 juillet ; Associated Press, “Archaeologists discover 4000-year-old pottery workshop in Egypt”, Egypt Independent, July 20). - - Lundi 23 juillet 2018 An online petition with the support of thousands of people across the globe is urging the Egyptian government to let them drink the strange red water found in the sarcophagus recently opened last Thursday in Alexandria. Upon opening the black granite sarcophagus, archaeologists found three skeletons and a red liquid speculated to be sewage water that leaked into the coffin, causing the mummies to decompose according to an Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities report. This hasn’t stopped people from believing that the sarcophagus might still be supernatural in nature, prompting a twitter user to launch this petition, which quickly went viral. “We need to drink the red liquid from the cursed dark sarcophagus in the form of some sort of carbonated energy drink so we can assume its powers and finally die,” the petition says. Its goal of 25,000 signatures has successfully reached 17,597 in just three days from launch. On the petition numerous users showcased their support for the initiative, with one writing that “personally, I am flattered by this petition and fully support it, please sign and let us begin a new era of darkness with me, the skeleton king himself, as your overlord”. (Hend El-Behary, “Thousands sign a petition to drink the red water found in sarcophagus to gain superpowers”, Egypt Independent, July 23, 2018. Voir également Radwa Hâshim, « Wazîrî : Analyse des échantillons du liquide prélevés à l’intérieur du sarcophage », al- Watan, 21 juillet ; « Le liquide rouge du sarcophage d’Alexandrie deviendra-t-il une panacée universelle ? », al-Tahrîr, 21 juillet ; « La vérité sur le jus de momies et l’élixir de la vie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 21 juillet ; Nada Moustafa, “Egypt sarcophagus: 18,000 sign petition demanding to drink ‘JUICE’ from the tomb”, Sada al-Balad, July 24). - - Mercredi 25 juillet 2018 La croix creusée orne l’abside du monastère. (© Ministère des Antiquités) 484 pièces de monnaie en cuivre et bronze remontant au IVe siècle ainsi qu’un récipient et quelques fragments de poteries ont été saisis par le ministère de l’Intérieur, qui a intercepté,

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 37 il y a deux semaines, des voleurs pendant leurs fouilles clandestines près du village de Shiba-Est, à Abû Qurqâs, dans le gouvernorat de Minyâ. Suite à cette arrestation, le ministère des Antiquités a formé un comité archéologique chargé de faire des études sur cette région. « C’est une région rocheuse difficile à franchir, mais très vaste, puisqu’elle s’étend sur une superficie de 2 km x 600 m. La région est encore vierge et très prometteuse », assure Gamâl al-Simistâwî, directeur général des antiquités de la Moyenne Égypte et chef du comité, ajoutant que les relevés archéologiques préliminaires effectués dans la région avaient permis de faire plusieurs découvertes, dont des monastères creusés dans la roche. « Le centre de chaque monastère est occupé par un autel voûté, dont le mur est orné d’une croix, alors que les murs latéraux sont couverts de dessins fragmentés et colorés », explique al-Simistâwî. D’après les archéologues, la montagne rocheuse et ses grottes servaient, avant le début du christianisme, de carrière de laquelle les habitants des alentours ciselaient des blocs de calcaire pour construire leurs bâtiments. Ensuite, ces grottes sont devenues, pour les premiers chrétiens, un refuge dans lequel ils se retiraient pour fuir les persécutions romaines. Les relevés préliminaires ont aussi mis au jour une quantité considérable de fragments de poteries, qui étaient peut-être utilisées pour le transport de l’eau ou la conservation d’huile, ou encore dans le cadre de rites religieux. Ces fragments indiquent l’occupation du site pendant plusieurs siècles. Par ailleurs, le comité archéologique a trouvé sur le site plusieurs tombeaux romains ornés de dessins coloriés et de textes inscrits sur les parois. « Cela indique la présence de plusieurs autres tombes à découvrir », souligne Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA). À quelque 200 mètres en face des monastères, le comité a trouvé, à 3 mètres de profondeur, un troisième groupe de tombeaux, composés d’étroites salles, dont quelques-unes portent des inscriptions. Toujours à ce niveau a été mis au jour un fossé au sein de la roche, qui mène à un couloir de 150 m de long, qui renferme à son tour au moins 25 tombes. « Je pense que le site archéologique découvert s’étend de la montagne à Shiba-Est jusqu’au pied du village de Dayr Abû Hennès, soit sur environ 3 km », affirme Gamal al- Simistâwî. Une très vaste région à enregistrer par le ministère des Antiquités parmi les sites archéologiques, pour ensuite former une mission scientifique, sur la base du rapport de l’actuel comité qui y opère. (Doaa Elhami, « Shiba-Est, un site prometteur », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 25 juillet 2018). - - Squelette d’animal trouvé à Ghazâla (© Ministère des Antiquités) La mission archéologique égyptienne opérant sur le site de Tell Ghazâla, situé dans le gouvernorat d’al-Daqahliyya, dans le Delta, a découvert des tombes humaines et animales ainsi que deux brasseries, des vestiges d’habitation et du mobilier funéraire. « C’est la première fois que nous découvrons dans cette région un squelette humain remontant à la dernière période de la préhistoire égyptienne, dite Nagada III (3300-3150 av. J.-C.) », a déclaré Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, chef du secteur des monuments égyptiens au ministère des Antiquités.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 38 Les tombes datant de la période prédynastique renferment des squelettes d’animaux, surtout de chiens de chasse et de garde. L’une renferme le squelette d’un homme accroupi, enterré avec des pots en albâtre et de la poterie. La mission a en outre mis au jour deux brasseries pour la fabrication de bière. Celles-ci viennent s’ajouter aux trois autres découvertes, toujours à Tell Ghazâla, par la mission polonaise qui a travaillé sur le site de 1998 à 2008. « Cette région a révélé beaucoup de secrets de la préhistoire égyptienne. On a également découvert différents types de palettes et de stèles ainsi que des outils fabriqués en pierre, comme des couteaux », a expliqué le chef du secteur. Le site de Tell Ghazâla, également appelé Tell al-Farkha, compte parmi les sites les plus importants en ce qui concerne la fabrication de la bière en Égypte et constitue l’un des plus riches sites archéologiques dans le Delta du Nil. La région, composée de trois collines, a connu son apogée historique à partir de la fin de la préhistoire égyptienne jusqu’à la Ière dynastie pharaonique. Sur la colline est, les archéologues polonais avaient découvert, en 1998, un cimetière de près de 108 tombes — humaines et animales — ainsi que les vestiges d’une résidence, où ils ont trouvé les fragments de deux statues en or représentant sans doute un souverain prédynastique et son fils, un collier de perles et deux grands couteaux en silex. Sur la colline ouest, ils avaient mis au jour les vestiges d’un vaste centre administratif et cultuel datant de la Ière dynastie. (Nasma Réda, « Tombes humaines et animales mises au jour à Tell Ghazâla », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 25 juillet 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte de sépultures humaines et animales à Tell Ghazâla », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 4 juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte de sépultures humaines et animales à al-Sinbilâwayn », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 juillet ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Tell Ghazâla », Sada al-Balad, 4 juillet). - - Un tas de poteries attend les analyses minutieuses. (© Ministère des Antiquités) Plus de 500 poteries et fragments de poteries de diverses tailles et formes ainsi que des os humains ont été récemment découverts dans le jardin muséologique — le patio — du Musée gréco-romain d’Alexandrie, l’un des plus anciens musées d’Égypte et dont le bâtiment est inscrit sur la liste des monuments islamiques. « Il s’agit d’une cachette archéologique qui a été mise au jour au cours des travaux de réaménagement du musée et de son enceinte, effectués par l’Organisme d’ingénierie de l’armée égyptienne sous la supervision du département archéologique du ministère égyptien des Antiquités », indique le directeur général des monuments islamiques, coptes et juifs des gouvernorats d’Alexandrie et de Matrûh, Muhammad Mitwallî.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 39 Selon les termes de Mitwallî, il s’agit plutôt d’une redécouverte que d’une découverte. « Les pièces découvertes ont été trouvées entassées avec précaution dans le jardin du musée. Peut-être qu’elles ont été enterrées pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale par l’archéologue français Alain RAW. Cette considérable quantité de poterie n’avait été ni étudiée, ni classifiée, ni enregistrée. Les pièces, bien qu’elles soient redécouvertes, représentent pour les archéologues un trésor inédit à analyser, à étudier et à restaurer », explique le directeur. Les objets mis au jour datent de diverses époques, partant de la préhistoire et jusqu’à la fin de l’ère islamique, en passant par les différentes époques de l’Égypte ancienne, gréco-romaine, byzantine et copte. Selon le directeur, elles varient aussi dans leur fonction. Tandis que certaines des poteries étaient utilisées pour la conservation d’huiles, d’autres servaient d’ustensiles de cuisine et celles d’un troisième groupe ressemblent à des encensoirs et à des flacons de parfum. « Parmi les pièces découvertes les plus impressionnantes, on trouve des hydra, qui servaient à conserver les cendres des défunts », explique la directrice du Département central des monuments grécoromains d’Alexandrie et de la péninsule du Sinaï, Nâdya Khidr. Parmi les plus belles pièces trouvées figurent des fragments de poteries colorés et décorés de motifs géométriques et botaniques. « Cette découverte en est encore à sa première étape. Le terrain est vaste et n’a pas encore été complètement travaillé. Certainement, le jardin muséologique nous offrira d’autres objets impressionnants », souligne le directeur. Les poteries et les fragments dégagés ont été envoyés au laboratoire archéologique de l’amphithéâtre gréco-romain pour être étudiés et restaurés. Beaucoup de questions se posent quant à la place d’origine de ces objets, leur âge, les circonstances de leur découverte et, surtout, la raison de leur conservation dans le patio du Musée gréco-romain sans qu’elles ne soient enregistrées. « Il faut prendre en considération que le musée a été conçu en vue d’être un musée consacré à la période gréco-romaine seulement. Il est donc étrange de trouver tous ces objets dans le patio », souligne le directeur. Quant aux os trouvés, ils seront soumis à des analyses anthropologiques pour être classifiés et datés. Mitwallî espère bien résoudre l’énigme de cette « cachette » et combler quelques lacunes de l’histoire égyptienne. (Doaa Elhami, « Une découverte énigmatique dans un musée », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 25 juillet 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte d’une cachette dans le jardin du Musée grécoromain d’Alexandrie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 2 juillet ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte d’une cachette dans le jardin du Musée grécoromain d’Alexandrie », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 2 juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une cachette d’époque gréco-romaine à Alexandrie », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 juillet ; MENA, « Mise au jour d’une cachette d’époque gréco-romaine à Alexandrie », Sada al-Balad, 2 juillet ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte de plusieurs centaines de poteries lors du réaménagement du jardin du

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 40 Musée gréco-romain d’Alexandrie », al-Ahrâm, 3 juillet ; Nivîn Kamil, « La cachette du Musée gréco-romain révèle une collection archéologique inédite », Watanî, 3 juillet). - - Jeudi 26 juillet 2018 Earlier this week, the heavily populated al- Karmallî Street in the Sîdî Gâbir district of Alexandria was a hive of activity when a committee from the Ministry of Antiquities came to the area to open the recently uncovered sealed black granite sarcophagus known as the “mysterious sarcophagus” of Alexandria. Three skeletons were inside the sarcophagus (…) An archaeological team headed by Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), travelled to Alexandria earlier this week and opened the sarcophagus after hours of hard work to detach the eight-ton lid from the sarcophagus located in its original pit five metres beneath ground level. On removing the lid, a disgusting smell spread out from the sarcophagus and a red liquid appeared on the surface. Delving inside the sarcophagus, three skeletons were found in the liquid. Early investigations have revealed that the liquid is sewage water that had leaked inside the sarcophagus through a crack in its righthand side, which in turn caused the decomposition of the mummies and turned them into skeletons. Mummification expert Sha‘bân ‘Abd al- Mun‘im explained that preliminary studies on the skeletons had shown that they belonged to soldiers because one of them had an arrow wound on its forehead. More examinations have to be carried out in order to know more about the skeletons, the causes of their deaths, the historic era they lived in and the diseases they may have suffered from. “The sarcophagus has been opened, but we have not been hit by a curse,” Wazîrî told Al-Ahram Weekly. He said that suggestions claiming that the sarcophagus might contain the mummy of Alexander the Great or Cleopatra or the New Kingdom Pharaoh Ramses II had proved unfounded. EVIDENCE: Archaeologists depend on scientific and archaeological evidence, and in the case of this sarcophagus no inscriptions were found so it is difficult to know the skeletons’ identities and the historic period they are from. (…) Speculation has also concerned the skeletons, as some claim they belong to one person at different stages of life. “Why has this sarcophagus captured all this attention? Most discovered stone sarcophagi are sealed and are more luxurious and elegant than the one found in Alexandria,” Wazîrî wondered. (…) As for the suggestion regarding the skeletons, Wazîrî said that it was totally unfounded. “How could the skeletons belong to one person in different stages of life? I think this is a joke from people on Facebook,” Wazîrî told the Weekly. He added that the skeletons were now being studied and it was too early to say anything about them. The sarcophagus is also under investigation in a bid to discover its historical period. (Nevine El-Aref, “Jack in the sarcophagus”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 26, 2018). - - La mission archéologique égyptienne travaillant à Sân al-Hagar dans le gouvernorat d’al-Sharqiyya vient d’achever les travaux de restauration et de réérection de l’un des colosses de Ramsès II. Cette intervention s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet de réaménagement de la zone de Sân al-Hagar,

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 41 initié par le ministère de l’Archéologie en décembre 2017. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a souligné que cette statue brisée en plusieurs fragments gisait sur le sol du temple depuis sa découverte à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ce colosse de granit rose de 6,50 m de hauteur pèse près de 30 tonnes. Il a été érigé sur un mastaba en béton, bien isolé des eaux souterraines. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie restaure le colosse de Ramsès II à Sân al-Hagar », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 26 juillet 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Restauration et réérection d’un colosse de Ramsès II à Sân al-Hagar », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 26 juillet). - - The discovery of the black granite sarcophagus in Alexandria has given rise to many all-tooexplicable rumours, writes Zâhî Hawwâs. The black granite sarcophagus that has been found in Alexandria has sparked a lot of speculation. I have been working in archaeology for a long time, but I have never heard so many rumours regarding a discovery as those that were spread around last month. They said that the sarcophagus had inscriptions on it that said that if the sarcophagus was opened, it would bring a curse on those who had opened it and even warned that the curse would hit the city of Alexandria itself. But what really made this sarcophagus the topic of the news was the fact that some people in the press thought that this could be the tomb of Alexander the Great, leading them to fill the papers with stories about him. The other rumour that was sparked by the sarcophagus emerged as it was opened and red-coloured water was found inside. People began to say that red mercury had been found inside the sarcophagus. This discovery made the world’s press and TV channels call me to find out my opinion. I will now explain the story of this mysterious sarcophagus. From the beginning, I said to the media all over the world that the sarcophagus had no curse attached to it and that the tomb of Alexander the Great could not be in this area. The red mercury was a myth, I said, and when the sarcophagus had been fully opened it would likely contain water and perhaps a skeleton. This was the result, and the media said that I had been right. We know that modern Egypt was built on Ancient Egypt and that even now people can dig in the courtyards of their homes and discover antiquities. This can be seen from Aswân to Alexandria. We have also to remember the site of Matariyya in Heliopolis where tombs and statues were found under the houses. We cannot forget the statue of Psamtik I that weighed eight-and-a-half tons and was found under houses in Matariyya. In the past, the Antiquities Service issued a law saying that if an individual wanted to rebuild his house he would have to go to the inspectorate offices and apply for permission. The Antiquities Service would then appoint

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 42 one of its inspectors to supervise the digging of new foundations. The law also says that if anything is found during this process the Antiquities Service will take it and leave the land to the owner. However, if a structure that cannot be moved is found, the Antiquities Service will pay compensation to the owner for the land and declare it an archaeological area. This happened with land that once belonged to the Lawyers Syndicate, where a beautifully decorated tomb and statues were found. The syndicate was paid LE50 million for the land, which became the property of the Antiquities Service. In Alexandria, there are areas that fall under this law, and one of these is where the black granite sarcophagus was found underneath the foundations of buildings in a narrow hole. The photographs that were taken of the sarcophagus made it look as if it belonged to an important person because it is huge and is thought to weigh 30 tons. We know that the black granite came from Aswân, so the owner must have been someone important. However, the photographs made it look as if the only person who could have had the power to cut a granite sarcophagus and ship it from Aswân would have to have been a king. This led to the first rumour and the story of the curse. It must be stated clearly that the curse of the Pharaohs is a myth. However, many people believe in it, and it became widely known after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and the death of Lord CARNARVON, the funder of the expedition, only five months after the discovery. The problem came about after CARNARVON gave exclusive rights to the London Times to write about the discovery of the tomb, while other newspapers had to rely on the information published by the Times before they could publish anything about the discovery. These reporters considered CARNARVON’s death to be a great story to write about and began to write fake stories about his death and the possibility of a curse. We know that the Ancient Egyptians wrote curses at the entrances of their tombs. In one of the tombs that I found in the cemetery of the Pyramid builders at Gîza, I found the following inscription: “anyone who enters this tomb will be eaten by the crocodile, the hippo, and the lion.” The death of CARNARVON in late February 1923 triggered stories about the curse of the Pharaohs, sometimes called the curse of the mummy, and the curse of the sarcophagus. The stories spread like wildfire, making a lot of people believe that an ancient curse had been reawakened when Tutankhamun’s tomb was opened. While CARNARVON lay ill with pneumonia in the old Shepheard’s Hotel in Cairo, stories of the curse were being spread by a novelist called Marie CORELLI. She claimed that she possessed a rare book in Arabic entitled The Egyptian History of the Pyramids that supposedly said that “the most dire punishment follows any rash intruder into a sealed tomb, and secret poisons [are] enclosed in boxes in such wise that those who touch them shall not know how they came to suffer.” She also hinted that something more sinister than a mosquito bite had made CARNARVON sick. There were no more rumours about Ancient Egyptian curses in the media for some years, but they re-emerged in the rumours about the inscriptions on the sarcophagus found in Alexandria. I told the press that no inscriptions had been found on it. The sarcophagus is plain, and there is nothing written on it. I told the reporters that there was no such thing as a curse, which was just a myth. THE TRUTH OF THE CURSE: I explained the truth about the curse to one TV presenter. “The dearest wish of an Ancient Egyptian was to have his or her name live forever. Tutankhamun, after vanishing in complete obscurity for thousands of years, would likely have been grateful rather than angry that his tomb was finally discovered. He is now the best-known and the most talked-about of all Egyptian kings, and his name is spoken more frequently than he could ever have imagined. I

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 43 don’t believe he would have put a curse upon those who found him,” I said. If you discover a tomb with a mummy inside, it will contain germs that you cannot see. In the past, archaeologists were often in a hurry, and they used to enter the tombs right after they had opened them, meaning that they could be infected with these germs. What we do now when we open a sealed tomb is leave it open for a few hours until the contaminated air has gone and fresh air has entered the tomb. No curse can happen if we are careful. I talked to Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî about the rumours I told him were circulating before the sarcophagus was opened. We both laughed, and I told him that because the sarcophagus had not been opened yet we would hear many more rumours. The second rumour that spread across the world, and was made up by the foreign press, was that the sarcophagus belonged to Alexander the Great. I said that we are sure that the tomb of Alexander the Great is in Alexandria, and we have a text that describes the tomb as being in the city. We also cannot forget the famous Greek waiter who got permission in 1963 to look for the tomb underneath the al-Raml Station in Alexandria and even began to collect money from Greek citizens on the grounds that he knew the location of the tomb. Some people have believed that the tomb is under Nabî Daniel Street in Alexandria. The late Fawzî al-Fakharânî thought the tomb could be in the area of the Latin cemetery in the al-Shatbî neighbourhood of the city. I myself believe that the tomb will be discovered by accident one day, because most of the tombs and monuments in Alexandria have been found by accident. For example, one day a man was driving in a cart pulled by a donkey when the leg of the donkey fell into a hole, revealing the Catacombs of Kom al-Shuqâfa. The remains of the ancient theatre were also found by accident underneath Kom al-Dikka. However, the sarcophagus was found in the area of Sîdî Gâbir, and it cannot have belonged to Alexander because Sîdî Gâbir is not above a royal cemetery dating to the Ptolemaic Period. Moreover, the sarcophagus was found in a hole, and if it had been Alexander’s tomb it would have had decorated rooms around it and would have been decorated with scenes and inscriptions of the name of Alexander the Great. Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) Mustafa Wazîrî went to Alexandria to witness the opening of the sarcophagus. The following day, I was at the Ministry of Antiquities to attend a meeting, and al-‘Inânî told me that the sarcophagus had been opened. It had been found that it had been cracked open in antiquity, he said, and water had leaked inside it and turned red, making everyone say it was red mercury. The latter is also a legendary substance. Some people believe that if you open the neck of a mummy you will find liquid called red mercury. This will allow you to control the spirits and make you rich, they say. Many still believe this, and people sometimes stop me to ask about it. Of course, there is no truth in the stories of red mercury, though I have to say that one of the reasons the Egyptian Museum in Cairo was saved during the 25 January Revolution was because people thought they might find red mercury inside it. The water that was found inside the sarcophagus, on the other hand, was red because it was mixed with mummy remains and had turned red as a result. Inside the sarcophagus, three skeletons were found, and it has been announced that these were probably of soldiers who died in battle because one of the skulls has a wound from an arrow in it. The sarcophagus was opened, and no curse took hold. It is not the tomb of Alexander the Great, and the red water is not red mercury. Some journalists have claimed that the Antiquities Ministry made a mistake because it did not open the sarcophagus under the eyes of the cameras. However, this was not done because we already knew that

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 44 there was nothing inside the sarcophagus: we did not want to open it live on air to reveal some water and a few skeletons. Egypt has received great publicity all over the world thanks to rumours. These will never stop because even today thousands of people want to drink the “juice of mummies” as they believe it will give them more energy. I have never heard rumours of the present kind attending any similar discovery. But to me they are not strange because the Pharaohs continue to generate mystery and magic. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “The story of the mysterious sarcophagus”, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 26, 2018. Voir également Muhammad Maglî, « Sarcophage d’Alexandre le Grand : un vieil immeuble conduit à une tombe historique », al-Tahrîr, 18 juillet ; Shirîf Sulaymân, « Zâhî Hawwâs : Le sarcophage découvert à Alexandrie ne renferme aucune malédiction », al-Watan, 19 juillet ; Ahmed Moamar, “Egyptologist denies Curse of the Pharaohs”, Sada al-Balad, July 20; Nasma Réda, « L’énigme du sarcophage d’Alexandrie bientôt résolue », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 25 juillet ; Nasma Réda, « Spéculations sur l’emplacement de la tombe d’Alexandre le Grand », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 25 juillet). - - Vendredi 27 juillet 2018 A committee will be tasked with creating Egypt’s first museum of religious tolerance, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî announced on Thursday. The museum will aim to demonstrate how Islam’s teachings of tolerance, combined with Egypt’s inclusive culture, created a diverse environment for religions to flourish. It will include pieces from Pharaonic, Islamic, Coptic and Jewish civilizations. Located in the New Administrative Capital, the museum will neighbour the city’s main mosque on a 50.15 meter stretch of land, with the possibility of added length. The council is currently collecting a pick of centrepieces, to be ready for display by the time the museum is built, and arranged by a panel of professionals. The panel includes esteemed archaeologist and ex-Antiquities Minister Zâhî Hawwâs, General Manager of the Tahrîr Egyptian Museum Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, and General Manager of the Islamic Museum Mamdûh ‘Uthmân. Egypt has shown a recent interest in portraying minority faiths in its history. In 2017, the Egyptian Museum held a display titled “Egypt: the cradle of religions”, where it displayed several Islamic and Coptic artifacts. Moreover, Egypt hosts an Islamic Art Museum and a Coptic Museum, while Magda Haroun, head of Egypt’s Jewish Community Council, is undergoing efforts to create a national Jewish museum. (Farah Tawfeek, “Egypt plans to establish its first religious tolerance museum”, Egypt Independent, July 27, 2018). - - Mardi 31 juillet 2018 An Egyptian-Australian mission from Macquarie University has accidently uncovered the burial chambers of Rimushenty and Baqet II, who were top officials during ancient Egypt’s Middle Kingdom and rulers of the country’s 16th Nome.

J u i l l e t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 45 The discovery was made while the team was carrying out cleaning work inside a tomb at the Banî Hasan necropolis in Minyâ governorate. No mummies or sarcophagi were found in the burial chambers. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Department at the Ministry of Antiquities, said that Rimushenty’s burial chamber was found at the bottom of a three-metre-deep shaft. al-‘Ashmâwî told Ahram Online that no funerary collection was found inside the main burial chamber, explaining that the collection "was probably removed by British Egyptologist Percy E. NEWBERRY, who worked in Banî Hasan necropolis between 1893 and 1900." al-‘Ashmâwî said that the burial chamber has an empty rectangular space that likely once housed the now-missing sarcophagus. A collection of clay food containers was also found in two side burial chambers located to the east and west of the main chamber. Gamâl al-Simistâwî, General Director of Middle Egypt Antiquities, said that Baqet II’s burial chamber has the same design as Ramushenty chamber. al-Simistâwî added that the walls of the main chamber are painted with well-preserved coloured scenes dedicated to Baqet II. A collection of clay vessels was also found in the chamber. Egyptologist Nagîb Qanawâtî, the head of the mission, said that the team will resume its work in January to clean, restore and study the wall paintings as well as inspect the shaft and burial chambers as the first step towards scientific publication. The mission has been working in Banî Hasan necropolis since 2009. (Nevine El-Aref, “Burial chambers of two Middle Kingdom officials discovered in Egypt’s Minyâ”, Ahram Online, July 31, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise au jour à Banî Hasan des tombes de Rimushenty et de Baqet II », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 31 juillet ; Ahmad Mansûr, « L’histoire des 39 tombes pharaoniques à Banî Hasan », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 31 juillet ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte de chambres funéraires dans 2 tombes du Moyen Empire à Minyâ », al- Ahrâm, 1er août ; “Two Ancient Egyptian tombs uncovered in Minyâ”, Egypt Independent, August 1st). - - Le directeur général de la zone archéologique d’Aswân, ‘Abd al-Mun‘im al- Sa‘îd, a annoncé l’approbation par le ministère de l’Archéologie d’un projet visant à éliminer les arbres et les mauvaises herbes disséminés autour du temple de Philæ. Un appel d’offres sera prochainement lancé. Le déboisement et le désherbage sont d’une grande importance dans la mesure où ils contribuent à la lutte contre les incendies, les insectes et les serpents, sources de danger pour les travailleurs et les visiteurs du temple. Après un précédent désherbage, les mauvaises herbes ont repoussé à nouveau. Cette fois-ci, l’intervention visera à trouver une solution définitive et radicale. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie approuve le déboisement et le désherbage autour du temple de Philæ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 31 juillet 2018). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 46 II – AOÛT 2018 Mercredi 1er août 2018 250 répliques retraçant l’histoire de l’Égypte ont quitté le port d’Alexandrie il y a quelques jours pour être exposées au Palais des Papes de Viterbo, en Italie. La première exposition, celle de pièces de l’art copte, entre dans le cadre du projet de ressusciter le trajet de la Sainte Famille en Égypte. Il s’agit aussi de renforcer les relations égyptoitaliennes. « La collection choisie pour être exposée est unique et inestimable. C’est pourquoi il était très difficile de la faire sortir du Musée copte », souligne ‘Amr al-Tîbî, chef de l’Unité des répliques antiques au ministère des Antiquités, ajoutant que c’est de là qu’a surgi l’idée d’exposer des répliques. « Cette idée a été appréciée par la Fondation Benedetti Società Italiana di Beneficenza (S.I.B.) qui organise l’exposition », reprend al-Tîbî, assurant que c’est la première exposition du genre à l’étranger, organisée par l’Unité des répliques en coopération avec une association caritative. « On a assisté à plusieurs événements qui étaient consacrés uniquement à la vente des pièces, mais pas pour exposer la civilisation égyptienne », affirme-t-il. Suite à la demande du Palazzo dei Papi de Viterbo, la première exposition sera inaugurée le 24 juin et durera jusqu’au 30 octobre, elle comprendra 60 pièces représentant l’art copte. Cette collection varie entre des répliques d’icônes exposées au Musée copte et représentant le circuit de la Sainte Famille en Égypte, en plus d’une vingtaine d’autres répliques de pièces provenant de sites coptes. « Un grand nombre de ces répliques est identique à l’original de dimensions 1 à 1. Et même le matériel utilisé est très semblable à l’original », assure al-Tîbî. D’après le protocole signé, c’est la Fondation S.I.B. qui est chargée de l’emballage, du transport et de l’assurance avec la compagnie égyptienne Misr d’assurance. Il est à noter que la totalité de la collection des répliques qui compte 250 pièces est estimée à presque 3,5 millions de L.E. Le Palazzo dei Papi de Viterbo est le plus important monument historique de cette ville du nord d’Italie, qui fut pendant le temps une résidence des papes. Ce palais a été érigé dans sa forme actuelle au milieu du XIIIe siècle et faisait avec Viterbo l’un des plus importants lieux saints de l’Italie. Étant un bâtiment massif, deux grandes salles ont été réservées pour ces deux expositions. La deuxième exposition, « Trésors de l’Égypte », aura lieu du 30 juin et dure aussi jusqu’à la fin du mois d’octobre. Cette exposition retrace l’histoire de l’Égypte au cours des siècles depuis la préhistoire jusqu’à l’époque islamique. Parmi les pièces exposées, la palette de Narmer, la statue du scribe et du Cheikh al- Balad, ainsi que la statue représentant la femme portant des offrandes et la collection dorée du roi Toutankhamon. L’époque grécoromaine est représentée par la tête d’Alexandre le Grand, et les célèbres portraits du Fayyûm. Le scénario « chronologique » de l’exposition se termine par une célèbre collection de répliques de la céramique islamique qui se trouve au musée d’Art islamique.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 47 Pour la première fois, l’Unité archéologique des répliques copie la statue de Ptah, symbole de l’art en Égypte ancienne. Si la statue originale exposée au Musée du Caire fait 60 cm de long, la nouvelle réplique est géante, elle mesure 4 m. Un travail qui a duré plus de 3 mois consécutifs. De même, l’une des pièces maîtresses est la grande statue de la déesse Selket, faisant 3,5 m de haut, celle-ci était la bienfaisante qui protégeait le sarcophage du pharaon. « Ces deux expositions seront suivies par la mise en vente de ces répliques dites antiques », déclare-t-il. En marge de cet événement, de nombreuses répliques de petites dimensions seront également mises en vente, telle la tête de la reine Néfertiti. Tête d’Akhenaton Si ces expositions aident à la promotion du tourisme, elles reflètent également l’habileté du sculpteur et de l’artiste égyptien à produire des répliques authentiques des pièces originales. « C’est une excellente manière d’exposer la civilisation égyptienne à l’étranger, faire de la promotion touristique pour le pays tout en protégeant nos pièces », assure al-Tîbî. Et d’ajouter que c’est un moyen rentable pour le ministère des Antiquités. « Les pièces fabriquées par des matériaux presque semblables à l’original sont normalement de grande valeur et sont plus chères que celles produites par d’autres matériaux », indique al-Tîbî. Ce dernier assure que l’Unité des répliques antiques, créée en 2004, a pour but non seulement de revivifier l’art égyptien, mais aussi de reproduire des répliques pour les exporter aux grands musées du monde vendant dans leurs bazars des pièces égyptiennes qui ne sont pas de la même qualité produite en Égypte par le ministère. Indiquant alors la nécessité d’accélérer les pas pour créer une société relevant du ministère pour la production des répliques dans les domaines archéologiques. Un pas tant attendu depuis la décision présidentielle en 2004, suivie d’un ordre de l’ancien ministre de l’Industrie et du Commerce en 2015, Munîr Fakhrî ‘Abd al-Nûr, d’interdire l’importation des répliques des biens culturels égyptiens, afin de préserver l’héritage et l’art populaire et de protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle des Égyptiens. « Avant cette décision, les importations des répliques de la Chine dépassaient les 10 milliards de L.E. », assure al-Tîbî. Selon lui, le marché égyptien a besoin de ces pièces, surtout avec le retour du tourisme en Égypte. Actuellement, toutes les procédures ont été prises pour la mise en oeuvre de cette société. (Nasma Réda, « Le patrimoine égyptien exposé en Italie », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 1er août 2018. Voir également MENA « L’exposition des répliques archéologiques a attiré 5 000 visiteurs en Italie », al-Tahrîr, 4 août). - - Muraille du Caire. (© AKTC) al-Darb al-Ahmar, l’une des plus anciennes régions du Caire historique, compte près de 67 monuments remontant à l’époque

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 48 islamique. C’est là qu’opère l’Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) depuis presque 20 ans. Au cours de cette période, la société a installé le parc al-Azhar et restauré, en coopération avec le ministère des Antiquités, 10 monuments de diverses époques islamiques, ainsi que le triangle qui se compose de la muraille de Gawhar al-Siqillî et de celle de Salâh al-Dîn al- Ayyûbî. « Ce nombre considérable de monuments mérite d’être mis sur la carte touristique égyptienne », souligne Shirîf ‘Iryân, directeur exécutif de l’AKTC. Pour ce faire, un protocole, nommé « Protocole d’al-Mârdânî », a été signé fin mai entre l’AKTC et le ministère des Antiquités, dont le but est de restaurer le côté est de la mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al- Mârdânî et, surtout, de créer un circuit touristique reliant les monuments restaurés par la société et dont le point de départ et de fin se trouvent au parc al-Azhar. Le projet est financé par l’Union Européenne. La porte nord du parc al-Azhar est le point de départ de la tournée dans la région d’al- Darb al-Ahmar. De là, le visiteur tombe sur la muraille ayyoubide, qui renferme Bâb al- Mahrûq (la porte brûlée), porte incendiée par les Mamelouks en 652 suite à l’assassinat de leur émir Aqtaï. Vu la longueur du circuit de la porte jusqu’au deuxième monument, les responsables ont installé un point de repos pour que les visiteurs puissent siroter une boisson fraîche ou une tasse de café. En continuant, on arrive au complexe de Khâyyir bey et à la Mosquée bleue, dénommée ainsi en raison de ses murs recouverts de céramique de couleur bleue, à l’exemple de la Mosquée bleue d’Istanbul. « C’est l’une des rares mosquées bleues au monde », explique ‘Imâd ‘Uthmân, ancien directeur de la région archéologique d’al-Darb al-Ahmar auprès du ministère des Antiquités. Le troisième édifice à visiter est la mosquée et l’école d’Umm al-Sultan Sha‘bân de l’époque mamelouke (770 de l’hégire-1368). Elle a été construite par le sultan al-Ashraf Sha‘bân Ibn Husayn, qui l’a offerte à sa mère, ce qui explique son nom. Le circuit continue en direction du nord pour atteindre la mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî. En plus des mosquées, le trajet touristique renferme plusieurs maisons, à l’exemple de celle de Qâytbây, le sultan qui a laissé au monde un trésor considérable d’architecture islamique. Ici se trouve un autre point de repos. « Les cafés présentent des produits de bonne qualité et le personnel sera formé pour accueillir les visiteurs », souligne ‘Iryân. Le circuit touristique propose ensuite deux autres mosquées, celle d’Inâl al-Yûsufî et celle de Mahmûd al-Kurdî, qui remontent toutes les deux à l’époque mamelouke. Le trajet passe aussi par la fontaine et la zâwiya (petite mosquée) de Farag Ibn Barqûq, un exemple de monuments déplacés de leur place d’origine. « Cette zâwiya a été construite à 4 mètres de Bâb Zuwayla en 1408, soit en 811 de l’hégire. Mais en 1922, elle a été reculée de 4 mètres pour se trouver actuellement à 8 mètres de Bâb Zuwayla. Ce transfert a pris 10 ans de travail », explique ‘Uthmân. Les derniers monuments du circuit sont les mosquées Abû Hrayba dans la rue al-Darb al- Ahmar et Aslam al-Silihdâr à Darb Sha‘lân. Vu sa beauté, la première est actuellement l’effigie du billet de 50 L.E. Sans oublier les ateliers et les boutiques artisanaux que les visiteurs peuvent admirer tout au long du circuit, qui prend fin à la porte est du parc al- Azhar. La réalisation du circuit touristique exige, à part la restauration, la présence de beaucoup d’autres détails. Actuellement, les monuments sont, en effet, privés de panneaux descriptifs, et certaines rues ne sont pas pavées et donc pas aménagées pour les véhicules. Elles ont aussi besoin d’un réseau d’éclairage. « La région en question a besoin d’un réaménagement total », assure ‘Iryân. Et d’ajouter : « Nous coopérons avec toutes les directions concernées, notamment les municipalités, le gouvernorat et les ministères concernés, pour pouvoir commencer notre projet ». La longueur du circuit sera de 1,5 km, ce qui exige des moyens de transport. « On compte utiliser des voitures ou des bus électriques, afin de transférer les touristes

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 49 d’une station à l’autre. C’est une distance qui nécessite des moyens de transport confortables », reprend le directeur. Pour que le circuit soit le plus riche possible, le visiteur est censé se diriger au Centre des visiteurs avant de commencer sa visite. Il y reçoit des informations sur l’histoire de la région et les monuments qu’il trouvera tout au long de la tournée. Le Centre sera constitué de 3 parties, dont des salles d’exposition qui traitent de l’histoire et de l’archéologie de la région d’al-Darb al-Ahmar à travers ses monuments fatimides, ayyoubides, mamelouks et ottomans, et leurs différentes formes d’artisanat. La deuxième partie sera une salle de théâtre, alors que la dernière comprendra des salles pour les travaux artisanaux d’enfants, de jeunes et d’autres personnes intéressées. Le projet a été lancé le 1er juin et prendra 26 mois. Il permettra aussi de créer des emplois et des activités rentables pour la région d’al-Darb al-Ahmar, en lien direct avec le développement et l’évolution du circuit touristique. D’après ‘Iryân, les premières étapes du circuit seront achevées au bout d’un an. Il espère que ce circuit sera placé sur la carte touristique égyptienne. (Doaa Elhami, « Excursion à travers les époques islamiques », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 1er août 2018). - - Le ministère de l’Archéologie a lancé des travaux de réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor et de la région environnante. Des fouilles archéologiques méthodiques y seront mises en place. Ce chantier servira également à l’entraînement des jeunes archéologues dans l’enregistrement et la documentation scientifiques. Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a souligné que les fouilles visent à exhumer toutes les dépendances du temple, notamment les bâtiments de service. De son côté, le directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Tûd, Yahya ‘Abd al- Bârî, a précisé que les blocs inscrits ont été surélevés sur des mastabas et exposés dans le musée à ciel ouvert, des panneaux signalétiques en arabe et en anglais ont été installés afin de faciliter la visite, l’entrée du temple a été correctement réaménagée, les mauvaises herbes disséminées à l’intérieur et tout autour du temple ont été éliminées. Des ouvriers appartenant à l’Administration architecturale veilleront au désherbage au moins une fois par mois. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er août 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie se lance dans le réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er août ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement du temple al- Tûd à Louqsor », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 1er août ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor », al-Shurûq, 1er août ; « Le ministère de l’Archéologie se lance dans le réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor », al-Dustûr, 1er août ; Ahmad al-Sa‘dî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance un projet de réaménagement du temple al-Tûd à Louqsor », al-Gumhûriyya, 1er août). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 50 Jeudi 2 août 2018 Restoration work carried out on Ramses II statue and the column of its temple (photo courtesy: Ministry of Antiquities) The Sân al-Hagar or Tanis archaeological site, once the capital of the 22nd and 23rd dynasties of Ancient Egypt, is located in the north of the Delta and consists of large-scale monumental remains. One of the country’s largest and most-impressive sites and often dubbed the “Luxor of the North”, it is being redeveloped as an open-air museum with a view to reopening in September. The site is characterised by reused materials from neighbouring sites from earlier periods such as Qantîr, or Pi-Ramses, which was Egypt’s capital during the reign of the Pharaoh Ramses II, and from the Hyksos capital of Avaris. Tanis is the richest archaeological site in Delta because it gathers materials from the Old Kingdom right through the Third Intermediate Period. Stone reliefs at the site can be dated to the reign of the Fourth- Dynasty Pharaoh Khufu and the Fifth-Dynasty Pharaoh Pepi I. Other materials from the Middle Kingdom have been found at the site, including the atrium and lintel of Senousert I and the pillar of Amenmehat I. The city flourished during the reign of the 19th-Dynasty Pharaoh Ramses II who constructed three temples in it to mark the visits of his father and grandfather to the city, even though he built his own capital in Qantîr and called it Pi-Ramses. During the 21st and 22nd dynasties, Tanis was a royal necropolis housing the tombs of kings and queens as well as nobles and military leaders. French archaeologist Auguste MARIETTE was the first man to excavate the site, where he unearthed 400 stelae as well as a collection of Middle Kingdom statues. However, he mistakenly identified the site as the capital city of Ramses II, and it was only when the British archaeologist Flinders PETRIE later worked at the site that a detailed plan of the city with its temples and other structures was drawn up. PETRIE discovered a Roman papyrus at the site that is now on display at the British Museum in London. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), told Al- Ahram Weekly that French archaeologist Pierre MONTET’s excavations between the 1920s and 1950s were the most important exploration work carried out in Tanis. MONTET showed that Tanis was not the ancient Pi-Ramses or Avaris but was a third capital in the Delta during the 21st Dynasty. He also unearthed the royal necropolis of the 21st and 22nd dynasties in 1939 with its unique treasures that are now on display at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square. “This discovery was not recognised like the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 because of the outbreak of World War II at the time,” Wazîrî said, emphasising that it had had a similar importance. Among the tombs uncovered were those of the Pharaohs Psusennes I, Amenemonpe, Osorkon II and Sheshonq III.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 51 The remarkable sarcophagi of Sheshonq III and Taklot II were also found, along with other artefacts showing the royal funerary rituals and goods of the Third Intermediate Period. “Although several archaeological missions have worked on the site for almost 100 years, it has never been completely excavated,” Wazîrî said, adding that the whole area had been damaged due to the high level of subterranean water and erosion affecting the monuments. The creation of a fish farm near the site had added to these problems. In the early 2000s, a project was carried out to decrease the water level and a wall was constructed to protect the area. However, it was only in December 2017 that the Ministry of Antiquities launched a comprehensive rescue project to restore Tanis and develop the site into an open-air museum of Ancient Egyptian art. Wazîrî explained that the project aimed to lift the monumental blocks, reliefs, columns, statues, and stelae laying on the sand at the site and to restore and re-erect them on concrete slabs to protect them for future generations. A documentation project on the site and its monuments was also undertaken. During the work, archaeologists stumbled upon a stelae of the 19th-Dynasty Pharaoh Ramses II carved in red granite and depicting the king presenting offerings to an unidentified Ancient Egyptian deity. Another three stelae of Senusert III, Pepi I and Khufu were also found in pieces a metre below ground level. “Work is in full swing in order to reopen the site in early September,” Wazîrî told the Weekly, adding that he had engaged a team of workers from Luxor to spruce up the work in a shorter time. All the statues of Ramses II that had been lying on the sand since their discovery in the late 19th century have been restored and lifted onto concrete mounts to protect them from subterranean water. The statues are carved of red granite, are 6.5 metres tall and weigh 30 tons. (Nevine El-Aref, “A planned open-air museum”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 2, 2018). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie a ordonné la nomination de trois nouveaux cadres : — Muhammad Ramadân Madbûlî a été nommé au poste de directeur général des affaires juridiques du CSA ; — Dr Safâ’ ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Ibrâhîm a été nommée directrice générale des études et des recherches ; — Ahmad ‘Ubayd a été nommé directeur général des affaires des départements. Pour leur souhaiter bon courage dans leurs nouvelles fonctions, le ministre a reçu dans son bureau de Zamâlik ces trois nouveaux cadres nommés pour une durée d’un an. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie procède à de nouvelles nominations », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 2 août 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie ordonne de nouvelles nominations », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 août ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie nomme de nouveaux cadres », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 2 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouveaux changements parmi les cardes du ministère de l’Archéologie », Sada al-Balad, 2 août). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 52 © Ministry of Antiquities The al-‘Abbâsî Mosque with its tall minaret and dome waits for worshippers and visitors in Muhammad ‘Alî Street in the al-‘Arab district of the Canal City of Port Said. It is scheduled to be reopened this Friday by Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî after almost two years of restoration that has seen it hidden under scaffolding as workmen strengthen and restore its walls. The mosque had been suffering from damage caused by environmental pollution, a high level of humidity, and leakage from the madiaa (a water fountain used for ritual ablution). Inner windows of al-‘Abbâsî Mosque decorated with verses of al-Burda poem Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), said that the restoration work had been carried out according to the latest scientific methods. “Every effort was made to ensure that all the original architectural features were retained,” he said. The restoration of the mosque had helped to ensure that important individual monuments were preserved for future generations and neighbourhoods were revivified and upgraded, he added. Gamâl Mustafa, head of the Islamic and Coptic Antiquities Department at the ministry, said the mosque was the second oldest mosque in Port Said after the al-Tawfîqî Mosque. It was built by the khedive ‘Abbâs Hilmî II in 1904 among 102 mosques in different governorates built in the same period and was inaugurated in 1905. The mosque played an important political role during the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt in 1956, as it was used by the Popular Resistance Movement in the city. It was also used by late president Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir for prayer when he visited Port Said. “The mosque lost some of its authentic elements during development work carried out before its listing in 2006,” said Gharîb Sunbul, head of the Central Administration for Restoration. He said that according to original drawings and photographs, the mosque’s original wooden painted ceiling was removed and replaced by a concrete one. The original lamps were replaced by modern ones. © Ministry of Antiquities The neighbourhood of the mosque was also badly damaged during the 1967 War with Israel, when the mosque again sheltered the area’s inhabitants. Despite the damage the building has suffered, it still retains the majority of its authentic elements as every corner has

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 53 engravings in Kufic writing decorated with foliage ornamentation and arabesques. During the restoration work carried out on the windows and doors of the mosque, restorers stumbled upon a relief written in Kufic writing showing several verses of the poem al-Burda written by the Imâm al-Busayrî in praise of the Prophet Muhammad. The doors of the mosque are also decorated with 16 verses from al-Busayrî’s work. (Nevine El-Aref, “al-‘Abbâsî Mosque reopens”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 2, 2018. Voir également Nirmîn al-Zahhâr, « Le gouverneur de Port Saïd et les ministres de l’Archéologie et des Waqfs inaugurent la mosquée al-‘Abbâsî », Watanî, 3 août ; Nevine El-Aref, “al-‘Abbâsî Mosque reopens in Port Said city”, Ahram Online, August 5; Nasma Réda, « al-‘Abbâsî resplendit de nouveau à Port-Saïd », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 29 août). - - Vendredi 3 août 2018 The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) received a red granite head Friday from a statue of King Senusret I from the antiquities ministry storage galleries in the Cairo Citadel. The transportation came within the framework of the Ministry of Antiquities’ mission to prepare for the museum’s grand opening, which is scheduled for the first quarter of 2019. GEM’s general supervisor, Târiq Tawfîq, explained that the head is carved from red granite and has the common artistic features found in pieces attributed to the Middle Kingdom. The head, which was discovered in Sûq al-Khamîs at the Matariyya archaeological site in 2005 by an Egyptian-German mission, portrays the facial features of King Senusret I wearing a partial headdress. The statue’s royal beard, which was discovered separated 10 metres away from the corresponding head in 2008, was also transported to the museum. The head, according to Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Section who discovered the artefact in 2005, measures 122 cm x 108cm x 75cm and weighs roughly two tons. Îsa Zaydân, general director of the First Aid Restoration Department at the GEM, said Friday that the restoration team and archaeologists used the latest technology in the packing and transportation of the head and beard, which required wooden beams to settle the objects onto a hydraulic crane for lifting. The head and beard are now at the GEM conservation centre for restoration, study, examination, analysis and documentation, while a three-dimensional imaging technique will be used to illustrate the suggested methods to re-attach the head to the beard. (Nevine El-Aref, “Red granite head of King Senusret I arrives at the Grand Egyptian Museum”, Ahram Online, August 3, 2018. Voir

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 54 également Samar al-Naggâr, « La tête de Sésostris 1er arrive au GEM », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 3 août ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le GEM accueille la tête du roi Sésostris 1er », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 3 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Transfert de la tête de Sésostris 1er au GEM », Sada al-Balad, 3 août). - - A Geneva storage company is obliged to hand Egypt the documents of a secretlysmuggled statue of King Djedefre, according to a ruling of the Swiss Federal Criminal Court. The court upheld the Geneva Public Prosecution’s earlier decision that the Egyptian government would be granted access to the statue’s identity documents. The documents record the location of the statue prior to its transferral from Geneva to London, crucial to tracking the valuable artefact. Ultimately, they will help the Egyptian authorities pursue judicial proceedings that could lead to the restoration of the statue in its site near the Great Sphinx. Swiss media confirmed on Thursday that the verdict was fair and in favour of the Egyptian authorities, while reporting the company lawyer’s confirmation that the company will most likely not appeal the court ruling. Egyptian Ambassador to Bern Hishâm Sayf al-Dîn told the Middle East News Agency that his embassy had already received the Swiss court’s decision, and that it was coordinating with the Antiquities Ministry in Egypt for further steps to restore the artefact. (Hend El- Behary, “Swiss court allows Egypt to track smuggled statue”, Egypt Independent, August 3, 2018. Voir également « La Justice suisse contraint une société genevoise de transmettre à l’Égypte des documents concernant une statue », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 2 août). - - Samedi 4 août 2018 Le superviseur général du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), Dr Târiq Tawfîq, a déclaré que le montant du prix du ticket d’accès au GEM n’a pas encore été fixé, et qu’il ne le sera que peu de temps avant son inauguration prévue en 2020. Seuls les laboratoires du GEM sont visitables actuellement, moyennant 200 dollars par visiteur. Il ne s’agit pas d’un ticket, mais plutôt d’un don minimum que les agences de voyage doivent verser sur un compte ouvert au nom du GEM, auprès de la Banque centrale. Cette visite des laboratoires est, toutefois, limitée à 50 personnes par jour, afin de ne pas perturber le déroulement des services. Dr Tawfîq a précisé que les tarifs d’accès au GEM seront déterminés en temps utile, en fonction de la moyenne pratiquée par les différents musées internationaux. Rappelant que le président ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî a fixé l’inauguration complète du GEM en 2020, à la place d’une ouverture partielle qui était envisagée au premier trimestre 2019. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le superviseur du GEM : Le tarif d’entrée n’est pas encore fixé », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 4 août 2018). - - The historic al-Mu‘izz Street in Islamic Cairo has been cleared of sewage water that had

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 55 flooded the street due to the clogging of a sewer pipe in the area. The pipe-clogging problem has been resolved by the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project (HCRP) in collaboration with the National Authority for Potable Water and Sewage. Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, director-general of HCRP, explains that when the pipes were blocked and the sewage water flooded the street, the HCRP administration immediately contacted the street’s cleaning company, which is affiliated the Ministry of Antiquities, to pump out the water and repair all the damages. Drainage water leaked into al-Mu‘izz al-Mu‘izz street after solving the problem ‘Abd al-‘Azîz pointed out that the sewage pipes at al-Mu‘izz Street get blocked every now and then due to the high volume of solid waste that results from the heavy commercial activity on the street. To prevent recurrences of the incident, a periodical cleaning system will be implemented on the street’s sewage pipes and sinks in collaboration with National Authority for Potable Water and Sewage and Cairo governorate. (Nevine El-Aref, “al-Mu‘izz Street in Islamic Cairo cleared of water after sewage flood”, Ahram Online, August 4, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie assainit le réseau d’égout de la rue al-Mu‘izz », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 4 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie achève le pompage des eaux usées dans la rue al-Mu‘izz », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 août). - - Mercredi 8 août 2018 L’archéologie ne se limite pas aux fouilles ou à la restauration, mais elle est aussi au service de la science, notamment la médecine. Dans les sociétés industrialisées, le cancer est la deuxième cause de décès après les maladies cardiovasculaires. Mais est-ce que c’était le cas pour nos ancêtres ? Une question à laquelle a répondu une étude récente élaborée par des scientifiques de l’University of Western Ontario au Canada. L’étude montre que les cas de cancer ont été multipliés par 100 comparés aux temps anciens. Cette étude s’est basée sur l’analyse de 1 087 squelettes découverts dans une nécropole antique à l’oasis de Dâkhla dans le désert Occidental, et plus précisément dans la nécropole de ‘Ayn Tirghî qui date du Moyen Empire. Les résultats des analyses ont montré que seuls 6 squelettes sont atteints du cancer. Selon l’anthropologue Il MOLTO, la connaissance de l’histoire de cette mutation génétique permet aux scientifiques de mieux comprendre cette maladie, ses causes et d’y trouver un remède. La rareté de cette maladie maligne dans les temps anciens confirme l’hypothèse selon laquelle les facteurs causant le cancer sont limités aux sociétés touchées par l’industrialisation moderne. « Dans une société primitive où il n’y avait pas d’interventions chirurgicales, l’évidence du cancer devrait demeurer élevée dans tous les cas », explique MOLTO. Et d’ajouter que la rareté de tumeurs malignes chez les momies témoigne que cette maladie est due à la pollution et aux changements de notre régime alimentaire et de notre mode de vie.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 56 C’est grâce au développement technologique des dernières années que les scientifiques peuvent aujourd’hui élaborer des études non intrusives sur des squelettes et des momies anciens, pour une meilleure compréhension des maladies sans nuire aux vestiges. Dans l’étude de l’University of Western Ontario, les chercheurs ont utilisé des scanners de la dernière génération, capable de réaliser 124 tranches tomographiques simultanément, et avec un haut degré de précision. Cette technique appelée tomodensitométrie ou scanographie permet de visualiser l’intérieur des momies. Elle donne de meilleurs résultats que les méthodes traditionnelles. « Les squelettes étaient en bon état grâce à la sécheresse et le désert qui entoure les nécropoles. Cela nous a permis d’avoir des résultats plus précis », reprend MOLTO. En plus de la scannographie, les chercheurs ont eu recours à des analyses pathologiques pour les squelettes où ils ont trouvé des parties abîmées et des lésions sur les os causées par le cancer. Ces analyses ont confirmé la rareté du cancer dans les sociétés anciennes. Les chercheurs ont observé aussi, lors de cette étude, que six personnes atteintes de cancer sont jeunes. « En fait, une petite partie des anciens Égyptiens dépassaient l’âge de 60 ans, l’âge où l’atteinte par cette pathologie s’accélère », explique MOLTO. Parmi les six squelettes atteints du cancer à Dâkhla, les chercheurs ont identifié deux jeunes femmes atteintes du cancer du col de l’utérus et un homme qui souffrait d’un cancer de la prostate. « Ces trois personnes sont mortes entre l’âge de vingt et trente ans. C’est rare de trouver des personnes atteintes de cette pathologie à cet âge assez jeune », reprend MOLTO. En outre, les chercheurs ont identifié le squelette d’un enfant d’environ cinq ans atteint du cancer du sang. Des lésions ont été trouvées sur les os de son squelette. C’est un cancer de la moelle épinière. Les deux derniers squelettes appartenaient à une femme et à un homme quinquagénaires. La première est atteinte d’un genre féroce de cancer qui peut être celui des ovaires et des seins. Quant à l’homme, il souffrait d’un cancer du rectum. Pour sa part, Ahmad Sâlih, ancien directeur du musée de la Momification, assure que la médecine était très développée chez les anciens Égyptiens qui connaissaient beaucoup de maladies et pouvaient les soigner, ils ont même connu les tumeurs cancéreuses et les appelaient « mentou » qui signifie « le mystérieux » en hiéroglyphe. « Le papyrus Edwin SMITH, rédigé par Imhotep, le grand médecin et architecte de l’époque pharaonique en 3000 av. J.-C., a décrit minutieusement un cas qui pourrait bien être un cancer des seins. Il a aussi prescrit le traitement pour cette maladie inconnue », indique Sâlih. Dr Sahar Silîm, professeure de radiologie à la faculté de Médecine de Qasr al-‘Aynî et spécialiste de scannographie, explique que les pharaons étaient les premiers à décrire des pathologies et des symptômes qui ne peuvent être diagnostiqués que comme le cancer que l’on connaît aujourd’hui. « Le papyrus Ebers, qui remonte à 1500 av. J.-C., est considéré comme un manuel complet pour presque tous les genres de cancers. Beaucoup de médecins de l’époque gréco-romaine se sont basés sur ce papyrus médical important, tels HIPPOCRATE et CELSUS. Des historiens, tel HÉRODOTE, ont décrit, aux IIIe et IVe siècles apr. J.-C., des symptômes qui ressemblent beaucoup à ceux du cancer. Le savant arabe Ibn Sînâ nous a également décrit les symptômes du cancer, son traitement et comment le prévenir », explique Silîm. En fait, en 2013, un groupe de chercheurs de l’University of Durham en Angleterre a effectué une étude sur 27 sites antiques en

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 57 Égypte et au Soudan. « Les chercheurs ont découvert 46 cas seulement atteints du cancer parmi des milliers de squelettes et de momies. Les chercheurs ont constaté la rareté du cancer chez les anciens Égyptiens, et l’âge des malades variait entre 20 et 35 ans, et il était répandu plus chez les hommes âgés que chez les femmes », indique Silîm. En outre, la mission archéologique de l’Universidad de Jaén opérant à Aswân a dévoilé, en 2015, le plus ancien cas au monde de cancer du sein. La mission avait découvert dans la nécropole de Qubbat al-Hawâ, sur l’île Éléphantine, quatre momies. L’une appartenant à une femme adulte morte vers 2000 av. J.-C. Après une scanographie et des analyses, les chercheurs ont découvert qu’elle était atteinte d’un cancer du sein. Quant à la dernière étude de l’University of Western Ontario, les chercheurs espèrent pouvoir collecter dans le futur proche des informations et des données sur le cancer et le registre des maladies des habitants actuels de l’oasis de Dâkhla, afin de faire une comparaison entre le taux d’atteinte par la pathologie dans les temps anciens et à l’heure actuelle. « On pourrait avoir ainsi plus d’informations sur l’évolution du cancer avec le temps », conclut MOLTO. (Dalia Farouq, « Le cancer connu mais peu fréquent en Égypte ancienne », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 8 août 2018). - - Egypt has retrieved a 500-year-old Islamic manuscript after stopping its sale at London’s Bonhams auction, according to a press statement released by the Egypt National Library and Archives (ENLA). The manuscript is titled “Summary of the science of history”, authored by Muhammad bin Sulaymân Mas‘ûd al-Kafiji and considered the first known Islamic study of historical theory. Previously housed at ENLA collections, the manuscript was lost in the 1970s due to shadowy circumstances. ENLA head Hishâm ‘Azmî said they had succeeded in halting the manuscript sale at the Bonhams auction on April 16 thanks to cooperation with Egypt’s embassy in London, finally reclaiming it on July 13. ‘Azmî stated that they contacted Bonhams to prove that the manuscript in their possession is the same one that the ENLA had. Head of the Egyptian Society for Historical Studies Ayman Fu’âd told al-Hayah Newspaper that the 56-page manuscript is available online or in national libraries, but the importance of its retrieval lies in being a rare Egyptian artefact. He pointed out that American orientalist Franz ROSENTHAL already went through this manuscript and published in as part of a book titled “A History of Muslim Historiography”. Fu’âd added that the disappearance of the manuscript is not an isolated case, and such incidents still occur even despite advanced safety procedures. ENLA is the biggest and oldest governmental library in Egypt, housing several million copies and volumes of ancient Arabic and eastern manuscripts. Egyptian authorities have lately been exerting effort into retrieve ancient Egyptian artifacts smuggled as part of illegal trade. In June, France handed over eight smuggled artifacts to the Egyptian Foreign Ministry, including a Pharaonic mask made of wood seized by French authorities at a train station in Paris, while in July Egypt finally received several ancient Egyptian artifacts that smuggled to Italy including 195 small artefacts and 21,660 coins from various eras. (Hend El- Behary, “Egypt retrieves ancient Islamic manuscript dating back 500 years ago”, Egypt Independent, August 8, 2018. Voir également Rânyâ Rifâ‘î, « L’Égypte récupère un manuscrit antique rare avant sa vente à Londres », al- Ahrâm, 7 août). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 58 Fourchettes, couteaux et cuillères ornés de cyprès (© Doaa Elhami) Les amateurs d’antiquités et de collections sont invités au musée GAYER-ANDERSON ou Bayt al-Kritliyya, dans le quartier de Sayyida Zaynab, pour voir l’exposition intitulée « Chez ANDERSON ». Inaugurée la semaine dernière à l’occasion du 137e anniversaire de la naissance du prince GAYER-ANDERSON, l’exposition, qui se termine au mois d’octobre, expose les outils personnels du prince : vaisselle, bouteilles, outils d’écriture, instruments chirurgicaux, phonographies, sans oublier les photos et certains manuscrits. Gobelets colorés en bleu (© Doaa Elhami) Vu cette variété, les organisateurs ont décidé de répartir le contenu de l’exposition en 5 collections exposées dans 5 vitrines différentes. À l’entrée de la salle d’exposition, le visiteur peut voir des bouteilles en verre, des flacons et des gobelets dont certains ont un fond coloré en bleu. D’autres sont dorés, alors qu’un troisième groupe est privé de toute décoration. Des tasses sont exposées sur un porte-tasses en argent posé à son tour sur un plateau. Sur un autre plateau, on peut voir des bouteilles en verre ornées de motifs botaniques de couleur dorée. Dans les deux coins de cette vitrine se dresse une bouteille marron qui était sans doute consacrée aux boissons alcooliques. Dans une autre vitrine, le visiteur peut voir le bureau du prince. On y voit encore les outils chirurgicaux utilisés par GAYER-ANDERSON, qui était chirurgien. La vitrine compte aussi les instruments d’écriture. « On y trouve sa machine à écrire de marque Corona, l’une des plus fameuses à l’époque », explique Mirvat ‘Izzat, directrice générale du musée. Cette vitrine expose aussi une loupe, de même que la plume du colonel, et deux plumiers en bois, dont l’un est orné d’écritures persanes. Parmi les objets les plus importants de cette vitrine il y a aussi des ciseaux et autres outils chirurgicaux. Plus loin, le visiteur trouvera dans une troisième vitrine des couteaux, des fourchettes et des cuillères utilisés par le colonel ANDERSON. De différentes dimensions, ils sont en acier inoxydable et proviennent d’Angleterre. Une autre collection de fourchettes, de couteaux et de cuillères est ornée de cyprès, l’emblème de l’Empire ottoman. « Donc, ces objets sont originaires de Turquie », souligne la directrice. À côté de ce service de table sont présentées des tasses chinoises avec leurs assiettes ornées de motifs botaniques colorés. Parmi les pièces les plus caractéristiques de cette vitrine, une double bouteille de verre. Il s’agit de deux bouteilles croisées et collées qui ont une seule base. « On ne connaît pas exactement sa fonction. Mais sa position debout est stable », reprend la directrice. (© Doaa Elhami) Les pièces exposées donnent au visiteur une idée presque complète sur ce qu’utilisait le colonel GAYER-ANDERSON dans son quotidien et même sur son goût pour la musique, puisque dans l’une des vitrines, on peut voir les disques de ses chansons

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 59 favorites. « GAYER-ANDERSON aimait les chansons des célèbres divas égyptiennes, de la fin du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe siècle », souligne ‘Izzat, ajoutant que cette vitrine compte la photo du colonel de même que des disques de ‘Abdu al-Hâmûlî, et les anciennes chansons d’Oum Kulthûm, de ‘Abd al-Wahhâb et de Layla Murâd. La vitrine comprend aussi deux récipients en cuivre qui servaient à se laver les mains après chaque repas. La signature du prince en turc se trouve sur ces récipients. Outil chirurgical (© Doaa Elhami) Quant à la 5e et dernière vitrine et avantdernière étape de l’exposition, elle comprend une collection de petites cuillères et de couteaux de dessert signés par leur fabricant. Un ensemble représentatif des milliers d’objets que possédait le prince. Le visiteur peut voir aussi quelques photos du prince. Parmi celles-ci, une photo d’ANDERSON en tenue civile, et une autre le représentant en train de lire et derrière lui la bibliothèque. L’exposition compte aussi des manuscrits. Le plus important est le certificat du titre de pacha signé par le roi Fârûq. (Doaa Elhami, « Rencontre avec le colonel ANDERSON », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 8 août 2018). - - La présidente du département des musées, Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn, a annoncé l’achèvement de 60 % des travaux de construction du musée archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh dont l’inauguration est prévue en 2019. Conformément au Protocole signé entre le ministère de l’Archéologie et le gouvernorat de Kafr al-Shaykh, celui-ci s’est engagé à assumer le coût du projet qui se lève à près de 30 millions L.E. Le gouvernorat veille également à aplanir tous les obstacles devant la poursuite du projet destiné à devenir un centre de rayonnement culturel et civilisationnel retraçant l’histoire du gouvernorat et de ses sites archéologiques importants. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie achève 60 % des travaux de construction du musée archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 août 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ ‘Abdallah, « Le gouverneur de Kafr al- Shaykh : Inauguration du musée archéologique régional dans 4 mois », al- Ahrâm, 7 juillet). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 60 Jeudi 9 août 2018 It seems that the curse of the Pharaohs that has hovered over the Suhâg National Museum for more than 29 years will finally be broken as the museum is set to open its doors overlooking the Nile in the Upper Egyptian town of Suhâg in the coming days. Since its launch in 1993, the museum has ground to a halt several times due to disagreements over technical issues and interior design as well as over its exhibits and a lack of funds after the 25 January Revolution. In 2016, work resumed on the museum, and it is now scheduled to open next week. The museum is in the shape of a two-storey Ancient Egyptian temple overlooking the Nile with a dock for ferries and exquisite landscaping dotted with water channels and fountains. Five colossi of the lion goddess Sekhmet stand before the museum’s entrance to welcome visitors. “The Suhâg National Museum [SNM] is not just a regional museum that the Ministry of Antiquities is opening in an Upper Egyptian province, but is part of the country’s strategy to give attention and care to the Upper Egyptian governorates and to develop their resources,” Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly. He added that the completion of the museum was a dream come true and the result of a promise by the ministry to Suhâg and its inhabitants. Suhâg has rich archaeological sites from the early Ancient Egyptian era right up to the Ptolemaic, Graeco-Roman, Coptic and Islamic periods. But although the governorate contains many distinguished monuments and historical landmarks, it is seldom visited. To promote the governorate’s archaeological sites and encourage tourists to pay a visit to its monuments, al-‘Inânî said the Ministry of Antiquities had been accelerating efforts to complete the museum as a mirror reflecting Egypt’s history. A comprehensive plan had been launched to develop sites in Suhâg and to make the area more touristfriendly as well as to continue to preserve and conserve them. Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museum Sector at the Ministry of Antiquities, told the Weekly that the aim of the museum was not only to reflect the unique history of the governorate from pre-history to modern times, but also to highlight Egyptian identity through the changes that had taken place in Upper Egypt. The exhibition scenario focuses on six influential aspects of Egyptian life throughout the ages: kingship, the family, cooking and cuisine, faith and religion, employment, industry and textiles and handicrafts. The museum displays a collection of 945 artefacts, most of them unearthed in different sites near Suhâg and the rest having been carefully selected from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square in Cairo, the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo’s Bâb al-Khalq neighbourhood, the Textiles Museum in al- Mu‘izz Street in Historic Cairo and the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo. They include clay pots with handles and small bases and a collection of jars and painted clay lamps of different shapes and sizes. Also selected was a collection of paintings showing scenes of a woman standing inside a domed doorway and a man on the banks of the Nile. A small Persian manuscript relating the traditional love story of Qays Ibn al-Mulawwah and Layla in seventhcentury Arabia, known as Layla and al-Majnûn, is also among the selected objects and features 18 coloured illustrations. Pieces of fabric decorated with faience ceramic beads, the remains of children’s linen robes, and a rectangular piece of the Kiswa,

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 61 the cloth draped over the Ka‘ba in Mecca, are also in the collection. It is designed to display pieces that represent the traditions, customs, industry and handicrafts of the area, including traditional costumes and jewellery. NEW CONCEPT: “The concept of the museum is no longer dependent on placing artefacts next to each other to illustrate Ancient Egyptian civilisation,” Salâh said. “Instead, the Ministry of Antiquities is adopting a new philosophy in order to turn the country’s regional museums into more educational, cultural and productive institutions.” She added that the aim was to provide a broader educational service to visitors and raise archaeological awareness and belonging to Egypt by showing visitors how their ancestors built such a great civilisation through scenes of daily life and culture. Egypt’s regional museums have sometimes not fulfilled their true potential because they have often displayed objects without a thematic storyline, she pointed out, resulting in less than a fair share of visitors. “Every regional museum should reflect the city or town in which it is located,” Salâh said, explaining that in the Suhâg Museum, for example, the exhibition design provided clear information about the history of Suhâg, Abydos and Akhmîm, as well as the role played by local rulers in building Egyptian civilisation. Suhâg was the town where the kings of the early dynasties lived, and this explained the selection of kingship as the first topic in the new museum. The focal object here is a colossus of the Pharaoh Ramses II because he was one of the most influential rulers in Egyptian history and had a temple in Abydos. A collection of stelae and engravings of his father Seti I are also on show because the latter had a beautiful temple in Abydos. There are also the heads of other kings and statues of top officials and nobles who played an influential role in the kingdom, including statues of New Kingdom priests and viziers. Weapons and ivory labels discovered in the First and Second Dynasty royal necropolis in Abydos are also exhibited, the labels bearing the names of kings. The second hall in the museum presents the family, especially the family in Upper Egypt, and the focal object is a statue of an Ancient Egyptian couple symbolising family bonding. “Members of the family in Upper Egypt were very close to each other and might have lived in one house,” Salâh said, adding that this section also highlighted the important role that women have played as the core of the family. Children are also represented through toys and clothes. Marriage traditions are on display through a collection of clothes, cosmetics and marriage contracts. The most distinguished is one written on textile from the Ottoman period. The third section of the museum is devoted to cooking and cuisine in an attempt to show the different recipes of the Ancient Egyptians and how they have developed. It also shows food vessels and cooking instruments, as well as the design of kitchen furniture and dining and offering tables. Employment and industry are displayed through a collection of statues and instruments depicting jobs such as those of

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 62 scribes, fishermen, craftsmen, musicians, singers, dancers, bearers and sommeliers. These are shown through a collection of music instruments and engravings. Suhâg is well-known for its distinguished textiles and its industry, Salâh said, and the new museum has allocated a hall to the city’s textiles. The focal object is a linen wrapping on which the name of the Sixth-Dynasty Pharaoh Pepi I is written. The hall exhibits textiles from different periods, including Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Coptic and Islamic. Suhâg folkloric traditions are also shown through a collection of women’s and men’s clothing. The focal point of the faith and religion section is an Ottoman copy of the Quran selected from the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, along with a collection of crosses, religious manuscripts, containers for burning incense and Ancient Egyptian religious reliefs. Magic is represented in this section through Ancient Egyptian reliefs and magical dolls from the Pharaonic, Coptic and Islamic eras. The basement is allocated to the theme of pilgrimage, and an Ancient Egyptian pilgrim boat is the focal artefact. The Ancient Egyptians used to go to Abydos on pilgrimage where a temple to the god Osiris built by Seti I is located. Statues of several deities are displayed as well as wooden coffins and mummy masks. VISITOR-FRIENDLY: To create a more attractive and informative experience for visitors, labels and graphics explaining the displays are featured in the different halls of the museum. The museum is also friendly to the disabled, and the visitor route is provided with ramps to facilitate circulation. The disabled can also access the museum’s different levels by lift. An educational programme for students and school pupils will be available on opening, and the museum will help facilitate school history classes and university lectures as needed. “History teachers in schools can deliver their classes in the museum to make them more attractive to pupils,” Salâh said, adding that the new museum also has a library and lecture hall. Workshops on handicrafts will also be held. “The most-distinguished object in the museum is a statue of the Sixth-Dynasty army leader Wini who was also the first known military leader in the Ancient Egyptian army,” Salâh told the Weekly, adding that reliefs of Seti I and a statue of his son Ramses II are also among the important objects. The interior design of the museum has been developed from Suhâg’s natural environment, she said. The walls are painted dark green, reflecting the area’s agricultural nature, while the backdrop of the showcases is light beige to symbolise the desert environment of the governorate. “This is the first and only museum to be established in the governorate thus far, and it is an important tourist attraction to add to Suhâg’s archaeological sites,” al-‘Inânî told the Weekly. He added that the Ministry of Antiquities had launched a comprehensive project to develop Suhâg’s archaeological sites, and the visitor centre at Abydos, where the temples of Seti I and Ramses II are found, is nearing completion. This will include an audio-visual hall to provide visitors with the information they need about the site, as well as a library and lecture hall. (Nevine El-Aref, “Suhâg National Museum set to open”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 9, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie : Le musée national de Suhâg est prêt pour l’inauguration », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 4 août ; Hend El-Behary, “Suhâg

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 63 Museum finally opens its doors to visitors”, Egypt Independent, August 14). - - L’Inspectorat archéologique de Banî Swayf a entamé des travaux de réaménagement de la zone de la pyramide de Maydûm. Le directeur général des antiquités de MoyenneÉgypte, Dr Gamâl al-Simistâwî, a précisé que ces travaux englobent le remplacement de l’échelle en bois menant à l’entrée de la pyramide de Maydûm, le nettoyage et la restauration des portes de la pyramide, du temple funéraire et du mastaba n° 17. De nouveaux panneaux signalétiques en arabe et en anglais ont été installés, ainsi que de nouvelles poubelles. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie entame le réaménagement et la restauration de la zone de la pyramide de Maydûm », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 9 août 2018. Voir également Muhammad Fathî « Réaménagement de la pyramide de Maydûm afin de promouvoir le tourisme à Banî Swayf », al-Tahrîr, 9 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie entame des travaux de réaménagement et de restauration de la zone de la pyramide de Maydûm », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 9 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Réaménagement de la zone archéologique de Maydûm », Sada al-Balad, 9 août ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Réaménagement de la zone archéologique de Maydûm », Watanî, 9 août ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement de la pyramide de Maydûm », al-Ahrâm, 10 août). - - al-‘Inânî and MILANESI inspect the exhibits The Egyptian Museum in Cairo’s Tahrîr Square has organised a temporary exhibition in the foyer of the museum to shed more light on the work of Italian missions at different archaeological sites in Egypt since the 19th century. Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Enzo Moavero MILANESI paid a visit to the exhibition in their tour around the museum this week. They also visited an exhibition of recently recovered artefacts from Italy on display in the museum. Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museum Sectors at the ministry, said the exhibition put on show a collection of 180 objects that had been carefully selected from Italian excavations, most of them on display for the first time. It includes a beautiful statue of the 19th- Dynasty king Merenptah in front of the main entrance to the museum to welcome visitors, and in the atrium there is an important papyrus from the al-Gabalayn area found by an archaeological expedition from the Museo Egizio in Turin.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 64 “The papyrus dates back to the Old Kingdom and is considered one of the most ancient we know,” Salâh told Al-Ahram Weekly. She explained that the papyrus was restored during the last century in Turin, and in 2005 Corrado BASILE from the Museum of Papyrus in Syracuse restored it for the second time in Cairo. BASILE established the restoration laboratory for papyri in the Egyptian Museum with a budget provided by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Another highlight of the exhibition is a hoard of 171 gold coins discovered by the G Vitelli Papyrological Institute in Florence during an archaeological expedition to Antinoupolis in the Minyâ governorate. A rare lamp of an elegant design from the tomb of the overseer of works, the royal architect Kha and his wife Merit, was found at Dayr al-Madîna on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor dating to the reign of Amenhotep III. Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, director of the Museum, said that among the objects on show was a funerary shroud discovered by Edda BRESCIANI of the University of Pisa in Saqqâra representing the god Osiris encircled by a snake and flanked by Isis and Nephtys protecting him. There was also a Coptic cloth with two hairnets from Antinoupolis discovered by the G Vitelli Papyrological Institute and a small stela found by an expedition mounted by the L’Orientale University of Naples. This is very important from a historical point of view and dates back to the Middle Kingdom (Amenemhat III, 1831-1786 BC) and testifies to Egyptian trips to the exotic Land of Punt. It was found in Marsa Gawâsîs, a Pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea, from which the expeditions sailed. Giuseppina CAPRIOTI, head of the Centro Archeologico Italiano (CAI) al Cairo, said that more than 20 Italian archaeological missions were now working in Egypt after the approval of the Ministry of Antiquities and with the support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. The missions work in the Nile Valley, the Eastern Desert, the Western Desert, the Oases and the Delta, and from Aswân to the Mediterranean Sea. CAPRIOTI said that Italian Egyptological work had a long and prestigious tradition. The first archaeological expedition in the history of Egyptology was a joint French-Italian mission in which the Italian Ippolito ROSELLINI had worked side-by-side with the French Egyptologist Jean-François CHAMPOLLION, the decipherer of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Over last two centuries, CAPRIOTTI pointed out, Italian expeditions have discovered many important monuments in Egypt. Italian teams currently work with the most advanced technologies, making excavations and contributing to the conservation of the Egyptian cultural heritage, in collaboration with the Egyptian authorities and international colleagues, she said. (Nevine El-Aref, “Italian exhibition in Tahrîr”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 9, 2018). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 65 Samedi 11 août 2018 Wazîrî (L), Bigol (C) and al-‘Inânî (R) at al-Muharraq Monastery The minister of antiquities visited several historic sites in Asyût on Saturday, allocating EGP 300,000 as a preliminary budget to start excavation work at Meir necropolis, and became the first minister to visit the ancient al- Muharraq monastery. During an inspection tour of several archaeological sites in the governorate, the Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî gave the go-ahead to begin a comprehensive plan to restore the Meir tombs, located 12km west of al-Qûsiyya town, and to develop the site to be more tourist-friendly and provide more services to visitors. Meir necropolis The necropolis consists of a collection of 15 rock-hewn tombs, which were unearthed last century by British Egyptologist Aylward BLACKMAN. Only nine are open to visitors. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that the tombs date back to the Old and Middle Kingdoms, from the sixth to the twelfth Dynasties, and include tombs of priest and rulers of the fourteenth Nome, or regional division, of Egypt at that time. He explains that the tombs contain unusual painted scenes, characterised by their naturalistic qualities. Many of them show highly detailed scenes of daily life, including industry, cultivation and sports, with a distinct local style. Bird scene at Meir Among the most distinguished is the one belongs to Ni-Ankh-Hpepy who was the chancellor of sixth dynasty King Pepi I. The tomb is painted with scenes depicting offerings of cattle, birds, and food, as well as fishing scenes. The tomb of Senbi, a nomarch (provincial governor) and overseer of priests during the reign of twelfth dynasty King Amenemhat I, has many offering, agricultural and manufacturing scenes. The replica of the Holy Family escapade to Egypt icon al-‘Inânî also visited al-Muharraq monastery, noted for the important role it played during the visit of the Holy Family to Egypt. The monastery was the final place on their journey.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 66 Wazîrî told Ahram Online that to commemorate al-‘Inânî’s visit, as he is the first minister of antiquities to visit the monastery, the monastery’s abbot, Bishop Bigol, and the monastery’s board of directors, reproduced a replica of an icon depicting the Holy Family’s journey to Egypt, and offered it to the minister. The visit included a tour around the monastery’s old and new churches and its fortress. The minister also met with Bishop Bigol to discuss several archaeological matters and to solve any problems. Wazîrî said that Bishop Bigol highlighted the successful cooperation between the ministry and the monastery. al-‘Inânî writes in the visiting book of the monastery al-Muharraq monastery was built on the Qosqam mount in the fourth century AD. The monastery has three churches, the oldest of which is the Church of the Virgin, which was built on the site of a cave where the Holy Family spent six months and ten days during their flight to Egypt. (Nevine El-Aref, “Minister of antiquities inspects Meir necropolis and al-Muharraq monastery in Asyût”, Ahram Online, August 11, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inspecte Dayr al-Muharraq », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 11 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie visite Dayr al- Muharraq à Asyût », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 11 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie en viste à Asyût », Sada al-Balad, 11 août ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie visite quelques sites archéologiques à Asyût », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 11 août ; Nevine El-Aref, “Necropolis work to begin”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 16). - - The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland has finished arrangements to hand over legal documents to Egyptian authorities regarding a smuggled piece of the Djedefre pharaoh statue, before beginning the international follow-up mission in search of the rest of it according to a press statement released by the Egyptian embassy in Switzerland. Last year, Egyptian authorities sent an official request to a Swiss storage company to retrieve the statue as it had been illegally transported to the Geneva Free Port. However, the company claimed that the statue belongs to Switzerland. Archaeologist Magdî Shâkir said that getting back the Djedefre statue would be a great achievement, but the process of restoring the statue could take considerable time. He explained that the statue was originally located in a site near the Great Sphinx, and was smuggled in wake of chaos followed the January 2011 revolt, first transferred through London before entering into Geneva. (Hend El-Behary, “Statue of Djedefre to return to Egypt from Geneva”, Egypt Independent, August 11, 2018). - - Mardi 14 août 2018 While working on al-Kibâsh road in Luxor, construction workers have discovered a mysterious statue with a lion’s body and a human’s head — believed to be a second sphinx. The workers were developing a road between the Luxor and Karnak temples —

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 67 only six miles from the famed Valley of the Kings — when the statue was found. The statue’s lifting has not yet been completed, and will take some time “due to the nature of the environment in which it has been located”, Luxor’s General Director of Antiquities Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz told al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘. Although no photos of the statue are public yet, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî welcomed tourists to the site, encouraging them to visit the new discovery. The new finding corresponds to a theory among some historians that two sphinxes are complementary in ancient Egyptian art: one male, and one female. In 2017 Gerry CANNON and Malcolm HUTTON, British proponents of the theory, predicted that a second sphinx might be buried in a mound next to the Great Sphinx in Gîza, after extensive historical study. Similarly, Egyptologist Bassâm al-Shammâ‘ theorized that the remains of another female sphinx would be found under the sand of the Valley Temple of Khafre, parallel to the Great Sphinx. Several antiquities experts and scientists approved of al-Shammâ‘ theory, while others rejected it completely. (Hend El- Behary, “Second sphinx discovered in Luxor”, Egypt Independent, August 14, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte d’un sphinx sous le dromos », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 août ; Mohamed Emad, “Surprise Discovery of 4,000-Year-Old Egyptian Sphinx with Human Head and Lion Body”, Sada al-Balad, August 12). - - Mercredi 15 août 2018 180 objets archéologiques de différents volumes et matières constituent l’exposition temporaire inaugurée le 5 août par le ministre égyptien des Antiquités, Dr Khâlid al-’Inânî, et le ministre italien des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale, Enzo Moavero MILANESI, au Musée égyptien de Tahrîr. Cette exposition présente les résultats des travaux d’une vingtaine de missions archéologiques italiennes travaillant dans les quatre coins de l’Égypte, soit dans le sud et le nord de la vallée du Nil ou dans les déserts Oriental et Occidental, ainsi que dans les oasis et à Alexandrie. Les pièces, « exposées pour la première fois au grand public, reflètent les différentes époques pharaoniques, soit l’Ancien, le Moyen et le Nouvel Empire, jusqu’à l’époque byzantine », indique Ilhâm Salâh, directrice générale du secteur des musées auprès du ministère des Antiquités. Statue de Mérenptah accueille les visiteurs (© Doaa Elhami) À son entrée au musée, le visiteur rencontre la première pièce de l’exposition. Il s’agit d’une statue de granit rose représentant le roi Mérenptah, le IVe souverain de la XIXe

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 68 dynastie du Nouvel Empire. D’une hauteur de 2 m, cette statue se dresse majestueusement dans le jardin muséologique, juste devant la porte principale du musée. Le roi est protégé à sa droite par la divinité Isis, coiffée du disque solaire, et à sa gauche par une autre divinité. « Cette statue a été dégagée par la mission archéologique de Università degli studi di Milano de Madînat Mâdî, au Fayyûm », dit Giuseppina CAPRIOTTI, directrice du Centro Archeologico Italiano au Caire. Le reste des objets composant l’exposition se trouvent, quant à eux, au rez-de-chaussée. Papyrus al-Gabalayn (© Doaa Elhami) Là, l’exposition s’ouvre sur un papyrus al- Gabalayn, suivant son lieu de découverte. Trouvé par la mission du Museo Egizio di Torino , ce papyrus est d’une ultime importance pour les égyptologues. « C’est l’un des plus anciens papyri administratifs découverts, puisqu’il remonte à l’Ancien Empire », souligne CAPRIOTTI. Ayant été découvert au XXe siècle, ce papyrus a été restauré pour la première fois aux laboratoires du Museo Egizio di Torino. « Il a été traité au Caire en 2005, pour la deuxième fois, par le restaurateur italien Corrado BASILE du Museo del Papiro de Syracuse », ajoute CAPRIOTTI. Pour elle, ce dernier a fondé le laboratoire des papyri du Musée égyptien du Caire, financé par le ministère italien des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale. Outre le papyrus al-Gabalayn, l’exposition renferme d’autres papyri ainsi que des fragments de papyri datant du Ier siècle av. J.-C. et du Ier siècle de notre ère. Bien qu’ils aient été découverts en 1979 par l’Egypt Exploration Society, ils ont été restaurés par le papyrologue italien Mario CAPASSO de l’Università del Salento en 2001 et 2002. Il s’agit notamment de deux lettres dégagées à Qasr Ibrîm en Nubie, en HauteÉgypte. La première est écrite en langue latine et la deuxième en langue grecque. Parmi les objets les plus importants de l’exposition figurent 171 pièces de monnaie en or. Elles ont été trouvées par l’Institut de papyrologie, dont le fondateur est le papyrologue italien Girolamo VITELLI, à Antinoë, au village Shaykh ‘Abada à Minyâ. Byzantines qu’elles soient, ces monnaies remontent en fait à l’époque entre les règnes des empereurs Constantin II (337-361) et Justinien Ier (527-565). Textile copte trouvé à Antinoë à Minyâ (© Doaa Elhami) Antinoë, qui a été fondée par l’empereur Hadrien au cours de son voyage en Égypte, a livré aussi — dans sa nécropole nord — plusieurs tissus funéraires, dont certains sont présentés à l’exposition : un fragment de châle, un mouchoir en lin orné de reliefs coptes ainsi que deux foulards en filets de lin qui datent du Ve siècle de notre ère. Selon CAPRIOTTI, ces foulards reflètent la vie quotidienne et les traditions de l’époque copte. Or, les tissus funéraires présentés ne se limitent pas à l’époque copte. Le visiteur peut ainsi admirer un large tissu fragmenté de l’époque romaine, dégagé à Saqqâra. Celui-ci est orné d’une représentation de la divinité de l’au-delà, Osiris, entourée par un gros serpent noir qui « symbolise les cycles du temps et l’éternité », reprend CAPRIOTTI. Aux côtés d’Osiris sont remarquées les divinités protectrices Isis et Nephtys. Le Moyen Empire est représenté par une stèle commémorative dégagée à Marsa Gawâsîs, près de la mer Rouge, où travaille la

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 69 mission de l’Università degli studi di Napoli « L’Orientale ». La stèle décrit les expéditions commerciales effectuées durant le règne du roi Amenemhat III. Il s’agit d’une pièce d’une importance majeure, parce qu’elle indique que ce type d’expéditions a précédé celles de la reine Hatchepsout du Nouvel Empire de plusieurs centaines d’années. Datant toujours du Moyen Empire, l’exposition présente aussi une tête de lion sculptée en granit gris, trouvée à Madînat Mâdî. Tête de lion de l’époque ptolémaïque découverte à Madînat Mâdî (© Doaa Elhami) On passe, enfin, au Nouvel Empire. « Nous avons exposé une pièce rare du Nouvel Empire, précisément du règne d’Amenhotep III. Il s’agit d’un luminaire qui a la forme d’une assiette. Ce type de luminaire est le seul trouvé tout au long de l’histoire pharaonique », souligne Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, directrice générale du Musée égyptien à Tahrîr. Cette pièce a été découverte dans la tombe du chef des ouvriers Kha et de son épouse Mérite à Dayr al-Madîna à Louqsor. L’exposition temporaire, à travers ses pièces, emmène ainsi le visiteur dans une tournée dans l’histoire égyptienne. Une tournée riche et, surtout, nouvelle et inédite. (Doaa Elhami, « Tournée inédite dans les époques pharaoniques », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 août 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie et MOAVERO inspectent l’exposition sur les missions archéologiques italiennes », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 5 août). - - Le directeur du projet de restauration de la barque de Chéops, Dr Îsa Zaydân, a révélé que l’équipe égypto-japonaise est parvenue jusqu’à présent à extraire près de 866 fragments de cette barque, dont environ 840 ont été restaurés. 700 fragments ont été transférés vers le Centre de restauration du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) où la seconde barque de Chéops sera réassemblée à l’intérieur d’une salle qui lui sera spécialement dédiée. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Extraction de 866 fragments en bois de la seconde barque de Chéops », Sada al-Balad, 15 août 2018). - - Jeudi 16 août 2018 Virgin Mary Tree The Virgin Mary Tree in the Cairo district of Matariyya is a Sycamore tree that is believed to be holy by Christians who believe that this tree once sheltered the Virgin Mary, her son Jesus and Joseph when they fled into Egypt from the forces of king Herod who had given the order to kill Jesus. The story goes that the Virgin Mary rested under the tree and a spring spontaneously appeared for her to wash the baby Jesus. When some troops passed by, it is said that the tree grew branches to hide the Virgin Mary and her son until they were gone. It is believed that the Virgin Mary also threw water from the spring on the ground as she washed Jesus and a balsam tree subsequently sprouted. For this reason, the tree and the surrounding area are now sacred for many Christians and Muslims who come and visit the tree or touch it since they believe it can heal illnesses. Some women who have not been

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 70 able to bear children have also visited the tree in order to help them conceive, as the tree is believed to bestow holy blessings. The sacred well al-Matrâwî Street, a narrow road that resembles a country lane lined with simply built brick houses and with sheep and cows dotted about its dusty ground, is not far from the Matariyya metro station and is the location of today’s Virgin Mary Tree Museum. The building has long yellow walls and security guards at the entrance. The guide is friendly, and he explains to visitors everything there is to know about the tree and its surroundings. There is a sense of tranquillity and peace, as if one had travelled back in time to the age of the tree. In the middle of the area is the sacred well believed to be the well in which the Virgin Mary once washed the baby Jesus. To the right is the holy Virgin Mary Tree. There are three trees, in fact: the original Virgin Mary Tree, another tree planted at the time of the French occupation of Egypt in the late 18th century by French soldiers whose names are still inscribed on it, and a third tree planted by the Roman Catholic Church. I sat in the shade of the trees contemplating how the Virgin Mary and her son Jesus might have felt finding shelter, food and water in this area after their long trip from Bethlehem in Palestine. It had only been 11 metro stops for me from ‘Abd al-Nâsir station in downtown Cairo, a relatively easy journey. However, I was able to feel the tranquillity of the place, only disturbed by noise from a nearby construction site. The icon of Virgin Marry, baby Jesus and Joseph Behind the tree area is a small chapel decorated by a South Korean artist with a beautiful image of the Virgin Mary, Jesus and Joseph. The artist has imagined how they might have lived in this place and followed his imagination. Inside the chapel on the left-hand side is a drawing of the Virgin Mary and Jesus dedicated to the Virgin Mary Tree Museum by the Coptic Museum in Cairo. At the far end there is a display room in which pictures on the walls and a map in the middle show the details of the Holy Family’s flight into Egypt. In addition, there is a manger believed to be the one that the Virgin Mary carried and bathed Jesus in. It was found near the original tree and was also a gift from the Coptic Museum. There is no sign of the famous balsam trees, however, and these are now grown in monasteries. The original Virgin Mary Tree died in 1656, according to some sources. However, priests at the time replanted a cutting from it by a nearby church called the Virgin Tree Church. When the tree grew, another branch was taken and replanted near the original one. Today, the tree area is being renovated under the supervision of the city council and various NGOs.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 71 Head of the Egypt Youth Association for Development and the Environment (EYADE) Mamdûh Rashwân gave details of the renovation process. “Soon we will start field work developing the area of the Virgin Mary Tree, including the street and the housing blocks in the area. We will plant grass and 150 trees and change the lighting system to save energy,” he said, adding that the idea was also to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. “We will also install a solar-powered heater for the club facing the tree area to save energy. There will be an electronic panel telling residents about the climate of the area and giving advice on how to save energy,” he added. The branch that the french solders inscribed their names on. Research on an area’s carbon footprint has not been done before in Egypt, and the research the EYADE aims to carry out will be the first showing the area’s emissions and fossil-fuel consumption. The idea is to reduce both by comparing the figures for before and after the renovation work in the area. “If this project is a success, we will carry out similar projects elsewhere. By the first half of September we hope to have distributed the new lamps and will start a study on changes like decreasing pollution rates and carbon dioxide emissions,” he added. “We have been cooperating with the local council, the European Union through its Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas and the German Federal government.” On the way to the tree I met a former resident of the Virgin Mary Tree area who kindly guided me to it. “I come from time to time to get the tree’s blessings. I would go in the past with my parents,” she said, adding that the place was open to everyone and that she had never heard of there being polluted water in the well as some rumours had said. The icon of Virgin Mary and baby Jesus “The council is now working on a new sanitation system in the area,” Rashwân said. “Our role is a complementary one to that of the authorities. The site we are working in is a very important station on the Holy Family’s journey into Egypt. For this reason, we chose to play a complementary role to the government in terms of developing the Virgin Mary Tree area.” Of future plans, Rashwân said “there is a group of young people, mostly from the district, working with what we call our ‘friends of the environment unit’ that works on the state of the environment. This unit will present problems from the residents’ point of view, while meeting with governmental representatives to express these as the consensus of civil society.” “After all, the residents are the ones who will best be able to maintain the work that has been done in the area,” he concluded. (Mai Samih, “A journey to the Virgin Mary Tree”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 16, 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Réaménagement de la zone de l’arbre de la Vierge », Sada al-Balad, 28 août).

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 72 - - In the Egyptian Museum since the 1900s, the mummy affectionately known as Fred has provided scientists with the recipe used for ancient embalming. It also shows bodies were embalmed 1,500 years earlier than thought. The 3,600-year-old mummy called Fred at the Turin Museum had been untouched by modern chemicals and had not been previously studied by scientists. He was therefore an ideal subject for study under the microscope for the components of the paste used to embalm him. The ingredients turned out to be plant oils mixed with plant gum or sugars and heated conifer resin with aromatic plant extracts to keep off microbial growth. The balm would have formed a “sort of a sticky brown paste” which was either smeared on the body or applied onto bandages before wrapping, according to the research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science on Thursday. “The examination of the Turin body makes a momentous contribution to our limited knowledge of the prehistoric period and the expansion of early mummification practices, as well as providing vital, new information on this particular mummy,” co-author Jana JONES, who is an Egyptologist at Macquarie University, said. In the 1990s, JONES studied ancient mummy wrappings dating to about 6,600 years ago. They too showed remnants of an embalming resin, indicating the same embalming process had been followed by the Egyptians thousands of years earlier than previously thought. JONES said: “By combining chemical analysis with visual examination of the body, genetic investigations, radiocarbon dating and microscopic analysis of the linen wrappings, we confirmed that this ritual mummification process took place around 3,600 BC on a male, aged between 20 and 30 years when he died.” After being wrapped in resin bandages, the mummy would have been placed in hot sand so the balm preservatives could act to keep the body safe. Later mummies were laid flat in tombs far from the sun. As a precaution, their brain and other organs were removed, and a salt called natron was applied to dry the body. The aim was to preserve the body for the afterlife, and give the spirit a place to reside. (Deutsche Welle, “Egyptian mummy in Turin museum proves embalming predates the Pharaohs”, Egypt Independent, August 16, 2018. Voir également Basant Gamîl, « Nouvelle étude sur la momification au début de l’ère pharaonique », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 août). - -

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 73 La mission archéologique égyptienne travaillant dans le temple de Kom Ombo étudie actuellement deux stèles exhumées lors du projet visant à baisser le niveau de la nappe phréatique autour du temple. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a affirmé que les études progressent à un rythme accéléré, afin de pouvoir transférer ces deux stèles vers le Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) où elles seront exposées. Dr Wazîrî a précisé que la première stèle en grès appartient à Ptolémée XII. Elle mesure 2,53m x 2,53m et 24 cm d’épaisseur. Elle est surmontée d’un disque solaire ailé. On y voit également Ptolémée XII et derrière lui son épouse Cléopâtre V et sa fille Arsinoé et devant eux la triade du temple de Kom Ombo. À cela s’ajoute un texte hiéroglyphique composé de 29 lignes. Quant à la seconde stèle en grès, elle appartient également à Ptolémée XII. Elle mesure 2,80 x 1,20 x 35 cm. Le roi y est représenté tenant une massue dans une main et dans l’autre un prisonnier de guerre, devant la triade de Kom Ombo (Haroéris, Tasenetnofret et Panebtaoui). La stèle renferme deux textes : le premier est composé de 34 lignes hiéroglyphiques, le second de 33 lignes démotiques. Les études sont actuellement en cours pour déchiffrer ces textes. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie étudie les deux stèles du temple de Kom Ombo », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 16 août 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie étudie deux stèles avant leur transfert vers le NMEC », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie forme une commission d’étude des deux stèles trouvées dans le temple de Kom Ombo », Sada al- Balad, 16 août). - - Magra al-‘Uyûn Aqueduct When the mediaeval Egyptian Sultan Salâh al-Dîn al-Ayyûbî, known in the West as SALADIN, built the Cairo Citadel and new city walls from close to the former capital at Fustât, he also ordered the construction of a canal on top of them to carry water from the Nile to the citadel where it could be used for drinking and irrigation. The water was carried up to the walls by waterwheels. Following a population boom during the reign of the Mameluke Sultan al-Nâsir Muhammad Ibn Qalâwwûn at the beginning of the 14th century, the need for more water became imperative, and a plan was drafted to construct waterwheels linking up with the great al-Qanâtir Barrages north of Cairo that would then channel water to the citadel. The sultan built a great tower, the Burg al- Sâqiya, to contain the wheels and a large cistern in Fum al-Khalîg, now Qasr al-‘Aynî

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 74 Street, on the banks of the Nile. The waterwheels were operated by oxen to raise the water up to a canal system on raised arches supported by large stone piers. The whole was designed to form a slope that could be connected to the older aqueduct built by Salâh al-Dîn al-Ayyûbî. Later still, the Mameluke Sultan Qâytbây undertook renovation work of the aqueduct, as did the sultan Qunsuwwa al-Ghûrî who brought the system up to date. The water was now pooled in the square at the foot of the citadel before being raised by waterwheels to cisterns inside. The aqueduct was functional until the Ottoman period, but it fell into disuse during the French Expedition to Egypt at the end of the 18th century, when it was used for military purposes. The French blocked some of the arches supporting the canal and turned them into fortifications. In 1810, Muhammad ‘Alî ordered the renovation of the aqueduct and a new branch was added to service the Southern Cemetery, ending near the Mosque of al-imâm al-Shâfi‘î. The aqueduct remained in use until 1827, when a more modern system was introduced. “Today, the aqueduct runs from Fum al- Khalîg on the banks of the Nile to the Sayyida ‘Â’isha area of Cairo, with its remaining section being about 3km long. It is one of the most beautiful examples of aqueduct architecture not only in Egypt but also in the entire Islamic world,” said Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, head of the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said that in the early 2000s the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), now the Ministry of Antiquities, had begun restoration work on the aqueduct, with the aim of turning it into a tourist destination. The work involved cleaning the stonework, replacing stones that were damaged, restoring the waterwheel tower, demolishing workshops that had encroached on the structure, and clearing away refuse in the surrounding area. The project was then halted, but today, more than a decade later, the Ministry of Antiquities has decided to revive the aqueduct restoration and development project to turn it into an open-air museum. The project is within the framework of a strategy to restore Cairo as a city of heritage and the arts. Leather tanneries in the area will be removed to al- Rubaykî near Badr City in collaboration with the Ministry of Industry and the relevant professional association. The aqueduct passes through a heavy populated area, and it has been encroached on by residents and leather tanneries, causing significant damage. Environmental pollution ranging from exhaust fumes to a rising underground water table, out-dated sewage system and weak infrastructure has undermined the aqueduct’s foundations and an earthquake in 1992 left visible cracks in the structure. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said that after the removal of the tanneries the area surrounding the aqueduct would be converted into a tourist destination. “Although the urban texture that surrounds the aqueduct does not have as long a history as that in Historic Cairo and Fustât, it is worthy of preservation because of its social and economic importance and the aesthetic value arising from the relationship between the houses and the walls of the structure, these having often been built without the help of architects,” he told Al-Ahram Weekly.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 75 He said the façades of the buildings located in front of the aqueduct would be improved to suit the historical environment and the informal housing area would continue to be used as houses for craftsmen. Two museums will also be established in the area to show visitors the water system that was used in mediaeval Cairo and its architectural designs, he said. A pedestrian esplanade will also be created along the aqueduct to provide a walking area for visitors. (Nevine El-Aref, “Restoring the aqueduct”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 16, 2018. Voir également Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie révèle sa conception de réaménagement de l’aqueduc », al-Shurûq, 23 juillet ; Samar al- Naggâr, « Le directeur du HCRP : Le ministère de l’Archéologie restaure l’aqueduc », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 août). - - President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî officially inaugurated the Suhâg National Museum on Sunday, the first in this Upper Egyptian city and a landmark celebrating the ancient Egyptian era and the distinguished history of Suhâg as a pilgrimage city of the pharaohs. “The Suhâg National Museum is not just a regional museum that the Ministry of Antiquities is opening in an Upper Egyptian province, but it is part of the country’s strategy to give attention and care to the Upper Egyptian governorates and to develop their resources,” Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly before the opening. He added that the completion of the museum was a dream come true and the result of a promise by the ministry to Suhâg and its inhabitants. al-‘Inânî was particularly grateful that President al-Sîsî had accepted his invitation to inaugurate the museum. It was “a message of peace from Upper Egypt to the world highlighting Egypt’s efforts in fighting terrorism through its unique civilisation. The institution sends out messages of peace and the need to pay more attention to culture,” he said. “When I visited Suhâg in mid-2016, few people believed I would hold to my promise and open the long-awaited museum in 2018 as the work had stopped in 2016. It was a real challenge to do so,” al-‘Inânî added. “But the passion and enthusiasm of the ministry’s employees and the attention that the ministry has received from the country’s political leaders have been tremendous, making this dream come true.” He said the new museum was one of the ministry’s projects to protect Egypt’s heritage and continue its archaeological and antiquities projects. The project cost some LE72 million, and most of the new museum’s furnishings were made in Egypt, including the showcases and marble floors.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 76 To celebrate the opening, the museum will welcome visitors for free in August, after which tickets will be LE60 for foreigners, LE30 for foreign students, LE10 for Egyptians, LE5 for Egyptian students, and free for Egyptian pensioners and state-school students. The latter will also have free access to archaeological sites all over Egypt. “I would like to see the museum extending a hand of hope to Suhâg and its distinguished archaeological sites encouraging tourists to pay a visit to its monuments,” al-‘Inânî told the Weekly. The Suhâg National Museum does not only display the history of Egypt as a country, but also reveals the history of the ancient cities of Suhâg, Abydos and Akhmîm, sites that were the origins of Egypt’s ancient civilisation. Suhâg has rich archaeological sites from the early period up to the Ptolemaic, Graeco- Roman, Coptic and Islamic periods. But although the governorate contains many distinguished monuments and historical landmarks, it is seldom visited. Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museum Sector at the Ministry of Antiquities, told the Weekly that the aim of the museum was not only to reflect the unique history of the governorate from pre-history to modern times, but also to highlight Egyptian identity through the changes that have taken place in Upper Egypt. (Nevine El-Aref, “A dream come true”, Al- Ahram Weekly, August 16, 2018. Voir également Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le musée de Suhâg accueille un grand nombre de visiteurs après son inauguration », Watanî, 14 août ; Nasma Réda, « Suhâg a enfin son musée », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 août). - - Bird’s-eye view of GEM At the request of local and international companies and consortia, Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities extended the pre-qualification period for interested parties to submit documents in the open tender to manage the facilities of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) complex, scheduled to open in 2020. Târiq Tawfîq, supervisor general of the GEM, told Ahram Online that the new deadline for pre-qualification submissions would be Tuesday, 25 September. The deadline for receiving site visit requests has been extended to 6 September. Tawfîq said that pre-qualification documents received will be opened in a public session Wednesday, 26 September, at the GEM. Tawfîq explained that facilities include a 1,000-seat conference centre, a 500-seat cinema, 10 restaurants, with two overlooking the Gîza Pyramids, food courts, bookshops and other retail outlets, a traditional arts and crafts centre, and a multifunctional building that could be for administrative purposes or as a boutique hotel. He underlined that the Ministry of Antiquities is the only authority responsible for the management and security of GEM’s treasured collection, as well as anything related to antiquities, such as exhibition halls, the maintenance and restoration centre, and the children’s museum. The GEM complex is a cultural institution located on an area of approximately 500,000 m2 adjacent to the Gîza Pyramids. By time of opening it will constitute one of the largest

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 77 museums in the world displaying the heritage of a single civilisation. The museum will contain over 100,000 artifacts, reflecting Egypt’s past from prehistory through the Greek and Roman periods, in an area of 92,000 m2. (Nevine El- Aref, “Pre-qualification for Grand Egyptian Museum complex facilities management extended”, Ahram Online, August 16, 2018. Voir également « Grand Musée Égyptien, nouveau délai », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 août). - - Samedi 18 août 2018 The mummy had undergone an embalming process. Pic credit: Dr Stephen BUCKLEY, University of York A study published on the Journal of Archaeological Science and the University of York website has revealed that scientists carried several forensic tests on an ancient Egyptian mummy, which proves that the embalming practice is older than assumed. Dating to around 3,700-3,500 BC, the mummy is currently housed in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy. “It is the first time that extensive tests have been carried out on an intact prehistoric mummy, consolidating the researchers’ previous findings that embalming was taking place 1,500 years earlier than previously accepted,” the study said. The researchers discovered the embalming recipe included plant oil, heated conifer resin, an aromatic plant extract, plant gum and sugar. It also included “antibacterial agents” that have been commonly used in similar amounts by Egyptian embalmers during their peak 2,500 years later. “The study builds on the previous research from 2014 which first identified the presence of complex embalming agents in surviving fragments of linen wrappings from prehistoric bodies in now obliterated tombs at Mostagedda in Middle Egypt,” the report said. The scientist team, featuring researchers from the Universities of York, Macquarie, Oxford, Warwick, Trento and Turin, discovered that the mummy belongs to Upper Egypt, which signifies that the embalming recipe had been widely used. Stephen BUCKLEY, archaeological chemist and mummification expert from the University of York’s said that “having identified very similar embalming recipes in our previous research on prehistoric burials, this latest study provides both the first evidence for the wider geographical use of these balms and the first ever unequivocal scientific evidence for the use of embalming on an intact, prehistoric Egyptian mummy”. “Moreover, this preservative treatment contained antibacterial constituents in the same proportions as those used in later ‘true’ mummification. As such, our findings represent the literal embodiment of the forerunners of classic mummification, which would become one of the central and iconic pillars of ancient Egyptian culture,” he said. (Hend El-Behary, “Scientists carry out tests on ancient Egyptian ’embalming recipe’ mummy”, Egypt Independent, August 18, 2018. Voir également Mohamed Emad, “Egyptian mummies embalmed 1,500 years older than expected: Expert”, Sada al-Balad, August 16). - - Dimanche 19 août 2018 The three skeletons found inside a massive granite sarcophagus unearthed in Alexandria last month have been analysed and found to be a young woman and two men, Egyptian antiquities officials have said, and intricate

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 78 gold panels have also been discovered inside the coffin. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that preliminary studies on the remains were carried out by a team of researchers headed by Zaynab Hashîsh, director of the Department of Skeleton Remains Studies at the Ministry of Antiquities, who determined the gender and age of the skeletons by looking at the anatomy of the skulls, pelvises and longitudinal bones. Antiquities experts examine remains found inside the granite sarcophagus He added that the team had also found several square intricately decorated panels made of gold, measuring approximately 5cm by 3cm. Wazîrî said that the delicate artwork depicted on the panels may refer to military rankings. Gold panels found inside a granite sarcophagus Nâdya Khidr, head of the Central Department of Antiquities of Lower Egypt, said that according to the studies, the first skeleton belonged to a woman between the ages of 20 to 25, with a height of around 160 to 164 cm. The second one belonged to a man between the age of 35 to 39, with a height ranging between 160 to 165.5 cm, while the third skeleton is also male, aged between 40 and 44 years old and with a height of 179 to 184.5 cm. The first skeleton She said that analysis of the third skeleton’s skull show a 17cm-wide round cavity, which the man had sustained a considerable amount of time before death. “This means that the cavity might be a result of a trepanation,” Hashîsh told Ahram Online. She explained that trepanation is the scraping or drilling of a hole in the skull, and is the oldest surgical intervention in history, found in prehistoric human remains. The second skeleton found inside the granite sarcophagus This form of surgery was rare in ancient Egypt, however, and few skulls with this injury have been found. The Qasr al-‘Aynî Hospital Museum holds some examples, however, and some skulls found in the tomb of 18th-dynasty treasurer Maya and his wife Merit also show marks of trepanation. Wazîrî suggested that most probably the burying processes inside the sarcophagus were carried out in two consecutive phases, as the skeletons were found one on top of the other. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Section at the ministry, said that the researchers have cleaned all the remains found inside the sarcophagus and archaeologically documented all the bones and skulls, as well as the gold panels. He explained that the strange colour of the liquid found inside the sarcophagus was probably a result of the contamination from sewage water, which caused the remains of the skeleton’s wrappings to decompose.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 79 Several analyses are being carried out on the water to uncover more about its components, al-‘Ashmâwî said. Wazîrî said that more research and studies are being carried out, including DNA tests and CT scans on the bones, to find out more about the skeletons and determine if the three people were genetically related. The sarcophagus was found in the Sîdî Gâbir district of Alexandria during the digging of foundations for a new residential building. Officials have previously said it probably dates to the Ptolemaic (332–30 BC) or Roman (30 BC–642 AD) eras. The initial discovery of the massive black granite coffin caused a stir; some speculated that it might contain the long-vanished remains of Alexander the Great, whose tomb was said to have been located in Alexandria. Others raised concerns about a curse; according to the BBC, Wazîrî assuaged fears, saying: "We’ve opened it and, thank God, the world has not fallen into darkness.” The discovery of the red liquid inside the sarcophagus when it was opened also prompted a reaction; an international petition demanding that the Egyptian government let people drink the liquid garnered thousands of signatures. (Nevine El-Aref, “Initial analysis shows skeletons from huge Egyptian sarcophagus are two men, one woman”, Ahram Online, August 19, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Les squelettes retrouvés dans le sarcophage d’Alexandrie appartiennent à une femme et deux hommes », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 19 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie révèle l’identité des trois squelettes du sarcophage d’Alexandrie », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 19 août ; “Gender, age of Alexandria sarcophagus remains identified: Antiquities Ministry”, Egypt Independent, August 19; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Résultats des études sur les squelettes du sarcophage d’Alexandrie », Watanî, 19 août ; « Le mystère du sarcophage alexandrin persiste », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 29 août). - - Jeudi 23 août 2018 Les habitants du village al-Qasr dans l’oasis de Dâkhla ont arrêté un jeune homme d’allure suspecte, déguisé en femme et l’ont remis à la police. Dans ses aveux, M.H.M. a reconnu avoir porté le niqab, afin de se livrer plus facilement au trafic archéologique. Les enquêteurs poursuivent leurs investigations pour éclaircir cette affaire et arrêter les complices éventuels. (Ahmad ‘Abd al-Salâm, « Arrestation d’un jeune homme en niqab », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 23 août 2018). - - Dr Muhammad Mu‘tî, Ministry of Finance has inspected the ongoing preparations for establishing the first museum for memorial coins and historic issuances of the Mint since 1950.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 80 The planned museum will house miscellaneous coins that embody history of the Egyptian state since the royal era and so on. It contains rare collections minted locally or abroad. Those coins represent a number of historic figures such as Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha who ruled Egypt between 1805 to 1844, Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir who ruled since 1954 to 1970 and leaders of Arab and Islamic states. The museum will also contain a treasure of documents of digging the Suez Canal and Aswân High Dam in addition to the other mega national projects. (Ahmed Moamar, “Government establishes first museum for memorial coins, historic issuances”, Sada al- Balad, August 23, 2018). - - Samedi 25 août 2018 Dr Târiq Tawfîq, General Supervisor over the Egyptian Grand Museum (GEM), said that it will receive ten thousand visitors a day. By completing the third stage of the GEM, it will receive eight million visitors annually. He affirmed that a chain of stores, restaurants and other logistics should be added to serve the visitors. Dr Tawfîq revealed a televised interview with Dream Space Channel on Saturday that about 8 eating places and 28 shops to sell souvenirs will be added to the GEM. He further said that experts have started fixing glass panels to shield dust and grains of sand. He expected the GEM will flourish tourism in Egypt over the period to come. (Ahmed Moamar, “Egyptian Grand Museum to receive 8 million visitors annually: Official”, Sada al- Balad, August 25, 2018). - - Lundi 27 août 2018 An Egyptian archaeological mission discovered a Ptolemaic necropolis in Alexandria’s western cemetery while carrying out a preliminary archaeological inspection before erecting an iron gate around a workshop at the Gabal al-Zaytûn railway station in Alexandria. Mustafa Wazîrî, the secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that the ministry has allocated money for an excavation and to uncover the remaining part of the cemetery. He added that the mission found a collection of rock-hewn tombs with stairs leading to a small hall that may had been used as a resting area for visitors, as well as another open court surrounded by burial recesses.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 81 Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Sector, said that the mission also unearthed a collection of lamps decorated with animal scenes and a cistern for funerary rituals, along with a number of clay and glass pots. A collection of skeletons and human bones were also uncovered. “Early studies show that this necropolis had been used across several historical periods and that it was dedicated to impoverished citizens,” al-‘Ashmâwî explains. He added that some of the tombs featured coloured and decorated layers of plaster, while other parts were coloured less. Regretfully the tombs are in very poor condition due to a lack of conservation during the British colonial period when the railways were constructed, as well as the deterioration suffered as a result of the military invasion in World War II. (Nevine El-Aref, “Archaeological inspection unearths a partial Ptolemaic necropolis in Alexandria”, Ahram Online, August 27, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Une mission égyptienne découvre à Alexandrie la nécropole ouest de l’époque ptolémaïque », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 26 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte partielle de la nécropole ouest de l’Alexandrie ptolémaïque », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 26 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au jour de la nécropole ouest de l’Alexandrie ptolémaïque », Sada al-Balad, 26 août ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte de la nécropole ouest de l’Alexandrie ptolémaïque », Watanî, 26 août ; “Archaeological team uncovers Ptolemaic cemetery west of Alexandria”, Egypt Independent, August 27). - - Mercredi 29 août 2018 The Ministry of Antiquities is set to complete the conservation work on the chandelier located in the eastern corner inside Khedive Muhammad ‘Alî Mosque in October. Gharîb Sunbul, the head of the Central Administration of Conservation, said that the conservation work was carried out in accordance to the latest scientific and technological techniques available in the field. All of the decoration and accessories on the chandelier were cleaned and its hands were restored using parts sourced and created similar to the original.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 82 The ministry of antiquities started the conservation project of Muhammad ‘Alî Mosque in 2017 and 90 percent of the restoration work has now been completed. The mosque, which began construction in 1830, is also known as the Alabaster Mosque due to its alabaster halls. It stands proudly on the highest point inside Saladin’s citadel. The Turkish architect Youssef Boushnaq designed the mosque in the style of the Sultan Ahmet Mosque in Istanbul. (Nevine El-Aref, “Conservation work on chandelier in the Muhammad ‘Alî Mosque scheduled to be complete in October”, Ahram Online, August 29, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie achève 90 % des travaux de restauration de la mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 29 août ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce l’exécution de 90 % des travaux de restauration de la mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 29 août ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie achève 90 % des travaux de restauration de la mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 29 août ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Achèvement de 90 % des travaux de restauration de la mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî », Sada al-Balad, 29 août). - - La mission archéologique égyptienne travaillant sur la restauration et la maintenance de la pyramide à degrés du roi Djoser à Saqqâra a découvert, cette semaine, une statue du dieu Osiris cachée entre les gros blocs de pierre de l’une des façades de la pyramide. Elle mesure 63 cm de haut et 15 cm de large et est faite de bronze. La statue représente le dieu Osiris avec une plume dans une main et un sceptre dans l’autre et avec une couronne double à deux plumes. « La statue a probablement été cachée à cet endroit par un prêtre de Saqqâra dans l’Antiquité pour la préserver », a indiqué Sabrî Farag, directeur général de la nécropole de Saqqâra, ajoutant que l’objet a été stocké dans les entrepôts de Saqqâra et sera minutieusement restauré. « Il est très probable que cette statue, qui est en bon état de conservation, n’ait pas été fabriquée au temps de Djoser, mais à une époque ultérieure », a souligné Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités. (Nasma Réda, « Osiris, caché à Saqqâra », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 29 août 2018). - - Egypt‘s tourism revenues jumped 77 percent in the first half of 2018 to around $4.8 billion compared with the same period last year, a government official told Reuters. The number of tourists who visited Egypt in that time jumped 41 percent to around 5 million tourists, added the official who asked to remain anonymous because they are not authorised to speak to the media. The tourism sector is one of the country’s main sources of foreign currency but has struggled since a 2011 uprising that ousted then president Husnî Mubârak. A total of 14.7 million people visited Egypt in 2010 before the uprising. (Mohamed Emad, “Egypt’s tourism revenues jump 77 pct to $4.781 in H1 2018”, Sada al-Balad, August 29, 2018). - - Jeudi 30 août 2018 Many unusual stories relate to the discovery of the Pharaoh Khufu’s Solar Boat on the Pyramids Plateau in Gîza, writes Zâhî Hawwâs : Egyptology is an exciting and rewarding field, and every discovery has a story behind it. The discovery of the Solar Boat of the Pharaoh Khufu in 1954 is one of the most interesting.

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 83 At that time, Muhammad Zakî Nûr was chief inspector of antiquities at Gîza, and Kamâl al-Mallâkh was a young architect in the then Antiquities Service. The area south of the Great Pyramid was buried under debris reaching a height of seven metres. But the idea of removing it came only after a visit by king Saud of Saudi Arabia, who commented on the debris during a visit. al-Mallâkh, being an ambitious and energetic young man, set his workmen to the task. Their chief was Garas Yânî, an Upper Egyptian who had been trained by some of the best foreign archaeologists. In July 1954, Yânî uncovered several huge limestone blocks lying next to each other at ground level. It was obvious to him that they covered a large pit. In great excitement, he went to look for al-Mallâkh and found him in a downtown Cairo café with his close friends, the famous writer Anîs Mansûr and Maurice Gindî, a correspondent for the news agency United Press International. As Mansûr relates the scene, Yânî was bursting with excitement, as he called al-Mallâkh on the telephone when they were having lunch, saying, “Mr al- Mallâkh, we have found the boat of Khufu.” Whether with the advantage of hindsight, or as the result of an inspired guess at the time, al-Mallâkh said he had been convinced from the first that the southern enclosure wall had been built closer to the Pyramids than the northern and western walls precisely to conceal one or more boat pits, and that Yânî had also known this. Be that as it may, the announcement caused great excitement, and the group left the café in haste, jumped into Mansûr’s car, and headed for Gîza. Mansûr recalls that the car broke down on the Pyramids Road from overheating. “The curse of the Pharaohs,” he said. When al-Mallâkh arrived at the site, he found that the 41 limestone blocks seemed to be supported on a metre-wide shelf, and he broke through a massive slab to reveal a deep vault beneath his feet. His excitement grew, and his whole face lit up with a smile as he realised that a boat indeed lay inside and moreover appeared to be in a remarkable state of preservation. For the first time in 4,500 years, the sun shone on the timbers of the great cedar-wood vessel. Gindî wasted no time in publishing an article on the find with UPI, and the New York Times ran story after story about the discovery of the Solar Boat. Anîs Mansûr later told me that he had called the distinguished Egyptologist Silîm Hasan for his opinion about solar boats, and that meanwhile al-Mallâkh had embarked on a lecture tour in the United States to talk about the discovery. Ever charismatic, the now famous al-Mallâkh shared his passion for Egypt with academic audiences across the country and gave various television and radio appearances. The tour was a great success. When al-Mallâkh returned to Egypt, the journalist Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal convinced then president Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir that the site was well worth a visit. Together with an entourage of military officers, Nâsir visited it. He listened as al-Mallâkh explained the discovery and its significance. Mansûr, who was there, said he had heard Nâsir say to al-Mallâkh “I did not come to see the discovery. I came to encourage you in your work.” However, at this point, the evil nemesis the ancient Egyptian god Seth decided to churn things up. It seems he almost never leaves us alone. al-Mallâkh was criticised by the Antiquities Service for publishing the discovery without its permission, and it was decided to send him to its Legal Affairs Office, which decided to cut 15 days from his monthly salary as a punishment. Later, Zakî Nûr, an antiquities inspector at Gîza, claimed that he should have had the

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 84 credit for the discovery. Meanwhile, ‘Abd al- Mun‘im Abû Bakr, dean of the Department of Egyptology at Cairo University, wrote an article outlining six points supporting his theory that the vessel was not a solar boat at all, but a funerary barge that had been built to transport the body of the deceased Pharaoh from the capital Memphis to the Pyramid site. I have reviewed Abû Bakr’s notes, and I have not found enough evidence to support his theory. In fact, during the excavation chips of cedar and acacia wood were found in the pit, along with traces of mud plaster covering the limestone blocks over it. In my opinion, this provides evidence that the Boat was built close to where it was buried. Moreover, there is no indication that it was ever used on the Nile. For one thing, the deckhouse is not big enough for a comfortable journey, and for another it does not have any windows. The most important evidence, recently discovered in Wâdî al-Garf near Suez, is a papyrus that tells us that the Pharaoh lived in a palace at Gîza and not in Memphis. With a small replica of the boat; the dismantled Solar Boat as found by al-Mallâkh; the boat pit with the limestone slabs FIGHTING FOR HIS BELIEFS: Needless to say, al-Mallâkh continued to regard the vessel as a solar boat connected with the age-old myth of the sun god eternally journeying across the heavens. Imagine his frustration, then, when he had left the Antiquities Service and the boat that had given him instant fame was taken out of his hands. He fought like a tiger for his views, and he ultimately lost his life in the battle. Even when he was no longer involved in the project, he continued to visit Gîza to watch Haj Ahmad Yûsuf, chief restorer at the Antiquities Service, supervising the excavation and reconstruction of the oldest boat in the world. Limestone blocks covering the pit were lifted using huge cranes, and a resinous solution was applied to the fragments of ancient matting to lift them up without damage. A platform had to be built over the working area to enable Yûsuf to conduct operations without putting pressure on the boat itself. Eventually, the ancient timbers were lifted, treated, and restored. Built for a king, this vessel had been dismantled before being buried, and Yûsuf almost singlehandedly spent 14 years putting this giant jigsaw puzzle back together. al-Mallâkh could only watch from the sidelines. al-Mallâkh was a truly remarkable man. When he died in 1987, Egypt lost one of its most beloved sons. His appearance, resembling a Pharaoh and being tall and upright with a high forehead and a receding hairline, made him stand out on Cairo’s crowded streets. Though he was forced out of the Antiquities Department, he was not the kind of person to harbour grievances. He turned his attention to journalism instead and became a reporter for Âkhir Sâ‘a magazine and al-Akhbâr newspaper. At this point he reinforced his friendship with Anîs Mansûr, and together they shared many adventures. I enjoyed reading about some of those in Mansûr’s weekly column Ayâmna al-Hilwa (Our Sweet Days) in al-Ahrâm. However, the two men were opposites. al- Mallâkh led an active social life and published little, while Mansûr was not socially inclined and published more than 200 books. They were friends and rivals. They competed with each other, but they were as inseparable as twins. Mansûr, a Muslim, and al-Mallâkh, a Copt, forever teased one another and entered into intellectual arguments. Their special friendship will never be forgotten, and when I became a close friend of Anîs Mansûr, he used

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 85 to tell me stories about his friendship with al- Mallâkh. When al-Mallâkh joined al-Ahrâm and became the editor of its back page, he also made this his own. Writing in an appealing style that became his calling card, he was read by everyone. The headline was in his handwriting, and the page became so popular that many al-Ahrâm readers began their day by reading the paper from the back. We could not wait to see what he would write each day. He had imagination, talent, and an enormous interest in his own country and especially in Egyptology. In those days, not much was written in the press about the subject, but he described discoveries in simple language that made people love Egyptology. He encouraged me a lot when I became an antiquities inspector at Gîza, and he even used to write about me using the expression “the young archaeologist”. He predicted a good future for me, saying to me one day “you have the talent and the personality to be the director of Egyptian Antiquities.” I will never forget one Friday when I was with him when suddenly a famous actress came into the office. He said, “My dear, your appointment is at 11. You will need to wait in the other office while I finish speaking to Zâhî Hawwâs.” I could not believe that he had said this to such a famous actress. The dismantled Solar Boat as found by al-Mallâkh A SECOND BOAT: One day, I borrowed a car from my friend ‘Izzat al-Sa‘dânî, a writer in al-Ahrâm. It was a Volkswagen and the petrol gauge was broken. al-Mallâkh and I drove to Gîza, and while we were coming back the car ran out of petrol in front of the Television Building in Cairo. al- Mallâkh and I began to push the car, and people stared at him, scarcely able to believe that this famous writer was pushing the car. He was a character that every Egyptian recognised, first coming up with the idea of the Cairo International Film Festival and appearing a lot on TV. Even after I went to the University of Pennsylvania in the US as a Fulbright fellow to study for my doctoral degree, I visited him when I returned to Egypt on vacation. One day, he invited me for lunch at Anîs Mansûr’s villa in Gîza. There, I met important personalities, including the writer Tawfîq al- Hakîm. The domestic video camera had just been invented at the time, and al-Hakîm was quite taken with it, happy to watch images of him on the screen. He wanted to test out his appearance, being concerned about how he looked from one angle or another, and which was the most flattering. I remember he wiggled his moustache to see if it was noticeable on TV. Toward the end of al-Mallâkh’s life, the Antiquities Service gave permission for the magazine National Geographic to investigate the Second Boat pit at Gîza, and he was upset about not being included on the team. He fought for his rights, but to no avail. One night he called me at 9pm and talked for two hours about how upset he was at this treatment, his voice containing great sadness. I left for the United States the following day to attend the opening of a Ramses II exhibition in Denver, Colorado. Imagine my shock when I was awakened some days later by a call from Dorothea, his sister-in-law, telling me that he had passed away. I cried for two hours, my sorrow being perhaps even greater than what I had felt on the death of my own father. After the restoration of the Second Boat, I hope the two boats can be exhibited together in the new Boat Museum currently being built near the Grand Egyptian Museum in Gîza. I

A o û t 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 86 cannot stand the ugly building that currently contains the first boat beside the Great Pyramid, and I planned to transfer it when we began to build the new Grand Egyptian Museum. The story of the Solar Boat never ends, but I hope I have been able to give al-Mallâkh the credit he deserved as the one who first discovered it. I myself was able to prove that it was indeed a solar boat that the Pharaoh, as a god, would symbolically use for his voyages by day. It was called by the ancient Egyptians the “mandjet” boat, while the one used for the night journey was known as the “msketet”. The oars of the boats were used to kill the wild beasts of the underworld, and the people would continue to worship the Pharaoh after his death as a god. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “Untold stories of the Solar Boat”, Al-Ahram Weekly, August 30, 2018). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 87 III – SEPTEMBRE 2018 Samedi 1er septembre 2018 L’Unité archéologique à l’aéroport de Burg al-‘Arab, en coopération avec les douaniers et les policiers, a saisi 44 monnaies en or et en argent datant des époques byzantine et islamique. Le président du département des antiquités égyptiennes, Dr Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî a confirmé le caractère antique de ces monnaies, qui ont été confisquées conformément à la loi 117/1983. De son côté, le président de l’Administration centrale des ports, Hamdî Hammâm, a précisé que d’après les inscriptions, ces monnaies remontent aux époques abbasside, fatimide, ayyoubide, mamelouke et ottomane. Une enquête est ouverte. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Tentative déjouée d’exportation illicite de 44 monnaies à travers l’aéroport de Burg al-‘Arab », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er septembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Échec d’une tentative d’exportation illicite de 44 monnaies byzantines et islamiques », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 1er septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « 44 monnaies islamiques saisies avant leur exportation illicite », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er septembre). - - Lundi 3 septembre 2018 al-Dusûqî during a protest against the demolition of old buildings in Alexandria (© Courtesy of Muhammad ‘Âdil al-Dusûqî) It is the end of summer. Holidaymakers are leaving Alexandria. The city is regaining part of its quiet. And Muhammad ‘Âdil al-Dusûqî, an architect and conservation campaigner, is again on the road taking pictures of and drawing selected items of his city’s architectural heritage that he says “is being lost by the year”. At a café annexed to a large building that was built in reminiscence of an “old chic hotel”, al-Dusûqî is putting down his tablet. He is going through a collection of pictures of early 20th century buildings in Alexandria that he has been trying with a group of other architects to put on a list of architectural heritage worthy of preservation. Some of these are apartment buildings on the Alexandria Corniche. Others are scattered around the city. “These are mostly buildings built in the early decades of the 20th century. We have tried very hard to include as many of them as possible in a list first put forward in the 1990s, and later enlarged, but we failed,” al-Dusûqî said.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 88 al-Dusûqî acknowledges the fact that it would be impossible to include all the architectural items, which survived “the endless waves of erosion that the city has known throughout the second half of the 20th century, especially during the last two decades, and the years of the 21st century”. “It is a complicated issue really. Demolition is not just an act of owners and developers who seek to make maximum profit, so they take down a villa to build a twin-tower. Demolition is also an act of failure to maintain the buildings against the environment and man-made signs of decay,” al-Dusûqî said. “This is not just about a lack of funds, although this is increasingly a factor. It is also about a lack of interest in keeping the buildings,” he added. A member of “Save Alex”, a group of volunteers — mostly architects of the harbour city — who have been lobbying for the preservation of the city’s architectural and environmental heritage, al-Dusûqî is coming to terms with the reality that the aggressive wave of demolitions the city has seen in the past decade is likely to continue. He is hoping, however, that some buildings can be saved. “One thing that is often overlooked in the debate over demolition and/or preservation is the impact of the people who live in a city. If the people do not feel a bond to these buildings, and if they feel they would rather to see them gone to make room for less aesthetically distinctive buildings, then this would happen,” al-Dusûqî said. He added that since its onset, a little under a decade ago, Save Alex has managed to stand against the demolition of a few buildings and the erosion of some gardens, “only by the support of the people who were actively lobbying against the loss of their city’s architectural heritage.” “It would not have been done without the people. The people would not act to protect a building if they did not feel an association to it,” he argued. “The writer Italo CALVINO once wrote that the city ‘does not tell its past, but contains it like the lines of hand.’ This is basically the point: cutting people’s bonds with the past leaves the city with a discontinuous social narrative and a fragmented urban form,” al- Dusûqî argued. A sit in to protest the demolition of old buildings in Alexandria (© Courtesy of Muhammad ‘Âdil al-Dusûqî) Clearly, he added, architectural construction in place of the old is part of a city’s story. “It is inevitable,” he said. Clearly too, he added, a city like Alexandria, “which has always been described as a ‘palimpsest’ that carries marks from all ages of history, has been made of layers and has through the centuries lost much not just by acts of demolition but due to the forces of nature.” “Among many other losses, we cannot of course see the Pharos, the Seventh Wonder of the Ancient World. We cannot actually locate the ancient Museon or the Bibliotheca of the Ptolemaic city. We cannot see many of the modern monuments of the cosmopolitan city, such as the Royal Stock Exchange (La Bourse), Teatro Zizinia, or the original San Stefano Hotel and casino,” he stated. “Urban spaces are tangible collectives that are replete with intangible meanings and it is upon social groups’ interaction with these spaces that their fate is decided. This interaction is actually decided by the collective memories that people share and maybe cherish,” he argued. Last year, Save Alex held a photography contest under the name of “A building I love.” The objective was to encourage people, mostly young men and women, to document buildings that they relate to in one way or the other. “There has to be a connect between

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 89 the people and the buildings if we wish for the people to really defend these buildings,” he argued. In a sense, al-Dusûqî acknowledges that a good part of the loss of modern architectural heritage goes back to the disconnect between the people and the city’s gems in the wake of the 1952 Revolution. “I am not exempting the municipal authorities, or the absence of strict legislation, but I am just saying it is not just about those,” he said. Ultimately, al-Dusûqî argued, even with adequate legislation and public pressure, some architectural pieces, like the villas Aghion, Ambron and Cicurel, have almost all been lost. Today, Villa al-Kirdânî, an early 20th century building, is being demolished. Villa Cicurel (© Courtesy of Muhammad ‘Âdil al-Dusûqî) Today, the cause of preservation has to be focused in reigniting the interest of the people of the city in the buildings around them. “Not just as beautiful buildings that carry part of the history of their city, but also as buildings that serve a modern purpose.” “The concept of reuse is basic when it comes to conservation. It has been successfully applied at a limited scale, in Alexandria and elsewhere across the country, and it worked,” al-Dusûqî said. One example that al-Dusûqî has in his collection of photos, and that he has for years been exploring, is the late 19th century building of al-Sûq al-Fransâwî. “This is basically a three-floor building that was fashioned like a typical Islamic wakâla, with the ground floor serving commercial purposes while the second and third floor are for residential services. This was the original scheme. Across the decades, the building, which has a unique venue at the heart of al- Manshiyya and which has unmistakable artistic merit, was turned, essentially, into a storage area,” al-Dusûqî said. al-Sûq al-Fransâwî (© Courtesy of Muhammad ‘Âdil al-Dusûqî) This building, he argued, “has not been demolished but it has really dilapidated, and eventually it could simply fall into disrepair.” According to al-Dusûqî, the way for this building to survive is for its use to be reconceptualised. “There are so many ideas, but one obvious idea is to turn it into a venue for the Alexandria Biennale,” he suggested. Meanwhile, al-Dusûqî has already taken ample photos of this building and used the virtual reality technologies to reassemble its glory. For him, this is the start of a project that he hopes would include many other buildings constituting the city’s architectural legacy. It was 10 years ago that al-Dusûqî started to work with virtual reality technologies and in the interval these technologies have made incredible advances. Today, he said, there is a way to document and virtually reassemble the heydays of key constructions of the city, “those that have attention as being part of the so-called belle époque of Alexandria, and those that get less attention for being part of the Ottoman style of architecture in the city that is unfortunately overlooked.” “In the absence of a trustworthy preservation strategy we are bound to lose

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 90 more buildings, so let us at least keep a memory of them,” he said. Almost 100 years ago, in 1919, al-Dusûqî said, Hermann THIERSCH drew the picture of the Alexandria Lighthouse that we know today. “What THIERSCH did was inspired by readings and some drawings, because he never saw the actual building” that had suffered the ripples of several earthquakes before it was fully destroyed in the 15th century when Mamluke ruler al-Sharaf Qâytbây used the reminder of the stone to build his fortress. With the help of advanced technologies and the findings of archaeological excavations, al-Dusûqî said, there are plans for a new image of the lighthouse to be released next year. “They are working on it and it is to be released on the 100th anniversary of the first picture. It is also expected to come with some virtual reality art,” he said. According to al-Dusûqî, if the lighthouse could be reassembled centuries after its disappearance, then clearly the Alexandria of the last century could be partially reassembled, notwithstanding campaigns to preserve what remains. (Dina Ezzat, “INTERVIEW: Preservation activist calls for adaptive reuse of architectural gems in Alexandria”, Ahram Online, September 3, 2018). - - Neolithic silos discovered An Egyptian-French mission at the Tell al- Samâra site in the Delta governorate of Daqahliyya has recently uncovered one of the oldest villages ever discovered in the Nile Delta. The joint mission excavated the remains of a Neolithic settlement, whose occupation lasted until the 2nd Dynasty (ca. 4200-2900 BC), at the bottom level of the al-Samâra site. “Discoveries from the Neolithic period are virtually unknown in this area, so this finding is of the upmost importance,” said Frédéric GUYOT, the head of the mission. The only other settlement discovered so far from the Neolithic period is the town of Sais, which was excavated by the Egyptian Exploration Society. The significant amount of data collected at Tell al-Samâra since 2015 provide a unique opportunity to gain a better knowledge of the prehistoric societies living in Lower Egypt a thousand years before the 1st Dynasty. From the pottery and artefacts found at the site, researchers believe that communities settled in the wetlands of the Nile Delta as early as the end of the 5th millennium BC. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the ancient Egyptian antiquities sector, told Ahram Online that the mission has also discovered a dozen silos containing a sizable quantity of animal bones and botanical remains, which will allow for scientists to study the subsistence strategies of these populations. He also said that the analyses of these organic remains will use cutting-edge technologies and, in conjunction with uncovering the unexcavated areas in the seasons to come, will definitely provide critical insights on the first populations of the Nile Delta, as well as providing insight into the origins of agriculture and husbandry in Egypt. (Nevine El-Aref, “One of the earliest settlements of the Nile Delta uncovered in Daqahliyya governorate”, Ahram Online, September 3, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte du plus ancien village dans le Delta », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 2 septembre ; “Oldest Neolithic village in Egypt’s Nile Delta uncovered”, Egypt Independent, September 2; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte à Tell al-Samâra du plus ancien

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 91 village datant du néolithique », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 2 septembre ; Liliane Nabîl, « Mise au jour du plus ancien village connu dans le Delta », Watanî, 2 septembre ; Mohamed Emad, “Village discovered in Egypt’s Nile Delta predates pharaohs”, Sada al-Balad, September 2; Dalia Farouq, « Le plus ancien village d’Égypte mis au jour », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 septembre). - - Mercredi 5 septembre 2018 Un énorme incendie a ravagé le Musée national de Rio de Janeiro dimanche 2 septembre, à 19h30, heure locale (22h30 GMT). Le feu a débuté alors que le musée était fermé au public et a réduit en cendres des collections et des archives de grande valeur, comme l’ont indiqué les médias brésiliens. Tout a été entièrement détruit, y compris la collection égyptienne de 700 pièces antiques provenant de dons ou d’achats. Les images aériennes de TV Globo montrent le majestueux bâtiment d’une superficie de 13 000 m2 dans la partie nord de Rio de Janeiro ravagé par d’immenses flammes pendant des heures. Malgré l’envoi rapide de pompiers, le feu a gagné les centaines de salles du musée, détruisant tout sur son passage. Suite à l’incendie, Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, a exprimé son profond regret, déclarant qu’il s’agissait d’une « immense perte pour l’humanité toute entière ». Il a par ailleurs souligné la solidarité du ministère égyptien des Antiquités avec le musée brésilien et déclaré que le ministère était entièrement disposé à apporter son aide technique pour la restauration des pièces antiques. Parmi les pièces antiques égyptiennes du Musée national de Rio de Janeiro figurait notamment le sarcophage coloré de Sha- Amon-En-Su (chanteuse d’Amon), offert par le khédive Ismâ‘îl à Pedro II, empereur du Brésil, en 1876, lors de sa deuxième visite en Égypte. L’examen tomographique effectué sur le sarcophage et la momie de Sha-Amon avait révélé la présence d’amulettes à l’intérieur. La collection égyptienne contenait par ailleurs le cercueil du prêtre Hori, des momies, des chats momifiés, des statues — telle une statue d’Isis — et des stèles remontant à différentes époques antiques. « Aujourd’hui est un jour tragique pour le Brésil. 200 ans de travail, de recherches et de connaissances ont été perdus », a déclaré le président brésilien, Michel TEMER, dans un communiqué de presse. Le directeur adjoint du musée, Luiz Fernando DIAS DUARTE, a fait part, quant à lui, d’un « profond découragement » et d’une « immense colère ». DIAS DUARTE a par ailleurs accusé les autorités brésiliennes de « manque d’attention » et a souligné qu’il n’y avait jamais eu de « soutien efficace et urgent » à une adaptation du bâtiment — un palais de style néoclassique, ancienne résidence officielle de la famille royale et impériale. Le ministre de la Culture, Sergio SA LEITAO, a reconnu plus tard que « la tragédie aurait pu être évitée » et que « les problèmes s’étaient accumulés au fil du temps » pour l’établissement. Il a indiqué que le musée avait connu d’importantes difficultés budgétaires et

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 92 qu’en 2015, il avait été « fermé faute de ressources pour son entretien ». Liée à l’Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), l’institution a subi des coupes budgétaires. Le Musée national de Rio de Janeiro, qui a fêté son bicentenaire en juin dernier, compte parmi les musées les plus anciens et les plus prestigieux du Brésil. Il a été créé par le roi Jean VI, ouvert en 1818 et possède plus de 20 millions de pièces de valeur. Alors que les flammes consumaient ce joyau de la culture brésilienne, la tristesse s’est mêlée à l’indignation des chercheurs, des professeurs et des étudiants. Certains d’entre eux ont appelé à une manifestation de protestation lundi devant le bâtiment détruit. « L’incendie est une tragédie pour la culture », a déclaré à TV Globo Paulo KNAUSS, directeur d’un autre musée brésilien, le Musée historique national. (Nasma Réda, « 700 pièces antiques égyptiennes parties en fumée », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 5 septembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie réclame un rapport urgent sur l’état des antiquités égyptiennes après l’incendie du musée brésilien », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 3 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le Musée national de Rio de Janeiro renfermait 700 pièces pharaoniques », Sada al-Balad, 3 septembre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Envoi d’un expert égyptien au Brésil pour inspecter les pièces égyptiennes », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 21 septembre ; MENA, « Un expert égyptien dépêché au Brésil pour inspecter l’état des pièces égyptiennes incendiées », Sada al- Balad, 21 septembre). - - De nombreux objets antiques du musée d’Art islamique du Caire ont été endommagés lors de l’explosion d’une voiture piégée près du bâtiment en 2014. Aujourd’hui, le musée organise une exposition temporaire pour en présenter les travaux de restauration. « Futât al-turâth » (les débris du patrimoine) est une exposition temporaire tenue dans la salle numéro 1 du musée d’Art islamique, dans le quartier de Bâb al-Khalq, au Caire. Inaugurée le 11 août dernier, elle durera jusqu’au 11 septembre. On peut y voir des pièces gravement endommagées suite à la forte explosion d’une voiture piégée devant la préfecture de police du Caire, située juste en face du musée, en janvier 2014. L’exposition renferme aussi des photos et un film documentaire illustrant les différentes phases de la restauration du musée, autant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur du bâtiment antique. L’une des pièces endommagées en 2014 (© Bassam Al-Zoghby) Les pièces exposées ont été restaurées, sont en cours de restauration ou sont présentées quasi détruites. « Cette exposition documente l’une des phases critiques de l’histoire de ce musée, qui abrite la plus grande collection de pièces d’art islamique au monde, avec un total de 100 000 pièces antiques rares », a déclaré Mamdûh ‘Uthmân, directeur du musée d’Art islamique, dans son discours lors de l’inauguration de l’exposition. « Tout de suite après l’explosion, nous avons entrepris la restauration des pièces avec une équipe de 25 spécialistes », se souvient Hamdî ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, chef des laboratoires de restauration du musée d’Art islamique, indiquant qu’au départ, cette équipe avait estimé le nombre de pièces détruites à 179, puis ce nombre était monté à 200 pièces antiques. « Au cours d’un an et demi de travail, les restaurateurs ont pu sauver 170 pièces », dit ‘Abd al-Mun‘im. Et d’ajouter :

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 93 « C’était un grand défi que de pouvoir redonner à 90 % des pièces endommagées leur splendeur d’autrefois ». L’exposition regroupe aussi quelques pièces gravement endommagées qui n’ont pas pu être totalement restaurées, car certaines parties ont été perdues. « Ces pièces resteront témoins de cet acte criminel contre le patrimoine », a souligné ‘Uthmân. « Seuls les pièces métalliques, quelques tissus et quelques objets en bois ont été moins touchés, tandis que certaines pièces rares en verre et en céramique ont été fortement endommagées », explique ‘Abd al-Hamîd ‘Abd al-Salâm, chef du département des verres du musée. Dans la salle d’exposition, le logo de l’exposition est affiché, accompagné de divers slogans. « Une main qui détruit et une autre qui construit » est l’une des phrases. « L’exposition montre comment l’équipe de restaurateurs a décidé de faire revivre ces pièces antiques, défiant ainsi l’acte terroriste qui avait pour but d’anéantir une partie importante de l’histoire de l’Égypte, relatée à travers les joyaux de ce musée », reprend ‘Abd al-Salâm. Selon lui, bien que des restes de colle et des fissures apparaissent clairement sur quelques pièces restaurées et en affectent l’aspect esthétique, ils donnent une valeur supplémentaire à l’objet. « L’histoire de ces pièces est longue et ces récents défauts en font partie », dit-il. Outre les pièces présentées, l’exposition montre, à travers 30 photos, l’état des pièces et des vitrines endommagées suite à la destruction du bâtiment à l’extérieur et à l’intérieur ainsi que les étapes effectuées pour restaurer ce dernier. « Quelques photos sont exposées pour la première fois, retraçant une phase de l’histoire du bâtiment », explique Ilhâm Salâh, chef du secteur des musées auprès du ministère des Antiquités, indiquant que cette exposition s’est faite en collaboration avec l’Association Les Musées pour nous, l’Université de Hilwân et le National Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT). Un film documentaire, préparé par les conservateurs du musée, est par ailleurs diffusé pour raconter l’envergure des dégâts suite à l’explosion. La présentation de deux pièces de grande valeur historique grâce à un hologramme constitue l’un des points forts de l’exposition. « On ne possède que de petits morceaux de ces deux pièces et on n’a pas réussi à les reconstituer. On n’a pas voulu les perdre complètement, surtout qu’elles font partie des plus rares objets de verre au monde », explique ‘Abd al-Salâm, ajoutant que la technique de l’hologramme permet de représenter l’objet en trois dimensions et que celui-ci paraît « suspendu en l’air ». Il s’agit de deux bouteilles en verre orné et coloré remontant à l’époque mamelouke. En marge de l’exposition, des séances et des ateliers pour les jeunes sont organisés. L’exposition est accessible toute la semaine de 9h à 17h, en plus d’une ouverture en soirée tous les samedis, de 17h30 à 21h. (Nasma Réda, « Les débris, témoins du patrimoine », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 5 septembre 2018). - - Le ministère des Antiquités a annoncé l’achèvement des travaux de réhabilitation des allées du temple de Karnak pour faciliter leur accès aux handicapés. Le temple de Karnak est le premier site archéologique aménagé pour être disponible aux handicapés. Cette étape s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un plan du ministère pour développer les sites et les musées archéologiques pour faciliter la circulation. À noter que le ministère a également terminé la restauration des statues de Séthi Ier et les chapelles du temple de Khonsou, toujours à Karnak. Celles-ci sont ouvertes au public. (« Voyage en bref », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 5 septembre 2018).

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 94 - - Le Conseil des ministres a approuvé le transfert de l’exposition itinérante "Le roi Tut, trésors du pharaon doré" de la Californie vers Paris dans la Grande Halle de la Villette. L’exposition se tiendra du 18 mars au 30 septembre 2019. (Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Âtî, « Le gouvernement approuve le transfert de l’exposition de Toutankhamon vers Paris », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 5 septembre 2018. Voir également Liliane Nabîl, « Le Conseil des ministres approuve le transfert de l’exposition de Toutankhamon vers la France », Watanî, 6 septembre). - - Jeudi 6 septembre 2018 A preliminary report has revealed that the 700-piece ancient Egyptian collection at the National Museum of Brazil was destroyed in the fire that engulfed the 200-year-old building earlier this week, a senior Egyptian antiquities ministry official has said. A massive fire swept through the museum, a former imperial palace, in Rio de Janeiro Sunday, destroying its collection of more than 20 million artifacts. “The fire spread to all the sections of the museum and destroyed all its content and destroyed the hall of Pharaonic artefacts, which contained 700 pieces,” said Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities on Thursday. He cited Egypt’s foreign ministry, which is following up on the matter with Egyptian consular and embassy officials in Brazil. The Egyptian artifacts included collectibles of Brazilian Emperor Pedro I, founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, which he purchased in the 19th century from antiquities merchants. It also featured five mummies, one of which was kept in a sarcophagus and gifted by Egyptian Khedive Ismâ‘îl to Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II during his visit to Egypt in the 19th century. The Egyptian Consulate in Brazil is in communication with the head of the museum’s Egyptology department to identify the exact extent of the damage caused to the Egyptian pieces, Wazîrî said. Wazîrî earlier described the fire as “a great loss for humanity and world heritage.” The oldest scientific institution in the country, the museum housed one of the largest anthropology and natural history and palaeontology collections in the Americas. It was also home to the oldest human fossil found in Brazil, the 12,000-year-old fossil Luzia, and dinosaur bones. The cause of the fire is unknown, but Brazilian Minister of Culture Sergio SA LEITAO was quoted in Brazilian media as saying the blaze was likely caused by an electrical shortcircuit or small paper-based hot air balloon landing on the roof. (Nevine El-Aref, “700- piece Egyptian collection at Brazil’s National Museum destroyed: Initial report”, Ahram Online, September 6, 2018. Voir également Imân Shawqî, « Le ministère égyptien des

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 95 Affaires étrangères s’informe auprès des autorités brésiliennes de l’état des pièces archéologiques égyptiennes », Watanî, 3 septembre ; Mohamed Emad, “Egypt requests status of Egyptian artifacts after Brazil museum fire”, Sada al-Balad, September 4; Samar al- Naggâr, « Wazîrî : Nous suivons le dossier des antiquités égyptiennes détruites dans l’incendie du Musée national de Rio de Janeiro », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 septembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Wazîrî : Nous suivons le dossier des antiquités égyptiennes détruites dans l’incendie du Musée brésilien », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 6 septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Selon un rapport préliminaire, toutes les collections pharaoniques du Musée national de Rio de Janeiro sont anéanties », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 septembre). - - Lundi 10 septembre 2018 Le ministère de la Planification a décidé le déblocage de 200 millions L.E. pour ressusciter le projet de création du premier musée dédié à la mosaïque en Égypte et dans le bassin méditerranéen. Ce musée sera situé dans le temple al-Ra’s al-Sawda, à Bâb Sharq, au centre d’Alexandrie. Le président du département des projets au sein du ministère de l’Archéologie, Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, a précisé que cette somme sera versée en deux fois : 100 millions L.E. en 2018-2019 et 100 millions L.E. en 2019-2020. Le projet englobe la construction d’un bâtiment muséologique et d’annexes. Mosaïque à la méduse : le médaillon central (technique de l'embléma) - © CEAlex - droits réservés La première pierre du musée de la Mosaïque a été posée en juillet 2009. Le gouvernorat d’Alexandrie avait alors offert le terrain au Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA). 54 mosaïques exceptionnelles ont été réunies des musées d’Alexandrie, de Qantara, d’Ismâ‘îliyya, d’al-Buhayra et du Musée Égyptien du Caire. Certaines pièces ont été exhumées par les missions du CSA au Sinaï et à Péluse, depuis 1995 jusqu’à nos jours. Certaines mosaïques mesurent 6m x 4m. Parmi les pièces qui seront exposées figure une mosaïque impressionnante figurant une Gorgone Méduse. (Ragab Ramadân, « 200 millions L.E. pour la création premier musée dédié à la mosaïque dans le bassin méditerranéen », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 10 septembre 2018). - - Le musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée organise aujourd’hui une exposition sur la médecine dans l’Égypte ancienne. Une collection d’instruments chirurgicaux utilisés durant les époques pharaonique et romaine est exposée. Le directeur général du musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée, Târiq Mahmûd, a annoncé que 250 étudiants et professeurs du ministère de l’Éducation et des Amis du musée participent à cet événement. À cela s’ajoute un public plus large intéressé par le patrimoine. (MENA, « La médecine chez les pharaons : Une exposition organisée par le musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 septembre 2018. Voir également Khâlid Quraysh, « Des instruments chirurgicaux pharaoniques exposés à la

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 96 Nouvelle Vallée », al-Ahrâm, 10 septembre ; « La médecine dans l’Égypte ancienne exposée dans le musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée », Ruz al-Yûsuf, 10 septembre ; ‘Amr Badr, « Inauguration d’une exposition des instruments chirurgicaux pharaoniques et romains dans le musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée », al- Shurûq, 10 septembre ; Mansûr Abû al- ‘Alamayn, « Le musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée organise une exposition médicale », Sada al-Balad, 10 septembre). - - Mercredi 12 septembre 2018 36 pièces sélectionnées avec soin composent l’exposition « Les Vêtements à travers les époques », organisée au Musée national de Suez. Inaugurée le 4 septembre pour une durée d’un mois, elle occupe la salle principale du musée. Les pièces reflètent l’évolution des habits en Égypte à partir des époques pharaoniques jusqu’à l’époque mamelouke (1250-1517), en passant par les styles vestimentaires gréco-romains, coptes et fatimides. Un panneau à l’entrée du musée souligne l’importance des vêtements pour l’être humain. « Couvrir le corps est indispensable pour l’homme depuis l’aube de l’histoire », explique Rihâm al-Tâhir, organisatrice de l’exposition. Ainsi on lit sur le panneau : « Les habits protègent la peau humaine de la chaleur du soleil et des températures brûlantes ainsi que du froid glacial ». Il y est de plus indiqué que les vêtements reflètent la beauté et l’élégance de leur propriétaire. Le style vestimentaire est en outre complété et embelli par divers accessoires, comme les bracelets, les boucles d’oreilles ou les perruques. Dans la première vitrine, le visiteur peut admirer la statue sans tête d’un roi montrant le fameux uniforme pharaonique, composé d’une jupe avec sa ceinture et d’un pectoral. À côté de cette statue se trouve une autre, celle d’une femme assise portant une robe serrée en lin qui cache le corps tout en étant attrayante. Des bracelets entourent l’un de ses poignets et l’un de ses pieds. D’après al-Tâhir, les parures complètent les habits et les apparences. La même vitrine présente deux têtes sculptées avec des perruques. La première, sculptée en quartzite rouge, remonte à l’Ancien Empire. Quant à la deuxième, elle est sculptée en calcaire blanc et date du Nouvel Empire. « D’après les traits des têtes, on constate que la première appartient à un homme, tandis que la deuxième représente une femme », explique Amânî ‘Âbidîn, membre de l’équipe organisatrice de l’exposition. La perruque, durant toute l’ère pharaonique, était essentielle pour les hommes comme pour les femmes de la cour royale, les hauts fonctionnaires et la classe moyenne. Les perruques exposées sont représentatives de la variété des coiffures et de la finesse esthétique des accessoires à cette époque lointaine. Toujours dans la même vitrine, l’époque gréco-romaine est, elle, représentée par une statue en marbre d’une femme qui porte une longue jupe couvrant le corps de la taille aux pieds, tout comme par une statuette de Tanagra représentant une femme portant une longue robe aux nombreux plis. Le style vestimentaire gréco-romain est en outre incarné par une statue en marbre sans tête qui représente un homme assis et portant une toge. Ses vêtements sont larges et pleins de plis — « caractéristique particulière de cette époque » —, indique al-Tâhir. La deuxième vitrine est consacrée plutôt aux vêtements de l’époque copte. La première pièce exposée est une icône représentative de la Vierge Marie assise, qui tient sur ses genoux l’enfant Jésus. Elle porte un long et large vêtement rouge aux nombreux plis et qui couvre la tête et le buste, à l’exception de sa main droite, qu’elle pointe vers son fils. L’enfant porte un chemisier orné de trois fleurs aux pétales rouges et feuilles vertes. Un tissu couleur crème recouvre son corps, sauf sa main droite, avec laquelle il montre la Vierge.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 97 La deuxième icône montre saint Théodore sur le dos de son cheval, une lance à sa main, en train d’attaquer un serpent. Il porte des habits de guerrier. « Il s’agit d’un pantalon surmonté d’une tunique et d’une écharpe volante sur son épaule gauche », explique ‘Âbidîn. Elle explique que les vêtements de l’époque copte sont en général larges et permettent d’effectuer des mouvements sans la moindre difficulté. La vitrine expose aussi trois étoffes qabati. Selon les experts, ce type de tissu, composé de lin et de laine, est originaire d’Égypte, produit jusqu’à nos jours et exporté en Europe. Les étoffes montrées sont brodées de motifs d’animaux et de visages humains. Elles sont dotées de rubans ornés. Quant aux sceaux, ils étaient utilisés pour estampiller les textiles. « Il s’agit de 4 pièces en bois qui étaient utilisées pour décorer les vêtements coptes avec des motifs de plantes ou d’animaux », explique al-Tâhir. La troisième et dernière vitrine de l’exposition est consacrée à l’époque islamique. Les vêtements de cette époque sont fabriqués en laine, lin et soie. « On y a aussi inventé le brocart et le damas. Le style vestimentaire de cette époque est connu par la densité de sa décoration et de son ornementation », souligne al-Tâhir. La vitrine comprend 4 parties supérieures de quenouilles grâce auxquelles on mélangeait les différents fils pour fabriquer le tissu, ainsi que deux aiguilles en ivoire ressemblant aux actuelles aiguilles de crochet et de patrons d’ornement pour dessiner les motifs décoratifs qui étaient brodés sur les vêtements. Sont exposées aussi deux paires de sabots en bois incrustés de coquilles de l’époque ottomane. Les pièces maîtresses sont 4 étoffes, dont deux remontent à l’époque fatimide. Elles sont décorées de rubans ornés de motifs géométriques colorés et de calligraphies. Enfin, des panneaux explicatifs enrichissent et complètent l’exposition. « Nous y avons par exemple décrit le style des vêtements mamelouks, afin de compléter l’idée de l’exposition », conclut al-Tâhir. (Doaa Elhami, « Vêtements et parures à travers les époques », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 septembre 2018). - - Jeudi 13 septembre 2018 The iconic 1903 Cosmopolitan Hotel (© Sherif Sonbol) It was 18 April, World Heritage Day, and the newly-refurbished al-Sharifayn Street in Downtown Cairo was bedecked with 19thcentury- style lights. Painters were drawing sketches and seeking inspiration from the area’s history, while musicians were playing soft music and traditional Egyptian classics, all contributing to the romantic and cheerful ambiance that seemed more typical of some European cities than other parts of Cairo. The khedive Ismâ‘îl, Egypt’s ambitious ruler who ascended the throne in 1863 and decided to turn the triangle between today’s Tahrîr Square, Bâb al-Hadîd and ‘Âbdîn Square into a version of Paris on the Nile, could easily be conjured up beaming with delight as the object of his passion revived after decades of decay. The decorative lights, the 19th-century lamps and the tall palm trees lining the newly tiled pedestrian street reflected beautifully off the fresh paint on the area’s historic edifices. A giant building exuding an aura of century-old Italianate architectural elegance loomed from afar, bathed in breathtaking lights that soon unfolded an architectural masterpiece as we approached. This was the iconic 1903 Cosmopolitan Hotel designed by Italian architect Alfonso Sassoon, which had recently been restored and perfectly lit in a design by the Sound and Light Company.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 98 The day marked the inauguration of the first phase of the rejuvenation of the Bursa district that covers 60,000 square metres of Downtown Cairo, extending northwards from Sharîf Street to Tal‘at Harb Street and eastwards from Sabrî Abû ‘Alam Street to Qasr al-Nîl Street. The project, part of the larger project to revive Khedival Cairo, was launched by the Cairo Governorate in cooperation with the National Organisation for Urban Harmony (NOUH) under the auspices of the Cairo Heritage Development Committee (CHDC). The CHDC, formed by presidential decree in late 2016 with a mandate to examine strategies “for a better future for Downtown and Historic Cairo” and draw up a comprehensive master plan to balance the area’s historic preservation with its economic growth potential, “has been breathing tremendous life into Cairo’s Downtown area”, according to CHDC Spokesman Târiq ‘Atiyya. Sa‘îd al-Bahr, in charge of the renovation of Khedival Cairo at the Cairo Governorate, told Al-Ahram Weekly that the renovation of the Bursa district, a triangle which includes 30 officially registered heritage buildings, aims to refurbish the buildings in a way that will restore them to their former grandeur, in addition to paving, lighting and landscaping the already pedestrianized streets, at a total cost of LE30 to LE40 million. “The Cairo Governorate has only been able to finance the landscaping and paving of al- Sharifayn Street, or 20 per cent of the total Bursa area, at the cost of LE2 million,” al-Bahr said. “The national banks, mainly the al-Ahlî Bank, the National Bank Union, and the Suez Canal Bank, financed the refurbishment of 15 historic edifices at a cost of LE10 million, while the Ministry of Tourism took charge of the renovation of the Cosmopolitan Hotel, which cost around LE2 to LE3 million.” Envisioning the area as an open-air museum and a hub for the arts and culture, former Cairo governor ‘Âtif ‘Abd al-Hamîd has declared that all the streets in the Bursa triangle will see restrictions on motor traffic, as is already the case in al-Sharifayn Street and the al-Alfî district. Officials have insisted that benches would not be installed at the request of inhabitants, who feared that the seats would be abused by street vendors using them to show off their wares, as was the case in some other Downtown areas a few years ago. In the meantime, the area’s café have been closed, and the authorities insist that all the shops in the area will now have to adapt their activities to a vision of the district as a centre for the arts and culture, an open-air museum and a significant tourist attraction. Muhammad Anîs, head of the ‘Âbdîn District, to which al-Sharifayn is affiliated, added that video cameras would be installed to track any violations on the part of shops and to make sure that street vendors do not intrude on the revamped area. “We will not allow coffee shops to re-open in the Bursa district, as the governor has decreed, and the owners will have to turn their shops into galleries or similar shops in line with the cultural ambience of the open-air museum,” Anîs said. The inauguration of the area in April was only the first phase of the Bursa project, which has included refurbishing 15 historic buildings in al-Sharifayn Street, most notably the Old Stock Exchange (the Bursa) and the Cosmopolitan Hotel. However, the second phase of the project has not started due to a lack of funds, and the Suez Bank has not fulfilled its dues for the first phase, a challenge that the CHDC is currently addressing. A recent cultural event at the Bursa district (© Sherif Sonbol) HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bedecked with 19th-century-style street furniture and palm trees, al-Sharifayn and its sister streets exude an aura of history.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 99 They provide a haven for architectural landmarks and century-old structures and feature a blend of neo-classical, baroque, rococo and art nouveau styles. The fresh offwhite paint on the buildings provides a homogeneous flavour to the scene. “The historical value of the Bursa district should be seen in the larger context of Khedival Cairo, the Downtown urban masterpiece replete with a wealth of historical and architectural gems,” notes Suhayr Zakî Hawwâs, a professor of architecture at Cairo University and member of the management board of the NOUH. Hawwâs also prides herself on the fact that she was the first to name the Downtown area Khedival Cairo in a 2003 encyclopaedia. Hawwâs’ passion for the revival of Khedival Cairo can hardly be put into words. Not only has she written an encyclopaedia registering the significance of every building and thoroughfare in the area, but she has also volunteered years of her life that could otherwise have been reserved for her family helping with revival plans. “What characterises the Bursa district is the fact that it witnessed the birth of a new economic concept in Egypt in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, namely the Bourse itself,” Hawwâs said. “That new concept soon found expression in the iconic architecture of the Bourse or Bursa building, which also stands as a symbol of how Egypt then paralleled the West in terms of economic progress. And the very presence of the Bourse soon attracted other economic activities to the area, with various banks being built in the surrounding area.” The century-old Stock Exchange, or Bourse, building on al-Sharifayn Street has now been partially turned into a museum introducing the history of what was one of the leading exchanges in the world during the 1907 stock-market boom when it was rated among the world’s top 10 exchanges. As the preface to The Egyptian Bourse by author Samîr Ra’fat, a chronicler of modern Egyptian history, says, “the history of the Cairo Stock Exchange has to be told.” In 1928, the Cairo Bourse moved to its present location on al-Sharifayn Street. The building’s art nouveau edifice stands replete with history, “with its multiple neo-Doric colonnades designed by French architect George PARCQ, who was also responsible for much of Cairo’s elegant inter-war buildings, including the Sidnâwî department store on Midan Khâzindâr,” Ra’fat wrote. “Downtown Cairo could one day have 50 or 60 museums of this sort that could be major tourist attractions,” ‘Atiyya says of the building’s present potential. Next to the Bourse is the historic National Radio building, the Central Bank, the National Bank, the Suez Canal Bank, as well as a number of commercial and residential buildings, many dating to the 1920s and 1930s. “The whole neighbourhood is replete with buildings having unique architecture styles, including baroque and classical elements, but what is actually characteristic about the Bursa district is that it includes an edifice, affiliated to the Central Bank, featuring a neo-Islamic architectural style that was not familiar in Khedival Cairo and was introduced later, adding extra flavour to the cosmopolitan city,” Hawwâs told the Weekly. Such valuable information about the history of the area will be provided to visitors on plaques attached to each building so they will be able to navigate the historic wealth of the neighbourhood. “I dream of seeing what are empty apartments and stores today turned into galleries, showcases for handicrafts, music classrooms, and things of that sort,” ‘Atiyya told the Weekly on the inauguration day. He was pointing at the refurbished edifices, and his eyes were wide-open with an ambitious look. Background music provided a pleasant backdrop. “The fact that the area is reserved for pedestrians and has many iconic buildings makes it a district that will be an enjoyable outing for families, young people and tourists,” ‘Atiyya said.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 100 al-Sharifayn Street (© Sherif Abdel-Rahman Mohamed, courtesy of Mantiqti) AWAITING SOLUTIONS: A few months later, however, some of that enthusiasm and cheerful atmosphere had evaporated. Although the neighbourhood had been the venue for events and music concerts organised by the Ministry of Culture during the holy month of Ramadan, these soon disappeared except for a few smaller ones. The renovation work stopped, and the area now turns into something of a no-man’s land in the evenings when darkness falls and a gloomy silence reigns. That atmosphere was reflected in ‘Atiyya’s tone of voice when we met him in his Downtown office a few months after the inauguration. What happened? “The renovation process has three phases,” ‘Atiyya said. “The first has to do with collecting the budget needed for infrastructural and property development, and that paused for a while. The second phase has to do with community participation and stakeholder engagement, which already started even before the official inauguration, while phase three is concerned with how to turn the area into an arts and culture district. The third phase goes on two tracks, organising performances and business zoning.” The Cairo Governorate can only afford to pay for a fraction of the regeneration costs of the Downtown renovation — unofficial estimates put it at 10 per cent – and the government has thus been inviting state and non-state stakeholders, civil society, and, just as importantly, local residents and shopowners to take part. However, at least in the case of the Bursa renovation, the financial contributions on the part of stakeholders, mainly the national banks, then suddenly stopped, and the subsequent shortage of funds has literally crippled the renovation plans. “We are ready with the plans and will go ahead once the budget is available,” said Hâydî Shalabî from the NOUH. “It’s just a matter of time.” Could it be that priorities have changed in a country struggling with economic problems and many other national projects? No one could provide a definite answer as to why stakeholders had suddenly lost interest in the renovation plans, but almost all those who talked to the Weekly suggested that both stakeholders and officials in the Cairo Governorate anticipated a possible reshuffle inside the Governorate and the CHDC. Former Prime Minister Sharîf Ismâ‘îl replaced prior Prime Minister Ibrâhîm Mihlib as CHDC chair, and this transition produced uncertainty as to whether the Downtown renovation plans would continue as scheduled. Last week also saw a reshuffle of governors and General Khâlid ‘Abd al-‘Âal ‘Abd al-Hâfiz, who was Cairo security chief before his retirement a month ago, is now appointed as new Cairo governor. Questions about whether donors would feel other projects should have priority, or doubts about whether the renovations would yield economic profit, also arose. Have there been feasibility studies on whether reviving Khedival Cairo could yield a significant income? “The CHDC has a subcommittee mandated with finding ways of financing the project and studying the potential economic benefits,” said al-Bahr. But it remains questionable who will actually see those benefits. The governorate, for its part, “is a non-profit government body whose job is to refurbish and manage the streets without seeking a profit,” al-Bahr noted. However, the fog may be lifting soon. The CHDC convened on 7 August, issuing a list of recommendations that seemed to put things back on track. It recommended, among other

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 101 things, that the renovation work in the Bursa district must be completed and that challenges impeding the renovation of the iconic Azbakiyya Park should also be tackled such that it can be revived. ‘Atiyya is hopeful that the CHDC will continue “breathing tremendous life into the Downtown area”. He expects that “work will regain momentum once the committee starts encouraging stakeholders to contribute the promised funds.” “Once the budget is available, the renovation work will be resumed, and investors will start to show interest in the area once again,” he added. al-Bahr concurred, saying that after the committee’s recommendations the governor was now insisting that “work should be resumed, at least in the form of the plans and studies, so that once funds are available the work can be easily accomplished.” “The governorate will even try to meet the costs until donors step in with needed finance,” al-Bahr added. ‘Atiyya can’t just sit and wait for that day to come, however. He has been roaming the area collecting data on the number of potential shops and housing units that can be turned into art galleries, estimating their value at market prices, examining the legal status of their present uses, related laws and possible compensation, and gauging the interest of potential investors in the field of the arts, handicrafts and culture in the area. Creative Egypt, an initiative enabling local craftsmen and artists to sell their products to the public that has recently moved its store displaying its distinctive products from Omar Effendi in Muhandisîn to Cairo Festival City Mall, has been among those reached out to by ‘Atiyya. Ahmad Taha, the director of Creative Egypt, told the Weekly that he was “ready to open an outlet in the Bursa district if a suitable place is made available”. Photographer Muhammad Maymûn, who specialises in using old photography techniques dating back to the 1920s and 1930s, is even more enthusiastic. He was displaying his techniques to guests attending the Bursa inauguration to which he had been invited by the Ministry of Culture. “I wish they [the governorate and Ministry of Culture] would organise such cultural events every weekend,” he told a video shot by Mantiqtî, a Downtown-Zamalek community magazine published by ‘Atiyya that advocates for a stakeholder-driven regeneration of the whole of central Cairo. “I would be ready to come here every day if they would allow me, but there are always various concerns.” Maymûn has a point. Some critics might mention “security concerns” as the real reason why the benches and cafés were moved out of the area. The coffee-shop owners, for their part, are not happy with the governor’s ban, insisting that they are also needed if the area is to attract tourists and local visitors. They have been complaining to officials and the media that turning cafés into shops for artifacts or galleries could cause major losses. © Abdel-Rahman Mohamed, courtesy of Mantiqtî PUBLIC SPACE: The regeneration of the Bursa district should also be seen in the larger context of the national three-phase project to regenerate Cairo’s Downtown area that aims to restore a total of 500 historic buildings, as well as squares, thoroughfares and passageways at a total cost of LE450 million. The first and second phases of the Khedival Cairo project started with the removal of street-vendors, the better regulation of road traffic, repaving pavements and restoring 100 edifices and a number of squares at a cost of LE100 million. The third phase of the project, which should be starting soon, aims at restoring about 300 buildings and reclaiming six squares at a cost of LE350 million.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 102 The project to regenerate Khedival Cairo was first envisioned in 2009, but it did not really get into gear until 2014 when stability was regained following the political and economic upheaval of the 25 January Revolution. The al-Alfî and Bursa streets were both pedestrianized and refurbished as pilot projects for a future, more pedestrian-friendly city-centre. Both areas had previously been regenerated in the late 1990s, but both had deteriorated over the years, perhaps due to the absence of sustainability plans or largescale community participation. However, it was particularly after the 25 January Revolution that such deterioration climaxed, as “public space was invaded by all kinds of people and almost entirely lost to the appropriation of street-vendors,” said a 2016 Cairo University study entitled “The Urban Regeneration of Public Space: al-Alfî Street in Downtown Cairo”. The government then had to step into the fray, seeking “an approach to upgrade sites in Downtown Cairo and to set new conditions for the use of public space,” the study elaborated. The regeneration of al-Alfî Street “was initiated in order to try to control a situation of chaotic trespassing” and “re-emphasise the power of the state,” according to the study, which suggested that the same things probably applied to the Bursa and other streets in the neighbourhood. Several regeneration projects have taken place in Downtown Cairo, specifically in al-Alfî Street, ‘Urâbî Square, al-Shawarbî Street, Sarây al-Azbakiyya Street and the Kodak Passage. “Restoring order to Downtown public space came under the umbrella of urban regeneration,” the study noted. “Many activists called this an attempt to create an ‘apolitical / Revolution-free Downtown.” Shalabî said that following the 25 January Revolution, “the Bursa district was closed for security reasons, and it deteriorated to become a home to illicit practices.” It was necessary to “regenerate the area in a way that makes it buzz with cultural activities in order to bring order to public space,” she elaborated. However, as the Cairo University study noted, “having accepted and acknowledged the governmental intentions of the regeneration projects, the question arises of how the community perceives those initiatives.” Almost all those who talked to the Weekly on the matter expressed their satisfaction with the regeneration of al-Alfî Street. But that was not necessarily the case with the revival of the Bursa and other streets in the city-centre. A point of discussion raised by academic Hajar Awatta in a 2015 American University of Cairo thesis entitled “Whose Downtown is it”. Anyway says that the regeneration of historic city-centres can “create conflicts between local forces, as each of them have their own goals and desired visions”. “Theoretically, the state is the protector of the ‘public interest’; however, it is often difficult to define what that interest is,” Awatta wrote. “Substantial private investment in the gentrification of deteriorated city-centres in other cities has resulted in negative socioeconomic impacts for existing residents and small businesses as the demand for real estate increases and original tenants get pushed out.” Hawwâs, however, is not worried about such things. “The regeneration plans aim to regain the identity of the area, which has been lost over the decades by illegal workshops and stores that pose hazards to edifices forming important parts of our architectural heritage,” Hawwâs said. “We are just removing the causes of illness.” ‘Umar Nagâtî, co-founder of the Cairo Lab for Urban Studies, Training and Environmental Research (CLUSTER), a private design company that has recently refurbished the Kodak Passage in the Downtown area serving as a pilot project for the development of others in the Downtown district, argues that urban regeneration should always take into consideration not only issues of identity but also of social inclusion and sustainability. While efforts to revitalise Downtown should be recognised, this has not always been the case in Egypt, where some projects tend to focus

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 103 on “refurbishing buildings and thoroughfares” alone instead. “Urban development has a wider sense than simply the restoration of the façades of historic buildings or the introduction of streetscape elements such as benches, trees and lighting fixtures,” Nagâtî insisted. “The social element should be part and parcel of any regeneration effort if the renovations are to be sustained.” COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: Almost all the officials talking to the Weekly insisted that community participation was part and parcel of the Downtown renovation plans and that tenants’ associations had been formed to help sustain work in both al-Alfî and the Bursa districts. But, as Nagâtî countered, that participation should have taken place prior to the renovations and not afterwards. “We spent a year gauging public opinion, talking to all types of people in the area including the inhabitants, business owners, and civil society concerned with issues of harassment, street vendors, security bodies and even visitors before we designed our renovation plans to decide who should benefit from public space, and then we implemented those plans in just three months,” Nagâtî said. “The result was thus very successful. The inhabitants are keen on maintaining the area now because they feel they were part of the project from the first day,” he added. Conversely, in the case of the Bursa renovations, “there was not enough time to do the necessary studies before the work started, and the stakeholders were almost left out when designing the plans,” Nagâtî said. “The national committee overlooking the regeneration process should also involve representations of the wider public.” It remains questionable who should decide how to settle sometimes competing interests in the area, according to Nagâtî. “There are the coffee-shop owners versus security issues, and the landlords versus the investors and so forth,” he said. “A compromise should have been reached before doing cosmetic changes to concrete structures in order to attain longlasting success.” The Cairo University study made similar comments on the revival of the al-Alfî area. “Although the launching of the project was announced by the governor in the street, the local people felt they were not part of the decision-making process, and nor were they aware of the process beforehand. They were also not informed about it in time to allow any form of effective participation,” it said. “The project ended with re-establishing the control of the state over public space by issuing legislation against trespassing. At the moment, people need to get the permission of the authorities to use the area and after paying the price of occupying public space to the government,” the study said. “By such agreements the inhabitants have given up the right to public space, which now officially belongs to the government.” Nagâtî said that moving out the coffeeshops, once meeting points for intellectuals and artists, had “turned the area into a noman’s land” and that such a “sort of failure is one product of a lack of community participation” or what he terms “urban diplomacy”. “Urban diplomacy means that people should feel that the place is their own and that their viewpoint is taken into account, through negotiations and trade-offs until a common ground is reached. But what usually happens is that people wake up to see their neighbourhood undergoing changes without being told or asked about them,” he commented. However, ‘Atiyya insisted, “Community participation is strong through the presence of the tenants’ associations.” He has personally been communicating with the different parties to reach a compromise, which, he said, “is just a continuation of the role Mantiqtî has been playing.” Both al-Bahr and ‘Atiyya said that only four of the 28 cafés in the Bursa district were officially licensed and that the legal status of those was in question. “There was no control

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 104 over the cafés that had no licences. They did not abide by the rules and committed acts of trespassing,” al-Bahr said. ‘Atiyya nodded, saying “many of the cafés were too noisy for those working and living in the neighbourhood.” Both ‘Atiyya and al-Bahr added that perhaps later a few licensed coffee-shops and restaurants would be allowed to work under strict regulations and zoning rules to allow visitors and tourists to enjoy the streets safely. “I believe that allowing a few restaurants and cafés in would help the area boom with activity and bring more income to the refurbished area,” al-Bahr said, conceding that more community participation was also perhaps needed for the area to be fully restored and sustained. “That participation was stronger in al-Alfî Street because it buzzes with cafés. The fact that the Bursa district is dominated by institutions has perhaps made community participation less effective,” al-Bahr added. However, “urban diplomacy” is not the only problem, according to Nagâtî. There is also the problem of the “single or mono use of some streets as shopping centres or food courts and things of that sort.” “Public space should have diversified activities for the benefit of both visitors and business owners alike,” Nagâtî insisted. “You cannot have a street like al-Shawarbî reserved for shopping and then another one like al-Alfî for cafés and food outlets. Diversity helps different businesses boom and makes the area buzz with activity all day long, so it does not fall into silence at some point as has been the case in the Bursa district.” al-Bahr promises that such diversity will occur in the renovation of nearby Huda Sha‘râwî Street, but that “there is no one-sizefits- all solution because each area and each street has its own character and identity.” Hawwâs, a professor of architecture, has slightly different concerns. “Restoration is an ongoing process, and restored buildings still have to be maintained every two years, which remains a major challenge in the light of the lack of funds,” she explained. “I just hope that Downtown Cairo remains protected from looming deterioration.” But the CHDC seemed adamant to “protect Downtown” in its latest meeting a few days ago. Not only is the committee pushing for budget allocations, and continuing to liaise with all possible stakeholders, but it has also mandated a working group to revise all previous studies by local and international consultants to come up with a sustainable master plan with strict deadlines for its implementation, ‘Atiyya said. In the meantime, according to al-Bahr, the governorate has already removed at least 300 illegal signs from the façades of historic edifices in different Downtown areas and will continue to do that until all such eyesores are removed by mid-October. “We are back on track, and moving forward with serious steps,” ‘Atiyya noted enthusiastically. (Gihan Shahine, “Cairo heritage back on track”, Al-Ahram Weekly, September 13, 2018). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu jeudi soir l’ambassadeur des Pays-Bas en Égypte et le directeur du Nederlands-Vlaams Instituut in Cairo (NVIC), afin de discuter les moyens de renforcement de la coopération bilatérale en matière d’archéologie. Lors de cet entretien, les deux parties ont examiné le programme mis en place par le NVIC pour rehausser les compétences du personnel du ministère de l’Archéologie. Les deux premières phases de ce programme d’entraînement muséologique et de gestion des sites archéologiques ont été

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 105 achevées. La troisième phase débutera au musée archéologique de Suhâg, toujours en coopération avec le NVIC. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie accueille l’ambassadeur des Pays-Bas », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 13 septembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec l’ambassadeur de Hollande la coopération archéologique », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 13 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie et l’ambassadeur hollandais examinent le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale », Sada al-Balad, 13 septembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec l’ambassadeur de Hollande la coopération bilatérale », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 14 septembre). - - Journalists, diplomats and cultural attachés journeyed to the Saqqâra Necropolis near Cairo on Saturday to be joined by Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, Minister of Immigration Nabîla Makram and Egyptologist Zâhî Hawwâs in the area south of the Djoser Pyramid Complex to witness the opening of the mastaba tomb of the Old Kingdom official Mehu, which has never been opened since its discovery almost 80 years ago. They also inspected the restoration carried out on Djoser’s southern tomb and the mastaba tomb of Ti, the overseer of the Fifth Dynasty royal pyramids. “It is a very important tour because the three tombs have great aesthetic and architectural significance in addition to their historical and archaeological value,” al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly. He added that it was the first time that Mehu’s mastaba tomb had been opened to the public since its discovery by an Egyptian mission in 1940. Mehu, chief justice and vizier in the Sixth Dynasty, had a vast tomb built displaying lavish wall paintings and scenes depicting baking bread, brewing beer, and preparing meals. Cultivation, hunting and offering scenes are also shown on the walls. “The reliefs in Mehu’s tomb are beautifully preserved and have unusual colours. Among the most striking is the one depicting the marriage of crocodiles in the presence of a turtle,” al-‘Inânî pointed out. The tomb does not only belong to Mehu, but also to his son Mery Re Ankh and grandson Hetep Ka II. It is located six metres to the south of the southern wall of Djoser’s Pyramid Complex and has a long narrow corridor with a courtyard and four chambers. Inside Mehu’s burial chamber, a sarcophagus with a lid has been uncovered. Mehu lived during the reign of the Pharaoh Pepi I, and he held 48 titles, some of them inscribed on the walls of his burial chamber. Among these titles are the “scribe of the royal documents”, the “vizier”, and “head of the juries”. Mery Re Ankh has 23 titles inscribed on the walls of his burial chamber. Mehu’s grandson lived during the reign of Pepi II. He held 10 titles, among them “director of the palace”. Every inch of the tomb is painted with scenes showing the skills of the Egyptian

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 106 artisans at that time. There are scenes of trapping birds with nets, mending nets, and preparing food for birds. Others depict the deceased in hunting and fishing scenes, along with scenes illustrating fishing with nets, ships and sailing boats, and metalworkers beating, smelting and weighing their materials. Offerings scenes are also illustrated on the walls. They show people offering a bull, oryx and gazelles to the deceased as well as baskets of fruit. Many more offerings are depicted around the walls of a smaller chamber, together with scenes of musicians, including four harpists and dancers. “These are some of the beautifully coloured pictures in the tomb,” said Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), who explained that the most important are those on a false door at the western end. This has an unusual style of decoration in which the limestone of the stela shows through dark red paint highlighting the hieroglyphic text in yellow and resulting in a superbly detailed piece of craftsmanship. The blue-grey colour of the walls in Mehu’s chapel forms an unusual background for colourful reliefs depicting many more offerings, especially of birds, with images of priests and offering lists. The deceased is shown seated before a table to receive them. At the opening, Zâhî Hawwâs said he was happy to witness the inauguration as he had studied the tomb and assisted in its restoration. The ministry has restored the different scenes in the tomb by consolidating the paintings, strengthening the colours, and developing the lighting system. Hawwâs described the opening as helping to promote Egypt and its antiquities, showing how Egypt was working to protect and preserve its heritage. DJOSER’S SOUTHERN TOMB: After the tomb opening, al-‘Inânî along with 15 foreign ambassadors to Egypt, including the Brazilian, Belgium, Cyprus, European Union, Mexico and French envoys, embarked on a tour to inspect work carried out at the southern tomb of king Djoser in Saqqâra. The tomb is expected to open after the completion of the restoration of the king’s Funerary Complex. al-‘Inânî said the southern tomb was one of the most important structures in the complex. It was discovered by French Egyptologist Auguste MARIETTE and is located in the southwestern side of the complex. Wazîrî said that the conservation work carried out inside the tomb had included the consolidation of the faience tiles that once decorated the inner arches as well as the floors, walls and ceiling. ‘Âdil ‘Ukâsha, head of Cairo and Gîza Antiquities at the Ministry of Antiquities, explained that the tomb had an entrance from the southern side leading to a sloping staircase towards a 28-metre shaft where a small granite burial chamber is found. The

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 107 chamber is 1.6 metres long, with corridors whose walls are decorated with scenes depicting Djoser. The king is featured twice, once wearing the white crown and the second wearing the red crown symbolising that he was the king of Upper and Lower Egypt. Wazîrî said the tomb was similar in some elements to a step pyramid but on a reduced scale and different in its arrangement. The burial chamber is located at the bottom of the shaft, and it had the same dimensions as the one under a pyramid, he added. “The function of this tomb has perplexed Egyptologists,” Wazîrî said, adding that some had suggested it was a symbolic tomb for Djoser as the king of Upper Egypt, while others said it could have been a place to preserve the king’s canopic jars. A third group believes that it could have been the beginning of the construction of the side pyramids of other predecessor kings. Drawings from inside the Ti’s Tomb RESTORATION OF TI’S TOMB: al-‘Inânî and the group also visited Ti’s tomb in Saqqâra, which is now being restored. The conservation work will be completed within days, and it is scheduled to open soon. Ti was the supervisor of the Fifth Dynasty royal pyramids. Though he was not vizier, he was still able to construct a large tomb in the Saqqâra Necropolis. The tomb was discovered by French archaeologist Auguste MARIETTE in 1865 and is considered one of the most beautiful in Saqqâra. It is well-known for its coloured inscriptions and reliefs depicting scenes of baking bread and brewing beer. Wazîrî said that since its discovery, no restoration work had been carried out at the tomb until an Egyptian-Czech mission in collaboration with the Saqqâra conservators started cleaning and conservation work on its walls. “The tomb not only has superb reliefs, but the variety of subjects in them also makes it very interesting,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that the scenes showed Ti during his daily life. The entrance is via a portico leading into a large columned courtyard with square pillars and a burial shaft in the centre. A narrow decorated corridor leads to two rooms and the false door of Ti’s wife, Neferhetpes, a priestess of the gods Neith and Hathor, is on the right of the passage along with a long narrow chamber decorated with painted reliefs of food preparation, including cooking and brewing, as well as scribes recording their activities. At the end of the corridor is an offering hall with a roof supported by two square pillars that has the most beautiful reliefs in the tomb. (Nevine El-Aref, “Highlights at Saqqâra”, Al- Ahram Weekly, September 13, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Inauguration de la tombe de Mehou, 78 ans après sa découverte », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 8 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Inauguration de la tombe de Mehou pour la première fois depuis sa découverte en 1940 », Sada al-Balad, 8 septembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie inaugure la tombe de Mehou pour la première fois depuis sa découverte », Watanî, 8 septembre ; Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt inaugurates tomb of sixth dynasty Vizier Mehu’s in Saqqâra Necropolis 8 decades after its discovery”, Ahram Online, September 8; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Les travaux de restauration du mastaba de Ti bientôt achevés », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 8 septembre ; Hend El-Behary, “Ancient Egyptian tomb to open for tourists 78 years after discovery”, Egypt Independent, September 10; Nada Moustafa, “Egypt Opens 4,300-Year-Old Tomb to Public for First Time”, Sada al-Balad, September 12; Nasma Réda, « La splendide tombe de Mehou accessible au public », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 septembre). - - Le directeur général des antiquités de Karnak et superviseur du projet du Dromos, Dr

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 108 Mustafa al-Saghîr, a annoncé que les travaux sont en cours pour exhumer le sphinx découvert sur le tracé du Dromos. Il faudra encore au moins deux semaines pour mener à bien cette opération délicate. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le travail se poursuit pour dégager la statue du sphinx découvert sous le Dromos », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 septembre 2018). - - The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) received a collection of 71 artefacts today from al-Bahnasâ archaeological site in the Minyâ governorate in Upper Egypt. Târiq Tawfîq, GEM Supervisor General, told Ahram Online that the collection includes several important ancient Egyptian pieces, such as the beautiful Nes-Ptah’s sarcophagus with an anthropoid lid. Nes-Ptah was a noble and son of Thebes’ and overseer Montumhat. The sarcophagus is inscribed with hieroglyphic texts and weighs a staggering five tons. The collection also includes a red granite sarcophagus for a noble named User Montu, weighing three tonnes, as well as three colossi depicting the lioness goddess Sekhmet seated on the throne holding the symbol of life Ankh and the sun disk upon her head. Lastly, four canopic jars, with lids depicting the four sons of Horus, were also one of the artefacts transported to the GEM. Îsa Zaydân, Head of the First Aid Restoration Department at the GEM, explained that the collection was subjected to documentation and restoration before it was packed and transported. The valuable collection was placed inside wooden boxes and covered with special foam layers, which absorb the vibrations caused during transportation. (Nevine El-Aref, “Ancient Egyptian artefacts from al-Bahnasâ arrives at the GEM”, Ahram Online, September 13, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le GEM réceptionne 71 pièces archéologiques de l’entrepôt muséologique d’al-Bahnasâ », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 13 septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « 71 pièces antiques d’al-Bahnasâ arrivent au GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 71 pièces archéologiques d’al-Bahnasâ arrivent au GEM », Sada al-Balad, 13 septembre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Le GEM réceptionne 71 pièces archéologiques de l’entrepôt muséologique d’al-Bahnasâ », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 14 septembre). - - Dimanche 16 septembre 2018 The Egyptian archaeological mission stumbled upon a sandstone statue of a Sphinx during excavation work that was being carried out at the Kom Ombo temple in Aswân to reduce the ground water level.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 109 Mustafa Wazîrî, general secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that the discovered statue likely dates to the Ptolemaic era as it was found in the south-eastern side of Kom Ombo temple, the same location where two sandstone reliefs of King Ptolemy V were previously uncovered 2 months ago. The sphinx upon discovery ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, general director of the Aswân and Nubia antiquities council said that the mission will conduct more archaeological studies on the Sphinx to discover more information about its history and the king it belongs to. (Nevine El-Aref, “A new sphinx uncovered in Aswân”, Ahram Online, September 16, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte d’un sphinx dans le temple de Kom Ombo », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 16 septembre ; “Archaeological team at Kom Ombo temple unearth Sphinx Statue”, Egypt Independent, September 16; ‘Abdallah Salâh, « Mise au jour d’un sphinx dans le temple de Kom Ombo », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 septembre ; Mohamed Emad, “Archaeologists discover ancient sphinx in Egypt”, Sada al- Balad, September 16; Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une statue de sphinx à Aswân », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 16 septembre ; Muhammad al-Aswânî, « Découverte d’un sphinx dans le temple de Kom Ombo à Aswân », Watanî, 16 septembre ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Mise au jour d’un sphinx à Aswân », al-Ahrâm, 17 septembre). - - A joint expedition between the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities have discovered more than 800 tombs in al-Lisht village, southern Egypt dating back to 4000 years BC. According to the Ministry of Antiquities in a Facebook post, the tombs have a specific architectural style and were carved into rock, surrounded by brick and limestone.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 110 ‘Âdil ‘Ukâsha, Director of the Pyramids Region, said that the team completed the documentation and archaeological survey of the south of the cemetery through the use of 3D mapping. ‘Ukâsha added that this archaeological survey is very important as it provides them one of the richest databases known about the country’s central cemeteries in terms of their practices and religious beliefs, as well as aspects of daily life in the capital of Egypt during the middle ancient dynasty. “The site is one of the largest in the Middle Kingdom throughout Egypt,” said an American archaeologist from the University of Alabama who is leading the archaeological mission. al-Lisht village is at the site of the Middle Kingdom’s royal burials, and includes two large Pyramids belonging to King Amenemhat I and Senusert I, which are surrounded by the tombs of noblemen. (Hend El-Behary, “US expedition unearths more than 800 tombs in southern Egypt”, Egypt Independent, September 16, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une tombe rupestre au nord-est de la pyramide de Sésostris Ier », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 5 septembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise au jour d’une tombe rupestre au nordest de la pyramide de Sésostris Ier », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 5 septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une tombe rupestre à al-Lisht », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 septembre ; Mohamed Emad, “800 tombs discovered in massive grave site lurking between two Pyramids”, Sada al-Balad, September 13; Mahâ Salâh al- Dîn, « Mise au jour de la plus grande nécropole dans l’Égypte ancienne », al-Ahrâm, 14 septembre). - - Lundi 17 septembre 2018 Le directeur des antiquités d’Aswân, ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, a annoncé l’arrivée de tous les matériels électriques destinés à moderniser le réseau d’éclairage de la zone archéologique d’Aswân. Les spots détraqués et les ampoules défectueuses seront remplacés par des équipements high-tech, basse consommation, afin de promouvoir les visites nocturnes des temples. Par ailleurs, le ministère de l’Archéologie a approuvé le projet de désherbage et de déboisement aux alentours du temple de Philæ. Il s’agit d’une opération importante car les bosquets abritent des insectes et des serpents qui constituent un danger pour les visiteurs. Enfin, le système de sécurisation de la zone archéologique d’Aswân a été intégralement renforcé. De nouvelles caméras de surveillance et plusieurs scanners à bagages ont été installés. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Modernisation du système d’éclairage dans les temples d’Aswân », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 septembre 2018). - -

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 111 Mardi 18 septembre 2018 An Egyptian archaeological mission working at the Aga Khan site in Aswân’s west bank have discovered a sculpted sandstone sarcophagus, containing an intact mummy wrapped in linen. Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa al-Wazîrî announced in a Tuesday statement that the sarcophagus was unearthed in a cemetery dating to the Late Period of ancient Egypt. Wazîrî added that mission also uncovered pottery coffin remains, fragments of stone tablets, and pieces of a wooden coffin with hieroglyphic inscriptions recorded in vertical rows. Director General of Aswân Antiquities ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd said that during the archaeological cleaning inside the cemetery several more mummies were found buried in a haphazard manner, implying this may have been a communal mass-burial site. He added that after excavation work was finalized, the mission also a sandstone statue head, a collection of amulets and a wooden statue of the god Horus. (“Pharaonic sandstone sarcophagus uncovered in Aswân”, Egypt Independent, September 18, 2018). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a annoncé une nouvelle hausse des tarifs d’accès aux musées et aux sites archéologiques à partir de novembre 2018. Au cours des deux dernières années, le gouvernement égyptien a accordé une importance particulière aux antiquités en y consacrant annuellement 2 milliards L.E. À cela s’ajoutent 100 millions L.E. affectés mensuellement au projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM). Au cours de l’année budgétaire 2018, plus de 6 milliards L.E. ont été investis. Cette somme a été doublée par rapport à l’année 2017. al-‘Inânî a souligné que l’action de son ministère est soutenue par l’opinion publique qui suit de très près les découvertes archéologiques. En ce qui est du budget de fonctionnement du ministère de l’Archéologie, les salaires mensuels du personnel dépassent les 100 millions L.E., en plus des dépenses fixes et des contrats de maintenance qui s’élèvent à 50 millions L.E. (Samar al-Naggâr, « al-‘Inânî : nouvelle hausse des tarifs d’accès aux sites archéologiques à partir de novembre prochain », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 18 septembre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle hausse des tarifs d’accès aux musées et aux sites archéologiques en novembre 2018 », Sada al-Balad, 18 septembre). - - Le ministère de l’Archéologie a entamé un projet de restauration et de développement du musée archéologique de Tantâ fermé depuis 2000. La présidente du département des musées, Ilhâm Salâh, a rappelé que cet unique musée, situé dans le gouvernorat d’al- Gharbiyya, abrite 8 579 pièces archéologiques remontant aux époques pharaonique, romaine et grecque. Les travaux de réaménagement concerneront la restauration structurelle du bâtiment, l’installation de nouvelles vitrines d’exposition, ainsi que l’amendement du scénario muséologique.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 112 Le musée archéologique de Tantâ est un bâtiment de cinq étages. Le Ier étage abrite les différents services. Les IIe et IIIe étages servent à l’exposition des collections archéologiques. Au IVe étage se trouve le département administratif. Enfin, le Ve étage abrite une salle de conférences. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Lancement des travaux de restauration et de réaménagement du musée archéologique de Tantâ », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 18 septembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance des travaux de restauration et de réaménagement du musée archéologique de Tantâ », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 18 septembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Restauration du musée national de Tantâ », Watanî, 18 septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance des travaux de restauration et de réaménagement du musée archéologique de Tantâ », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 18 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance un projet de restauration et de réaménagement du musée national de Tantâ », Sada al-Balad, 18 septembre). - - La mission archéologique égyptienne travaillant sur le site de l’Agha Khan sur la rive ouest d’Aswân a mis au jour un sarcophage en grès contenant une momie intacte, enveloppée de bandelettes de lin. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a précisé que cette tombe d’époque tardive fait partie de trois tombes découvertes lors de sondages effectués à proximité du sentier menant au mausolée de l’Agha Khan. Ont également été trouvés des vestiges de sarcophages en terre cuite, quelques fragments de stèles portant des traces de polychromie, des fragments d’un sarcophage en bois décoré et inscrit d’hiéroglyphes. De son côté, le directeur général des Antiquités d’Aswân et de Nubie, ‘Abd al- Mun‘im Sa‘îd, a révélé qu’au cours des travaux de nettoyage de la tombe, les fouilleurs ont exhumé une série de momies inhumées d’une façon anarchique. Cette tombe a probablement servi de fosse commune. La mission égyptienne a également mis au jour une pièce rectangulaire (3m x 5m) dans laquelle se trouvait une tête anépigraphique d’une statue en grès, quelques amulettes en faïence et en pierres colorées, en plus d’une

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 113 statuette en bois représentant le dieu Horus. Les parois de la tombe sont décorées de scènes religieuses représentant des divinités dont Hathor, Isis et Anubis. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte à Aswân d’un sarcophage en pierre contenant une momie », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 18 septembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Une mission égyptienne parvient à découvrir un sarcophage en pierre contenant une momie sur la rive ouest d’Aswân », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 18 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au jour d’un sarcophage en pierre contenant une momie à Aswân », Sada al-Balad, 18 septembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Mise au jour d’un sarcophage en pierre contenant une momie sur la rive ouest d’Aswân », Watanî, 18 septembre ; Basant Gamîl, « Découverte d’une momie en bon état de conservation », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 septembre). - - Le directeur général des Antiquités d’Aswân et de Nubie, ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, a annoncé que les fouilles archéologiques effectuées dans la zone de l’Agha Khan à l’ouest d’Aswân ont permis la découverte de près de 23 tombes, de plus de 12 sarcophages et d’environ 30 momies dont 17 en bon état de conservation. Ont également été mis au jour des récipients en céramique, d’autres en albâtre, ainsi que quelques amulettes de différentes matières. Tout ce matériel a été transféré vers l’entrepôt muséologique d’Aswân. La plupart des momies exhumées appartient à des nobles. « Les radiographies ont révélé l’âge, les pathologies et les causes du décès de ces momies. Parmi celles-ci figure une femme qui après avoir contracté le cancer en a été guérie et a même vécu longtemps après », confirme Sa‘îd. (Muhammad ‘Abd al- Galîl, « L’une des momies découvertes dans la rive ouest a survécu à un cancer », al-Shurûq, 18 septembre 2018. Voir également Nada Silîm, « Découverte de 20 tombes archéologiques dans la rive ouest d’Aswân depuis 2014 », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 septembre). - - Mercredi 19 septembre 2018 H.F., boulanger dans la région d’Abû Qurqâs a été arrêté par les forces de sécurité du gouvernorat de Minyâ pour trafic illicite d’antiquités. La perquisition de sa villa a permis la saisie de 41 statuettes et 890 pièces de monnaies antiques. L’accusé a reconnu les faits. Le Parquet général mène l’enquête. (Muhammad al- Zahrâwî, « Saisie de 41 statuettes et 890 monnaies en possession d’un boulanger à Minyâ », al-Tahrîr, 19 septembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Une commission pour expertiser 890 monnaies et 40 pièces archéologiques saisies à Minyâ », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 19 septembre ; Nâgî al-Girgâwî, « Saisie de 890 statuettes et monnaies antiques dans un domicile à Minyâ », al-Ahrâm, 20 septembre). - - Jeudi 20 septembre 2018 In the remote site of Sân al-Hagar, or Tanis, in the Delta, sometimes called the “Luxor of the North”, stand ancient Egyptian colossi,

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 114 obelisks and columns that now welcome visitors after being re-erected for the first time since their discovery two centuries ago. Sân al-Hagar archaeological site after development and the reerection of some of its temples’ columns, obelisks and colossi. Photos courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities (Ahmed Romeih). The site was inspected on Saturday by Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, Head of the Tourism and Aviation Committee at the Parliament, Sahar Tal‘at and Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) Mustafa Wazîrî along with a dozen foreign ambassadors to Egypt and cultural attachés from Brazil, Lithuania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Greece, Armenia, Portugal and Azerbaijan. It is being restored and developed after two centuries of neglect, with its monuments scattered among piles of sand and threatened by high levels of subterranean water. Like many other archaeological sites in the Delta, the Sân al-Hagar site is suffering from high levels of subterranean water due to the impact of the River Nile on the Delta. Although the site, once the capital of the ancient Egyptian 22nd and 23rd dynasties, was destroyed during the first century BCE due to a destructive earthquake, it still features monumental remains and is one of the country’s largest and most impressive sites. (…) Later on, the cult of Horus, the main deity of the eastern Nile Delta, also developed in Tanis, and then the religious areas were surrounded by a large city that extended over more than 494 feddans, its ruins today eroded by the impact of rain and winds. The temples were severely damaged in late antiquity and their superstructures, built of limestone, were exploited to make lime. Other elements carved in quartzite such as obelisks, statues, colossi, columns, and stelae remain only in parts. “Only small parts of the city still remain in situ, leaving little chance of its reconstruction,” al-‘Inânî said. However, he added that at the end of 2017, the ministry had launched a project to lift the monumental blocks, reliefs, columns, statues and stelae lying on the sand and restore and re-erect them on concrete slabs to protect them and prevent their further deterioration. Today, he continued, after almost nine months of hard work, two obelisks, colossi and columns of king Ramses II have been restored and re-erected in their original positions for the first time since their discovery two centuries ago. al-‘Inânî said this was the first step towards the development of Tanis as an open-air museum of ancient Egyptian art, and the ministry was now studying the restoration and lifting of a further two obelisks. Tanis once had some 20 obelisks erected in front of the Amun Temple. For Wazîrî, the lifting of these has been a dream come true, especially as the ministry conducted a documentation project to record the Tanis site and its monuments prior to restoration. During the work archaeologists

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 115 had stumbled on stelae of the 19th-Dynasty Pharaoh Ramses II carved in red granite and depicting him presenting offerings to a yetunidentified ancient Egyptian deity, he said. Another three stelae of Senusert III, Pepi I and Khufu were also found one metre below the ground. They were found in pieces and will now be restored. “Work is continuing to revive the site,” Wazîrî told Al-Ahram Weekly, adding that a team of workers from Luxor had been specially summoned to finish the work in a shorter period. Tanis is also characterised by reused materials from neighbouring sites from earlier periods such as Qantîr or Pi-Ramses, Egypt’s capital during the reign of the Pharaoh Ramses II, and the Hyksos capital of Avaris. (Nevine El- Aref, “Sân al-Hagar opens to visitors”, Al- Ahram Weekly, September 20, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inspecte Sân al-Hagar », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 septembre ; Nevine El-Aref, “Sân al-Hagar archaeological site’s conversion to open-air museum of ancient Egyptian art making progress”, Ahram Online, September 15; Ranâ Gawhar, « al-‘Inânî annonce la transformation de la zone archéologique de Sân al-Hagar en un musée de plein air », al- Ahrâm, 16 septembre ; Dînâ al-Naggâr, « Tous les travaux de restauration effectués à Sân al- Hagar le sont par des Égyptiens », al-Shurûq, 16 septembre ; Nasma Réda, « Tanis, futur musée en plein air », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 26 septembre). - - Vendredi 21 septembre 2018 The recovered relief The Ministry of Antiquities mission to recover stolen and illegally smuggled antiquities has successfully seen the repatriation of a relief with the cartouche of King Amenhotep I. Supervisor General of Antiquities of the repatriation department Sha‘bân ‘Abd al- Gawwâd explained to Ahram Online that the relief was first noticed by a foreign archaeologist a few months ago, when it was put on sale in an auction hall in London. ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said the archaeologist realised that the relief is the same one that was stolen in 1988 from the open-air museum in Karnak Temple Complex in Luxor, as the relief is carved in limestone and inscribed with the name of king Amenhotep I. The archaeologist then promptly reported the incident to the Ministry of Antiquities. The ministry then took all necessary legal and diplomatic procedures to stop the sale of the relief, and return it to Egypt. The relief, ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said, was handed over to the Egyptian embassy in London yesterday and is to set to come home within days. (Nevine El-Aref, “A relief of king Amenhotep I recovered from London”, Ahram Online, September 21, 2018. Voir également « L’ambassade d’Égypte à Londres récupère une pièce archéologique volée du temple de Karnak », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 21 septembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Londres restitue un cartouche d’Amenhotep Ier », al-Ahrâm, 22 septembre). - -

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 116 A whopping number of visitors were recorded at an exhibit titled “Gold of the Pharaohs – 2,500 Years of the Goldsmith’s Art in Ancient Egypt”, held in Monaco from 7 July to 9 September. The Grimaldi Forum conference center, which hosted the exhibit, announced on Wednesday that its 80,000 visitors marked the largest number it received since the center’s “Gracy KELLY: Princess of Monaco” exhibit in 2007. “Thanks,” the center posted on Twitter. “Even stronger than #ReinesdEgypte in 2008, the was [sic] #OrdesPharaons the most visited exhibition at the Grimaldi Forum since #GraceKellyPrincessedeMonaco in 2007 ” “Gold of the Pharaohs” included 149 pieces, and was hosted under the auspices of the Egyptian government as well as Prince Albert II of Monaco. It marks Monaco’s second ancient Egyptian exhibition, after ten years ago, the Grimaldi Forum held the hugely-successful “Queens of Egypt” exhibition. The “Gold of the Pharaohs” opening was attended by Minister of Tourism Rânyâ al- Mashât. Before leaving Cairo, al-Mashât lauded the efforts exerted by the Ministry of Antiquities to hold external exhibitions for Egypt’s monuments. The minister stressed on the importance of displaying national artifacts abroad, as they serve as “Egypt’s best advertising tool”, and an indispensable factor in luring tourists during the next period. The pieces on display in Monaco will return to Egypt following the event, to be permanently displayed in Egyptian museums. The ministry has long-term plans to display Egyptian artifacts all over the world. In 2021, the “King Tut: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” exhibition will arrive in Sydney, Australia, according to ABC News. The exhibition is set to tour 10 cities, displaying 150 objects. (Farah Tawfeek, “80,000 visitors saw Monaco’s ‘Gold of the Pharaohs’ exhibit”, Egypt Independent, September 21, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « L’exposition des trésors des pharaons à Monaco attire le plus grand nombre de visiteurs depuis 2007 », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 20 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Record d’affluence pour l’exposition des trésors des pharaons à Monaco», Sada al-Balad, 20 septembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « L’exposition des trésors des pharaons à Monaco attire le plus grand nombre de visiteurs depuis 2007 », Watanî, 20 septembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « L’exposition pharaonique de Monaco attire 80 000 visiteurs », al-Ahrâm, 21 septembre). - - Samedi 22 septembre 2018

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 117 Egyptian Ambassador in Norway Mâhî Hasan ‘Abd al-Latîf inaugurated an exhibition of ancient Egyptian antiquities and paintings entitled "Images of Egypt" at the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History in Oslo. The three-month exhibition showcases Egyptian artefacts from across the world’s largest museums including London’s Victoria and Albert Museum, Paris’s Musée d’Orsay and the US Metropolitan Museum of Art, alongside two original copies of the book "Description de l’Égypte." Over 300 people attended the opening ceremony including ambassadors, members of the diplomatic corps, representatives from Norway’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and individuals from the Egyptian community in Norway. (MENA, “Egypt ambassador to Norway inaugurates ancient Egyptian artefacts exhibition in Oslo”, Ahram Online, September 22, 2018. Voir également Muhammad Higâb, « Inauguration à Oslo d’une exposition égyptienne », al-Ahrâm, 23 septembre). - - Lundi 24 septembre 2018 L’Union générale des archéologues arabes en appelle à la tenue d’une conférence internationale, en coopération avec la Ligue arabe, en vue de la protection du patrimoine contre les empiétements, les pillages et les destructions commis dans le monde arabe au vu et au su de tous. Un appel a également été adressé à al-Azhar afin d’éveiller son intérêt pour les recherches archéologiques et patrimoniales, comme le recommande l’islam. D’ailleurs, plusieurs versets du Coran incitent à aller dans ce sens. Le président de l’Union générale des archéologues arabes, ‘Alî Radwân, a confirmé la coopération établie avec l’Italie visant à restaurer et à réaménager l’architecture islamique du Caire. (Muhammad Matar, « Congrès international pour la protection du patrimoine », al-Ahrâm, 24 septembre 2018). - - Le directeur général de la zone archéologique de Gîza, Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn, a révélé que Mickey Mouse a célébré son 90e anniversaire sur le plateau de Gîza. Ce tournage photos s’inscrivait dans le cadre du Disney Life show. Muhyî al-Dîn a nié la tenue d’aucune festivité sur le site. Mickey Mouse et Minnie Mouse se sont juste fait photographier devant les pyramides, en présence de quelques membres de la commission de promotion du tourisme. En outre, Disney Media Networks était muni des autorisations légales après s’être acquitté des droits de tournage. Muhyî al-Dîn y voit un événement important, vu la notoriété de Mickey Mouse. « Il s’agit d’un message adressé au monde entier que les pyramides sont la boussole des célébrités et que l’Égypte est un pays sûr », déclare-t-il. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Muhyî al-Dîn : Les photos de tournage de Mickey Mouse étaient assorties des autorisations officielles », Sada al-Balad, 24 septembre 2018). - - Mardi 25 septembre 2018 An Egyptian archaeological mission has uncovered a huge edifice with several

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 118 corridors and four entrances during excavation work carried out in Hawd al-Dimirdâsh, 400 metres to the south of Mît Rahîna Museum in Gîza. The remains of the building Mustafa Wazîrî, the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, says that the building is 16x14.5 metres and was likely once part of a residential site in the area. The structure is built of mud brick supported by large blocks of limestone, and its outer walls and inner staircases are built in red brick. Purification basin The mission also discovered another building attached to the south-western side of the first structure which houses a large Roman bath and a room that may have been used for religious rituals. Wazîrî added that found in the building was a collection of purification basins and limestone holders for offering pots decorated with images depicting the head of the ancient Egyptian god Bes, “indicating the existence of spaces for worship inside homes.” Excavations and studies will continue to reveal any more of the building’s secrets, Wazîrî said. (Nevine El-Aref, “Roman-era home discovered near Gîza’s Mît Rahîna”, Ahram Online, September 25, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’un grand édifice à Mît Rahîna », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 25 septembre ; “Huge archaeological building discovered in Gîza”, Egypt Independent, September 25; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Une mission égyptienne exhume un grand bâtiment à Hawd al-Dimirdâsh », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 25 septembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte d’un grand bâtiment à Hawd al-Dimirdâsh », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 25 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Mise au jour d’un grand bâtiment à Hawd al-Dimirdâsh », Sada al-Balad, 25 septembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte d’un grand bâtiment à Hawd al-Dimirdâsh », Watanî, 25 septembre ; Nada Moustafa, “Archaeologists Discover 'Huge' Ancient Building In Egypt”, Sada al-Balad, September 26; Ranâ Gawhar, « Mise au jour d’un grand édifice à Mît Rahîna », al-Ahrâm, 26 septembre). - - An ancient Egyptian papyrus with an image showing two bird-like creatures, possibly with a penis connecting them, has been

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 119 deciphered, revealing a magic spell of love, according to Fox News. (Credit: Effy Alexakis, copyright Macquarie University) “The most striking feature of [the papyrus] is its image,” wrote Korshi DOSOO, a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg in France, who published the papyrus recently in the Journal of Coptic Studies. DOSOO estimates that it dates back around 1,300 years, to a time when Christianity was widely practiced in Egypt. In the image, the winged creature on the left seems to be poking its beak into the open beak of its counterpart on the right — which also seems to have a nail through its head. A person’s outstretched arms surround the creatures. Both creatures are connected through what DOSOO said could be chains, bonds or a penis. The creature on the right has two ears (or horns), and both creatures have what look like feathers or scales on the front of their bodies. The small differences between the two creatures may be an attempt to show sex differentiation, DOSOO said, noting that the creature on the right may be a female and the one on the left a male. A magical spell written in Coptic, an Egyptian language that uses the Greek alphabet surrounds the image. (Mohamed Emad, “Ancient Egyptian 'magic spell' decoded”, Sada al-Balad, September 25, 2018. Voir également Basant Gamîl, « Déchiffrement d’un papyrus magique datant de l’Égypte ancienne », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 25 septembre). - - Mercredi 26 septembre 2018 Les travaux de maintenance et de remise en service des voiturettes de golf mises à la disposition des visiteurs du temple d’Abû Simbil viennent de s’achever. Le directeur général du Nubian Antiquities Salvage Fund (NASF), Mahrûs Sa‘îd, a précisé que ces travaux, financés par le NASF, ont duré deux mois. Le ministère de l’Archéologie met ces véhicules électriques gratuitement à la disposition des personnes âgées et des handicapés. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Remise en service des voiturettes de golf sur le site d’Abû Simbil », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 26 septembre 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Achèvement de la maintenance des voiturettes de golf sur le site d’Abû Simbil », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 26 septembre ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Remise en service des voiturettes de golf sur le site d’Abû Simbil », Sada al- Balad, 26 septembre). - - Jeudi 27 septembre 2018 Twelve months ago, the legendary Baron Empain’s Palace on ‘Urûba Street in Heliopolis, built in an Indian architectural style, was almost hidden under scaffolding and its

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 120 gardens were buzzing with restorers and workers wearing yellow helmets and bearing electronic equipment and various tools. This signalled that the palace was no longer to remain abandoned and that after years of negligence the long-awaited restoration project had begun at the palace in collaboration with the Engineering Authority of the Armed Forces. Today, the opening date of the newly restored palace has been revealed. “In mid- 2019, the exquisite Palace of Baron EMPAIN will open its doors to visitors not only as a tourist destination but also as a cultural and social centre in its own right,” Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî told reporters during his inspection tour of the palace on Monday. He said that the work was going on as planned and that the team had succeeded in solving even unexpected problems. When working on the consolidation of the palace walls the engineering team had realised that the reinforcement bars were in a critical conservation condition. This meant that workers had to restore the bars before starting the consolidation procedures. The palace, al-‘Inânî said, had an oldfashioned drainage system that had led to water leakage, and this had also had to be replaced. “Today, almost 60 per cent of the restoration work has been achieved with a budget of more than LE100 million,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that work would continue at full swing to meet the 2019 deadline. Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, director of the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project and responsible for the restoration of the palace, told Al-Ahram Weekly that a comprehensive study of the palace’s condition and detailed architectural and archaeological surveys had been carried out before starting the restoration work. The studies had included the palace’s photographic documentation and exploratory drilling in some parts to inspect the condition of the foundations. An integrated documentation file of all the architectural elements and façades had been prepared using 3D technology and comprehensive monitoring, he added. The story of the palace started in 1904 when Belgian industrialist Édouard EMPAIN arrived in Egypt to construct a railway line linking the Lower Egyptian city of Mansûra to Matariyya on the far side of Lake Manzala. He became entranced by the country and its distinguished civilisations, and although his company, the Chemins de Fer de la BasseÉgypte, failed to complete the intended project, EMPAIN remained in the country and married an Egyptian, Yvette Bughdâdî. Two years later, he established the Cairo Electric Railways and Heliopolis Oases Company, which laid out plans for the new suburb of Heliopolis 10km northwest of Cairo. When it was finished, Heliopolis was a luxurious and leisured suburb with elegant villas with wide terraces, apartment buildings

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 121 and tenement blocks with balconies, hotels and facilities, as well as recreational amenities including a golf course, a racetrack and a large park. While workmen were busy constructing the new suburb of Heliopolis, EMPAIN asked French architect Alexandre MARCEL to build him a magnificent palace in the Avenue of Palaces (now ‘Urûba Street) that would stand out from the others being built in the same period. Inspired by the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the Hindu temples of Orissa in India, MARCEL incorporated into the external design of the new Palace reproductions of a variety of human figures, statues of Indian dancers, elephants, snakes, Buddhas, Shivas and Krishnas. MARCEL’s colleague Georges- Louis CLAUDE designed the interior and decoration. Both architects were well-known at the time as they had already constructed and decorated the Oriental Pavilion attached to the Royal Palace of Laeken in Belgium. Baron Empain’s new palace consisted of two floors and a small extension near the roof. Windows studded with Belgian glass were especially created so as never to lose sight of the sun. The construction was completed in 1911, and the palace was surrounded by a landscaped garden adorned with ascending green terraces, each with its own set of marble statues and exotic vegetation. EMPAIN later died at Woluwe in Belgium in 1929, but his body was brought back to Egypt for burial under the Basilica of Notre Dame in Heliopolis. Three generations of Empains then occupied the palace, but in 1957 it was sold and began to fall into ruin. Some parts of the Indian decorations and sculptures crumbled and fell away, and the beautifully designed parquet floors and gold-plated doorknobs disappeared. As negligence took its toll, the palace became the residence of bats, which in an odd way suited its more Gothic aspect. The gilded ceilings, the decorations and the famed Belgian mirrors that once graced the walls were masked by hundreds of bats and their droppings. Rumours about the palace spread all over Cairo, and for many it became a house of horror. Some said it was used by drug-dealers as a storage space for illicit goods, while others believed it was haunted by devils and called it the “House of Vampires” or “Count Dracula’s Castle”, while the majority of Cairo residents called it “The House of Ghosts”. “The relationship of the Ministry of Antiquities with the palace started in 1993 when it was listed on Egypt’s Antiquities List, but it was then still owned by an Egyptian- Saudi owner,” ‘Abd al-‘Azîz told the Weekly. He said that in 2005, the cabinet had agreed to transfer the ownership of the palace to the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), now part of the Ministry of Antiquities, and compensate the owner. (Nevine El-Aref, “Legendary palace to open”, Al-Ahram Weekly, September 27, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inspecte les travaux de restauration du palais Empain », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 24 septembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « al-‘Inânî : Le palais Empain sera l’un des plus importants monuments en Égypte à l’issue de sa restauration », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 24 septembre). - - The history of museums in Egypt started as early as the 19th century, when Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha established al-Azbakiyya Museum in Cairo, and today they are recognised as institutions to display the country’s heritage as well as destinations for scholars and tourists.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 122 More recent Egyptian governments have kept up this perspective, adding only that the country’s museums should have an economic value as tourist destinations. However, the barrier between many Egyptians and their museums has continued, with many of these institutions being seen as mainly of interest to visitors. To break this barrier and change the role of museums in Egypt to meet their counterparts abroad as well as bring them into line with the role set out for them by the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the Ministry of Antiquities is re-emphasising the role of museums as cultural and social institutions for exchanging information, communication, enjoyment, entertainment, inspiration and learning. “Museums should be places where visitors can make new friends, practice a foreign language, learn new handicrafts, improve or gain new skills and experiences,” Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museums Sector at the ministry, told Al-Ahram Weekly. She said the ministry was working hard to fulfil the museums’ social role and make them stepping-stones to a new and more progressive era. Through their programmes, activities and events, the country’s museums should meet the needs, interests and expectations of Egyptian society, Salâh said. This would encourage visitors to enjoy their activities and join in special workshops to learn new skills and crafts. “The policy also highlights the idea that museums are not only important for their treasured collections, but also for the social benefits they bring to communities,” Salâh said. Museum curators should not only focus on the preservation and conservation of artefacts, but they should also think more deeply about aspects of presentation and on the activities and services they could provide and how to engage local communities. “The concept of museums in Egypt is no longer just dependent on placing artefacts next to each other to illustrate ancient Egyptian civilisation,” Salâh said. “Instead, it is about turning the country’s museums into more educational, cultural and productive institutions.” She added that the aim was to provide broader educational services to visitors and raise archaeological awareness and belonging by showing visitors how their ancestors had built a great civilisation through scenes of daily life and culture. Museums can also enrich the educational system, as they possess materials and information that are essential components in the curriculum and can be used to improve the teaching of various disciplines. Educational programmes for students and school pupils are now available in many museums, helping to facilitate school history classes and university lectures as needed. “History, science and even mathematics teachers in schools can also deliver their classes in museums to make them more attractive to pupils,” Salâh said, adding that educational visits to museums should be developed and encouraged in order to provide for all interest groups. Museums should become more childfriendly, she added. They should provide drawing materials and clay, for example, so that children can produce replicas of Pharaonic ushabti figures. “School trips to museums are also very important to teach children critical thinking, empathy, and other important skills. They help to get kids excited about school subjects as well as increase their cultural wealth and expand their general knowledge,” Salâh told the Weekly.

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 123 Developing programmes for adults in museums is another aspect of the ministry’s philosophy, she continued, as this will help to give all Egyptians a clearer understanding of their history through tours through museum galleries and lectures. “This will not only raise people’s awareness of their heritage, but it will also increase their feelings of belonging and correct their vision towards their archaeological heritage,” Salâh said, adding that it could also help prevent ancient treasures from being lost or smuggled illegally out of the country. Additional protections could be established through stronger archaeological and cultural awareness among all Egyptians. “If a person realises the historical significance and value of a small ancient work, he will be even more inclined to prevent it from being destroyed,” Salâh told the Weekly. “The aim of the adult programmes, therefore, is to provide a direct link between people and the monuments and artefacts that comprise their history. This is a major role that museums must play in disseminating archaeological awareness among the public.” The Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Salâh said, has developed a learning programme in collaboration with the US company Microsoft named “My Museum is in Your Classroom” that aims to motivate students to pursue new avenues of learning through running interactive virtual field trips in the museum to explore ancient Egyptian civilisation and linking museum objects with educational curricula both locally and internationally. “Museums are committed to public service, and many museums are filling the socialservice gaps created by the recent economic downturn,” Salâh added. She explained that museums all over Egypt were implementing programmes for housewives and single mothers in an attempt to raise their financial status and suggest ways in which the country’s heritage can be leveraged to help meet daily needs. Such services are provided through organising workshops to teach visitors the skills involved in making handicrafts such as tapestries, clay pots, and fabrics. The products made by local craftsmen and women could then be put on sale in exhibitions held in collaboration with the governorate in which the relevant museum is located, Salâh said. (Nevine El-Aref, “Breaking barriers on museums”, Al-Ahram Weekly, September 27, 2018). - - What lessons can be learned from recent problems in the restoration of the golden mask of ancient Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamun, asks Zâhî Hawwâs? The recent incorrect restoration of the golden mask of Tutankhamun raised many important issues that should be discussed in order to find reasonable solutions. This will also demonstrate that Egypt is more than capable of properly restoring its monuments and heritage, as has been done over the last 12 years, despite the attacks of those who criticise without suggesting appropriate solutions. The spectacular golden mask of Tutankhamun represents an idealised portrait of the king. Intrinsically beautiful due to the precious materials and masterful workmanship that went into its creation, it was an essential item of the royal burial equipment, serving as an image that the soul could enter and occupy during the afterlife if something happened to the body. The artisans who crafted this masterpiece began by hammering together two thick sheets of gold, thought by the ancient Egyptians to echo the flesh of the gods. They then shaped this metal into a likeness of the king wearing the striped nemes head cloth of ancient Egypt and using inlays of semiprecious stones and coloured glass to add colour and detail. The whites of the eyes were inlaid with quartz, and obsidian was used for the pupils. Red paint was lightly brushed into the corners of the eyes, subtly increasing their realism. When British archaeologist Howard CARTER first saw the mask in 1925, he discovered that

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 124 it was stuck onto the chest and head of the king’s mummy. He tried to remove it but was unsuccessful because of the resin that the embalmers had applied to the coffin. He then used knives heated over a fire to detach the mask, damaging the mummy in the process. In spite of this checkered history, the golden mask has since become an icon of ancient Egypt. Last month, and after much media attention to the restoration problem, the Ministry of Antiquities announced that the mask had been poorly restored. Epoxy resin should not have been used, it said, and the techniques used had not followed accepted scientific practice. The first rule in any restoration is documentation, including of an object’s condition, previous treatment, and any other relevant details. Then a written plan for the proposed restoration and the materials and techniques to be used is drawn up, and finally the work is implemented. It is of the utmost importance that a restorer does not work alone. All of these steps must be performed by an archaeologist, a conservator and a chemist working together. The restorer at the Cairo Museum who worked on the mask worked alone, and she did not know how the mask was fashioned. The ancient Egyptians never used any adhesive materials in the construction of an object. For example, the mask was made of two pieces: the head and the beard. The ancient artisans made a hole on the bottom of the chin of the mask and another on the top of the beard. They then prepared a thin piece of wood, or dowel, to hold the two pieces together. The only repair that might be needed would be to replace this dowel if it deteriorated. If the conservators had known this about the mask’s construction, they would never have made a mistake in repairing it. Ignorant people began to attack the Antiquities Ministry without proposing a solution. What I heard from them on the television or read in the newspapers only indicated that they were after the job of minister of antiquities. However, the position of minister cannot be taken by someone who is not qualified. I found that the press had given the title of “Dr” to someone who did not have a PhD, and another person was given the opportunity by experts in the ministry to speak to the press, even though she does not have any expertise in archaeology. When the Mallawî Museum in Upper Egypt was damaged some years ago, the then minister did not want to appear on the scene. But this person did go and became something of a heroine as a result. It was wrong to give the mask’s German conservator the opportunity to talk to the press. He should have written a report to be submitted to the then minister, Mamdûh al- Damâtî, and he should have been allowed to stand beside the minister at the press conference if there were questions. However, instead the German restorer incorrectly announced that CARTER had brought the mask to the Egyptian Museum in 1924, when in fact CARTER first saw the mask in the tomb in 1925. This conservator may be brilliant at restoration, but it was not his role to speak at the press conference. The most important point that should have come out of the press conference was to admit that there had been a problem and that the mask had been improperly repaired. It should have been stated that the conservator who had made this mistake would be reprimanded. A second point that should have been made was that the mask had not been destroyed or lost, and a final point should have been that it would be restored in the proper fashion. Egypt has many great conservators, and most foreign expeditions in Egypt employ their services. When we needed to remove a very delicate fresco from the walls of the Coptic Museum to restore it, for example, the American Research Centre in Egypt asked Lutfî Khâlid to do the work, and he did a wonderful job. Unfortunately, the problem in the restoration of the mask of Tutankhamun was broadcast all over the world and became a scandal to us as Egyptians. It was a scandal for

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 125 those who are now in charge of the country’s antiquities. There should have been a team consisting of an Egyptologist, a restorer, and a chemist to carry out the restoration of the mask, and every step should have been documented by Egyptian and international television. We need the world to understand that the problem of the restoration of Egypt’s antiquities is one that needs to be solved not by foreigners but by Egyptians. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “A story of ignorance”, Al-Ahram Weekly, September 27, 2018). - - Îsa Zaydân explains the restoration work at one of the boat’s beams Masaki NOKE, the newly appointed Japanese ambassador to Egypt, visited on Thursday the restoration project of Khufu’s second solar boat in Gîza Plateau. Ambassador NOKE viewed the technique, which the Egyptian and Japanese archaeologists are using to lift up the boat’s wooden beams from its original location inside the pit to the surface, before transporting it to the site laboratory for restoration and consolidation. Îsa Zaydân, the head of the Restoration Department of the project, told Ahram Online that the Japanese archaeologist Sakuji YOSHIMURA, the head of the restoration team, explained to Ambassador NOKE that “restoring the second solar boat of king Khufu was his dream to come true.” YOSHIMURA said “the Japanese government, through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), had helped him realise his dream by supporting and financing the project.” The JICA will continue its support of the project until the restoration and reconstruction of the boat is completed and the boat is readied to be on show at the Grand Egyptian Museum, which is scheduled to open in 2020. Zaydân told Ahram Online that the restoration team has so far succeeded in removing 866 pieces from the pit, and restored 840 pieces and transported around 700 pieces to the GEM’s restoration centre. The ambassador with YOSHIMURA and the working team The first phase of the project began over 20 years ago. In 1992, a Japanese scientific and archaeological team from Waseda University, in collaboration with the Japanese government, provided a grant of $10 million to remove the boat from its original pit, restore and reassemble it, and put it on show to the public. The team first cleaned the pit of insects then Japanese technicians inserted a camera through a hole in the chamber’s limestone to assess the boat’s condition inside the pit and the possibility of its restoration. The team’s inspection showed that the second boat was in a much better state of preservation than the first one discovered in 1954. Khufu’s first solar boat was discovered by the late architect and archaeologist Kamâl al- Mallâkh, together with Zakî Nûr, during routine cleaning on the south side of the Great Pyramid. The first boat was removed piece by piece under the supervision of master restorer Ahmad Yûsuf, who spent more than 20 years restoring and reassembling the boat. The second boat remained sealed in its pit until 1987, when it was examined by the

S e p t e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 126 American National Geographic Society via remote camera. After the space inside the pit was photographed and air measurements were taken, the pit was resealed. It was initially believed that the pit had been so well sealed thus the air inside must have been preserved since ancient Egyptian times. Sadly, though, YOSHIMURA pointed out that this was not the case, explaining that air had leaked into the pit from outside and mixed with the air inside and this had allowed insects to thrive and negatively affect some wooden beams. (Nevine El-Aref, “Japan’s new ambassador to Egypt pays visit to Khufu’s second solar boat”, Ahram Online, September 27, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Dès sa nomination, le nouvel ambassadeur du Japon au Caire visite la barque de Chéops », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 27 septembre). - - Vendredi 28 septembre 2018 La directrice générale du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr, Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, a annoncé la poursuite du réaménagement du musée. Ces travaux englobent la peinture des murs, la réfection des sols, ainsi que le remplacement du vitrage par des vitres munies de filtres ultraviolets, afin de protéger les pièces exposées. Le couloir Est du premier étage sera également réaménagé. Quant aux collections de Toutankhamon, elles seront transférées vers l’aile Nord et la galerie n° 13. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Changement du vitrage du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 28 septembre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Remplacement du vitrage du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr », Sada al-Balad, 20 novembre). - - Dimanche 30 septembre 2018 La présidente du département des musées, Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn, a déclaré que les musées devraient jouer un rôle plus influent dans la société. « Le nombre de visiteurs égyptiens des musées reste faible et inacceptable », déplore-t-elle. « Ceci dit, je ne jette pas le discrédit sur la société, mais plutôt sur les musées qui ne remplissent pas efficacement le rôle qui leur incombe. Certes, il existe une concurrence entre les différents musées. Néanmoins, les résultats sont insatisfaisants, si l’on prend comme critère d’évaluation le taux de fréquentation des musées ». (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le nombre de visiteurs égyptiens des musées reste insatisfaisant », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 30 septembre 2018). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 127 IV – OCTOBRE 2018 Lundi 1er octobre 2018 The Czech archaeological mission operating in Abûsîr, north of the Saqqâra region in Gîza and headed by archaeologist Miroslav Bárta has uncovered a huge limestone and brick tomb for a man identified as Kaer S, dating back to the middle of the Fifth Dynasty in the eras of King Nyuserre Ini and King Neferirkare Kakai. Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî said that the owner of the tomb had several titles, including the “Supervisor of the King’s affairs”, and that his name was found engraved on the walls of the cemetery. ‘Âdil ‘Ukâsha, director of the Central Department of Antiquities of Cairo and Gîza, said that during the excavation the mission found a rose granite statue in the main well of the tomb, broken into two parts. The statue represents Kaer S sitting on a small backless chair, while wearing a short beret and a hair wig. His name as well as his titles were engraved on the seat. His titles included the “Morning House Secret Keeper”, and “His Master’s Beloved”. Bárta said the archaeological mission will complete work to uncover the rest of the tomb. (“Huge tomb from Fifth Dynasty discovered in Gîza”, Egypt Independent, October 1st, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique au nord de Saqqâra », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Abûsîr datant de la Ve dynastie », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 1er octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une grande tombe à Abûsîr », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Abûsîr au nord de Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 1er octobre ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Abûsîr », al-Shurûq, 1er octobre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour d’une tombe antique à Abûsîr », al- Ahrâm, 2 octobre). - - Police in Suhâg governorate, Upper Egypt arrested three people on Sunday for illegally excavating for artifacts in the neighbourhood of al-Kawthar. Cooperating with the Tourism and Antiquities Police, the three people led the authorities down to the excavation site, which was dug at a width of three meters and three meters deep, leading into three ancient Pharaonic era tombs, which only contained bones. A patrol from the Suhâg Criminal Investigations Department was inspecting the mountainous area adjacent to al-Kawthar when they spotted three people roaming the area suspiciously. When police asked them what they were doing, they confessed to digging for antiquities in the area. Examination of their cell phones revealed that they had taken photos of them digging inside the tombs. Preliminary investigations revealed that the diggers did not find any statues or Pharaonic treasures, even after admitting they had been excavating for several days. After seizing the excavation site, a report with the incident has been registered and the Public Prosecution notified for further investigation. (“Police arrest 3 people for illegally excavating Pharaonic tombs in Suhâg”, Egypt Independent, October 1st, 2018. Voir également al-Sayyid Abû ‘Alî, « Arrestation de 3 fouilleurs illicites à Suhâg », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er octobre ; « L’arrestation

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 128 d’un gang de trafiquants mène à une découverte archéologique à Suhâg », al- Ahrâm, 2 octobre). - - Mardi 2 octobre 2018 Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a procédé à deux nouvelles nominations : — Dr Muhammad Rashâd ‘Abd al-Hamîd est nommé directeur général des antiquités Sud du Caire. — Muhammad ‘Abdallah est nommé directeur général des antiquités Est du Caire. (Sanâ’ Fârûq, « 2 nouvelles nominations », Watanî, 2 octobre 2018). - - Mercredi 3 octobre 2018 Supreme Council of Antiquities announced on Monday that Egyptian archaeologists have discovered two engraved sandstone tablets during excavation work at the temple of Kom Ombo in Aswân. The tablets belong to the second king of the 19th dynasty King Seti I and King Ptolemy IV. The council’s General-Secretary Mustafa Wazîrî clarified that the first tablet is 2.30 meters in height and 1 meter wide, with a thickness of 30 cm. It was found broken, divided into two parts though the inscriptions and writings were in good condition. The archaeologists found the second tablet broken into several parts, renovated by the restoration team of the Antiquities Ministry. The tablet’s 3.25 meters in height, 1.15 meters wide and 30 cm in thickness, Wazîrî said. According to officials at the Ministry of Antiquities, the first tablet depicts King Seti I standing in front of the great god Horus and goddess Sobek; a winged sun tops the scene, symbolizing protection. Below this scene is a text that consists of 26 lines written with a hieroglyphic language, in which the name of King Horemheb is mentioned several times. The sources added that the top part of the second tablet shows King Ptolemy IV standing, holding a stick’s end in the form of Horus while behind him stands his wife Arsinoe III, in front of the triad of the temple. The winged sun also tops the scene above them, while 28 lines of text are below. (“Archaeologists unearth engraved tablets for King Seti I and King Ptolemy IV in Aswân”, Egypt Independent, October 3, 2018. Voir également Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte de 2 stèles en grès dans le temple de Kom Ombo », al-Ahrâm, 1er octobre ; Nasma Réda, « Kom Ombo ou l’art de remonter le temps », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 3 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique dans le temple de Kom Ombo », Sada al-Balad, 11 octobre). - - Vendredi 5 octobre 2018 During a tour with a large number of school and university students, famous Egyptologist Zâhî Hawwâs revealed that in the upcoming days he would announce a great

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 129 archaeological discovery, possibly the wife of pharaoh Tutankhamun, al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘ reported on Friday. Hawwâs added that for the first time there would be an announcement of a huge archaeological discovery through a 100 per cent Egyptian archaeological mission. All the discoveries previously made were through foreign missions, but this discovery includes a mission headed by Hawwâs and 200 workers at the Ministry of Antiquities, he said, adding the mission operates in the Valley of Kings. Hawwâs toured with a group of children of different ages through around the Gîza pyramids. The aim of the tour is to inspire a generation of children who would grow up loving Egyptian antiquities, he said, adding that he will give the children books he wrote on ancient Egypt as gifts. According to al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, Hawwâs said he founded the Zâhî Hawwâs Center of Egyptology affiliated to the Bibliotheca Alexandria after he noticed that many children are interested in antiquities and the details on the life of pharaohs. Hawwâs urged parents to encourage their children to read, stressing that he sponsors children interested in Egypt’s antiquities through his center located in the Smart Village. (“Zâhî Hawwâs to announce great archaeological discovery”, Egypt Independent, October 5, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Hawwâs : Découverte de la tombe de l’épouse de Toutankhamon dans la vallée des Rois, prochainement », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 octobre). - - Samedi 6 octobre 2018 Deux jeunes frères ont trouvé la mort au cours de fouilles clandestines qu’ils effectuaient dans le sous-sol d’une boulangerie à Akhmîm. Muhammad ‘Alâ’ ‘Abd al-‘Âl, étudiant âgé de 20 ans, et son frère Ahmad, âgé de 17 ans, sont morts ensevelis sous les décombres d’une fosse de 20 m de profondeur. Les corps ont été transférés à la morgue. Une enquête judiciaire est ouverte. (al-Sayyid Abû ‘Alî, « Décès de deux frères lors de fouilles illicites à Suhâg », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 octobre 2018). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, et la ministre du Tourisme, Rânyâ al- Mashât, ont accueilli Melania TRUMP sur le plateau de Gîza. La visite de l’épouse du Président américain a duré près d’une heure et a commencé par la visite du Sphinx. La directrice de l’USAID au Caire lui a expliqué le projet visant à baisser le niveau des eaux souterraines. Ensuite, le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a expliqué à la First Lady le projet de restauration du Sphinx. Le directeur général de la zone archéologique de Gîza, Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn, l’a accompagnée à l’intérieur de la pyramide de Chéops. Enfin, le ministre de l’Archéologie a tenu à remercier Melania TRUMP de sa visite éclair. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Melania TRUMP visite la zone archéologique de Gîza », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 6 octobre 2018. Voir également Minna Khalaf, « La visite de Melania constitue une propagande

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 130 internationale pour les antiquités égyptiennes », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 7 octobre). - - Mercredi 10 octobre 2018 C’est une réalité. L’Égypte est l’un des pays les plus riches de la planète en monuments. La ville de Louqsor renferme à elle seule plus de la moitié des monuments du monde. Près de 250 missions archéologiques, égyptiennes et étrangères, opèrent sur le territoire égyptien. Et depuis quelque temps, les découvertes se succèdent. On en annonce une en moyenne toutes les deux semaines. Selon Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, directeur du département des antiquités égyptiennes au ministère des Antiquités, le sol égyptien est riche en monuments encore ensevelis et il y a toujours eu des découvertes. Mais le secteur des antiquités a souffert en 2011 de difficultés financières à cause du manque de ressources dû à la chute du tourisme. Résultat : plusieurs missions ont arrêté leur fouille, et les travaux de restauration ont été suspendus de même que l’inauguration de nouveaux sites et musées. « Cependant, l’année dernière, le gouvernement a commencé à subventionner à nouveau les activités archéologiques, ce qui nous a aidés à reprendre le programme de fouilles et de mettre au jour des centaines de découvertes spectaculaires », assure al- ‘Ashmâwî. En 2017, le ministère des Antiquités a opéré sur 56 sites archéologiques dans les quatre coins de l’Égypte. Cette année, on en est arrivé à 70 sites, ce qui explique l’abondance des découvertes. Bien que certaines découvertes n’aient pas de grande importance scientifique, le tapage médiatique autour d’elles est très grand. « Cela est fait exprès », avoue al-‘Ashmâwî. Selon lui, il faut exploiter au maximum toutes ces découvertes dans la promotion du tourisme et donner une image positive de l’Égypte, un pays au patrimoine intarissable. « Ainsi, un touriste qui a visité Saqqâra plusieurs fois il y a des années sera encouragé à y revenir pour voir les joyaux historiques récemment découverts », ajoute al-‘Ashmâwî, affirmant que le ministère fait de son mieux pour préserver les monuments découverts. Selon lui, les monuments découverts sont soumis à de longues études scientifiques, dévoilant les secrets de l’Égypte ancienne, avant d’être restaurés. « Le ministère a mis en place une nouvelle stratégie visant à enrichir les musées égyptiens. En fait, il y a plus de 20 musées en cours de construction partout en Égypte, et ce sont les nouvelles découvertes qui feront les collections de ces musées », souligne al-‘Ashmâwî, donnant l’exemple de la découverte de la statue du pharaon Psammétique II découverte à Matariyya au Caire, celle-ci a été déplacée de son chantier d’origine pour être déposée au Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM). D’autres monuments colossaux récemment découverts seront transportés aussi au GEM pour l’enrichir de pièces de grande valeur. Une partie de ces monuments nouvellement découverts partiront après leur restauration en expositions temporaires à l’étranger. Une minorité est conservée dans des dépôts aménagés suivant les normes internationales. Si les uns estiment que les nouvelles découvertes sont d’une grande importance pour l’Égypte, d’autres s’opposent au fait de mettre beaucoup d’argent dans les fouilles. « Avant de faire de nouvelles découvertes, il faut d’abord restaurer les richesses patrimoniales que possède le pays, surtout qu’elles ont beaucoup souffert au cours des dernières années », souligne Khâlid Gharîb, professeur d’archéologie à l’Université du Caire. Il estime que le ministère doit accorder plus d’importance à l’aménagement des sites historiques, afin de faciliter leur visite et promouvoir le tourisme. Il donne l’exemple du site historique de Tanis dans le gouvernorat d’al-Sharqiyya, où la statue de Ramsès II est dans un état déplorable, et le site lui-même n’est pas du tout aménagé malgré son ouverture à la visite. « Il n’y existe même pas de toilettes pour les touristes qui visitent la région. Il faut donc non seulement restaurer les monuments, mais aussi développer le site pour le rendre

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 131 accessible aux visiteurs », reprend Gharîb. Et d’ajouter que parfois, les découvertes annoncées par le ministère des Antiquités ne sont pas nouvelles. « Il y a une grande différence entre la découverte et la réouverture d’une tombe ou d’un site », dit-il. Il souligne que la dernière annonce par le ministère des Antiquités de la découverte de la tombe de Hetepet sur le Plateau des pyramides n’est pas vraie, car cette tombe a été découverte il y a quelques années par une équipe australienne de Macquarie University, qui a publié un article scientifique sur cette tombe et son contenu en 2013. Magdî Shâkir, grand archéologue au ministère des Antiquités, nie complètement le fait que le ministère annonce des découvertes anciennes. « L’Égypte est une terre fertile en antiquités. Nous avons des milliers de sites archéologiques. On peut faire une nouvelle découverte chaque jour », assure-t-il. Et d’ajouter : « Il arrive parfois qu’il y ait un malentendu, surtout que les fouilles continuent sur les mêmes sites pendant des années. Cela fait par exemple plusieurs années qu’on fouille dans la région de Dayr al- Shaghâla à l’oasis de Dâkhla, chaque saison, on annonce une nouvelle trouvaille. Les gens confondent et croient que c’est la même découverte », défend Shâkir. L’archéologue Ahmad Sâlih partage la même opinion. Il estime qu’une partie du budget consacré aux fouilles doit être dirigée aux travaux de restauration et à l’aménagement des sites archéologiques. « Les touristes qui voyagent en Égypte seront plus satisfaits de visiter des sites bien aménagés, munis de tous les services dont ils ont besoin », pense Sâlih, qui donne l’exemple du site historique du temple d’Edfou où les touristes passent sur des échafaudages à cause d’un problème d’eaux souterraines. L’archéologue Mustafa Ahmad, estime, lui, que les fouilles archéologiques doivent aller de pair avec la restauration et l’inauguration des musées, puisque c’est la mission principale du ministère des Antiquités. Sur les 250 missions de fouille qui opèrent en Égypte, seulement 12 sont égyptiennes. « Le ministère a ouvert plusieurs écoles de fouille, afin de former les archéologues aux techniques les plus modernes dans ce domaine. Le ministre oblige également chaque mission étrangère opérant en Égypte à former 2 ou 3 archéologues égyptiens », souligne Ahmad, qui insiste sur l’importance que les Égyptiens aient leur chantier de fouille et d’étude et que le patrimoine égyptien ne soit pas monopolisé par des archéologues étrangers. La plupart des missions étrangères opéraient encore en Haute-Égypte, il y a peu de temps. Mais cette stratégie a changé, puisque le ministère a arrêté, depuis l’an 2000, de donner de nouvelles concessions de fouille en Haute-Égypte pour guider les missions selon les besoins et non au gré des missions étrangères. « Aujourd’hui, la carte géographique des fouilles en Égypte est équilibrée », souligne Shâkir. Il affirme que les missions archéologiques sont répandues dans toute l’Égypte, en Haute-Égypte comme dans le Delta, et opèrent selon un programme de fouille déterminé qui s’étend sur 10 ans. « Nous avons des priorités dans le choix des chantiers de fouille. On travaille d’abord sur les régions menacées par les agglomérations urbaines, les régions agricoles ou celles où le gouvernement compte installer des mégaprojets de développement. Ensuite vient le tour des sites déjà fouillés et dont les études témoignent de l’existence de monuments encore ensevelis, car on ne peut pas les laisser ouverts aux pilleurs des antiquités », explique Ahmad, assurant qu’il y a des découvertes d’une grande valeur scientifique qui se font surtout dans le Delta. « La dernière découverte d’un village préhistorique complet à Tell Samâra, dans le

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 132 gouvernorat de Daqahliyya, était d’une importance archéologique majeure, puisqu’elle jette la lumière sur une période peu connue de l’histoire de l’Égypte. Mais puisque les objets découverts étaient de petits fragments d’outils en pierre et de résidus de faune et de flore et qu’il n’y avait ni statues colossales, ni sarcophages colorés, la découverte n’a pas suscité un grand intérêt », reprend-il. Que ce soit en Haute-Égypte ou dans le Delta, qu’il s’agisse de statues colossales spectaculaires ou de fragments, le sol égyptien continue à délivrer chaque jour ses secrets. (Dalia Farouq, « Le patrimoine au service du tourisme », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - An ancient Egyptian coffin lid seized in March at Kuwait International Airport has arrived safely in Egypt and was handed over to the Ministry of Antiquities at noon today. Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, supervisorgeneral of the ministry’s Antiquities Repatriation Department, told Ahram Online that the lid will be sent to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation (NMEC), where it will be restored and authenticated. ‘Abd al-Gawwâd thanked the Egyptian foreign ministry, the Kuwaiti foreign ministry, customs authority and the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters of Kuwait for their full cooperation in returning the smuggled coffin lid to its homeland. In March, Kuwaiti authorities announced that officers working at the air cargo terminal at Kuwait International Airport had found a 186-centimetre coffin lid professionally hidden inside a sofa while scanning of a shipment of office furniture sent from Egypt. The coffin lid was confiscated pending further investigation in compliance with the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Kuwaiti customs authorities reported the incident to the country’s National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature (NCCAL) to determine the coffin’s origin and historical authenticity. The NCCAL set up a committee led by Sultan Gâwîsh, director of museums and antiquities at NCCAL, which included two Egyptian professors of ancient history and antiquities, al-Sayyid Mahfûz and Ahmad Sa‘îd, who work at Kuwait University, to inspect the condition of the coffin and report on its authenticity. According to the committee’s report, ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said the seized object is an anthropoid coffin carved in wood in the ancient Egyptian Osirian shape, except that the hands on the coffin are not folded together in the usual way. The lid is painted without any hieroglyphic inscriptions. Most of the surface is covered

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 133 with a layer of calcined dirt and petrified rat dung. After examination, the committee recommended to return the lid to Egypt as the thick layer of dirt covering the coffin’s surface made it difficult for the committee to determine its authenticity. “The cleaning process requires special materials that are not available to the committee,” Mahfûz said, adding that after cleaning, specialists could take a sample from the coffin for radioactive carbon analysis in order to determine its authenticity. Although the coffin is similar to those from the late Pharaonic period and early Ptolemaic era, he continued, the separation between the body and the base and the way the lid is carved in one piece appears anomalous and requires investigation. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt receives coffin lid seized at Kuwait International Airport”, Ahram Online, October 10, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Retour du couvercle du sarcophage saisi au Koweït », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 9 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie réceptionne le sarcophage archéologique volé au Koweït », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 10 octobre). - - Le ministre des Antiquités, Khâlid al-‘Inânî, explique l’importance des récentes découvertes archéologues et parle des grands projets lancés par son ministère : Al-Ahram Hebdo : Ces deux dernières années, il y a eu de très nombreuses découvertes. Comment expliquez-vous ce grand nombre de trouvailles archéologiques ? Khâlid al-‘Inânî : La terre égyptienne cache encore énormément de secrets. Au cours des deux dernières années, on a eu presque chaque mois une ou deux nouvelles découvertes qui font la une des journaux égyptiens et étrangers. Il y a en Égypte près de 250 missions archéologiques à la recherche de trésors cachés. Il est donc normal de faire toujours de nouvelles trouvailles. On continue toujours nos fouilles pour savoir plus sur nos ancêtres qui ont offert aux Égyptiens et à toute l’humanité des trésors exceptionnels. Les mois prochains vont témoigner aussi de nouvelles découvertes d’une importance archéologique majeure. — Que fait l’Égypte avec toutes ces découvertes ? — La vision du ministère des Antiquités a changé pendant ces dernières années. On travaille actuellement sur de grands projets qui sont prêts à accueillir ces pièces, tels le nouveau Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), celui de la Civilisation à Fustât, en plus des musées régionaux, soit les nouveaux ou les anciens. Le ministère profite également de ces objets trouvés dans l’organisation d’expositions temporaires en Égypte ou à l’étranger. De même, il ne faut pas oublier que ces découvertes font de la promotion touristique sans précédent. Vous devez voir comment le monde réagit suite à l’annonce d’une découverte. Et quand des hommes d’État ou les ambassadeurs et même les médias assistent à différents événements archéologiques, c’est un message que notre pays est sécurisé et met en valeur ses monuments. — La date de l’inauguration du GEM a été reportée à plusieurs reprises, quand est-ce qu’il verra le jour ? — On avait annoncé une inauguration partielle de ses salles à la fin de cette année. Mais une décision présidentielle a changé nos plans pour fixer une inauguration totale de toutes les salles du musée en 2020. C’est un important projet international qui va regrouper 100 000 pièces dans un seul endroit entre salles d’exposition, d’études, des laboratoires de restauration et entrepôts. C’est un travail énorme, ce que je peux annoncer, c’est que les travaux architecturaux seront terminés vers la fin de cette année ou plutôt début 2019. En ce qui concerne le Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) de Fustât, on prépare actuellement l’inauguration partielle de la grande salle d’exposition intitulée « Le Nil », celle des momies, la salle centrale et le « Musée de la capitale ».

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 134 — Certains vous accusent de vider les sites archéologiques de leurs contenus en faveur de ces grands projets ? — Ces deux projets sont les plus grands et les plus importants au monde sur le plan archéologique. Pour ce, on travaille à collecter des objets de grande valeur servant à leurs scénarios muséologiques. Dernièrement, on avait pris 3 obélisques du site archéologique de Sân al-Hagar à al-Sharqiyya pour les exposer au GEM, ce qui a causé la colère de plusieurs. Mais je ne peux pas inaugurer le plus grand musée égyptien au monde sans aucun obélisque. Et bien qu’on ait pris quelques pièces du site, la région subit un grand projet de réaménagement, afin de la transformer en un musée de plein air. — Il y a d’une part une crise financière, et de l’autre, de nouveaux projets. Comment le ministère gère-t-il cela ? — Le GEM et quelques grands projets sont subventionnés par le gouvernement, tel le réaménagement du Plateau des pyramides ou l’allée des béliers à Louqsor. Mais pour la fondation des nouveaux musées régionaux, comme celui de Matrûh, inauguré en mars dernier, ou celui de Kafr al-Shaykh, prévu en juin 2019, ce sont les gouvernorats qui fournissent le bâtiment du musée, son éclairage et sa sécurité, alors que le ministère choisit les pièces qui seront exposées, fait le scénario muséologique et gère le musée. Le revenu de ces musées sera divisé entre gouvernorat et ministère. Le ministère des Antiquités ne cherche pas le profit financier, mais plutôt l’intérêt culturel et patrimonial. — Comment avez-vous surmonté la crise financière du ministère ? — Cette crise n’a pas été réglée, mais on essaye de diversifier nos revenus. Ouvrir quelques tombes uniques et spéciales au grand public sans besoin d’agrément ministériel, créer des carnets de visite pour Le Caire et Louqsor. On a augmenté le prix des billets des sites et des musées, on a relancé un projet de reproduire des répliques et de les vendre, surtout au musée du Caire, pour rouvrir les bazars fermés depuis 2011. — L’État vous soutient-il suffisamment ? — Depuis ma nomination à la tête du ministère, le président de la République et le gouvernement soutiennent les travaux archéologiques pour pouvoir surmonter tous les obstacles, surtout financiers, pour pouvoir exécuter les grands projets. Donnant l’exemple de l’inauguration du musée d’Art islamique, au Caire en 2017, celui de Suhâg en Haute-Égypte en 2018, qui a été honoré par la participation du président de la République. Le monde entier a suivi cette participation qui met en relief l’intérêt qu’accorde l’Égypte à ses monuments. Les monuments égyptiens ont joué un rôle politique et touristique important. — Les expositions des antiquités égyptiennes à l’étranger constituent-elles un casse-tête pour le ministère ? — Pas du tout. Au contraire. Nos pièces antiques sont nos ambassadeurs à l’étranger. On a organisé au cours de ces 2 dernières années plusieurs expositions dans différents pays européens, asiatiques et américains. En effet, j’ai refusé de transférer quelques objets rares comme le masque de Toutankhamon et son sarcophage, parce que ce sont des pièces uniques et inestimables. Actuellement, le Conseil des ministres, en partenariat avec le ministère des Antiquités, prennent ensemble la décision du départ des pièces. — Quel est le sort de l’actuel Musée Égyptien du Caire place Tahrîr ? — Il ne va certainement pas disparaître. Plusieurs travaux s’y déroulent actuellement pour fêter son 116e anniversaire, novembre prochain. Une nouvelle muséologie va s’y appliquer avec la collaboration de cinq musées internationaux comme le British Museum et le Musée de Turin. Un nouveau système d’éclairage a été appliqué sur sa façade. Et bien que plusieurs pièces aient été déjà transférées au GEM, il ouvre ses portes plusieurs heures supplémentaires deux fois par semaine pour répondre à l’affluence. On y organise aussi des événements culturels regroupant Égyptiens et étrangers pour donner un message au monde entier : « Voilà, la place Tahrîr est sécurisée ». (Nasma Réda,

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 135 « Khâlid al-‘Inânî : Les mois prochains vont témoigner de nouvelles découvertes d’une importance archéologique majeure », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - 238 missions archéologiques de 23 pays opèrent en Égypte depuis des dizaines d’années. Parmi elles, une mission française au temple de Karnak depuis 51 ans, une mission suisse sur l’île d’Éléphantine depuis 49 ans et une mission polonaise à Saqqâra depuis 31 ans. Pourquoi de si longs travaux sur un seul chantier ? Si certaines missions cherchent à faire des découvertes spectaculaires, d’autres misent davantage sur l’étude scientifique des sites. Chacune fonctionne en revanche sous la supervision du ministère des Antiquités et sélectionne son chantier en fonction de critères bien étudiés. « Il s’agit avant tout, pour l’égyptologue, de répondre à une série de questions qui permettent de mieux comprendre l’histoire du monument : sa fondation, son architecture, sa décoration, mais aussi son fonctionnement à l’époque. Dans le cas du Ramesseum, qui est un temple de culte royal, il s’agit d’étudier toutes les dépendances du temple, de les identifier et de mieux comprendre quelles étaient leurs fonctions. Et puis, il s’agit encore d’enrichir cette histoire en essayant de comprendre comment ce temple a fonctionné au-delà du règne de Ramsès II, d’étudier sa profanation à la fin de l’époque ramesside, puis sa transformation en nécropole sacerdotale au cours de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire, son démantèlement à l’époque ptolémaïque, sa récupération à l’époque copto-byzantine. Bref, le travail consiste ici à reconstituer la très longue histoire d’un édifice et mieux connaître aussi, en fonction de tous ces axes de recherche, quelle a été sa véritable vocation », explique le professeur Christian LEBLANC, directeur de la Mission Archéologique Française de Thèbes-Ouest (MAFTO) et conseiller scientifique permanent auprès du ministère égyptien des Antiquités (CEDAE), qui opère sur le site du Ramesseum depuis plus de vingt ans. Un avis partagé par Kamil Omar KURASZKIEWICZ, professeur de l’Université de Varsovie et directeur de la mission polonaise opérant à l’ouest de Saqqâra depuis une trentaine d’années. « C’est l’ancien directeur de cette mission, l’égyptologue polonais Karol MYSLIWIEC, qui a sélectionné ce site en 1987 pour y faire des fouilles. C’était encore un chantier couvert de sable et intact. À cette époque, ce site était plein d’énigmes à résoudre », explique KURASZKIEWICZ. Si LEBLANC a choisi le Ramesseum dans le but de reconstituer l’histoire et que MYSLIWIEC était à la recherche de nouvelles découvertes, les Suisses ont eu d’autres critères dans leur choix du site. L’ancien directeur de l’Institut suisse a choisi de travailler dans un site fortement menacé par le développement urbain, à savoir celui de l’île d’Éléphantine et de la vieille ville d’Aswân. « On étudie les conditions de vie, l’architecture domestique des villes et des agglomérations des anciens Égyptiens », explique l’égyptologue Cornelius VON PILGRIM, actuel directeur de l’Institut suisse de recherches architecturales et archéologiques sur l’Égypte antique, précisant que l’actuelle ville d’Aswân est construite sur les vestiges de l’ancienne ville. Par conséquent, la construction de nouveaux bâtiments détruit les vestiges antiques situés en dessous. « C’est souhaitable d’étudier ces ruines avant leur disparition », reprend VON PILGRIM. Et d’ajouter : « Pour ce qui est de notre travail à Éléphantine, il consiste à documenter et à comprendre toutes les ruines visibles de la ville. Des fouilles sont aussi nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le développement de la ville et des bâtiments isolés au fil du temps », explique VON PILGRIM. Il met l’accent sur la difficulté de fouiller des villes qui « sont habitées de manière permanente depuis plus de 4 500 ans. Ces villes sont constituées de centaines de maisons, de temples, de rues, d’institutions économiques et autres. Il faut une longue durée pour comprendre la structure d’une ville aussi complexe et son développement dans le temps. Comment comprendre 4 500 ans d’histoire grâce au travail d’une ou de deux générations

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 136 d’archéologues ? Je pense que ce n’est pas possible », dit le professeur suisse, justifiant le si long travail sur le chantier. LEBLANC indique lui aussi que le fait « d’explorer, d’étudier, de relever les structures, de restaurer, de conserver et de valoriser les lieux du temple du Ramesseum exige une longue durée. Il faut du temps aussi pour démêler les différentes périodes qui ont forgé l’histoire d’un tel site ». Le professeur souligne en outre que la saison de travail sur le chantier ne dépasse pas les 2 ou 3 mois par an, ce qui explique la longue durée de la mission. Le travail archéologique sur le terrain est soumis à des règles rigoureuses. « Les missions étrangères ont un double devoir : publier les résultats de leurs recherches et assurer la conservation, la restauration et la valorisation des concessions archéologiques dont elles ont pris la responsabilité. Il faut savoir à ce propos qu’une commission du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités peut se rendre sur des sites du patrimoine en cours d’exploration pour vérifier si les règles du ministère sont bien respectées », souligne LEBLANC. Ensuite, chaque directeur gère sa mission d’après les conditions du site lui-même, c’està- dire en fonction de l’état de celui-ci, de sa superficie et de ses contenus. Les diverses activités de chaque mission exigent une équipe composée de plusieurs spécialités auprès des archéologues : anthropologues, architectes, topographes, archéozoologues, archéobotanistes, céramologues, épigraphistes, chimistes, infographistes, géologues et bien d’autres. C’est grâce à cette pluridisciplinarité que les archéologues peuvent faire revivre le passé avec ses détails. « Les examens d’un squelette par les anthropologues de la mission polonaise opérant à Saqqâra ont montré que le squelette en question, ayant le dos courbé, était un scribe de 50 ans », explique le professeur KURASZKIEWICZ. Ainsi, la coopération de différentes spécialités permet de répondre à beaucoup de questions. Ces travaux et activités archéologiques doivent, de plus, être documentés à travers des publications scientifiques. (Doaa Elhami, « L’archéologie, une passion également étrangère », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - Le poster d’une ancienne campagne pour le tourisme en Égypte. « People to People », tel est le slogan de la nouvelle campagne internationale de promotion touristique lancée il y a quelques jours par le ministère du Tourisme. Elle met en avant les Égyptiens et a pour but de faire connaître aux touristes la créativité du peuple égyptien, notamment des jeunes, dans une multitude de domaines, qu’ils soient artistiques, musicaux, culturels, sportifs ou scientifiques. Et ce, tout en mettant l’accent sur les atouts touristiques de l’Égypte, son patrimoine incomparable, ses plages incontournables, son climat modéré et, surtout, l’hospitalité égyptienne. « C’est un nouveau concept qui vise à redorer l’image de l’Égypte en la présentant au monde comme un pays sûr avec un peuple accueillant. Ce sont des citoyens qui nous aident à faire cette promotion. On a recours à des personnalités égyptiennes éminentes pour faire la promotion touristique, tel Dr Zâhî Hawwâs », se réjouit la ministre du Tourisme, Rânyâ al-Mashât. Hawwâs fera ainsi partie de la délégation égyptienne qui représentera l’Égypte au World Travel Fair (WTF) à Londres, le mois prochain. Il y fera des discours sur le patrimoine égyptien, les nouvelles découvertes ainsi que sur le Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) et sa collection unique. Selon al-Mashât, la campagne développe les outils traditionnels de la promotion touristique, puisqu’elle utilise les moyens

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 137 technologiques modernes, comme l’Internet, les blogs et les réseaux sociaux pour atteindre un grand public aux quatre coins du monde. Ces outils modernes vont de pair avec les outils traditionnels, telles les affiches, les publicités dans les journaux étrangers et les publicités audiovisuelles diffusées sur les chaînes internationales les plus connues. « Cette campagne est autant innovatrice que flexible, puisqu’elle peut être adaptée d’un marché à l’autre selon la culture et les besoins. Elle permet une interaction entre les peuples, surtout que le tourisme est une expérience humaine avant tout », explique al-Mashât. Elle ajoute que le ministère prépare actuellement un agenda pour toutes les célébrations et festivités qui se tiendront en Égypte, afin qu’il soit accessible aux partenaires à l’étranger. « Cela les aidera à programmer leurs voyages selon les besoins de leurs touristes », ajoute-t-elle. al-Mashât indique que la nouvelle campagne implique aussi de faire la promotion individuelle de chaque destination touristique en Égypte. « On va créer une marque déposée pour chaque destination, un procédé qu’on appelle Branding by destination, ce qui facilite la promotion touristique, surtout que l’Égypte possède tous les atouts nécessaires : balnéaire, culturel, sportif, destinations de cure et beaucoup d’autres genres », explique la ministre. Cette stratégie a aussi pour but de ne pas vendre l’Égypte comme une seule entité. « S’il y a un problème dans une région, il faut éviter que les autres stations n’en soient affectées », explique-t-elle. Morgan FREEMAN lors du lancement de la dernière campagne This is Egypt. Une autre facette de la campagne est la promotion du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM). Selon Ranâ Gohar, conseillère médiatique de la ministre du Tourisme, le tourisme et le patrimoine sont les deux faces d’une même médaille. Ainsi, cette campagne accompagnera aussi l’inauguration complète du GEM sous le slogan « GEM 2020 ». Le GEM sera en effet un atout touristique supplémentaire pour l’Égypte, surtout qu’il sera le plus grand musée au monde et regroupera, sous un seul toit, tous les trésors du roi Toutankhamon. « Certains groupes d’étrangers qui visitent l’Égypte demandent déjà à aller voir le GEM, même avant son inauguration », se félicite Gohar. Pour sa part, Ilhâmî al-Zayyât, ancien président de l’Union des Chambres du Tourisme, explique qu’avant de lancer une nouvelle campagne de promotion, il faut définir les produits touristiques du pays pour savoir ce que l’on veut faire de ces produits. Ensuite, créer une marque déposée qui correspond à l’image de l’Égypte. Il souligne l’importance du « Pricing », soit la détermination des prix selon les services présentés et leur qualité. al-Zayyât aimerait aussi savoir davantage sur la campagne. « Jusqu’à présent, on n’a de détails précis ni sur le plan de cette campagne, ni sur son budget », regrette-t-il. Enfin, il s’interroge quant à l’expérience de la société égyptienne choisie pour exécuter la campagne. « L’Égypte… où tout commence » et « This is Egypt » sont les deux dernières campagnes touristiques égyptiennes lancées au cours des cinq dernières années dans plus de 26 pays européens, asiatiques et américains. Elles ont eu un grand succès et étaient exécutées par la société internationale de publicités JWT, responsable de la promotion du tourisme égyptien jusqu’en septembre dernier. En fait, le ministère du Tourisme a, pour l’actuelle campagne, eu recours à une coalition égyptointernationale, comme il l’a indiqué dans un communiqué. Cette coalition regroupe un nombre de sociétés ayant des expériences réussies en matière de promotion touristique de plusieurs grands pays touristiques. Le côté international est représenté par le Réseau de

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 138 communication du Moyen-Orient (Middle East Communications Network, MCN), qui fait partie du groupe mondial Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc (IGC), spécialisé dans le domaine de la publicité, des médias, des relations publiques et de la gestion de crises et possédant plus de 120 branches de par le monde. Quant au côté égyptien, il est représenté par la société Synergy. (Dalia Farouq, « Une campagne à multiples facettes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - « Quand j’étais enfant, je remarquais le bois utilisé dans le mobilier et dans les divers outils et ustensiles quotidiens. Je me demandais à quoi ressemblaient ces plantes et quelles étaient leurs fonctions », déclare Gersande ESCHENBRENNER-DIEMER, égyptologue à l’UCL Institute of Archaeology. À partir de cette question est née l’idée de créer un jardin pharaonique, mais aussi de faire revivre la flore de l’ancienne Égypte que l’on trouve sur les parois des temples et des tombes. Le sycomore, le figuier, l’épine du Christ, le tamaris et l’acacia du Nil sont les plus fameux arbres de l’ancienne Égypte. « Lorsqu’on voit un mobilier, on cherche à retrouver ses matériaux d’origine. Est-ce du sycomore ou du tamaris ? », reprend ESCHENBRENNER-DIEMER. L’idée de ce jardin pharaonique est aussi un rêve pour l’archéobotaniste Menat-Allah al- Dûrî, post-doctorante à l’IFAO/PCMA. Le rêve a grandi et il ne s’agit plus d’un simple jardin, mais d’un véritable projet, celui de créer un parc patrimonial qui reflète l’évolution du jardin égyptien durant 7 000 ans. Il serait divisé en 5 sections : une section pédagogique. « À travers cette section, on peut apprendre au grand public, notamment aux enfants, la flore patrimoniale égyptienne », explique al-Dûrî. Deux sections seraient consacrées aux époques pharaonique et gréco-romaine où seront exposés les arbres de ces deux époques. La quatrième section serait consacrée aux jardins de cuisine des monastères (Kitchen garden). Les céréales et les légumes cuisinés par les moines dans les monastères y seraient exposés, comme la fève. La cinquième et dernière section serait un jardin mamelouk. « Nous avons constaté que chacune de ces époques possédait sa flore particulière. Et au cours de chaque époque, de nouvelles espèces et de nouveaux arbres sont entrés en Égypte, et encore chacune de ces civilisations avait son paysage caractéristique », explique al-Dûrî. Pour elle, par exemple, le coton était connu à l’époque romaine. C’était une espèce africaine différente de celle que Muhammad ‘Alî a importée au XIXe siècle. « Cette époque marque une nouvelle phase patrimoniale et florale en Égypte », reprend l’archéobotaniste. Les deux égyptologues ont donc décidé de bâtir le jardin archéobotanique en se basant sur divers documents et preuves archéologiques comme les papyri, les anciennes études, les trouvailles archéologiques et les récentes recherches. « Nous avons besoin d’une vaste superficie, d’un bon budget et de temps. Il est indispensable que le lieu de réalisation de ce projet soit enrichi de laboratoires, afin que nous puissions effectuer nos recherches », souligne al-Dûrî. Avis partagé par Gersande ESCHENBRENNER-DIEMER, qui affirme que le Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) à Fustât est l’endroit idéal pour construire ce jardin. Ce musée comprend des laboratoires d’analyses. Il s’ouvre aussi sur un énorme et vaste terrain qui donne sur une grande source d’eau, celle-de ‘Ayn al-Sîra. Une vue panoramique idéale pour installer le jardin archéobotanique. D’ailleurs, le musée offre des salles de conférences où des séminaires peuvent être organisés sur la flore patrimoniale. Le musée possède aussi le personnel nécessaire pour cultiver et arboriser le jardin avec les moyens traditionnels, sans recourir à la fertilisation chimique. Néanmoins, le réseau d’irrigation dépendra de celui du musée lui-même, puisque le taux de salinité de la source de ‘Ayn al-Sîra est assez élevé. Ce jardin archéobotanique, pour les égyptologues, est un moyen efficace et concret pour sensibiliser le grand public à

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 139 l’importance des plantes dans la vie quotidienne, surtout les nouvelles générations. D’ailleurs, ce jardin sera un lieu de détente dans la capitale et constituera une bonne destination touristique. Ce projet prendra du temps et nécessitera l’autorisation du ministère des Antiquités pour être mis en place. « Les procédures administratives prennent toujours du temps », affirme al-Dûrî. Mais Le Caire a besoin d’un poumon de verdure à la touche patrimoniale. (Doaa Elhami, « Un jardin archéobotanique bientôt en Égypte », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - Le Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo (PCMA) et l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO) viennent d’organiser leur atelier annuel d’archéobotanie. Entretien avec l’archéobotaniste Nâhid Murâd Wâlî, de l’Université du Caire : Al-Ahram Hebdo : Qu’est-ce que l’archéobotanie ? Nâhid Murâd Wâlî : C’est la science qui étudie les anciens arbres et plantes qui étaient cultivés depuis la préhistoire jusqu’à l’époque copte en Égypte. Par exemple : le sycomore, le tamaris, l’épine du Christ, le chêne, l’eucalyptus, les dattiers et les palmiers doum sont les arbres les plus connus et les plus trouvés dans l’Égypte ancienne. Il ne faut pas encore oublier des plantes comme le blé, l’orge et les légumes comme l’oignon et l’ail. — Comment avez-vous reconnu ces plantes et ces arbres ? — Nos premières sources sont les dessins qui se trouvent sur les parois des tombes et des temples qui décrivent plusieurs espèces botaniques. En plus, les dessins qui couvrent les sarcophages sont accompagnés d’inscriptions explicatives sur l’utilité de chaque plante. On a aussi connu ces plantes à travers les restes de céréales et de fleurs qui accompagnaient le défunt dans sa tombe. On trouve aussi les feuilles des plantes représentées sur les bijoux, surtout les bracelets. Il ne faut pas non plus oublier les offrandes présentées dans les temples, surtout au Saint des Saints où l’on a trouvé des dattes, par exemple. Lors de l’analyse des solutions trouvées dans les vases canopes, on a trouvé des résidus de plantes conservatrices comme la cannelle et l’oignon qui luttent contre les champignons. Raison pour laquelle une tombe dérobée est une grande perte pour nos études, parce qu’on perd toutes les informations qui peuvent nous aider à comprendre la flore au cours de ces époques. Nous sommes en train de chercher et d’analyser les pollens trouvés sur les sites archéologiques. Ces pollens nous donnent une idée de l’environnement de l’époque. — Quelles étaient les plus importantes utilisations de cette flore ? — Cette flore était utilisée dans tous les domaines de la vie. Le lin pour les vêtements et la momification, le papyrus servait de feuilles d’écriture, les troncs des dattiers pour la construction des plafonds des maisons, l’épine du Christ était utilisée comme tube de drainage, le henné dans l’embaumement et la cosmétique. Mais chaque époque se distinguait par des plantes particulières. Le lotus symbolisait l’éternité dans l’Égypte ancienne et le sycomore était l’arbre de la vie pendant la même période. C’est un grand arbre dont le tronc est gigantesque et qui était utilisé dans la construction des maisons. Il est connu pour la densité de ses branches et de ses feuilles, et son fruit était la nourriture des paysans modestes. Il offre encore un liquide blanc qui remédiait à certaines maladies dermatologiques. On utilisait son bois dans la fabrication des sarcophages. Le raisin, par exemple, est trouvé en abondance à l’époque romaine, ses motifs ornent les chapiteaux des colonnes des temples. Parfois, le cèdre et le chêne remplaçaient le bois des arbres de l’ancienne Égypte. Tandis qu’à l’âge chrétien en Égypte, on trouve la luzerne, le henné, le carthame et l’usine de genévrier. Le henné, par exemple, est un remède efficace à certains types de cancer et quelques maladies dermatologiques.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 140 — Quelle est l’importance des études archéobotaniques ? — La connaissance de l’ancienne flore et son environnement est l’arrière-plan de notre vie, notre identité et nos racines en tant qu’Égyptiens. Il faut aussi prendre en considération que la majeure partie de ce patrimoine floral n’existe plus et le reste est en voie de disparition, ce qui cause un changement de température de tout le globe terrestre et menace l’existence humaine. Par exemple, la mangrove, qui était utilisée dans les temples et dans la fabrication des amulettes à l’époque romaine, et qui poussait le long de la côte de la mer Rouge, est actuellement rare. Les racines de cette plante abritaient plusieurs espèces de poissons et de coquillages, et ses branches servaient de repos aux oiseaux migrateurs. Avec la disparition de la mangrove, remplacée par les routes et les villages touristiques, les poissons n’ont plus d’abri et les oiseaux meurent de fatigue au cours de leur long trajet, et leur cycle de vie est interrompu. Donc, l’écosystème de toute la région est complètement détruit. (Doaa Elhami, « Nâhid Murâd Wâlî : La majeure partie du patrimoine floral du passé est en voie de disparition », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 10 octobre 2018). - - Jeudi 11 octobre 2018 Shâlî village For more than nine decades, the Sîwa Oasis village of Shâlî has stood almost empty. Houses that were once buzzing with inhabitants have been abandoned since 1926 in the aftermath of a heavy rainstorm that damaged houses made from the traditional building material of kershif, or salt mud with split palm-trunk roofs and earthern floors. The inhabitants moved to new and more comfortable houses with running water and electricity. Few buildings on the edge of the village are still in use as residences, and the village as a whole is known as the “city of ghosts”. Shâlî is an impressive 13th-century village in the centre of the oasis. According to the Arab historian al-Maqrîzî, it was originally built to be a secure place for oasis inhabitants, protecting them from attacks by Bedouin tribes. The village was a fortified town with three gates, and according to al-Maqrîzî there were some 600 people in the larger oasis, which appears to have retained its unofficial status as a kind of independent state. The inhabitants spoke their own Berber language, as they still do today, but they wrote it down in Arabic script, with an indigenous script, long forgotten, only surviving in Siwan embroidery. Arab sources spoke of strange creatures in the oasis, and one describes in detail “savage donkeys” that are unmistakably zebras. There were also ostriches and other animals that have now disappeared. Shâlî has always enthralled explorers, historians and photographers even after its deterioration in 1926. The maze of huddled buildings originally towered 60 metres above the oasis, taking advantage of its surrounding hill, while its highest buildings once reached five-storeys high and housed hundreds of people. There is an old mosque called Tatnadî with a chimney-shaped minaret located on top of the panoramic view. Promises to revive the village came to fruition earlier this week when Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî and Minister of Tourism Rânyâ al-Mashât, along with 14 foreign ambassadors to Cairo, flocked to the oasis on the invitation of Munîr Ne‘matallah, director of the Environment Quality International (EQI), to open Shâlî’s old mosque to the public after restoration and announce the beginning of a conservation project scheduled to be completed in 2020.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 141 Gamâl Mustafa, head of the Islamic, Coptic and Jewish Sector of the ministry, told Al- Ahram Weekly that the Tatnadî Mosque was also known as the Sheikha Husniyya Mosque referring to a Moroccan woman who visited Shâlî during her trip to Mecca for the Hajj (pilgrimage) and offered to build a mosque for the inhabitants. The mosque has the name Tatnadî due to an old well it contains, with the name meaning “pure water”. It dates back to the 13th century, the same period as the village was built, and is 300 square metres in area with two entrance gates on its eastern and western sides. Its inner design is divided into three sections and still bears its original shape and designs. It had a pulpit, columns and minaret made of kershif, but regretfully the latter collapsed in 2004 due to erosion. The mosque, Mustafa said, has significant religious, historical, archaeological and social values because it was once the only centre in the oasis through which news of wedding ceremonies and funerals was announced. It also served to represent the unity of the eastern and western people of the oasis. al-‘Inânî, al-Mashât and foreign ambassadors in Egypt touring Sîwa RESTORATION WORK: Restoration work on the mosque started in 2017 and included the restoration of the pulpit, columns, mihrâb, prayer hall for women and lanterns used to light the mosque as well as its minarets. During his tour, al-‘Inânî welcomed the attendees, especially the ambassadors, who he said were always keen to attend archaeological events to support Egypt’s tourism industry and show that Egypt is safe. He showed them the ministry’s agenda to inaugurate several sites in the Dâkhla Oasis after restoration, as well as for the celebration of the solar alignment at the Abû Simbil Temples to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the salvage operation after the construction of the Aswân High Dam. al-Mashât said the event was useful promotion for the oasis and that the ministry would start a new campaign to promote it and its rich architectural heritage and springs abroad. ‘Imâd Farîd, consultant engineer on the conservation project, told the Weekly that the restoration project for the mosque had been carried out by EQI under the supervision of the Ministry of Antiquities and with funds provided by the British Council. He said that the restoration was the first step in more ambitious conservation work in the Shâlî village scheduled to be completed in 2020. The restoration project as a whole was funded by the European Union, he said, and aimed to restore the village to its former beauty as well as its distinguished architecture. Tatnadî mosque It also aimed to stimulate the local economy through improving the oasis as a leading eco-tourism destination, he said. Râmiz ‘Azmî, a consultant on the project, said it aimed to consolidate the sustainable development of the local Sîwa community through the installation, restoration and use of buildings and spaces at the archaeological site. The idea was to develop Shâlî as one of the main attractions for cultural tourism in Sîwa and to build the capacity of local residents to restore their properties using traditional construction methods, he said.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 142 The project has developed a “microfinance” system that allows low-income communities to restore and preserve their properties, both old and new, and it aims to establish a museum of earthern architecture, part of Egypt’s cultural heritage. The Sîwa Oasis lies on the edge of the Great Sand Sea 50km from the Libyan border. Outcrops of honey-coloured sandstone and crisp white chalk fringe the plateau, which is enhanced with lush palm groves and five huge lakes. This Garden-of-Eden appearance, is deceptive, however, as the verdant palms are short and squat and the soil is too salty for many plants except for reeds and olives. The oasis was occupied during the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Periods, and during the Old Kingdom it was a part of Tehenu, the “Olive Land” that may have extended as far east as Mareotis near Alexandria. At the beginning of the ancient Egyptian 26th Dynasty Sîwa became part of the Egyptian empire. It was then that the Gabal al-Mawta Necropolis in the oasis was established, which was also used during the Roman Period. It has two temples dedicated to the god Amun established by kings Ahmose II and Nectanebo II. The ancient Greeks made the Sîwa Oasis more widely famous, when almost immediately after taking Egypt from the Persians and establishing Alexandria, Alexander the Great headed for the oasis to consult the famous Oracle of Amun. Upon his arrival, he was pronounced a god, an endorsement required for the legitimate rule of the country. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra also visited this oasis to consult the Oracle, as well as perhaps bathe in the spring that now bears her name. During the Roman Period, Sîwa became a place of banishment, as the emperor Augustus sent political prisoners there. During the Christian Period, the Temple of the Oracle was transformed into a church of the Virgin Mary, and the Byzantines used it as the diocese of the Libyan eparchy. Islam came to the oasis in the early eighth century CE and took hold in 1150. In addition to the Shâlî village and the Temple of the Oracle, the Sîwa Oasis has several tourist attractions, among them the fresh water lake of Bîr Wahîd, the Shiatta Salt Lake, and the hot springs of Fatnas and Cleopatra, as well as the Gabal al-Mawta which includes a collection of catacombs of the 26th Dynasty and Ptolemaic and Roman times. There is also the tomb of Si-Amun, the unfinished tomb of Mesu-Isis with its beautiful depiction of cobras in red and blue above the entrance, and a tomb of the crocodile god Sobek. (Nevine El-Aref, “Sîwa village to be preserved”, Al-Ahram Weekly, October 11, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Sabbâq, « Les ministres de l’Archéologie et du Tourisme inaugurent la mosquée Tadnadî à Sîwa », al- Shurûq du 3 octobre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « En présence de 14 ambassadeurs, le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure la mosquée Tadnadî dans l’oasis de Sîwa », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 5 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Inauguration de la mosquée Tadnadî dans l’oasis de Sîwa après sa restauration », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 5 octobre ; Doaa Elhami, « Patrimoine à préserver », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 24 octobre). - - Lundi 15 octobre 2018 A 16th century edition of a book by Muslim scholar Abû Farag Ibn al-Gawzî (1126 - 1200

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 143 CE) has been seized at Cairo International Airport before it could be smuggled out of the country. Hamdî Hammâm, head of the Central Administration for Archaeological Units in Egyptian ports, told Ahram Online that the manuscript was seized at the customs department at Cairo International Airport inside the luggage of a passenger. ‘Alî Ramadân, director of the archaeological unit at Cairo International Airport, explains that the book is part of a series of books by Ibn al-Gawzî on history and heritage titled Mirror of Times. The book will be handed to the Ministry of Antiquities to be sent to the Museum of Islamic Art for restoration after the completion of investigations. The book describes several historical events since the beginning of humanity until the death of its author. The book, comprised of 732 papers divided into three separate parts, is inked in black and red and is decorated with gilded geometric ornaments. (Nevine El-Aref, “16th century edition of Ibn al-Gawzî book seized at Cairo International Airport”, Ahram Online, October 15, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la saisie d’un manuscrit antique à l’aéroport du Caire », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Saisie d’un manuscrit antique au cargo village de l’aéroport du Caire », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 15 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la saisie d’un manuscrit antique à l’aéroport du Caire », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 15 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Échec d’une tentative d’exportation illicite d’un manuscrit antique à l’aéroport du Caire », Sada al-Balad, 15 octobre). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu cet après-midi le nouvel ambassadeur du Japon au Caire, S.E.M. Masaki NOKE. Le superviseur général du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), Dr Târiq Tawfîq, a assisté à cet entretien qui a porté, justement, sur l’avancement des travaux du GEM dont l’inauguration est prévue en 2020. NOKE a souligné l’intérêt accordé par son gouvernement à ce projet gigantesque, fruit de la coopération permanente entre l’Égypte et le Japon. À la fin de l’entretien, les deux hauts responsables se sont échangés quelques cadeaux. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le nouvel ambassadeur du Japon au Caire », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 octobre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 144 ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur japonais fraîchement nommé au Caire », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 15 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le nouvel ambassadeur du Japon : Notre gouvernement accorde une grande importance au GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie offre une réplique de Toutankhamon au nouvel ambassadeur japonais », Sada al-Balad, 15 octobre). - - President Rustam Minnikhanov (C) and Minister al-‘Inânî (R) at the Egyptian Museum President Rustam MINNIKHANOV of the Tatarstan Republic toured the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square during his official visit to Egypt on Monday. The head of the Russian federal subject was escorted by Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî. The President of Tatarstan before the Tutankhamun’s mask MINNIKHANOV wrote an entry in the museum’s visitors book, and al-‘Inânî offered him a replica Islamic porcelain plate decorated with paintings of foliage. (Nevine El-Aref, “President of Russia’s Tatarstan tours Egyptian Museum”, Ahram Online, October 15, 2018). - - Mardi 16 octobre 2018 Sayyid E., chauffeur âgé de 55 ans, a été mis en examen pour fouilles archéologiques clandestines et mise en danger délibérée de la vie d’autrui. En effet, il a fait appel à trois individus, afin d’effectuer des fouilles dans les fondations de sa maison située à Shibîn al- Qanâtir dans le gouvernorat d’al-Qalyûbiyya. Au cours du creusement, ces trois complices ont trouvé la mort ensevelis sous les décombre, au fond d’un puits de 20 m de profondeur. Le Parquet a été saisi. Les recherches se poursuivent pour trouver d’autres victimes. (Muhammad Mahmûd, « Arrestation d’un chauffeur pour fouilles illicites », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 16 octobre 2018). - - Mercredi 17 octobre 2018 Vue générale d’une momie égyptienne vieille de 3300 ans dont le cou a été tatoué de deux babouins, et trois yeux-oujdat. CREDIT: Anne Austin/Mission IFAO La mission archéologique de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) a achevé l’étude de l’une des momies surnommée "la momie tatouée". Cette dépouille avait été exhumée en 2014, lors de travaux de fouilles dans le village des artisans à Dayr al-Madîna. Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA), Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a précisé que cette momie se caractérise par la présence d’une trentaine de tatouages qui ornent différentes parties de son corps : le cou, le dos, l’épaule et les bras. Les études ont révélé qu’il s’agit d’une femme qui aurait vécu entre 1300 et 1070 avant notre ère. Au moment du décès, elle était âgée entre 25 et 34 ans.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 145 Dr Wazîrî a ajouté que ni le nom ni la fonction de cette femme ne sont encore connus avec précision. Néanmoins, il est fort probable qu’elle ait été de haut rang, vu la grande variété iconographique des tatouages qu’elle arbore : fleurs de lotus, oeil Oudjat, silhouettes de babouins, de vaches, etc. En effet, la multiplicité de ces motifs dénote le rôle cultuel important qu’elle aurait exercé de son vivant. Sachant que les tatouages recensés jusqu’à présent sur d’autres momies ne représentent que de simples tracés géométriques (points, lignes, etc.). Contrairement à cette momie dont les tatouages figuratifs sont exécutés d’une façon inédite. Enfin, Dr Wazîrî a souligné que l’expertise française s’est appuyée sur des technologies ultramodernes de rayons infrarouges, afin de révéler ces tatouages dans le menu détail. Partie supérieure du bras droit de la momie, ornée d'un cobra ondulant. ©Anne Austin/Mission IFAO La momie est actuellement conservée dans la tombe TT 291, afin de lui assurer les mêmes conditions climatiques et environnementales dans lesquelles elle baigne depuis 3000 ans. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le CSA annonce de nouveaux résultats d’études de la momie tatouée », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 17 octobre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Révélations du CSA sur une momie ornée de 30 tatouages », Sada al-Balad, 17 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Résultats des études archéologiques menées sur la momie tatouée découverte à Louqsor », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 octobre ; Samar al- Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce les résultats des études de la momie tatouée », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 17 octobre ; Nevine El-Aref, “3,000-year-old tattooed mummy belonged to top official or elite woman, studies reveal”, Ahram Online, October 17; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « La mission archéologique française achève l’étude d’une momie tatouée », al-Ahrâm, 18 octobre). - - L’ambassadeur d’Égypte aux Pays-Bas, S.E.M. Amgad ‘Abd al-Ghaffâr, a inauguré l’exposition "Goden van Egypte" organisée par le Rijksmuseum van Oudheden jusqu’au 31 mars 2019. Près de 400 invités ont participé à cette inauguration, parmi lesquels des responsables hollandais des ministères de la Culture, de l’Enseignement et des Affaires étrangères, de la municipalité de Leyde, ainsi qu’un grand nombre d’experts intéressés par l’égyptologie. Au cours de la cérémonie, l’archéologue Maarten J. RAVEN a été honoré pour sa contribution durant quatre décennies aux travaux de fouilles et de restauration menés à Saqqâra. Le directeur du Rijksmuseum van Oudheden s’est félicité de cette exposition, la plus importante jamais organisée par son musée. En effet, elle regroupe 500 pièces

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 146 archéologiques prêtées par plusieurs musées internationaux : Museo Egizio di Torino, British Museum, musée du Louvre, Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum d’Hildesheim, etc. Enfin, l’ambassadeur d’Égypte a remercié les responsables du musée pour l’organisation de cette exposition. Il a souligné la présence du temple nubien de Tafa, datant de l’époque romaine, aujourd’hui conservé au Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. (Muhammad Tuhâmî, « L’ambassadeur d’Égypte aux Pays-Bas inaugure l’exposition "Goden van Egypte" », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 octobre 2018. Voir également Ibrâhîm al-Sakhâwî, « Inauguration aux Pays-Bas de l’exposition "Goden van Egypte" », al-Ahrâm, 18 octobre). - - Jeudi 18 octobre 2018 Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a nommé Dr Nivîn Nazâr au poste d’adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques. Il s’agit d’assurer le suivi des projets des grands musées, la conception intérieure des salles d’exposition, l’élaboration des scénarios muséologiques pour les musées en cours de création ou de réaménagement. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Nivîn Nazâr nommée adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 18 octobre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Nivîn Nazâr nommée adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 18 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nivîn Nazâr nommée adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques », Sada al-Balad, 18 octobre). - - Mercredi 24 octobre 2018 Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a nommé Dr Usâma Mustafa al-Nahhâs au poste de superviseur du bureau technique du ministre. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Usâma al-Nahhâs nommé superviseur du bureau technique du ministre », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 24 octobre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Usâma al-Nahhâs nommé superviseur du bureau technique du ministre », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 24 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Usâma al-Nahhâs nommé superviseur du bureau technique du ministre », Sada al-Balad, 24 octobre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Usâma al-Nahhâs

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 147 nommé superviseur du bureau technique du ministre », Watanî, 24 octobre). - - Jeudi 25 octobre 2018 The usually calm Upper Egyptian town of Abû Simbil was abuzz this week with King Ramses II fever. A crowd of over 3,000 gathered at Abû Simbil 280 kilometres south of Aswân on Sunday to witness a phenomenon that takes place twice a year. On 22 October and 22 February every year, the sun’s rays travel through the Temple of Ramses II at Abû Simbil to illuminate the face of a statue of the Pharaoh and the statues of the deities Amun- Re and Re-Hur-Akhty, leaving the god of darkness Ptah in the shade because of his connection to the underworld. Despite the heat and high humidity, visitors stayed awake all night in front of the temple on the bank of Lake Nâsir waiting for sunrise, entertained by a musical troupe performing Nubian folklore songs and dances. The atmosphere was joyous, as hibiscus and tamarind drinks were sampled along with stuffed dates served on large, coloured bamboo plates. The sound of music filled the night air as women, men, boys and girls in colourful Nubian garb danced to the rhythm of the duf, a kind of tambourine. Before the festivities, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, accompanied by Minister of Social Solidarity Ghâda Wâlî, Minister of Culture Înâs ‘Abd al-Dâyim and Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât, along with 26 ambassadors, cultural attachés and heads of archaeological institutes from 16 countries flocked onto Abû Simbil Temples’ bedrock to celebrate the event which coincided with the completion of the international salvage operation campaign to save and relocate the Abû Simbil Temples on 22 September 1968. al-‘Inânî explains the salvage operation Harp music filled the evening air of Abû Simbil as the guests of the Ministry of Antiquities took their seats in a gala dinner at Queen Nefertari Temple in Abû Simbil’s archaeological area on the banks of the lake. They also enjoyed the Sound and Light performance at both temples, which took them back to various episodes of the life and reign of King Ramses II. The famous battle of Kadesh between Ramses II and the Hittites was simulated, as was the signing ceremony of the Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty in both countries. King Ramses II’s birthday, coronation and marriage to his beloved wife Nefertari were also shown with lights, in addition to the construction of their temples and their official opening. Guests toured both temples and the artificial rock on which King Ramses II Temple was reconstructed. The Swedish ambassador was keen to visit the rock because a Swedish company built it. They also toured the Abû Simbil Documentation Centre where a collection of documents and photos are displayed to show the phases of relocation. During the gala the Ministry of Antiquities distributed souvenirs commemorating the 200th anniversary of the discovery of the temple, including cups, key chains and T-shirts with the logos of both UNESCO and the ministry. “This year’s celebration is not only a promotional campaign to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Abû Simbil salvage

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 148 operation but is a unique message to the whole world that Egypt is a country of peace, science and great civilisation and its antiquities are the soft power that can easily penetrate hearts,” al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly. al-‘Inânî with Wâlî and al-Mashât The effect of the equinox was visible on 21 February and 21 October, but after the relocation, that shifted by one day. The salvage operation was proof that Egypt was able to adapt to changes and would not sit idly by in the face of difficulties it had to deal with, he said. (Nevine El-Aref, “Shining Pharaoh”, Al-Ahram Weekly, October 25, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie distribue des cadeaux à l’occasion de la 200e anniversaire de la découverte d’Abû Simbil », al-Ahrâm al- ‘Arabî, 21 octobre ; MENA, « 4 ministre et le gouverneur d’Aswân assistent à l’équinoxe d’Abû Simbil », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 22 octobre ; Reuters, “Egypt celebrates Sun alignment on Ramses II statue”, Egypt Independent, October 22; Ahmad Mansûr, « 3 000 touristes assistent à l’équinoxe d’Abû Simbil », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 22 octobre ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Des ressortissants de 16 pays assistent à l’équinoxe d’Abû Simbil », al-Ahrâm, 23 octobre). - - Vendredi 26 octobre 2018 The entire celebration compartment of King Ramses II has been unearthed by the Archaeological Mission of ‘Ayn Shams University, which operates in the ‘Arab al-Hisn area in Cairo’s Matariyya neighbourhood, the Antiquities Ministry announced on Thursday. Part of the compartment was unearthed during archaeological excavation by the same mission, in March / April 2018. Archaeological excavation was completed this season. Parts of thrine A few steps at the threshold of the compartment have also been unveiled. Former Antiquities Minister Mamdûh al- Damâtî, who heads the archaeological mission, described the discovery as “unique”, as the discovered compartment dates back to the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The compartment lies in Ra’s temple in ‘Ayn Shams district. According to al-Damâtî, the discovered cabin was where King Ramses II sat during the celebration of his crowning festival, and a jubilee called the Sed festival. The compartment may have been used for the same purpose throughout the eras of Ramses kings who followed Ramses II, he continued.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 149 Silos found An important collection of mud-brick walls, which contained a large number of storage jars of pottery was also discovered. Still in its original location since the Third Intermediate Period, it indicated that the discovered area was used to provide the temple with its needs for grain. The lintel al-Damâtî added that the mission also revealed many other artifacts, including scarabs, pottery, and some stone blocks with hieroglyphic inscriptions, one showing the cartouche of King Ramses III. (“King Ramses II celebration compartment unearthed”, Egypt Independent, October 26, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une chapelle de Ramsès II à ‘Arab al-Hisn », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 25 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la mise au jour d’une chapelle de Ramsès II à ‘Arab al-Hisn », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 25 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte d’une chapelle de Ramsès II à Matariyya », Sada al-Balad, 25 octobre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte d’une chapelle de Ramsès II à ‘Arab al-Hisn », Watanî, 25 octobre ; Nevine El-Aref, “Excavation of King Ramses II shrine in Matariyya complete”, Ahram Online, October 25). - - Dimanche 28 octobre 2018 PM Mustafa Madbûlî (R) and Vice-President Wang QISHAN (L) witnessed the signing, along with Egypt’s Prime Minister witness signing of MoU Amid his short visit to Egypt, China’s Vice- President Wang QISHAN witnessed the signing, along with Egypt’s Prime Minister Mustafa Madbûlî, of the first Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Antiquities and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) in the archaeological field. Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî signed the MoU with Chen XINGCAN, director of the Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in order to strengthen cooperation in the archaeological field, the training of archaeologists and museologists, as well as increasing archaeological awareness among both Egyptian and Chinese citizens. Starting November, the first Chinese archaeological mission will start work in an archaeological site in Egypt, including conducting an archaeological survey, excavation, and restoration and documentation works. Accompanied with al-‘Inânî, QISHAN also embarked on tours at Luxor and the Gîza Plateau where he admired the beauty of the ancient Egyptian civilisation.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 150 In Luxor, he visited Luxor and Karnak Temples as well as the tomb of King Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings. At the Gîza Plateau, he visited King Khufu’s pyramid and the Sphinx. Minister of Antiquities al-‘Inânî accompanied the China vice-president at both sites. (Nevine El-Aref, “China signs its first MoU with Egypt in the archaeology field”, Ahram Online, October 28, 2018. Voir également MENA, « Pour la première fois, la Chine contribue aux fouilles archéologiques menées en Égypte », al-Tahrîr, 24 octobre ; MENA, « Signature d’un Protocole de coopération archéologique entre la Chine et l’Égypte », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 24 octobre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Signature d’un Mémorandum d’entente entre le ministère égyptien d’Archéologie et l’Académie chinoise des sciences sociales (CASS) », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 27 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Signature d’un Mémorandum d’entente entre le ministère égyptien d’Archéologie et la CASS », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 27 octobre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie signe un Mémorandum d’entente avec la CASS », Watanî, 27 octobre). - - Lundi 29 octobre 2018 Le Conseil d’administration du ministère de l’Archéologie a approuvé l’octroi du "Prix Zâhî Hawwâs" aux meilleurs archéologue et restaurateur parmi le jeune personnel du ministère. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a annoncé qu’une commission spécialisée procèdera à l’évaluation des candidats à ce Prix dont le montant s’élève à 15 000 L.E. La récompense sera remise aux vainqueurs lors de la prochaine Fête des archéologues, le 14 janvier 2019. Pour y concourir, trois conditions : — Faire partie du personnel du ministère de l’Archéologie et avoir une contribution distinguée dans le domaine des fouilles et des restaurations. — Être âgé de moins de 40 ans. — Déposer un dossier avant le 30 novembre 2018 à : [email protected] (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Prix Zâhî Hawwâs pour les meilleurs archéologue et restaurateur », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 29 octobre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Le Prix Zâhî Hawwâs sera décerné aux meilleurs archéologue et restaurateur lors de la prochaine Fête des archéologues », Sada al-Balad, 29 octobre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le Prix Zâhî Hawwâs pour récompenser les meilleurs archéologue et restaurateur lors de la Fête des archéologues », Watanî, 29 octobre). - - The door after the robbery of its decorations During an inspection of the Khunda Aslabây mosque in Fayyûm on Sunday, an antiquities ministry security guard realised that three bronze decorations from the main door were missing.

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 151 Gamâl Mustafa, head of the Islamic, Coptic and Jewish antiquities department at the ministry, said that the guards immediately informed the inspectors in charge, who reported the incident to the Tourism and Antiquities Police. The mosque is under the supervision of the Ministry of Endowments, and it was put on Egypt’s Heritage List for Islamic Monuments in 1951. It is closed to worshippers and visitors due to its poor conservation and architectural condition. (Nevine El-Aref, “Bronze decorations stolen from Fayyûm mosque door: Antiquities ministry”, Ahram Online, October 29, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce le vol d’éléments décoratifs de la porte de la mosquée Khunda Aslabây au Fayyûm », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 28 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce le vol d’éléments décoratifs de la porte de la mosquée Khunda Aslabây au Fayyûm », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 28 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Vol d’éléments décoratifs de la porte de la mosquée Khunda Aslabây au Fayyûm », Sada al-Balad, 28 octobre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie révèle le vol d’éléments décoratifs de la porte de la mosquée Khunda Aslabây au Fayyûm », Watanî, 29 octobre). - - Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a inauguré aujourd’hui l’exposition archéologique intitulée "Egypt’s Sunken Cities" qui se tient jusqu’en avril 2019 au Minneapolis Institute of Art aux États-Unis. De nombreuses personnalités publiques américaines ainsi qu’un grand nombre de journalistes internationaux ont assisté à cet événement important. Il s’agit de la deuxième station de cette exposition itinérante qui avait attiré 113 000 visiteurs au Saint Louis Art Museum. En marge de l’exposition, Dr Wazîrî a donné une conférence sur les récentes découvertes archéologies survenues en Égypte. L’exposition, qui regroupe 293 pièces archéologiques, retrace l’histoire d’Héraklion et de Canope, deux villes submergées sous les eaux de la Méditerranée. Après Minneapolis, l’exposition fera halte au Museum of Fine Arts in Boston dans l’État du Massachusetts entre juin et décembre 2019 et, enfin, au Denver Art Museum dans le Colorado, entre février et décembre 2020. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Inauguration à Minneapolis de l’exposition des antiquités submergées », al- Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 29 octobre 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Inauguration à Minneapolis de l’exposition des antiquités submergées », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 29 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Dans sa 2e station aux États- Unis, inauguration à Minneapolis de l’exposition des antiquités submergées », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 29 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « L’exposition des antiquités submergées accoste à Minneapolis », Sada al-Balad, 29 octobre). - - Mardi 30 octobre 2018 La mission archéologique placée sous l’égide de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) et de l’University of Liverpool, et dirigée par Yannis GOURDON et Roland ENMARCH, a découvert les techniques mises en oeuvre à l’époque de Chéops pour extraire l’albâtre des carrières d’Hatnûb, situées à l’est

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 152 de Tell al-Amarna, dans le gouvernorat de Minyâ. C’est ce qui ressort des études et des recherches menées par cette mission conjointe sur les inscriptions rupestres et les stèles mises au jour in situ. Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a rappelé que cette mission avait commencé ses travaux dans les anciennes carrières d’albâtre d’Hatnûb en 2012. Le projet avait pour but de les explorer et de les cartographier, de retirer les déblais accumulés sur le plateau, de dresser un inventaire des inscriptions rupestres et des stèles, afin de mieux comprendre les techniques mises en oeuvre pour extraire et transporter une excellente variété d’albâtre utilisée dans la fabrication des statues, des sarcophages, des dalles et des vases depuis l’époque des constructeurs des pyramides. Yannis GOURDON a révélé qu’après le déplacement de plusieurs tonnes de déblais, la mission est parvenue à découvrir un système unique pour extraire et déplacer les blocs et qui remonte à l’époque de Chéops. Il s’agit en réalité d’une rampe centrale, flanquée d’un escalier de chaque côté. Les blocs étaient donc hissés à travers cette rampe raide d’au moins 20 %. Une centaine d’inscriptions mises au jour in situ livrent de nombreuses informations sur l’exploitation de ces carrières dès l’Ancien Empire. Wazîrî a qualifié cette découverte de « très importante » car c’est bien la première fois qu’un tel système d’extraction de blocs pesant plusieurs tonnes à travers des rampes extrêmement raides datant de l’Ancien Empire soit révélé. Ceci est de nature à changer complètement notre compréhension de la construction des pyramides. De son côté, Roland ENMARCH a annoncé que l’équipe de restaurateurs de la mission poursuit les travaux de préservation des inscriptions, ainsi que les relevés archéologiques des installations aux alentours, utilisées jadis par les ouvriers carriers. Quatre stèles en pierre ont été mises au jour dont l’une représente un individu debout et les trois autres renferment des inscriptions hiératiques peu lisibles à cause de leur mauvais état de conservation. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte inédite du système d’extraction des blocs de pierre à l’époque de Chéops », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 30 octobre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte du système d’extraction des blocs de pierre des carrières à l’époque de Chéops », Sada al- Balad, 30 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte du système d’extraction des blocs de pierre des carrières à l’époque de Chéops », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 30 octobre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte du système d’extraction des blocs de pierre des carrières à l’époque de Chéops », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 30 octobre).

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 153 - - The Tourism and Antiquities Police in Saqqâra caught four criminals red-handed as they attempted to sell a sarcophagus. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the Ancient Egyptian antiquities department at the ministry, said that the criminals were trying to sell the sarcophagus for EGP 250,000. An archaeological committee from the Ministry of Antiquities was then formed to examine the sarcophagus and inspect its authenticity, he said. al-‘Ashmâwî said that the committee confirmed that the sarcophagus housed a mummy and it could be dated back to the Ptolemaic era or the Late Period, and it had not been stolen from the ministry’s storage or museums. It has an anthropoid lid with the face of a woman wearing a wig and its lower part is painted with different ancient Egyptian scenes depicting the winged god Horus and the mummification process. A hieroglyphic text is also carved on the lid, while both sides of the sarcophagus itself are adorned: a snake wearing the crown of Lower Egypt on the right side, and the crown of Upper Egypt on the left side, as a symbol of protection. The sarcophagus is now being held for research and restoration. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt police foil attempt to sell stolen sarcophagus”, Ahram Online, October 30, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Arrestation de 4 individus lors de la vente d’un sarcophage archéologique à Saqqâra », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 29 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise en examen de 4 personnes en possession d’un sarcophage ptolémaïque », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 29 octobre ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Arrestation de 4 individus en possession d’un sarcophage antique à Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 30 octobre). - - Le superviseur général du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), Dr Târiq Tawfîq, a annoncé que le GEM bénéficie de sept niveaux différents de sécurisation. « Nous avons dépensé sans compter, notamment en matière de sécurité et d’interactivité », a-t-il précisé. Le scénario muséologique permettra au visiteur de communiquer de façon interactive avec les pièces exposées via les applications de son smartphone, entre autres. Nous avons pris connaissance des expériences internationales dans ce domaine et nous en avons adopté les meilleures. Selon les estimations, le GEM accueillera 10 000 visiteurs par jour. Sa capacité d’accueil annuel est de l’ordre de 8 millions de visiteurs. Le montant global de la création du GEM s’élève à 1,1 milliard de dollars. Ce chiffre pourrait paraître excessif. Il reste, néanmoins, compétitif par rapport à d’autres musées plus petits en superficie. L’Égypte a financé intégralement ce projet, grâce notamment à deux prêts de 750 millions de dollars accordés par le Japon à des conditions très avantageuses. (Ahmad al-‘Isâwî, « Les trésors d’Égypte protégés par 7 niveaux différents de sécurisation », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 30 octobre 2018). - -

O c t o b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 154 Mercredi 31 octobre 2018 Le transport des restes de la collection du jeune roi au GEM était l’un des thèmes les plus importants discutés lors de la 4e conférence annuelle de Toutankhamon, organisée par le GEM du 5 au 7 mai. Parmi ces pièces figurent notamment les quatre coffres-chapelles du jeune roi. « Ces chapelles sont fabriquées en bois et couvertes d’or. Pour pouvoir les sortir de la tombe, CARTER a dû les démanteler et elles ont été rassemblées lors de leur arrivée au Musée Égyptien du Caire », raconte Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités. Ces chapelles n’ont subi qu’une seule restauration, par l’Anglais Alfred LUCAS, dès leur découverte. Pendant plus de 90 ans, leur état s’est donc détérioré davantage. Ainsi, en vue de leur transport au GEM, les chapelles ont été soumises à des analyses intenses avant de commencer leur restauration. « On a commencé par la chapelle interne, qui est la plus petite. On a fait le nettoyage mécanique, ensuite, on a enlevé les couches restantes de la restauration précédente, et enfin, on a fixé les parties détachées en utilisant des matières chimiques collantes à base de cellulosique pour ne pas altérer le reste du bois », explique Dr Nisrîn al-Hadîdî, chef de l’équipe de restauration des chapelles et professeure de restauration à la faculté d’Archéologie de l’Université du Caire. Elle ajoute que la chapelle interne est maintenant prête à être transportée au GEM, avant de commencer la restauration des autres. « Ces chapelles, qui sont au nombre de quatre, doivent être démantelées pour faciliter leur transport. Les dernières touches, soit la restauration minutieuse des inscriptions et des dessins, seront faites après leur rassemblement au GEM », conclut la professeure. (Dalia Farouq, « Les coffreschapelles de Toutankhamon restaurés en vue de leur transport au GEM », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 31 octobre 2018). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 155 V – NOVEMBRE 2018 Jeudi 1er novembre 2018 After a seven-year hiatus, the restoration project on the al-Zâhir Baybars Mosque in the al-Dâhir district in Cairo has resumed, and this week Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî along with the Kazakh ambassador to Egypt and the head of the Arab Contractors Company inspected the site. al-‘Inânî promised to proceed quickly to complete the restoration work of the mosque in the most efficient manner possible, while respecting its historical, aesthetic and political value and preserving its archaeological and architectural style. “The ministry is keen to complete the project without any further stops along the way,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that thanks should go to the Arab Contractors Company for continuing to pump out underground water from beneath the mosque and preventing its leakage into the building. Upon taking office, al-‘Inânî said, he had been keen to meet the Kazakh ambassador to Cairo to discuss the mosque restoration project and solve any problems standing in the way of its completion. Some 18 months later, the obstacles have been removed, and the work should be completed in 18 months’ time, as scheduled. The Kazakh ambassador described the resumption of the work as a concrete step in the efforts that the Ministry of Antiquities and the government were making to complete the project, adding that the mosque had an important position in the hearts of all citizens of Kazakhstan. Some 120,000 Kazakh tourists visit Egypt annually, and the first landmark they visit, even before the Gîza Pyramids, is the al-Zâhir Baybars Mosque. Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, supervisor of the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project, told Al- Ahram Weekly that the mosque’s restoration had started in 2007, but was stopped in 2011 when the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) archaeological committee supervising the work realised that the red bricks used in the restoration did not match the originals. “The Permanent Committee of Islamic Monuments had agreed to use adobe bricks in the restoration work that were similar to those originals and not mud brick ones,” ‘Abd al- ‘Azîz told the Weekly. He said that the restoration was funded by the Egyptian government and the government of Kazakhstan had also contributed $4.5 million. The overall budget is LE100 million. The first phase of the project was completed in 2008, when the mosque’s foundations were consolidated, putting an end to the leakage of subterranean water into the foundations by installing a new drainage system. The faulty electricity system was also replaced. The second and third phases have been started and include the restoration of the minaret, the dome and the columns. “The second phase of the project will be more holistic in scope,” ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said. The floor of the open courtyard will be paved with tiles similar to those used in the original design, while the four halls around the open court will be covered in a manner consistent with the mosque’s architectural style to

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 156 protect the edifice from rain. A new lighting system will be also installed. The third and final phase will include the restoration of the decorative features inside and outside the mosque building. A KAZAKH SULTAN: Sultan al-Zâhir Baybars was one of the greatest of the Mameluke sultans who ruled Egypt in the mediaeval period, and he is remembered for his battles against the Mongols and the Crusaders. He possessed unique qualities that enabled him to rise from the position of a slave to become the ruler of Egypt from 1260 to 1277 CE. As a military leader, he accomplished enormous achievements for his adopted country, originally coming from Central Asia and what is now Kazakhstan. He established good relations with many foreign nations, sending ambassadors to the Byzantine Empire and the kingdom of Sicily, and signing commercial treaties with Christian kings in Spain. Baybars’ model was Salâh al-Dîn al-Ayyûbî (Saladin), the military leader and former Egyptian sultan who conquered Crusader strongholds in the Middle East. Baybars rebuilt the citadels and fortresses in Syria that had been destroyed by the Mongol invasion at the beginning of his rule, and he built advanced military infrastructure including new arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. In 1267, Baybars built the mosque that bears his name in the al-Husayniyya district of Cairo, now known as al-Dâhir, a corruption of al-Zâhir, the sultan’s first name. The mosque covers an area of 10,000 square metres enclosed by a 10-metre wall. It has three monumental projecting entrances. The main one in the western wall leads to a passageway with a domed ceiling at the beginning and ends with a shallow dome. Inside the mosque is a square courtyard surrounded on four sides by aisles. The most distinguished feature of the mosque is the chamber that precedes the mihrâb, which indicates the direction of Mecca, which is a square structure topped by a redbrick dome. The southern aisle consists of six colonnades; those on the east and west consist of three colonnades each, and the northern aisle has only two colonnades. All the latter’s arches are supported by marble columns. The original doors of the mosque resembled those of the madrasa al-Zâhiriyya in Cairo, while the dome would have been as large as that of al-Shâfi‘î Mosque. The rest of the plan is very similar in design to that of the Fatimid al-Hâkim Mosque, built 250 years earlier, but some scholars argue that it looks more like a fortress and consider it to be a symbol of the triumph of Sunni Islam. For Baybars, constructing a mosque of this size was part of his desire to establish his authority as a legitimate Muslim ruler. Raw materials for its construction were imported from all corners of the Empire. Marble columns and wood were taken from the citadel of Jaffa, which Baybars had taken from the Crusaders. The marble was used in the facing of the mihrâb and the wood in the construction of the maqsûra (chapel). ‘Abd al-‘Azîz pointed out that the mosque has been through many changes since it was built at the end of the 13th century. According to historians, prayers were held in the building until the early 16th century, almost at the end of the Mameluke period. But the Ottoman conquest in 1517 turned Egypt from a seat of power to a mere province, and under such circumstances the mosque was too big for the provincial government to maintain and it fell into disrepair. During the Ottoman period it was used as an army storehouse where supplies such as tents and saddles were kept. During the Napoleonic Expedition at the end of the 18th century, the contemporary historian ‘Abd al- Rahmân al-Gabartî reported that it was used as a fortress and a garrison for soldiers. In the 19th century during the rule of Muhammad ‘Alî it became an army camp and bakery and later a soap factory. In 1812, Sheikh al-Sharqâwî, a prominent sheikh of the time, used some of the mosque’s marble

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 157 columns to build the Riwâq al-Sharqâwî at the al-Azhar Mosque. It is even rumoured that some of the columns were used to build the Qasr al-Nîl Palace in Cairo. At the end of the century the British occupying forces used the mosque as a bakery and a slaughterhouse, hence the still popular name of al-Madbah al-Ingilîzî (the English slaughterhouse). This continued until 1915. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said that several attempts to restore the mosque had failed until 1995 when a restoration project focused on cleaning the mosque, removing some small shops from the external enclosure, and raising the height of the walls to prevent future incursions. However, cracks were found in the walls of the northern riwâq (prayer hall). The Ministry of Culture blamed the contracting company, which said that the cracks were related to the mosque’s poor condition. Work was halted, and the ministry filed a lawsuit against the company. In 2000 the dispute was resolved, and the company resumed the restoration work. In 2007, the government of Kazakhstan signed a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Culture to restore the mosque, seeing the building as marking the achievements of one of Central Asia’s greatest sons. (Nevine El- Aref, “al-Zâhir Baybars bounces back”, Al- Ahram Weekly, November 1st, 2018. Voir également « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inspecte la mosquée al-Zâhir Baybars », Watanî, 17 octobre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Reprise des travaux de restauration de la mosquée al- Zâhir Baybars après 7 ans d’arrêt », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 18 octobre ; Ranâ Gawhar, « 100 millions L.E. pour la restauration de la mosquée al-Zâhir Baybars », al-Ahrâm, 20 octobre). - - Samedi 3 novembre 2018 The governorate of Luxor, starting from Sunday, November 4 until the end of the month, is celebrating the 96th anniversary for the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb. The government celebrates November 4 as the national day of Luxor. Celebrations will include the opening of new archaeological projects, art exhibitions and folkloric shows in Luxor. Luxor will commemorate the anniversary by holding a series of artistic, intellectual and cultural activities, organized by Luxor’s archaeological and cultural institutions such as: the Luxor Public Library, the Faculty of Fine Arts, the Museum of Mummification, the Luxor Museum, Upper Egypt Antiquities Region and the Cultural Palaces Authority. At the Faculty of Fine Arts, an exhibition to commemorate the occasion and a special cultural season organized by the Egyptian Museums Sector will be held. A number of Egyptian scientists and professors of arts and archaeology will give lectures at during the intellectual and cultural events. These events discuss every step of the discovery since the workers pulled the first stone in the stairs leading to the tomb up until it was opened for public visit, while also shedding light on who British archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard CARTER was and his discoveries, as well as the most important discoveries in Luxor throughout the ages. (“Luxor celebrates 96th anniversary of Tutankhamun discovery”, Egypt Independent 3, 2018. Voir également Muhammad al- Samkûrî, « Louqsor célèbre le 96e anniversaire de la découverte de la tombe de Toutankhamon », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 novembre). - - Dimanche 4 novembre 2018 L’Unité archéologique à l’aéroport international du Caire a saisi 324 pièces de monnaie en possession d’un voyageur. Ces pièces, qui remontent à différentes époques, ont été confisquées conformément à la loi 117/1983.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 158 La directrice générale de l’Unité archéologique, Imân ‘Abd al-Ra’ûf, a précisé que ces monnaies datent de l’époque ottomane, et des règnes du sultan Husayn Kâmil, du roi Fu’âd et du roi Fârûq. Une instruction judiciaire est ouverte. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Saisie de 324 monnaies d’époque ottomane à l’aéroport du Caire », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 4 novembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Saisie de 324 monnaies d’époque ottomane à l’aéroport du Caire avant leur exportation illicite », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 4 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Saisie de 324 monnaies d’époque ottomane à l’aéroport du Caire », Sada al-Balad, 5 novembre). - - Lundi 5 novembre 2018 The box of king Amenhotep A collection of 614 artefacts was transported from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square to the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) by the pyramids on Monday. Usâma Abû al-Khayr, general director of the Conservation Department at the GEM, said that the collection contains 11 objects from the treasure of King Tutankhamun, among them the king’s diadem. Also included are items from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period, including a wooden box of King Amenhotep II covered with a layer of a white mortar and engraved with the king’s cartouche and a hieratic text, as well as a collection of Osirian statuettes and a limestone statue of the fifth dynasty’s top official in the royal palace, Senefer, and a 26th dynasty relief bearing the image of a sphinx. Leave of Tutankhamun’s diadem “The transfer of Tutankhamun’s diadem was really a challenge,” Îsa Zaydân, head of the First Aid Restoration Department at the GEM told Ahram Online. He explained that the diadem was in a very poor conservation condition. The restoration team used all the required scientific methods to protect the diadem and covered it with special kind of antibacterial and anti-acidic foam to guarantee its safe arrival, he explained. (Nevine El-Aref, “Tutankhamun’s diadem and other artefacts transported from

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 159 Egyptian Museum to GEM”, Ahram Online, November 5, 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « 614 pièces archéologiques arrivent au GEM », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 5 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le GEM reçoit quelques pièces de la collection de Toutankhamon », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Transfert de 614 pièces archéologiques du Musée de Tahrîr vers le GEM », Sada al-Balad, 5 novembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le GEM reçoit 614 pièces archéologiques du Musée de Tahrîr », Watanî, 5 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le GEM réceptionne 614 pièces antiques », al-Ahrâm, 6 novembre). - - Mardi 6 novembre 2018 L’équipe chargée de l’Arbre de la Vierge a commencé ses travaux de maintenance périodique sous la supervision de la directrice générale des restaurations à Matariyya et ‘Ayn Shams, Imân Riyâd. Le directeur de la zone archéologique de l’Arbre de la Vierge, Ahmad Sayyid, a précisé que les travaux de restauration visent à protéger l’arbre contre tous les dangers y compris biologiques. Cet arbre constitue l’une des étapes cruciales de la fuite en Égypte de la Sainte Famille. Ce site est régulièrement visité. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Lancement de la maintenance périodique de l’Arbre de la Vierge », Sada al-Balad, 6 novembre 2018). - - Mercredi 7 novembre 2018 A German-Egyptian archaeological mission working in Matariyya, ancient Heliopolis, has uncovered a number of inscribed stone fragments from the 12th and 20th dynasties and the Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. The discovery was made during excavation work carried out on debris piles located near a limestone burning installation near 4th and 2nd century workshops in the southeastern section of the innermost enclosure of the Sun Temple. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Department at the Ministry of Antiquities and the head of the Egyptian team, explained that work in the area has yielded much evidence that shows the reusing of the main temple of Heliopolis, with fragments of small statues found in the temple inventory from other historical periods. The work was accompanied by archaeological and archaeo-zoological studies. A part of a statue Dietrich RAUE, the head of the German team, said that the mission has excavated the area located to the east of the obelisk of Matariyya, where it found a mud brick enclosure and a limestone staircase leading to a higher level by passing a channel with a false door, which was probably connected to rituals that took place in the innermost section of the temple at the obelisk. RAUE told Ahram Online that an inscription crediting the creator God Atum as being

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 160 responsible for the flood of the Nile was also found. The inscription likely dates to the Late Period (664-332 BC). Many of these structures bear traces of reuse and destruction by fire. The shelter Khâlid Abû al-‘Ilâ, director of the Inspectorate of ‘Ayn Shams and the Matariyya archaeological site, said that a shelter has been constructed to protect the blocks on display at the open-air museum in Matariyya. The work was carried out under the supervision of the Project Department Sector at the ministry and supported by the cultural preservation programme of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany. The open-air museum houses basalt reliefs and reliefs of the Heliopolis temple for Atum of Nectanebo I, limestone reliefs and inscriptions from the Ramesside era, as well as selected finds from the necropolis of Heliopolis. (Nevine El-Aref, “New archaeological discoveries in Matariyya, Heliopolis”, Ahram Online, November 7, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Mise au jour de statues et de blocs inscrits dans le Temple du Soleil à Matariyya », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 6 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte de blocs décorés dans le Temple du Soleil à Matariyya », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 6 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte de murs et de blocs décorés dans le Temple du Soleil à Matariyya », al-Ahrâm, 7 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au jour de blocs décorés dans le Temple du Soleil à Matariyya », Sada al-Balad, 6 novembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte de blocs décorés dans le Temple du Soleil à Matariyya », Watanî, 6 novembre ; Associated Press, “Egypt says archaeologists found more artifacts at Cairo dig”, Egypt Independent 7). - - Jeudi 8 novembre 2018 Lors de ses travaux de fouilles autour de la tombe de Pétaménophis, située au nord de la nécropole d’al-‘Assâsîf, la mission archéologique conjointe entre l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale et l’université de Strasbourg a mis au jour une stèle en grès et un sarcophage en bois qui remontent à la XVIIIe dynastie. Le secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a souligné que le sarcophage peint (1,7 m), trouvé à côté de la stèle, est en bon état de conservation et ne lui manque qu’un fragment de sa base. Il porte une inscription livrant le nom de son propriétaire, Boya (?), ce qui peut être daté, probablement, de la XVIIIe dynastie. De son côté, le chef de la mission, Dr Frédéric COLIN, a déclaré que la stèle (1m x 0,65m), ébréchée elle-aussi, porte trois reliefs

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 161 de présentation d’offrandes, ainsi que le nom de deux dignitaires, Titi Ankh et Ineni, propriétaire de la tombe TT81. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie à al-‘Assâsîf », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 8 novembre 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Mise au jour d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie à al- ‘Assâsîf », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 8 novembre ; “Sandstone panel, ark unearthed in Luxor: archaeologist”, Egypt Independent, November 8, Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte à al-‘Assâsîf d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au jour à al-‘Assâsîf d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie », Sada al-Balad, 8 novembre ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Découverte à al-‘Assâsîf d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie », al-Shurûq, 8 novembre). - - Vendredi 9 novembre 2018 Le président du département des antiquités égyptiennes a émis la note de service n° 936/2018 concernant neuf nouvelles nominations à Alexandrie : — Muhammad Ahmad Gâd est nommé directeur de l’Inspectorat d’Abûqîr. — Bassâm Hasan Muhammad devient directeur de l’Inspectorat de Burg al-‘Arab. — Viola Khalîl Ibrâhîm, directrice de l’Inspectorat du Centre. — Râgyâ Mus‘ad Mâdî, directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Agamî. — Kârîmân Ahmad Sulaymân, directrice de l’Inspectorat Est. — Nabîla Ibrâhîm Ahmad, directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Âmiriyya. — Muhammad al-Sayyid Abû Bakr, directeur de l’Inspectorat Ouest. (Ragab Ramadân, « Nomination de 9 nouveaux cadres à Alexandrie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 9 novembre 2018) - - Samedi 10 novembre 2018 Une fusillade a éclaté samedi à l’aube entre dix pilleurs archéologiques armés et les gardiens de la zone archéologique d’al- Gabalayn, située à Isnâ. Les assaillants ont fini par prendre la fuite. Aucun décès n’est à déplorer. Les inspecteurs archéologiques ont déposé une main courante auprès de la Police du Tourisme et des antiquités. (Muhammad al- Samkûrî, « Échec d’un vol armé commis dans une zone archéologique au sud de Louqsor », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 10 novembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce une tentative déjouée de vol archéologique à al-Gabalayn », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Échec d’une tentative de pillage archéologique à Isnâ », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 10 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Tentative déjouée de vol archéologique à al- Gabalayn », al-Ahrâm, 11 novembre). - - Dimanche 11 novembre 2018 Pour le septième jour consécutif, les forces de la Défense civile ne sont pas parvenues à extraire le cadavre d’un charpentier en béton armé ayant trouvé la mort sous les décombres d’une maison lors de fouilles archéologiques illicites. La perquisition de l’immeuble situé à al-Shaykh Zâyyid a permis la découverte d’un puits de 10m de profondeur et de 2m de diamètre. La famille du fouilleur clandestin, al- Mu‘taz Bi-llâh Hasanayn, âgé de 23 ans, attend impatiemment le repêchage de son cadavre. (Hânî Barakât, « Les recherches se poursuivent pour trouver le cadavre d’un charpentier décédé lors de fouilles illicites », al-Ahrâm, 11 novembre 2018). - - Lundi 12 novembre 2018 Le président du secteur des projets, Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, a annoncé l’achèvement de deux salles, du bâtiment administratif et des jardins du musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 162 Gelé depuis 2011, ce projet, dont le coût dépasse les 300 millions L.E., sera terminé en avril 2019. Le scénario muséologique est déjà mis en place. Quant aux pièces qui y seront exposées, elles seront sélectionnées parmi les dépôts muséologiques et les collections du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr, en fonction des goûts des touristes qui fréquentent cette cité balnéaire. La présidente du secteur des musées, Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn, a précisé que le scénario muséologique est censé refléter la vie quotidienne dans l’Égypte ancienne. Situé sur la route de l’aéroport sur une superficie de 191 000 m2, le musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh se compose de neuf salles d’exposition, une salle de conférences, un sous-sol, vingt-huit boutiques de souvenirs et d’artisanats, un amphithéâtre, ainsi que quelques restaurants. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie achèvera en avril 2019 le musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 12 novembre 2018). - - Mardi 13 novembre 2018 Un entretien a été organisé lundi dernier au siège du ministère de l’archéologie entre deux délégations égyptienne et vietnamienne, afin d’examiner les moyens de renforcer la coopération bilatérale en matière archéologique. Présidée par le vice-maire de Hanoï, la délégation vietnamienne regroupait douze directeurs de musées et d’instituts archéologiques. Le superviseur du bureau technique du ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Usâma al- Nahhâs, a souligné que les deux parties ont discuté la possibilité de conclure un accord bilatéral dans les domaines des fouilles, des musées, de l’échange d’expertises et de la formation des archéologues et des restaurateurs. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Entretien entre le ministère de l’Archéologie et une délégation archéologique vietnamienne », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 13 novembre 2018. Voir également Hiba ‘Âdil, « Renforcement de la coopération archéologique entre l’Égypte et le Vietnam », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 13 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie examine avec une délégation vietnamienne les modalités d’échange d’expertises », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie examine avec le Vietnam les modalités de coopération », Sada al-Balad, 13 novembre). - - Mercredi 14 novembre 2018 An Italian-American archaeological mission working in Aswân’s Kom Ombo has uncovered the grave of a woman and her fetus dating back 3,700 years, general secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî announced. Wazîrî explained that the grave is almost intact and was found in a small cemetery previously used by nomadic people who moved to Egypt from the desert hinterland of its southern neighbour, Nubia, during the Second Intermediate Period (c 1750-1550 BCE). He added that studies have shown that at the time of her death the woman was about 25 years old and was very close to giving birth. He added that the baby’s skeleton was found in the mother’s pelvic area and had already settled in a "head down" position, suggesting that both mother and child may have died during childbirth. Preliminary analysis of the mother’s remains revealed a misalignment in the woman’s pelvis, most likely the result of a fracture that had healed incorrectly. It is possible that this abnormality had caused problems during labour leading to death.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 163 The mother’s skeleton was resting in a contracted position and was wrapped in a leather shroud. Two pottery vessels accompanied her on her journey to the afterlife: one was a small Egyptian jar, beautifully made and worn down by years of use; and the other was a fine bowl with a red polished surface and black interior, produced by these nomadic communities following a Nubian style. Wazîrî mentioned that the mission also found an unexpected offering in the grave, consisting of many unfinished ostrich eggshell beads and blank fragments. The reason behind this offering is unclear; it is possible that in life the woman was a well-regarded bead maker and her family placed an amount of un-worked material in the grave to honour her memory. (Nevine El-Aref, “3,700-year-old skeletons of woman, fetus discovered in Egypt’s Aswân”, Ahram Online, November 14, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte à Aswân de la momie d’une femme enceinte », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 14 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Découverte de la momie d’une femme enceinte à Kom Ombo », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 14 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte à Kom Ombo de la momie d’une femme enceinte », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 14 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte d’une momie d’une femme enceinte lors des travaux à Kom Ombo », Sada al-Balad, 14 novembre ; Muhammad al- Aswânî, « Découverte de la momie d’une femme enceinte dans le temple de Kom Ombo », Watanî, 14 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour à Kom Ombo de la momie d’une femme enceinte », al-Ahrâm, 15 novembre). - - Le directeur général de la restauration au sein du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), Dr Usâma Abû al-Khayr, a révélé que 46 000 pièces archéologiques sont arrivées au GEM jusqu’à présent. Parmi celles-ci, 39 000 pièces ont été restaurées et sont désormais prêtes à être exposées. Depuis août 2018, toutes les pièces transférées au GEM sont directement insérées dans le scénario muséologique et non pas entreposées dans les réserves. Sachant que la priorité est accordée aux pièces qui seront exposées. Quant à celles destinées à être sauvegardées dans les réserves, leur transfert se poursuivra après l’inauguration du GEM prévue en 2020. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Achèvement de la restauration de 39 000 pièces au GEM », Sada al-Balad, 14 novembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Achèvement de 85 % des travaux architecturaux du GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 26 novembre). - - « J’aimerais réaliser mon rêve, celui de fonder le premier musée d’histoire naturelle en Égypte et au Moyen-Orient, à l’instar de ceux de Londres et de Washington ». C’est ce que confie Hishâm Sallâm, professeur à l’Université de Mansûra au département de géologie. « Un musée renfermant des fossiles de dinosaures et d’autres spécimens d’animaux rares que les touristes pourraient visiter ». Ce rêve pourrait bien se concrétiser un jour. Car suite à la découverte du dinosaure baptisé Mansourasaurus Shahinae, le fossile le plus complet jamais mis au jour, par les

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 164 équipes du professeur Sallâm, un centre a ouvert « pour former le personnel nécessaire à la création de ce projet ambitieux », poursuitil. Mansourasaurus Shahinae est le sixième dinosaure découvert en Égypte, mais le premier qui remonte à cette période du crétacé. (© Mohamad Adel) Nous sommes à l’Université de Mansûra, précisément dans le Centre de Mansûra pour les vertébrés fossiles, le premier centre du genre au Moyen-Orient. De jeunes chercheurs réunis autour d’une grande table observent minutieusement des fossiles alors que d’autres tentent de comprendre le processus d’extraction des ossements et la procédure de leur conservation. Un troisième groupe est en train de feuilleter le Journal of Vertebrate Palentology qui publie les dernières recherches dans ce domaine, tandis qu’un autre discute des détails d’une prochaine expédition dans le désert avec le professeur. Ce centre, qui a ouvert ses portes le mois dernier, est le résultat de la dernière grande découverte qui a fasciné les paléontologues. Il s’agit du fossile le plus complet mis au jour et datant de la fin de la période du crétacé (entre 100 et 66 millions d’années). Vu l’importance de l’événement, cette découverte a été publiée dans l’une des revues scientifiques les plus prestigieuses, Nature Ecology and Evolution. La raison est que les paléontologues ont découvert très peu de fossiles de cette période géologique en Afrique. D’où le grand intérêt suscité par Mansourasaurus Shahinae (du nom de l’université qui a parrainé l’étude et de Shahinae, le nom de famille de son épouse à qui il doit sa réussite). Ce fossile va permettre de mieux comprendre l’évolution des dinosaures à l’époque de la Pangée, l’époque où la terre ne comptait qu’un seul continent. (© Mohamad Adel) C’est durant la période du crétacé que les masses terrestres ont commencé à se morceler et dériver, une période encore relativement floue pour les paléontologues. Et l’Afrique reste toujours un point d’interrogation pour eux en termes de vie terrestre à la fin de l’ère des dinosaures. Il était donc impossible d’élucider le mystère de la présence de certains dinosaures en Afrique sans la présence de ces fossiles. La découverte de ce super fossile marque donc une grande avancée. En examinant la structure des os, les paléontologues ont compris que Mansourasaurus était le spécimen apparenté aux dinosaures européens et asiatiques. Ceci est la preuve que les dinosaures pouvaient se déplacer entre l’Afrique et l’Europe. « Quand j’ai vu les images des fossiles pour la première fois, les bras m’en sont tombés », a confié le Dr Matt LAMANNA, paléontologue au Carnegie Museum of Natural History et co-auteur de l’étude, dans un communiqué de presse. « Ce dinosaure est le Saint Graal que nous, les paléontologues, recherchons depuis bien longtemps », ajoute-t-il dans un communiqué de presse. Si Mansourasaurus est le sixième fossile découvert dans le Sahara égyptien qui ne cesse de dévoiler ses secrets aux paléontologues depuis 1911 — date de la première expédition guidée par l’Allemand Ernst STROMER —, cette découverte est la

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 165 première réalisée par une expédition égyptienne. Une équipe constituée en majorité de femmes et dont le parcours fut semé d’embûches. Quatre jeunes filles issues d’un milieu rural ont décidé de mener cette expédition malgré toutes les contraintes sociales qui ont pesé sur elles. « On savait qu’on allait réaliser quelque chose qui allait permettre de graver nos noms dans l’histoire de la paléontologie. Et nous étions prêtes à tout pour réaliser notre objectif », explique la chercheuse Sanâ’ al- Sayyid, 28 ans, professeure à la faculté de Sciences et membre au sein de l’équipe constituée de trois autres jeunes filles : Imân al-Dâwûdî et May al-Amîrî, natives de Mansûra, alors que Sara Sâbir est originaire de la Haute-Égypte. « L’idée a germé alors qu’on était en train de préparer notre thèse. On avait l’habitude de sortir dans des expéditions dans l’oasis d’al-Dâkhla. En examinant les roches sédimentaires, on savait que l’histoire de ces couches sédimentaires coïncidait avec la période des dinosaures avant leur disparition. On a voulu retrouver des fossiles, car on avait quelques preuves malgré le manque d’informations concernant les 40 millions d’années qui ont précédé l’extinction des dinosaures », confie Sâbir, 28 ans, professeure à l’université de Mansûra. De retour en Égypte après une bourse d’études à l’Université d’Oxford en Angleterre, le professeur Hishâm Sallâm a eu l’idée de former la première équipe d’expédition égyptienne. « Je ne pensais pas que mon rêve, celui de trouver ce fossile de dinosaure, puisse être réalisé par de jeunes chercheuses. Elles me paraissaient fragiles et incapables de supporter les difficultés sur le terrain. J’avoue avoir été fasciné par leur persévérance », reconnaît le professeur Sallâm. C’est le hasard qui a guidé l’équipe à la première découverte en 2014. Un an auparavant, l’équipe était partie fouiller dans les quatre coins du désert, accompagnée par le professeur Sallâm qui donnait un cours à al- Wâdî al-Gadîd, l’université principale des étudiants vivant dans les oasis du désert occidental. Dans ce gouvernorat, l’équipe de chercheurs avait l’habitude de faire des sorties périodiques dans le désert pour étudier les couches terrestres. Les souvenirs défilent dans la tête de Sanâ’ : « Sara s’est arrêtée brusquement et nous a prié de venir sur le site où elle a découvert des ossements. Quand on était arrivé, on a compris qu’il s’agissait du fossile d’un seul spécimen, les os étaient dispersés sur une distance de 5 mètres aux alentours. C’était le dinosaure que l’on cherchait depuis longtemps avec le professeur Sallâm ». La jeune femme poursuit : « Au même moment, ce dernier avait remarqué un camion roulant au loin. Il nous a conseillé de nous éloigner, afin de ne pas attirer l’attention du chauffeur qui est passé juste à quelques pas du site de recherche, tentant de nous intimider et nous faire comprendre qu’il est le maître des lieux. Car il travaillait dans la carrière qui se trouvait tout près du site », raconte Sanâ’. L’équipe est sur ses gardes, car elle a déjà eu une mauvaise expérience quelques mois auparavant. « En 2013, nous avions découvert un fossile de dinosaure proche de la route en asphalte ». Mais après une semaine de dur labeur en plein désert et sous une chaleur accablante, l’équipe a vu son travail détruit par un habitant d’un village proche. « Il est passé à moto tout près du site et a saccagé le fossile, pensant que nous étions en train de déterrer des antiquités que recherchent la majorité des habitants de cet oasis dans le but de les revendre. Atterrés par ce qui venait d’arriver, nous étions même incapables d’expliquer aux gens la nature de notre mission, car la science de la paléontologie est

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 166 peu connue en Égypte », se rappelle la chercheuse. Alors, pour cette nouvelle découverte, l’équipe a pris toutes les précautions nécessaires en recouvrant les ossements avec du sable pour camoufler sa trouvaille et éviter sa destruction, et surtout empêcher que d’autres personnes s’approprient le fruit de leurs efforts. Faute de moyens, l’équipe a été obligée de rentrer à Mansûra, afin de préparer une nouvelle expédition plus longue, retourner le plus tôt possible sur le site pour terminer le travail et ce, après avoir enregistré l’endroit par GPS. « On s’est posé plusieurs questions. Comment continuer cette expédition alors qu’on n’avait pas les moyens financiers pour le faire, ni même les outils nécessaires pour mener à bien notre mission ? Comment convaincre nos parents d’aller séjourner plus de trois semaines en plein désert sans aucune mesure de sécurité ? Mais nous étions toutes déterminées à braver tous ces défis », poursuit Sâbir. Avant le départ, le professeur Sallâm a dû convaincre les parents des filles, leur expliquant l’importance de cette mission qui pourrait constituer un tournant dans leur vie. « Dans les milieux ruraux, les familles sont très conservatrices et n’acceptent pas que les filles passent la nuit en dehors de la maison. Alors, pour que les parents acceptent qu’elles séjournent dans un bivouac en plein désert pendant trois semaines, ça n’a pas été une chose facile », explique le professeur, qui a peiné à convaincre le père de Sanâ’. « Il ne pouvait admettre l’idée de voir sa fille dormir sous une tente et j’ai mis du temps à le convaincre. Cette année, avec le père d’une autre chercheuse qui a récemment rejoint le Centre, j’ai eu le même problème. Et c’est le père de Sanâ’ qui s’est chargé de le convaincre », dit-il d’un air amusé. La subvention octroyée par l’université de Mansûra est bien modeste, comparée aux frais de l’expédition. Du coup, les membres de l’équipe ont ramené l’approvisionnement nécessaire en nourriture et ont fait un voyage qui a été pénible. « Nous sommes partis avec la voiture du professeur Sallâm qui n’était pas équipée pour rouler dans le désert. Nous étions serrés comme dans une boîte de sardines, avec les bagages et les outils nécessaires pour la fouille entassés sous nos pieds. On a parcouru 600 km, sans avoir le luxe ni d’étendre nos jambes, ni de s’arrêter en cours de route », raconte Sanâ’, qui a emporté avec elle des vêtements légers et chauds, car au mois de mars, il fait chaud le matin dans le désert, mais le soir, la température peut descendre à zéro. Une fois arrivées sur le lieu de fouille, ces jeunes filles devaient parcourir une distance de plus d’un kilomètre et escalader des dunes de sable pour retrouver du réseau téléphonique et joindre leur famille. « On devait appeler nos parents deux à trois fois par jour pour les tranquilliser. C’était fatigant de faire ce chemin sous une température de plus de 40° C. Et on était aussi obligé de le faire le soir et en même temps profiter pour surfer sur le net à la recherche d’une information dont on aurait besoin le jour suivant », confie Sara. L’équipe allait s’approvisionner en eau dans les villages proches, et mangeait chaque jour presque la même chose : des conserves, du fromage, du riz et quelques légumes. « La viande et le poulet, c’était du luxe pour nous. On y a goûté deux fois pour célébrer la découverte de la mâchoire du dinosaure, qui était une partie importante du puzzle, et les morceaux des plaques osseuses qui consolidaient sa peau », précise Sanâ’. Et les toilettes ? « Dans cette expédition, les ouvriers de la carrière située à proximité du site ont compris le but de notre mission et nous ont proposé d’utiliser leur WC, avec des conditions pour les horaires : avant 5h et après 22h. Je devais me réveiller à 4h et projeter

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 167 une lumière d’un flash de caméra vers la tente des filles pour les réveiller et les accompagner, dans l’obscurité totale, aux toilettes situées à une distance de quelques kilomètres du site », se souvient le professeur Sallâm. Dans le désert, les dangers sont multiples. Mais l’équipe semble avoir retenu des leçons des expériences précédentes. « Une bande de trafiquants d’antiquités nous a coupé un jour la route sous prétexte que cette région leur revenait de droit concernant la fouille des pièces d’antiquité. Mais cette fois, nous détenions un dossier complet renfermant tous nos papiers qui montrent la nature de la mission. On leur a même présenté des échantillons de fossiles, afin de les convaincre de nous laisser travailler », poursuit Sanâ’. Et ce n’est pas tout. « Travailler dans le désert est pénible et nécessite beaucoup d’efforts. On peut tomber sur une pierre pesant 100 kg et là, il faut compter sur nos biceps pour la soulever », confie Sanâ’, qui a dû pousser la voiture avec l’aide de ses collègues en plein désert pour la remettre en marche. Les tempêtes du désert ont rendu difficile le travail, mais le plus redouté était al- Khammasîn, ce vent fort qui frappe l’Égypte au printemps. « Tandis qu’il fallait déblayer soigneusement les roches, appliquer de la colle afin de maintenir les os, les emballer dans du papier normal puis dans du papier cellophane avant de les conserver dans du plâtre, on était dans une course contre la montre. On voulait à tout prix terminer la mission avant qu’al-Khammasîn ne se lève. Pourtant, la tempête de sable s’est levée une demi-heure, et a emporté la tente des filles et a éparpillé leurs affaires », raconte-t-elle. « Mais notre seule préoccupation à ce moment-là était de protéger les fossiles en les couvrant de morceaux de tissus et de cailloux, afin de ne pas refaire tout le travail », explique Sanâ’. Aujourd’hui vice-présidente du Centre des vertébrés, Sanâ’ est à l’aise dans ce nouveau rôle et aime transmettre ses connaissances et expliquer comment faire un plan détaillé pour extraire un fossile ou raconter l’histoire de cette découverte majeure aux jeunes qui rêvent de suivre le même parcours qu’elle. (Dina Darwich, « Mansourasaurus : L’aventure d’une découverte », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 14 novembre 2018). - - Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu le nouvel ambassadeur du Royaume-Uni en Égypte, S.E.M. Geoffrey ADAMS. L’entretien a porté sur le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale en matière archéologique : fouilles, restaurations, musées, échanges d’expertises, formation des archéologues. ADAMS a exprimé sa passion pour l’histoire et la civilisation égyptiennes et la disposition de son ambassade à fournir les visas d’entrée nécessaires au personnel du ministère égyptien de l’Archéologie ayant obtenu des bourses, des stages de formation, ou souhaitant participer à des congrès ou des rencontres scientifiques et archéologiques organisés au Royaume-Uni. (Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec l’ambassadeur du Royaume-Uni en Égypte le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 14 novembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « L’ambassadeur du Royaume-Uni : J’aime la civilisation pharaonique », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 14 novembre). - - Jeudi 15 novembre 2018 Some 30 Arab and foreign ambassadors and cultural attachés to Egypt as well as hundreds of Egyptian, Arab and foreign journalists flocked to the Saqqâra Necropolis outside Cairo to see the newly discovered mummies of cats and beetles on Saturday. Although the graves were originally tombs from the Old and New Kingdoms, they were

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 168 reused during the Late Period as a necropolis for cats and other animals. © AFP This highlights the ancient Egyptian attitude to cats, with the cat goddess Bastet having a multitude of powers. She could fend off a variety of evil threats and at the same time she was a goddess associated with music, dancing and pleasure. Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî described the discovery as important because it shed light on the Necropolis’ history and highlighted the role that antiquities play in promoting the country and its unique heritage. “Although the tombs are not in a very good conservation condition because the necropolis was reused in a later period, its contents could yield clues to other discoveries as another sealed door of another tomb was noticed two days ago before the announcement,” he said. © AFP al-‘Inânî explained that an Egyptian archaeological mission had made the discovery during excavation work carried out since April in the area located on the stony edge of the King Userkaf Pyramid Complex in the Saqqâra Necropolis. The mission uncovered three plain New Kingdom tombs that had been used during the Late Period as a cat necropolis, along with four other Old Kingdom tombs, the most important of which belongs to Khufu-Imhat, the overseer of the buildings in the royal palace. This tomb can be dated to the late fifth and the early sixth dynasties, al-‘Inânî said. He added that the Egyptian mission had selected the site to excavate because there was a high probability that a collection of Old Kingdom tombs could be uncovered around the ramp of the King Userkaf Pyramid Complex. Artifacts showcased during the presser on Saturday, November 10, 2018 in Saqqâra (© Nevine El-Aref) In 2008, the mission had stopped digging and had instead devoted its work to the study, documentation and restoration of some of the discovered tombs. All the projects stopped in 2013. “This discovery is the first in a series of three upcoming discoveries in two governorates in Upper Egypt to be announced before the end of 2018,” al-‘Inânî said. He told Al-Ahram Weekly that the discovery had created a scientific debate as meticulously mummified scarabs (beetles) had been found within the graves. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), said that the mummified scarabs were the first scarab mummies to be found in the Necropolis. Two large ones were found inside a rectangular limestone sarcophagus with a vaulted lid decorated with three scarabs painted in black, while dozens of smaller sizes were found inside a square limestone

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 169 sarcophagus decorated with one painted black scarab. Studies on these scarabs have shown that they are wrapped in linen and are in a very good preservation condition. Dozens of mummified cats were also unearthed, along with 100 wooden statues of cats and a bronze cat dedicated to the cat goddess Bastet. A collection of wooden gilded statues depicting the physical features of a lion, a cow, and a falcon was also unearthed. Painted wooden sarcophagi of cobras with mummies found inside them were also discovered, along with two wooden sarcophagi of crocodiles. Within the debris, Wazîrî pointed out, the mission had succeeded in unearthing around 1,000 amulets made of faience dedicated to different deities, including Tawesert, Apis, Anubis, Djehuty, Horus, Isis, Ptah Patek, and Khnum, as well as other faience amulets in the shape of the Udjat eye, the white and red crowns of ancient Egypt, and the Wadjat column. Three alabaster canopic jars and writing tools such as inkpots with pens were found, along with several papyri featuring chapters from the Book of the Dead. The names of two women, Subek Sekt and Mafy, were found engraved on a false door for the first time. Sabrî Farag, director-general of the Saqqâra Necropolis, said that a collection of baskets and ropes made of papyrus had also been found along with 30 clay pots, a headrest, and alabaster and bronze jars inside a wooden sarcophagus. A large number of decorated stone reliefs and blocks, along with parts of false doors, were also found, with two blocks representing a part of the lintel of the tomb of Ankh Mahur, one of the Old Kingdom viziers. Nagîb Sâwîris, chairman of the company that sponsored the announcement, said it had sponsored the event because it wanted to show the exceptional richness of Egyptian civilisation and to attract the attention of the world to its magnificent monuments. Among the attendees at last weekend’s ceremony were the ambassadors of Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, Cyprus, Mexico, Italy, Malta, Hungary, France, Ireland, Armenia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Japan, Austria and Belarus. Saudi Arabia and Georgia’s viceambassadors also attended, as well as Denmark’s general councillor and the cultural attachés of the Czech Republic, Georgia and the US. The heads of the American Research Centre in Cairo and UNESCO were also among the attendees. Many foreign ambassadors have participated in archaeological events in Egypt over the past month, including the Abû Simbil Temple solar alignment and tours of the archaeological sites of the New Valley and St Catherine’s in South Sinai. (Nevine El-Aref, “Animal mummies discovered”, Al-Ahram Weekly, November 15, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie annonce une nouvelle découverte archéologique dans la nécropole de Saqqâra », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 10 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte de 3 tombes datant du Nouvel Empire dans la nécropole de Saqqâra », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 10 novembre ; Nevine El-Aref, “Seven new tomb discoveries in Saqqâra: Egypt’s minister of Antiquities”, Ahram Online, November 10; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 300 000 momies de chats découvertes à Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 10 novembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique dans la nécropole de Saqqâra », Watanî, 10 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour de 7 tombes et de momies pharaoniques à Saqqâra », al-Ahrâm, 11 novembre ; Nasma Réda, « Des momies de scarabées

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 170 découvertes pour la première fois », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 21 novembre). - - In the al-Darb al-Ahmar area of Islamic Cairo within an area rich in Mameluke and Ottoman edifices stands the al-Tanbaghâ al- Mârdânî Mosque with its distinguished architectural style reflecting part of Mameluke history. Last week, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî and Sherif Erian, director of the Aga Khan Cultural Services-Egypt (AKCs-E), embarked on an inspection tour of the mosque to check the restoration work being carried out five months after the signature of a memorandum of understanding between the ministry and AKCs-E to restore and rehabilitate the mosque and create a visitor route through the area. The work is financed by a grant of LE30 million from the European Union, and according to the memorandum the restoration work will only include the mosque’s eastern iwân (hall) to be completed in 2020. al-‘Inânî said the mosque had various problems due to erosion and the high level of humidity and accumulated salts on its walls due to the leakage of water from the neighbouring area. Its location in a busy residential street has added to its deterioration, and poor restoration practices by the Arab Heritage Conservation Committee in the late 19th century had added to the problems. He said that cooperation with the AKCs-E as a main partner to restore the mosque with funds provided by the European Union could announce further work in the rest of the mosque. al-‘Inânî also said that there should be more golf carts in the area so that visitors could see monuments set aside in small alleys. Erian said the project aimed not only at restoring the mosque, but also at promoting the al-Darb al-Ahmar monuments by providing visiting routes from the northern side of al- Azhar Park and round the Ayoubid walls. He said that these would help provide more job opportunities for young people, and that this would also have a positive impact on incomes through the promotion of the area’s handicrafts. He said the success of the project could only be achieved through the strict observance of certain principles by the parties and their designated affiliates, which would need to agree on the need for the protection and celebration of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the al-Darb al-Ahmar area. “This can be achieved through balancing physical rehabilitation with social, economic, cultural and recreational expectations,” Erian said. In 2016, almost 20 months before signing the memorandum of understanding, French expert Christophe POLIO of the Aga Khan

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 171 Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) arrived in Cairo to examine the condition of the mosque as a step towards drawing up a plan for its restoration. After his inspection tour, POLIO told Al- Ahram Weekly that the prayer hall (iwân alqibla) was the most damaged part of the mosque and that it needed to be completely rehabilitated. Cracks had spread over the walls, and its woodwork and marble were in a very bad condition. Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, supervisorgeneral of the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project, told the Weekly that according to the memorandum the restoration work would be carried out as a joint venture between the AKCs-E and its affiliate Mezala for Social Development, the al-Darb al-Ahmar Community Development Association, and the Ministry of Antiquities. It would provide for the rehabilitation of the mosque and the activation of visitor circuits alongside major cultural and archaeological attractions in the district, leading to the creation of employment opportunities and income-generating activities for residents and businesses, he said. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz explained that the work would last until 2020 and focus on three major aspects: the conservation of the eastern iwân of the mosque; the creation of visitor routes extending from the northern tip of al-Azhar Park towards al-Darb al-Ahmar through the historic Ayoubid walls and the Bâb al-Wazîr Gate; and the creation of employment through the promotion of local crafts. “Embedding the proposed strategy for increasing visitor levels in al-Darb al-Ahmar is another aspect of the project,” ‘Abd al-‘Azîz told the Weekly, adding that this would be implemented through visitor routes, the creation of a visitor centre and improved landscaping. The installation of efficient infrastructure, such as public conveniences, lighting, signage, and security systems accompanied by CCTV cameras, would also be important, he said. The al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî Mosque is built in the style of congregational (Friday) mosques and is located just outside the Bâb Zuwayla Gate in Islamic Cairo. It was commissioned by the Mameluke emir al- Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî during the reign of his father-in-law, Sultan al-Nâsir Muhammad. The mosque has a hypostyle plan similar to the Mosque of al-Nâsir in the same area, and its outer walls are decorated in typical Mameluke style. It was once one of the most extravagantly decorated mosques in Cairo, with a distinguished octagonal minaret and large dome, as well as other architectural innovations. The mosque now has a court surrounded by four aisles. The deepest and largest is the one in the direction of prayer. In the centre of

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 172 the courtyard there is an octagonal fountain covered with marble. The façade of the northern aisle is covered with marble inscribed with the date of construction. The rest of the prayer-direction wall is covered with a fine marble dado, or panel, inlaid with mother of pearl. The mosque has three entrances, but only one is now open, and a dome supported by eight granite pillars. Sultan al-Nâsir Muhammad’s master builder al-Mu‘allim al- Suyûfî supervised the construction work of the mosque, whose wood and marble decorative elements cost about 15,000 dirhams at the time, with total expenditure reaching over 300,000 dirhams, an enormous amount in the period. al-Mârdânî was Sultan al-Nâsir Muhammad’s favoured cupbearer and married his daughter. He was appointed chief of the Cairo police, making him a senior emir in the Mameluke system. He continued in power in the reigns of Sultan Muhammad’s successors, dying in 1343 in Aleppo in Syria where he had been appointed the city’s governor. (Nevine El-Aref, “Restoring Mameluke heritage”, Al- Ahram Weekly, November 15, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie : La mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al- Mârdânî est en mauvais état », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 28 octobre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inspecte le projet de restauration de la mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al- Mârdânî », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 28 octobre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahmân, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance un projet de restauration de la mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al- Mârdânî », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 30 octobre). - - Could science be about to reveal the true image of the ancient Egyptian queen Nefertiti, asks Zâhî Hawwâs : In a few years on 4 November 2022, the whole world will celebrate the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of the ancient Egyptian boy king Tutankhamun. The Ministry of Antiquities has launched the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” to celebrate the most important archaeological discovery of the 20th century, when the intact tomb of Tutankhamun, known formally to Egyptologists as KV62, was found in November 1922. This exhibition will be touring the world at the very same time that the Valley of the Kings in Luxor may reveal other secrets. A hypothesis proposing that queen Nefertiti’s tomb could be hidden behind the north and west walls of the tomb of Tutankhamun will be scientifically investigated, and the search is on for the mummy of Nefertiti herself. Of all the queens of ancient Egypt, none is as famous as Nefertiti, the beautiful 18th- Dynasty royal wife who ruled Egypt alongside her husband, Akhenaten, and briefly after him. No ancient text mentions what became of her, and 200 years of archaeological investigation in Egypt has never found her mummy. The fate of Nefertiti is one of ancient Egypt’s greatest mysteries. Through the Egyptian Mummy Project, my goal was to start a fresh and scientific search for Nefertiti’s mummy. In the investigations to discover the family of Tutankhamun, we tested the DNA of the two foetuses included among the treasures of Tutankhamun’s tomb. These had long been thought to be the stillborn daughters of Tutankhamun and his royal wife Ankhesenamun, the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. We compared their DNA to that of a headless mummy of a royal woman, one of two poorly preserved female mummies discovered in another tomb in the Valley of the Kings, KV21. The tests revealed that the headless KV21 mummy was in fact the mother

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 173 of the two foetuses, which should mean that this was Tutankhamun’s queen Ankhesenamun. The mummies from KV21 are in poor condition due to the effects of the floods that have occasionally swept through the valley and into the tomb. To prevent further degradation of the remains, I moved the two mummies to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo for conservation. I believe that the second female mummy in KV21 could be none other than queen Nefertiti. The ancient Egyptians sometimes placed mother and daughter near each other in burial chambers. This was the case in KV35, where the mummy of Tutankhamun’s grandmother queen Tiye was placed next to the mummy of one of Tiye’s many daughters, a woman revealed by DNA tests to be Tutankhamun’s mother. We will now also begin the search for other mummies that belong to Nefertiti’s family, including her five other missing daughters and her sister queen Mutnodjmet. Nefertiti was a strong queen who drove her own chariot and had her own palace in her husband’s new and short-lived capital of Akhetaten (Horizon of the Sun Disk) at the site known today as Amarna. There are even images that show her smiting the female enemies of Egypt. She was very often shown in the art of the Amarna Period as a loyal, devoted wife and mother in the company of her husband and daughters. The princesses participated in life at court and in worship with their mother. A group of scientists has also made an amazing new digital reconstruction of Nefertiti’s face based on her artistic representations. They compiled images of the famous painted bust of the queen on display in Berlin, another limestone bust in Cairo, and wall reliefs at Amarna showing the queen. The Berlin bust was discovered to conceal a slightly different image of the queen as an older woman beneath its outer layer of painted plaster. The researchers assembled the various renderings of her features and presented the “first revelation” of her face. Was the final version of the Berlin bust, showing an image of a youthful, yet mature, woman, a more acceptable version than the initial bust carved in stone, which showed the effects of aging? Is this beautiful portrait a realistic representation of Nefertiti, or does it reflect the artistic conventions of the Amarna Period? If the DNA analysis definitively identifies Nefertiti’s mummy, we will commission CT scans of the head of the newly discovered Nefertiti. A digital reconstruction of the face from the CT scan will then be combined with the artistic rendering of the famous bust to reveal the most complete and accurate image of the queen. After more than three thousand years, the light of the sun will shine once again upon the exquisite face of Nefertiti. When we attempted to reconstruct the face of Tutankhamun, we used three teams from the US, Egypt and France. Without telling the American team that they were reconstructing the face of Tutankhamun, we gave them CT scans of the young king’s mummy. Having no idea of the identity of their subject, the Americans reconstructed the face as that of an old man. I told the Egyptian team that they were receiving Tutankhamun’s CT scans, and they reconstructed a face that did not convince me at all that this was how the king had appeared in life. The French team introduced their reconstruction to us, and it showed a person with blue eyes, which made us all joke about how French he looked. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “Mystery and science”, Al-Ahram Weekly, November 15, 2018). - - Mercredi 21 novembre 2018

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 174 Two limestone formations in the northern part of the Ra’a monastery were uncovered by the ‘Ayn Shams Egyptian excavation team, operating in the Matariyya area. The two formations have carvings that prove they were part of a structure built by Amenmut – Ramses II’s renowned architect – according to the excavation team’s head, Mamdûh al-Damâtî. al-Damâtî added that Amenmut was responsible for the northern part of Ramses II’s statue, which lies in the same place the two stone formations were found. A limestone wall was also discovered with an entrance in its middle, as well as limestone flooring. al-Damâtî explained the wall was used to separate two long corridors, which existed behind the statue. None of the corridor’s architectural features seem to have survived. Still, the discovery revealed a substantial amount of information about the monastery, al-Damâtî continued, and further excavations regarding Amenmut’s work will resume in March and April of 2019. (Farah Tewfeek, “New discoveries in Ra’a monastery: Antiquities Ministry”, Egypt Independent 21, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte de 2 blocs de statues de Ramsès II à Matariyya », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 21 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « La mission égyptienne à Matariyya réalise une nouvelle découverte », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 21 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la mise au jour de 2 blocs de calcaire de Ramsès II », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 21 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique dans le temple de Rê dans la zone de ‘Arab al-Hisn », Sada al-Balad, 21 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte ramesside à Matariyya », al-Ahrâm, 22 novembre). - - Jeudi 22 novembre 2018 The neo-classical Egyptian Museum in Cairo’s Tahrîr Square was buzzing with people on Monday, as the Ministry of Antiquities celebrated the Downtown landmark’s 116th birthday. To the strains of classical music mixed with smooth ancient Egyptian beats and the heavenly tunes of the harp, ministers, dignitaries, government officials, foreign ambassadors and cultural counsellors to Egypt, as well as MPs and media representatives, flocked to the museum to attend the event. More than 100 years ago the khedive ‘Abbâs Hilmî II, watched by princes and highranking government officials, cut the ribbon at the museum’s opening. This was Egypt’s treasure house and a shrine to its past. During that period and since emperors and empresses, kings and queens, presidents, scholars and thousands upon thousands of tourists have visited the Egyptian Museum and

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 175 gazed in awe on the marvellous works of art that fill every niche and cranny. As the country pays homage to all who shared in its construction on its 116th birthday, the Ministry of Antiquities in collaboration with Orascom Investment Holding (OIH), which sponsored the event in accordance with the newly launched commercial sponsorship regulations, held a grand celebration this week. “The Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square was the first building in the early 20th century to be built as a museum and not a palace converted into a museum as was more common at that time,” Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly. Yuya’s gilded sarcophagus and his mummy He described the museum as “one of the greatest in the world, and its anniversary is a clear indication that it is a living museum, going from 1902 to 2017 and moving into the future.” He said that a development plan for the museum had been launched to define its future role within the local and international museum landscape, giving it the prominence it deserves. “The museum is not only one of Egypt’s landmarks, but also one of the country’s most distinguished monuments as well,” al-‘Inânî said. He added that the museum would not be closed after the completion of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) on the Gîza Plateau, as some have claimed, but would be developed and some of its artefacts put on special display. These include the collection of Yuya and Thuya, the grandparents of the monotheistic king Akhenaten, which are on show in a new display for the museum’s 116th anniversary, and the royal treasures of Tanis, which will replace the Tutankhamun treasures when these are moved to the GEM. Other treasures will be taken out of storerooms to be shown for the first time, al- ‘Inânî said. The Egyptian Museum houses a collection of 160,000 artefacts, only 50,000 of which are on display. “After the transportation of artefacts to the GEM and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation [NMEC] in Fustât, the museum in Tahrîr Square has the opportunity to excavate its store galleries and uncover more distinguished objects to put on display,” al-‘Inânî said, adding that the Yuya papyrus was one of these artefacts that had been hidden in the basement since its discovery in the Yuya and Thuya tomb in 1905. It is the longest papyrus ever to be displayed in Egypt, as its length extends to almost 20 metres. It is also in a good state of conservation. DEVELOPING THE MUSEUM: The renovation of the museum to celebrate its 116th birthday has reached its internal halls, returning them to their original glory by painting the walls and covering the floors with tiles in the original colours and patterns. The museum’s internal walls have been painted light green, al-‘Inânî said, while the floor tiles, designed to look like soft limestone, are decorated with particular patterns. The glass of the windows in the museum’s ceiling have been changed to filter out UV rays to

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 176 prevent radiation from the sun reaching the artefacts. “Work will continue as the museum has been awarded funding from the European Union to continue the development work in collaboration with five main European museums, Turin in Italy, the Louvre in Paris, the British Museum in London, the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, and the Rijksmuseum Van Oudheden in Germany,” al-‘Inânî said. The highlight of the new display coinciding with the museum’s 116th anniversary is the redesign of Yuya and Tuya’s collection on the museum’s upper floor. These were two Egyptian nobles and the grandparents of the monotheistic Pharaoh Akhenaten. Their daughter was queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Akhenaten and the grandmother of the golden boy-king Tutankhamun. They became well-known in 1905 when their tomb was uncovered in the Valley of the Kings filled with a distinguished funerary collection. Although the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, it had protected many priceless artefacts. The Yuya and Thuya collection was put on show on the museum’s second floor but in a less-visited area. As part of the new development scheme that aims to restore the Egyptian Museum to its original grandeur after the removal of the Tutankhamun collection to the GEM, the Yuya and Thuya treasures are being put on display in a larger hall in the foyer of the second floor. The collection includes the anthropoid gilded coffins of both couples, a box coffin, mummy bands, gilded masks, amulets, scarabs, canopic jars, beds, ushabti figurines, magical statues, golden chairs, wigs and baskets, mirrors, kohl tubes and containers, mats, sandals, staves, pottery and stone vessels, jars with embalming products, boxes, jewellery boxes decorated with ivory, faience, and ebony inscribed with golden letters. One of the most impressive artefacts is a chariot. Although this does not have any decoration, it is beautiful in its simplicity, with spirals and rosettes in gilded plaster. The mummies of Yuya and Thuya were also found inside the tomb in a very good conservation condition due to the high quality of the embalming materials used. It also housed the internal and external coffins and the funerary masks made of the gilded cartonage decorated with coloured glass and precious stones. “These are not the only treasures,” Mu’min ‘Uthmân, director of the Restoration Department at the Egyptian Museum, told the Weekly. He said that the tomb had also contained the longest papyrus to be displayed in Egypt, known as the Papyrus of Yuya. The longest papyrus to be exhibited in Egypt for the first time Upon its discovery the papyrus was divided into 34 segments in order to be stored. It was then kept in the basement of the museum until a few months ago when Egyptian restorers started its rescue and conservation project. Before starting the work, asserted ‘Uthmân, the papyrus was archaeologically inspected and documented in order to find the best methods for its restoration. He said that the papyrus was inscribed with chapters from the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead and other ancient Egyptian spells in beautiful colours. Its length is about 20 metres, and it was recently re-assembled for the first time by Egyptian conservators at the museum. RELATION TO THE GEM: Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museums Sector at the ministry, told the Weekly that this was a temporary display and part of the redesign scheme for the whole museum after the removal of the Tutankhamun collection to the GEM and other artefacts to the NMEC.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 177 She explained that the displays of the museum would be changed to suit the new collection and at the same time would preserve its original identity. A new lighting system would be installed, and a complete renovation would be carried out to give the museum back its original appearance. The walls will be repainted in their original colours and the ornamentation renewed. The first phase of the revival project of the museum started in 2014 and was implemented in four halls in the east wing of the Tutankhamun Gallery and on the second floor with German funding. New facilities were provided, modifying the layout and aspect of the museum gardens from the original plans. Physical changes were also made to the building, with work now focusing on the first floor. Salâh explained that among the collections that would be put on better display in the museum was the Tanis jewellery treasure of the 20th and 21st dynasties and some artefacts from the basement would also be put on show. The new displays will not only depend on putting artefacts in spacious areas within the building, since information boards will also be installed including details of where objects were found and the restoration work carried out. The order of the artefacts exhibited on the first floor will be changed to follow a chronological order from prehistoric times through to the Graeco-Roman period. In collaboration with UNESCO, signboards have been fabricated and installed in the garden of the museum at the entrance gates as part of the first phase of the development project. These signs include general guidance and useful information to visitors. A special exhibition highlighting the Egyptian Museum and the story behind its construction is on show in the museum’s foyer. Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, director-general of the museum, said the exhibition was divided into three sections. The first is a documentary exhibition showing the museum’s original blueprints designed by French architect Marcel DURVEIN as well as photographs featuring ‘Abbâs Hilmî II, Egypt’s khedive at the time, placing the building’s foundation stone in the presence of princes and highranking officials. Photographs showing the different stages of the building’s construction, the pen used by ‘Abbâs Hilmî II to write a few words in the museum’s guest book, and a memorial stamp and coin from that time rounds off this part of the exhibition. The tools and instruments that were used in laying the museum’s foundation stone in 1897, including those used in signing the khedival decree to construct the museum, are also on show. They include the pickaxe, trowel, hammer and a wooden porringer embellished with silver decorative elements that were used for the opening, as well as the inkwell and quill used by the khedive. A collection of maps, celebratory medallions and black-and-white photographs of the foundation and construction of the museum are also among the objects on display. Two copper desk clocks decorated with foliage ornaments and angels that once decorated the desk of French archaeologist Gaston MASPERO, the first director of the museum, are also on show. A volume of the Journal d’Entrée, created by the French archaeologist MARIETTE to register every object that entered the collection, accompanied by a summary description and essential data on its provenance and location, is on show. Other institutions in Egypt have been assisting in the celebrations. “The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is proud to participate in the 116th anniversary of the Egyptian Museum and the opening of the new Yuya and Thuya gallery by its mobile application the Wall of Knowledge,” Maysa Mustafa, research manager of the Wall of Knowledge Project at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, told the Weekly. She explained that the Wall of Knowledge app uses augmented reality technology to increase public engagement with art and heritage inside Egyptian museums, especially

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 178 among the younger generations. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina’s contribution also includes producing a short documentary on the different conservation steps applied to the Yuya and Thuya Papyrus from lab to display. Nagîb Sâwîris, chairman of OIH, affirmed the company’s interest in developing Egypt’s archaeological sites to show off the exceptional richness of the Egyptian civilisation and to attract the attention of the world towards its magnificent monuments so that these become a focus of world interest. (Nevine El-Aref, “Happy birthday to the Egyptian Museum”, Al-Ahram Weekly, November 22, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Le Musée égyptien de Tahrîr fête son 116e anniversaire », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 19 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure l’aile Nord du Musée Égyptien », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 20 novembre ; “Egyptian Museum celebrates its 116th anniversary”, Egypt Independent 20 ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Célébration du 116e anniversaire du Musée égyptien de Tahrîr », Watanî, 24 novembre ; Nasma Réda, « Le Musée égyptien accueille de nouveaux trésors », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 28 novembre). - - L’ambassade d’Égypte en Suisse a réceptionné ce matin vingt-six pièces archéologiques de différentes tailles et formes, exposées sur un site suisse de vente aux enchères en ligne. Saisies sur ordre de la Justice, ces pièces retourneront en Égypte bientôt. Il s’agit d’ouchebtis et de statuettes en faïence représentant des divinités pharaoniques. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « L’ambassade d’Égypte en Suisse récupère 26 pièces archéologiques volées », Sada al- Balad, 22 novembre 2018). - - Customs authorities of Burg al-‘Arab Airport, in cooperation with Alexandria police, foiled on Thursday the attempt of a Libyan passenger to smuggle a large quantity of archaeological coins into Saudi Arabia, in violation of the law. Customs officials suspected a Libyan- American passenger on Saudi Arabian Airlines flight 410, bound for Jeddah, after signs of concern and confusion appeared on him. The passenger denied carrying goods worth customs taxes when asked. However, after putting his bags on the securityscreening machine, small dark objects appeared on screen. A customs inspection committee found 610 coins among his personal belongings. The committee identified a silver coin dating to the Umayyad era, with “There is no god but Allah alone, without any partner” written in Kufic script. After further inspection, the committee issued a statement that the seized coins were verifiably ancient, and included 148 coins of various sizes, shapes and categories, with inscriptions in ancient Greek, portraits of emperors, and pictures of birds, animals and plant forms dating back to the Greco-Roman era. The statement added that 15 other black coins of different sizes, with Coptic inscriptions and a crucifix, dating back to the Byzantine Coptic era, were seized, beside 446 other archaeological wiped coins. The committee stated that all 610 coins were archaeological and thus subject to the Antiquities Protection Act No. 117 of 1983, and its amendments by Law No. 3 of 2010. Legal measures were taken regarding the incident, and the passenger was referred to public prosecutors for interrogation. (“Alexandria authorities foil attempt to smuggle ancient coins”, Egypt Independent 22, 2018. Voir également Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Saisie de 620 monnaies archéologiques à l’aéroport de Burg al-‘Arab », Watanî, 22 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Saisie de 620 monnaies archéologiques avant leur exportation illicite », al-Ahrâm, 23 novembre). - -

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 179 Vendredi 23 novembre 2018 Inside the Ipet Temple (Photo: Nevine El-Aref) Conservation work at Ipet temple in Karnak is at full swing to meet the deadline for its opening, the ministry of antiquities has said. The temple is located on the southern axis of the Amun Re temple at the Karnak temple complex in Luxor, and has never been opened to the public before. It is scheduled to be opened in 2019. Antiquities Minister Khâlid al-‘Inânî toured the temple on Friday to inspect the latest work. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, explained that the conservation work included the conservation and archaeological cleaning of the temple’s walls and the consolidation of the colours of its scenes. All bird deposits were removed and wooden ramps were put in place to facilitate the visitors’ route around the temple. The temple is located in the area where Ipet, the goddess of food and protection, was said to have rested before giving birth to her son Osiris. al-‘Inânî also inspected the open courtyard of Ramses II at Luxor temple, to check the conservation work being undertaken to restore the heads of the colossal statues of the king that decorates the temple court. The mission has so far restored and reinstalled the heads of three colossi, each weighing up to 250 kilograms. (Nevine El-Aref, “Conservation work at Ipet temple in Luxor continues to prepare it for public for first time”, Ahram Online, November 23, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Travaux de restauration et de maintenance dans le temple d’Opet », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 24 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Sauvetage du temple d’Opet à Karnak », Sada al-Balad, 27 novembre). - - Le directeur général des temples de Karnak, Dr Mustafa al-Saghîr, a annoncé que la première mission archéologique chinoise commencera ses travaux après demain dans le temple de Montou, au Nord de Karnak, conformément au protocole de coopération signé en octobre dernier par le ministre égyptien de l’Archéologie et le directeur de la Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). La mission chinoise effectuera des travaux de fouilles scientifiques, de restauration et de documentation du temple. « Les Chinois bénéficient d’une grande expérience dans le domaine des fouilles », a affirmé al-Saghîr. Cette mission sera suivie par d’autres missions archéologiques chinoises qui travailleront sur les différents sites égyptiens. (MENA, « La première mission archéologique chinoise commence ses travaux dans le temple de Montou à Karnak », Sada al-Balad, 23 novembre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 180 Minyâwî, « al-‘Inânî rencontre la première mission archéologique chinoise en Égypte », Sada al-Balad, 23 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Première mission archéologique chinoise dans le temple de Montou », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 décembre). - - Lundi 26 novembre 2018 Les travaux de nettoyage de la synagogue ashkénaze située à ‘Ataba viennent de s’achever sous la supervision du directeur général des antiquités du Centre du Caire, Yâsir ‘Abd al-Karîm. Le directeur des antiquités de ‘Ataba, Karîm Ahmad Hammâd, a précisé que cette opération a été menée conjointement avec The Arab Contractors Osman Ahmed Osman & Co. et le commissariat d’al-Muskî. Rappelons que la synagogue ashkénaze a été fondée en 1820. Elle a été inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine sur décision du Conseil d’administration du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités, le 23 avril 1998. Cette synagogue, fermée actuellement à la visite, est gérée par la communauté juive et placée sous la supervision technique du ministère de l’Archéologie. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Fin des travaux de nettoyage de la synagogue ashkénaze située à ‘Ataba », Sada al-Balad, 26 novembre 2018). - - Mercredi 28 novembre 2018 During excavation work in the area to the northeastern side of King Amenemhat II’s tomb in the Dahshûr necropolis in Gîza, an Egyptian archaeological mission has stumbled upon eight graves from the Late Period. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, explains that the graves contain limestone sarcophagi with mummies inside, three of which are in very good conservation condition.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 181 The mummies are covered in cartonnage adorned with paintings of the faces of the deceased. The cartonnage is painted in blue, brown and green. Wazîrî said that the mummies have been taken to store galleries for restoration and suggested that they could be put on display at the newly established museum in Sharm al- Shaykh or Hurghada. Dahshûr is a royal ancient Egyptian necropolis that houses the Bent and Red pyramids of the fourth dynasty king Senefru, as well as the black pyramid of Amenemhat III, among other royal pyramids. (Nevine El-Aref, “Eight Late Period mummies discovered in Dahshûr necropolis in Gîza”, Ahram Online, November 28, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Dahshûr », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 27 novembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte de 8 sarcophage en bon état à Dahshûr », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 27 novembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al- Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour de 8 sarcophage pharaonique à Dahshûr », al-Ahrâm, 28 novembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à proximité de la pyramide de Dahshûr », Watanî, 28 novembre). - - Jeudi 29 novembre 2018 For the second time this month Egypt has been in the headlines of the international newspapers as a result of new archaeological discoveries. Before Queen Hatshepsut’s Temple at Dayr al-Baharî on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor, the stage was set for dozens of journalists, photographers, MPs and others to make the journey to the al-‘Assâsîf Necropolis to catch a glimpse of the newly discovered tomb of the overseer of the mummification shrine of the Mut Temple and explore the entrance of a previously undiscovered tomb, dubbed TT28. At the bottom of a hill and down 10 steps, the tombs are on the edges of a small stony courtyard. On the left-hand side is the newly discovered tomb of the overseer of the Mut Temple, Thaw-Rakhtif, its walls adorned with painted scenes and containing sarcophagi and parts of a funerary collection. On the right-hand side is the previously undiscovered tomb TT28, together with its original entrance. Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram Weekly that an Egyptian archaeological mission had stumbled upon the discovery after removing 300 metres of rubble during five months of work. He said the discovery highlighted the role and importance of the al-‘Assâsîf Necropolis in the ancient period. Although the tombs are dated to the Ramesside Period, the sarcophagi and

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 182 funerary collection inside them do not belong to the owners, but to other officials of the Late Period, indicating that the tombs were reused. Both sarcophagi in the tombs belonged to a man named Padist and his daughter Nesmutamu, a singer to the god Amun-Re. al-‘Inânî described the sarcophagi as “magnificent” as they show the skills of the ancient Egyptian artisans as well as the high quality of their fabrication. They are carved in black wood and decorated with gilded hieroglyphic symbols, and each has an anthropoid lid depicting the facial features of the deceased and his daughter, with the eyes and eyebrows outlined with golden sheets. Both sarcophagi contain a mummy wrapped in linen sheets. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) who led the mission, said that although the Thaw- Rakhtif tomb was not in good condition, it had a very distinguished funerary collection. Some parts of the walls still retained the original paintings, especially those located near the entrance and the adjacent wall, he said. They show Thaw-Rakhtif in different positions with members of his family and his wife Sekhmet Nefret, a singer of the god Amun-Re. Wazîrî said that in a side room inside the tomb a small burial with six unidentified mummified skeletons had been found, among them the skeleton of a baby. “It may be the grave of a family member or a relative, but we cannot say for sure until the completion of the archaeological study,” he added. He said that a collection of more than 1,000 ushabti figurines carved in terracotta, faience and wood in different sizes and shapes had also been unearthed, along with two black wooden statues of Padist, painted wooden statuettes, and five funerary masks. Two limestone lids of canopic jars and an alabaster jar adorned with a hieroglyphic text painted in green were also unearthed, as well as wooden statues of the god Anubis, a symbolic painted coffin, and parts of statues. A papyrus inscribed with chapter 125 of the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead was among the funerary objects unearthed. The head of a yet unknown mummified skeleton SECOND TOMB: Tomb TT28, which belonged to Hori, an officer of Amun during the Ramesside Period, has been uncovered with its original entrance. Wazîrî said that the original design of the tomb had been discovered, and it was different to the one described on its discovery. After the announcement of the discovery of the tombs, al-‘Inânî, Wazîrî, Luxor Governor Mustafa Alham and other attendees headed towards a neighbouring tomb, TT33, which belonged to Pediamenopet, a 26th-Dynasty priest, to witness the opening of an 18th- Dynasty painted coffin unearthed in the tomb’s open court.

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 183 The coffin is one of two found earlier this month by a Franco-Egyptian mission from the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology (IFAO) and Strasbourg University in France. “The first is a painted rishi-style sarcophagus from the 17th-Dynasty and was opened on its discovery revealing the mummy of a priest,” al-‘Inânî said. This is the second time a minister of antiquities has opened a previously unopened sarcophagus before the world’s assembled media. The first was in the early 2000s when former minister of antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs witnessed the opening of a sarcophagus uncovered by a Spanish-Egyptian mission in the adjacent necropolis of Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ. Upon removing the lid, the well-preserved mummy of a woman called Thuya was revealed wrapped in linen. French archaeologist Frédéric COLIN who led the excavation told the Weekly that early examination had shown that the mummy belonged to the 18th Dynasty and had been restored and re-wrapped in linen during a later period as the style and way of wrapping were similar to those used in the Late Period. More research will be needed to understand the discoveries, he said. Tomb TT33 was originally uncovered in 1737 when British traveller Richard POCOKE visited the area and thought it was part of a subterranean palace due to its vast size. In 1881, the tomb was excavated by Johannes DÜMICHEN from the University of Strasbourg, who reported that it was composed of 22 rooms connected to each other by long corridors on three levels and extending 20 m below ground. During the recent cleaning, restoration and conservation of the tomb, which contains engravings from the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts and the Book of the Dead, the mission stumbled upon two painted coffins, one of which has been opened. Archaeologists during the opening of the 18th Dynasty sarcophagus (…) At the Luxor Temple al-‘Inânî inspected the open courtyard of Ramses II and his newly restored colossi. The court is lined by a double row of 14 columns with lotus-bud capitals and 11 colossi of the king. The columns are decorated with scenes of the Pharaoh making offerings to the gods. On the southern wall is a procession of the 17 sons of Ramses II with their names and titles. Some of the statues are headless or have collapsed, having probably been damaged during the reign of king Cambyses or afterwards. “It is time to reassemble these colossi,” Wazîrî told the Weekly, adding that the mission had so far reassembled, restored, and reinstalled the heads of two colossi to their original position, while a third is still under restoration. Each head weighs 250kg. Still at the Luxor Temple, al-‘Inânî announced that the fifth colossus of Ramses II decorating the temple’s first pylon will be restored, reassembled and re-erected to its original position to join its four twins before the pylon. Over the last two years, the ministry has succeeded in reassembling and lifting up two of the colossi that once decorated the façade of the temple’s first pylon. In 1958, an Egyptian archaeological mission led by Muhammad ‘Abd al-Qâdir uncovered the statues along with others broken into parts as

N o v e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 184 a result of damage sustained during an earthquake in the fourth century CE. “The blocks were removed and placed [for an interim period] in wooden shelters on the first pylon’s eastern side,” Wazîrî said. The last colossus will be restored in collaboration with an American mission from Chicago. (Nevine El-Aref, “New discoveries at Luxor”, Al-Ahram Weekly, November 29, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie à al-‘Assâsîf », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 8 novembre ; Hiba ‘Âdil, « Mise au jour à al-‘Assâsîf d’une stèle et d’un sarcophage de la XVIIIe dynastie », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 8 novembre ; “Sandstone panel, ark unearthed in Luxor: archaeologist”, Egypt Independent 8; Nevine El-Aref, “Tomb of mummification shrine overseer uncovered”, Ahram Online, November 24; Nasma Réda, « Louqsor continue de livrer ses secrets », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 28 novembre). - - The Golden Mask of King Tutankhamun is displayed at Cairo’s Egyptian Museum. Photo taken on November 28, 2017 (Photo: AFP) Four decades after the boy pharaoh caused a sensation in the US and Europe, treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun are to tour the world again — many for the first time. More than 50 of the 150 artworks from his tomb in the show will only ever leave Cairo once, say the Egyptian authorities, who are organising the tour in the run-up to the 2020 opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) in Gîza. "Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh" — which opened in Los Angeles in March — will go on show in Paris next March at the giant la Villette arts complex. It is the show’s only stop in continental Europe. The organisers have yet to unveil the other eight cities on the world tour. Previous exhibitions about the boy pharaoh have been record-breaking blockbusters, setting off "Tut-mania" around the globe. More than eight million people attended a 1973 show, "The Treasures of Tutankhamun", at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Another 1.2 million people had queued to see a smaller exhibition six years earlier at the Petit Palais in Paris in what was called "the show of the century". Mustafa Wazîrî of the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities said the tour was also to "celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the tomb of the boy king". "The discovery of Tutankhamun’s unplundered tomb revived our fascination with Egypt and its buried treasure," said Vincent RONDOT, head of the Egypt department at the Louvre museum. The Louvre is lending one of its masterpieces, a statue of the god Amun protecting Tutankhamun, to the show. John NORMAN, of exhibitions company IMG, who has previously staged shows about Cleopatra, said the "exhibition (is) like none before. Millions of people around the world will get the opportunity to see these ancient objects in an immersive and personal context. "Tutankhamun’s place in people’s imaginations will be secure for generations to come," he added. The Paris show will run from March 23 until September 15, 2019. The Los Angeles show at the California Science Center closes in January. (AFP, “Huge Tutankhamun show set to tour world”, Ahram Online, November 29, 2018). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 185 VI – DÉCEMBRE 2018 Dimanche 2 décembre 2018 Au terme de deux années d’efforts intensifs déployés par l’ambassade d’Égypte à Berlin et quelques parlementaires allemands influents, le Bundestag allemand a approuvé l’octroi d’un don de 10 millions d’euros à l’Égypte, destiné à financer le musée Atonien, situé dans le gouvernorat de Minyâ. Le président du département des projets, Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, a annoncé que, grâce à ce don, le musée Atonien sera achevé le plus rapidement possible. D’une superficie d’environ 5 200 m2, le musée Atonien se compose de 14 salles d’exposition. Faute de financement, ses travaux de construction sont gelés depuis 2010. Mais grâce au don allemand, l’inauguration du musée est prévue dans un an. Sachant que le bâtiment a encore besoin de finitions, de vitrines, d’un réseau électrique, d’un système d’alarme contre les vols et les incendies. Enfin, ce don illustre parfaitement l’intensité des relations entre l’Égypte et la République fédérale d’Allemagne dans les différents domaines. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Inauguration du musée Atonien en 2019 grâce à un don allemand », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 décembre 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Une commission du CSA inspecte le projet du musée Atonien à Minyâ », Sada al- Balad, 1er décembre ; Térésa Kamâl, « Don allemand de 10 millions d’euros pour achever le musée Atonien », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 décembre ; Raymond al-Râwî, « Don allemand de 10 millions d’euros pour reprendre les travaux du musée Atonien », Watanî, 5 décembre). - - Mardi 4 décembre 2018 The facade of the GEM The Ministry of Antiquities has announced the shortlist of companies and consortiums that have been selected to enter the open tender to manage the facilities of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) complex, scheduled to open in 2020. Major General ‘Âtif Muftâh, head of the GEM Engineering Committee, told Ahram Online that the shortlist was selected after the concerned committees led by Târiq Tawfîq, the GEM’s supervisor general, had accurately examined the documents submitted by all the companies. He said that the committees selected four joint Egyptian-international consortia and one single company to enter the open tender, to select the entity to manage the GEM facilities. The four consortia includes an Egyptian Italian consortium of Al-Kharafi National, Fabbro and Munus; an Egyptian-American consortium of Hassan Allam Construction with Jones Lang and Lassalle; an Egyptian-French consortium of Orascom Investment, the Louvre, GFM, Gl event, RMN and Engie; and

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 186 an Egyptian-British consortium of G4S, the Egyptian Investment and Project and Development and Samcrete. The fifth selected entrant is MAB Company from the UAE. Muftâh said that contractual procedures for the GEM facilities management are scheduled to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2019. Tawfîq explained that facilities include a 1,000-seat conference centre, a 500-seat cinema, 10 restaurants, with two overlooking the Gîza Pyramids, food courts, bookshops and other retail outlets, a traditional arts and crafts centre, and a multifunctional building that could be for administrative purposes or as a boutique hotel. He underlined that the Ministry of Antiquities is the only authority responsible for the management and security of GEM’s treasured collection, as well as anything related to antiquities, such as exhibition halls, the maintenance and restoration centre, and the children’s museum. The GEM complex is a cultural institution located on an area of approximately 500,000 square metres adjacent to the Gîza Pyramids. The museum will contain over 100,000 artefacts, reflecting Egypt’s past from prehistory through to the Greek and Roman periods, in an area of 92,000 square metres. In June, the Ministry of Antiquities in collaboration with the Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation announced the opening of the application stage for companies bidding to run the GEM facilities. In August, at the request of the applying companies, the ministry extended the prequalification period for interested parties to submit documents. (Nevine El-Aref, “Shortlist of companies bidding to manage Grand Egyptian Museum facilities announced”, Ahram Online, December 4, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « 4 consortiums internationaux habilités à gérer les services offerts par le GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Liste des consortiums internationaux habilités à gérer les services offerts par le GEM », Sada al- Balad, 4 décembre). - - Mercredi 5 décembre 2018 Le président de la Société d’Archéologie Copte, Wâsif Butrus Ghâlî, a reçu mercredi le directeur de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao), Prof. Laurent BAVAY. Cet entretien a porté sur les moyens de renforcer la coopération entre les deux institutions. Le conservateur de la bibliothèque, Nabîl Fârûq, a souligné les liens qui unissent la Société d’Archéologie Copte à une quarantaine d’instituts scientifiques nationaux et internationaux en matière d’archéologie et d’études coptes. Fondée en 1934 par Mirît Pacha Butrus Ghâlî, la Société d’Archéologie Copte est la première institution scientifique spécialisée en coptologie. Sa première réunion fondatrice avait rassemblé douze personnalités scientifiques éminentes parmi lesquelles Dr Gurgî Bey Subhî, médecin et professeur de langue copte, Muhammad Shafîq Ghubriyâl et Muhammad ‘Uthmân Ghâlib. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « La Société d’Archéologie Copte examine la coopération bilatérale avec l’Ifao », Sada al- Balad, 5 décembre 2018). - - La mission archéologique tchèque de la faculté des Lettres de l’Université Charles de Prague a mis au jour le complexe funéraire de Kaires sur un des sites de la nécropole d’Abûsîr. Kaires était un prêtre sous le règne des rois Niouserrê et Néférirkarê de la Ve dynastie. Ce complexe s’étend sur plus de 500 m2 et comprend, en plus de sa tombe, plusieurs autres salles dédiées à d’autres prêtres et des espaces consacrées aux rituels funéraires.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 187 Les travaux de la mission tchèque se déroulent d’arrache-pied. (© Institut tchèque d’Égyptologie) La mission a découvert à l’intérieur de la tombe un sarcophage en calcaire et une statue de Kaires en granit rose, cassée en deux parties. Elle représente le prêtre assis, portant un pagne et une perruque frisée. Les pagnes étaient beaucoup utilisés à l’époque par les hommes des classes supérieures. Quelques couleurs y sont encore visibles, ainsi que le nom du propriétaire. Statue de Kaires assis. (© Institut tchèque d’Égyptologie) La découverte de cette statue met fin à un long débat. « Jusqu’à maintenant, les archéologues ne savaient pas si les Égyptiens de l’Ancien Empire déposaient des statues dans les chambres funéraires. Cette découverte est venue répondre à cette énigme », explique Khâlid ‘Ukâsha, directeur de l’Administration centrale du Caire et de Gîza au ministère des Antiquités, ajoutant que la chapelle de la tombe est unique d’un point de vue architectural. « L’utilisation de basalte dans le pavement de la chapelle prouve que le propriétaire était un haut personnage de la cour royale », reprend ‘Ukâsha. La fausse porte de la tombe conserve toujours les titres du propriétaire, ceux de « superviseur du palais royal », de « seul ami du roi », de « gardien du secret », « prêtre de la déesse Hathor », « administrateur des deux trônes » et d’autres titres encore. Bien que la chambre funéraire de Kaires ait été volée dans l’antiquité, le sarcophage en calcaire est bien préservé. « Les voleurs cherchaient surtout les bijoux qu’emportaient les défunts dans leurs sarcophages », explique Miroslav BÁRTA, chef de la mission tchèque. Le processus de construction de la chambre funéraire est aussi unique. « Celle-ci a d’abord été construite dans une fosse à ciel ouvert, puis une fois le sarcophage déposé, le plafond a été bâti avec des blocs en calcaire, pesant chacun au moins de 8 à 9 tonnes », dit Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités. « Cette découverte, faite deux semaines après le début de cette mission archéologique, ne constitue qu’une étape du travail des archéologues tchèques. Leurs fouilles au même endroit dureront encore deux à trois semaines et révèleront certainement de nouvelles surprises », conclut Wazîrî. (Nasma Réda, « Kaires se révèle à Abûsîr », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 5 décembre 2018). - - L’Institut tchèque d’Égyptologie célèbre cette année ses 60 ans. Moins d’un an après sa création à Prague en 1958, l’Institut ouvrait un bureau en Égypte et lançait ses premiers travaux sur la terre des pharaons. La première mission des égyptologues tchèques était grande. Les égyptologues ont participé aux travaux de la campagne de sauvetage des monuments de la Nubie, au sud de l’Égypte, lancée par l’Unesco après la

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 188 construction du Haut-Barrage d’Aswân en 1956. Durant ces opérations de sauvetage, les archéologues ont aussi effectué un gros travail de documentation en retranscrivant et répertoriant toutes les écritures gravées sur les parois des temples. Depuis 1964, l’Institut mène des travaux de fouilles à la nécropole d’Abûsîr, au nord-est du Caire. Parmi les découvertes les plus importantes des années 1970 figurent des archives de papyrus. Ces écrits ont permis de mieux comprendre l’histoire de l’Égypte et le mode de vie égyptien, notamment en ce qui concerne la construction des temples funéraires et les rituels qui y étaient pratiqués. Au début des années 1980, la mission a découvert la pyramide de l’épouse du roi Néférirkarê, de la Ve dynastie. Et depuis, la mission tchèque continue à surprendre avec des multiples découvertes jusqu’au début de la semaine dernière lorsqu’elle a annoncé la mise au jour du complexe de Kaires. Selon Miroslav BÁRTA, l’actuel directeur de l’Institut tchèque, beaucoup de tombeaux antiques attendent encore d’être déterrés. « Abûsîr est l’une des régions les plus riches d’Égypte en matière d’archéologie et il y a encore beaucoup à découvrir », affirme-t-il. Et de conclure que « le but de notre institution est de présenter à la fois aux spécialistes et au grand public l’héritage de l’Égypte antique, par exemple le calendrier, l’écriture, et d’autres éléments dont les gens n’ont souvent même pas conscience. C’est ainsi que nous mesurons notre succès ». (Nasma Réda, « 60 ans de découvertes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 5 décembre 2018). - - Alors que l’Égypte s’apprête à prendre la tête de la présidence tournante de l’Union africaine en 2019, le Conseil d’administration du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA) a décidé de faire bénéficier les ressortissants des pays africains des tarifs égyptiens d’accès aux musées et sites historiques, au cours de l’année 2019. Cette décision vise à mieux consolider le statut de l’Égypte dans le continent africain. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Les Africains accèdent aux musées et sites historiques à des tarifs égyptiens », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 décembre 2018. Voir également MENA, « Accès des Africains aux musées et sites historiques à des tarifs égyptiens au cours de l’année 2019 », Sada al-Balad, 6 décembre). - - Vendredi 7 décembre 2018 The two Danish couple Ashraf Muhyî, director general of the Gîza Plateau, has asserted to Ahram Online that a video uploaded recently to social media showing a couple climbing to the summit of the Great Pyramid of Gîza and getting naked is fake. The video, which has sparked outrage among Egyptians, depicts a man and a woman climbing to the top of what appears to be the Great Pyramid of Gîza, with a still image at the end of the video showing them in a naked embrace. Muhyî is convinced that the video is fake given the fact that there is heavy security at the pyramids from the time the area closes at 5pm. He also asserted that the area around the pyramids is too brightly lit in the video, and that this area is immersed in darkness during nighttime. Climbing pyramids is punishable by law in Egypt. The video was uploaded to YouTube on 5 December by self-described Danish photographer Andreas HVID, who posts images on social media of different sites from high vantage points around the world, sometimes depicting nudity.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 189 Many have criticised the couple for their video, saying it displays a disregard for Egypt’s laws and conservative society. Muhyî said that he would submit a report on the matter to the prosecutor-general for investigation. (Nevine El-Aref, “Video showing nude Danish couple at the top of Khufu Pyramid is fake: Egyptian official”, Ahram Online, December 7, 2018. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 2 touristes escaladent nuitamment la Grande pyramide et y tournent une sextape », Sada al-Balad, 6 décembre ; « Le CSA : La vidéo pornographique tournée aux pyramides est un Photoshop », al-Tahrîr, 8 décembre ; Bassâm Ramadân, « Le CSA : Certains touristes se comportent d’une manière irresponsable », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 8 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie saisit le Procureur général au sujet de la vidéo pornographique », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 7 décembre ; Muhammad Gharîb, « Interpellation du ministre de l’Archéologie devant le Parlement au sujet de la vidéo pornographique des pyramides », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 9 décembre ; « "Il ne nous manquait qu’une bouteille de vodka" : le photographe danois révèle les dessous de la vidéo pornographique des pyramides », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 12 décembre). - - Mardi 11 décembre 2018 The Central Administration of Restoration, alongside the Ministry of Antiquities, has completed the restoration of the Badi An Est and Psamtik tombs in the area known as the Persian Well, in the Saqqâra archaeological site. The restoration project took place in cooperation with a German mission from Universität Tübingen, which funded the project according to Gharîb Sunbul, head of the Central Administration of Restoration. The project includes the restoration of three ancient tombs for veterans of the old stat, and the cemeteries of Badi An Est, Psmatik, and Cenn Lipo. The restoration of the Badi An Est and Psmatik tombs included removing salts that hid the frescoes, and reinforcing the walls and the stones, as well as highlighting the inscriptions colours on walls. The mission is also due to begin renovation of the third cemetery of Cenn Lipo, after concluding the necessary studies, and the development of the appropriate restoration plan. Non-harmful chemical compounds have been examined, for use in the cleaning and reinforcement of the walls of the cemetery, he pointed out. He added that the restoration team also renovated the findings of the Egyptian- German archaeological expedition at the same area, including an embalming workshop with a number of mummies, and a mummy mask. (“2 ancient tombs renovated in Saqqâra”, Egypt Independent, December 11, 2018. Voir également « Achèvement de la restauration des tombes de Badi An Set et de Psammétique à Saqqâra », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 11 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie achève la restauration des tombes de Badi An Set et de Psammétique à Saqqâra », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 11 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Achèvement de la restauration des tombes de Badi An Set et de Psammétique à Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 11 décembre ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Achèvement des travaux de restauration des tombes de Badi An Set et de Psammétique à Saqqâra », al-Shurûq, 11 décembre). - - The Chilean embassy in Cairo will organize a conference on bio-archaeology of mummies on Wednesday in cooperation with the UN’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC). The conference aims to exchange archaeology experience between Chile and Egypt, the embassy said. Bernardo ARRIAZA, an anthropology professor at the Chilean University of Tarapacá, will deliver the main speech on the

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 190 analysis and mummification of Chinchorro remains found in South American culture. The Chinchorro tribe discovered the mummies in 1917 in northern Chile. The oldest mummified mummy recovered from the Atacama Desert was dated around 7000 BC. Also attending the conference will be Frank ROHLEY, director of the Institute of Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich in Switzerland and an expert in the field of mummification, and Yahya Zakariyyâ, professor of molecular genetics at the Egyptian National Research Center. (“Chile’s embassy to organize conference on mummies”, Egypt Independent, December 11, 2018. Voir également Khâlid al-Shâmî, « En coopération avec l’Unesco, l’ambassade du Chili organise un congrès sur les momies », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 10 décembre). - - Mercredi 12 décembre 2018 Une exposition représentant les travaux de 60 missions italiennes, opérant au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord, s’est tenue en marge de la conférence. Focus sur quelques-unes de ces missions. « L’archéologie italienne aux pays du Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord » est le titre de l’exposition qui se tient à l’Istituto Italiano di Cultura per la R.A.E. (iiccairo) jusqu’à la fin de cette année. Inaugurée le 5 décembre en présence de Paolo SABBASTINI, directeur de l’iiccairo, Giuseppina CAPRIOTTI, directrice du Centre archéologique italien, et Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, chef du secteur des antiquités égyptiennes au ministère des Antiquités, l’exposition reflète non seulement la collaboration entre les archéologues italiens et égyptiens au fil des ans, mais aussi les travaux des Italiens dans différents pays du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord. 60 panneaux illustrés représentent les travaux d’une mission universitaire ou d’une institution de renommée dans le domaine historique ou archéologique. Grâce aux textes anglais explicatifs et aux photos prises sur des chantiers, ces panneaux exposent les diverses activités archéologiques effectuées sur le terrain. Le visiteur a l’occasion alors de contempler toutes les étapes archéologiques à partir du choix du site, des relevés, des fouilles, des restaurations, jusqu’à la documentation des objets dégagés et la préparation du site pour la visite touristique. Les panneaux de l’exposition offrent aussi une promenade dans le temps depuis l’ère préhistorique, en passant par les époques pharaonique, gréco-romaine jusqu’aux âges chrétiens, notamment copte en Égypte et islamique. Il ne faut pas encore oublier les récentes publications des missions italiennes auxquelles l’exposition a consacré un panneau particulier. Certains panneaux représentent l’évolution des villages durant l’ère préhistorique à travers les travaux archéologiques de la mission italienne en Tunisie, notamment dans la région Doukanet-El-Khoutifa, « l’un des plus importants sites néolithiques de l’est du Maghreb », souligne le préhistorien Alfredo COPPA de l’Università degli studi di Roma « La Sapienza ». D’après lui, cette région se

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 191 compose de plusieurs couches superposées. Il s’agit d’un village et d’un cimetière. Les dernières activités archéologiques effectuées en 2013 et en 2018 ont clarifié la chronologie des occupations et de l’organisation de cet espace entre lieu de vie et lieu de sépulture. Les résultats indiquent que les dernières occupations de la couche inférieure datent de la seconde moitié du VIe millénaire, alors que la couche supérieure était occupée pendant la seconde moitié du Ve millénaire. Toujours à l’époque préhistorique, l’exposition transporte le visiteur de l’Afrique du Nord à l’Asie pour atteindre la Jordanie centrale. Au sein de la Vallée Az-Zarqa se situe, au sommet de Djebel Al-Mutawwaq, un site reculé datant des débuts de l’âge de bronze (3500-3100 av. J.-C.) où opère, depuis 2012, la mission italiano-espagnole de l’Université Pérouse et Pontificia Facultad San Esteban. Les ruines du village sont dispersées sur une superficie de 18 ha, ainsi qu’un vaste dolmen étendu sur toute la montagne. « Entre 2014 et 2018, la mission a mis au jour dans le secteur Est du village les installations de stockage et les bâtiments consacrés à la production alimentaire. La mission a trouvé aussi la grande enceinte semi-circulaire qui avait probablement une fonction économique, en particulier en relation avec l’exploitation des troupeaux de moutons », lit-on sur le panneau. D’ailleurs, le village était encerclé d’une muraille dont les vestiges sont encore visibles partout. L’exposition retrace sur l’un des panneaux les travaux effectués en Syrie, en montrant les dernières années de l’âge de bronze et le début de l’époque du fer. Ce panneau retrace encore la dernière saison de fouilles de la mission archéologique italienne de l’Università degli studi di Roma « La Sapienza » qui a opéré en 2009-2010 avant le déclenchement de la guerre en Syrie. Ce panneau retrace l’histoire des fouilles de l’Acropole de Tell Mardikh dans la ville d’Ebla, depuis la moitié des années 1960. De retour sur le continent africain l’exposition dirige le visiteur vers l’Érythrée où se trouve le port Adulis, l’un des plus importants ports africains. Il s’agit du projet d’Adulis érythro-italien, en cours depuis 2011. L’objectif du projet est la connaissance et la valorisation du site à travers la création du premier parc national archéologique de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Adulis était fréquenté par les aventuriers à la recherche d’ivoire, de coquilles des tortues, de perles, de pierres précieuses, d’encens, d’aromates et d’épices. Le port d’Adulis comporte aussi des trésors archéologiques, à l’instar des vestiges romains. Les fouilles ont mis au jour 3 églises, datant du IVe au VIIe siècles, témoins du début du christianisme dans la Corne de l’Afrique. En outre, l’exposition met en évidence les efforts des missions italiennes visant à valoriser le patrimoine et les sites archéologiques en Égypte. Sur ce sujet, un panneau représente le théâtre des derviches tourneurs, situé dans le quartier al-Hilmiyya al-Gadîda, au Caire, qui est une école de restauration créée en 1976 par le professeur Giuseppe FANFONI, en collaboration avec la faculté d’Archéologie de l’Université du Caire. Ce centre a restauré plusieurs bâtiments comme le Théâtre des derviches, l’école Sunqur al-Sa‘dî, Mevlev de Tekya, et le mausolée de Sunqur al-Sa‘dî. Le palais Qosun Yazbek sera le futur bâtiment à restaurer. Ce centre, installé dans le Théâtre des derviches, a formé beaucoup de restaurateurs venant des quatre coins de l’Égypte. Les panneaux exposés ont mis en exergue les diverses contributions des missions archéologiques italiennes pour conserver, préserver et valoriser les sites archéologiques. (Doaa Elhami, « Voyage au coeur des missions », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 décembre 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie : 200 missions archéologiques italiennes opèrent dans les différents gouvernorats », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « al-‘Inânî : Les 200 missions archéologiques italiennes travaillant en Égypte ont réalisé des découvertes remarquables », Sada al-Balad, 5 décembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « al- ‘Inânî : 200 missions archéologiques italiennes travaillent en Égypte », al-Ahrâm, 6 décembre).

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 192 - - Depuis 190 ans, les archéologues italiens mènent des fouilles archéologiques à Thèbes. L’égyptologue Marilina BETRÒ a présenté cette évolution lors de la IIe conférence sur l’archéologie italienne en Égypte et dans la région MENA, qui s’est tenue la semaine dernière au Caire. 1828-1829. C’est la première expédition archéologique effectuée à Thèbes par la mission franco-toscane. Elle est dirigée par le père de l’égyptologie et le déchiffreur des hiéroglyphes, le Français Jean-François CHAMPOLLION. Il est accompagné dans cette mission par l’Italien Ippolito ROSELLINI. Depuis cette date, les travaux archéologiques continuent à Thèbes à travers des missions de différentes nationalités, notamment italiennes. Les recherches égyptologiques et archéologiques ont connu une grande évolution durant les 190 ans de travail archéologique, surtout à Thèbes. Durant la conférence sur l’archéologie italienne, l’égyptologue Marilina BETRÒ de l’Università di Pisa, présidente du comité scientifique du Musée égyptien à Turin, a présenté l’évolution archéologique italienne à Thèbes en trois étapes. Également directrice de la mission italienne opérant à Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ, à Thèbes, elle classe ainsi les trois périodes de recherche : la première, celle qui a débuté avec Ippolito ROSELLINI en 1829, la deuxième qui commence en 1903 avec les fouilles d’Ernesto SCHIAPARELLI et enfin la troisième, celle de la période contemporaine. Ippolito ROSELLINI était élève de Jean- François CHAMPOLLION avant de devenir son ami. « Si CHAMPOLLION enseignait à ROSELLINI les hiéroglyphes, ROSELLINI lui enseignait en retour la langue hébraïque. Mais tous les deux espéraient faire une expédition archéologique sur la terre de la science naissante, l’égyptologie », explique BETRÒ. L’espoir est réalisé en août 1828, lorsque les deux hommes quittent l’Europe pour l’Égypte et travaillent en 1829 sur les sites archéologiques de Thèbes, dont la plus importante est celle de Séthi Ier. Deux équipes, chacune composée de huit membres, constituaient cette première mission. « Pendant que CHAMPOLLION était en quête de la philologie, ROSELLINI cherchait plutôt l’archéologie », reprend BETRÒ. Cette mission, qui a duré 18 mois, a été fondamentale pour le début de l’égyptologie. À cette époque, les pièces trouvées dans une seule tombe ou dans un seul site ont été réparties entre lui et CHAMPOLLION et n’ont pas été conservées au même endroit. Actuellement donc, les trouvailles de l’expédition franco-toscane peuvent être vues dans les musées égyptiens de Florence et du Louvre. Toutefois, cela est vrai pour toutes les découvertes du XIXe siècle, et parfois même au-delà. Les contenus d’un ensemble unitaire ont été dispersés partout dans les musées européens. Un jeu de puzzle. « L’étude des objets exposés dans les musées, celle des documents, des archives et les données archéologiques m’ont permis de reconstituer une quantité considérable d’histoires, dont on ne connaissait pas le contexte », explique BETRÒ. En 1903, soit 75 ans après la mission franco-toscane, l’égyptologue italien Ernesto SCHIAPARELLI (1856-1928), responsable de la collection égyptienne du Musée de Turin depuis 1894, crée la mission archéologique italienne en Égypte. Une mission qui durera 17 ans. En 1904, SCHIAPARELLI opère à Thèbes, dans la Vallée des reines, et fait des découvertes spectaculaires. Il met au jour la tombe de la Belle des Belles, Néfertari. À cette découverte s’ajoute celle de 82 tombeaux pillés, des sépultures de Khaemouas, Amon-her-khéperchef et Sethher- khéperchef, fils de Ramsès II, et celle de la princesse Ahmosis, de la XVIIe dynastie. Peu de temps après, il commence les fouilles à Dayr al-Madîna et découvre en 1906 la chambre funéraire intacte de l’architecte Kha et de son épouse Merit. D’après ses archives, « SCHIAPARELLI a dessiné les plans des tombes découvertes. Il a pris en photo l’état des tombes pendant les diverses étapes de leur mise au jour et a aussi fait un travail de documentation détaillée du travail archéologique effectué », souligne BETRÒ.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 193 Pour elle, les méthodes et les moyens utilisés par SCHIAPARELLI et son équipe ont été très rigoureux. Grâce aux photos de SCHIAPARELLI, le Musée de Turin, par le biais de 3D, a reconstitué l’état de la tombe intacte de Kha et l’état de ses contenus lors de la découverte. Un court film diffusé lors de la conférence a transporté le spectateur à l’époque de la découverte. « L’année 1903 a vu la première mission archéologique scientifique italienne à Thèbes », assure-t-elle. De nos jours, avec les nouvelles technologies et les divers programmes numériques, les missions archéologiques opérantes à Thèbes peuvent déterminer les lieux des tombes presque avant même d’avoir donné le premier coup de pioche. En plus, « la technologie nous aide à réduire la démolition effectuée au cours des fouilles : nous pouvons documenter et virtuellement reconstruire les couches de sol à mesure que nous les enlevons », reprend l’égyptologue, montrant la reconstruction virtuelle en 3D d’une tombe pillée retrouvée à Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ, où opère la mission qu’elle dirige pour l’Università di Pisa. « L’analyse des données archéologiques nous a permis de constater que la tombe en question a été pillée à deux reprises puis réutilisée », souligne l’égyptologue. La première fois, les voleurs avaient saisi les biens précieux des momies, tout en laissant le reste bien organisé. Dans le deuxième pillage, leur but était plutôt le bois des sarcophages, devenu rare à l’époque (début du premier millénaire avant notre ère). La récente technologie permet alors de comprendre l’histoire de la tombe malgré son pillage, de voir l’oeuvre des hommes qui ont agi dans ce contexte et de mieux interpréter leurs motivations et leurs problèmes. « La nouvelle recherche archéologique n’a plus besoin de grandes trouvailles ou des découvertes extraordinaires pour comprendre », conclut BETRÒ. (Doaa Elhami, « 190 ans de fouilles italiennes à Thèbes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 décembre 2018). - - Jeudi 13 décembre 2018 The entrance of Isnâ Temple Its history goes back to prehistoric times, although Isnâ was first mentioned in the pharaoh Thutmose III’s annals when it was part of the Upper Egyptian region extending from al-Kâb in the north to Armant south of Luxor. During the Ancient Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Isnâ was an important centre for trade, as it was the focal point of convoys from Sudan going to Thebes. During the Graeco- Roman period, Isnâ was called Latopolis in honour of the Nile perch that was worshipped there. In 1971, a necropolis dedicated to the Nile perch was uncovered west of the town. Engravings and paintings on the temple walls The Isnâ Temple is one of the most important archaeological sites in the town and goes back to the reign of the 18th-Dynasty Pharaoh Thutmose III and was built on the remains of a Saite temple. The present temple dates from the Graeco- Roman period when the town of Isnâ was the capital of the third district of Upper Egypt. Although it was originally dedicated to the god Khnum, the Temple was also dedicated

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 194 to other deities, including Neith, the goddess of war and weaving, Heka, the personification of magic, Satet, the goddess of the Nile, and Menhet, the lion goddess who was the wife of Khnum. (…) The Ministry of Antiquities’ restoration project includes the consolidation of the walls, the cleaning of the paintings and strengthening of their colours, the removing of bird deposits, and installing a new lighting system, said Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. The restoration work came after the completion of state-of-the-art documentation work in June 2017. Hishâm al-Laythî told Al-Ahram Weekly that the documentation of the Isnâ Temple had started in 1993, but that it had stopped due to the high level of subterranean water that had leaked inside the temple at the beginning of the restoration work. (Nevine El-Aref, “Isnâ restoration begins”, Al-Ahram Weekly, December 13, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie lance des travaux de restauration du temple d’Isnâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 29 novembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Début des travaux de restauration et de réaménagement du temple d’Isnâ », Sada al-Balad, 29 novembre). - - HVID on top of the Pyramid It seems that nude photography at ancient Egyptian archaeological sites has become a fashion, with every now and then there being news of a nude model or nude couple pictured on top of the Great Pyramid or at the Karnak or Luxor Temples and stirring up controversy. The latest incident came early this week when Danish photographer Andreas HVID uploaded a three-minute video recorded at night on social media apparently showing him and a woman climbing what appeared to be the Great Pyramid and upon his arrival at the top the woman taking off her shirt with a still image at the end depicting the pair in a naked embrace. Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî ordered the video to be sent to the prosecutor-general for investigation. Ashraf Muhyî, director of the Gîza Plateau, told Al-Ahram Weekly that the video might be fake, since there is an 18km fence around the Pyramids along with tight security all day and night from the time the area closes at 5pm. He said the area around the Pyramids was too brightly lit in the video, and that this area was immersed in darkness during the night. “The Pyramids are the most important historical landmarks in the world,” Muhyî said, adding “people have different ambitions when it comes to expressing their love for them.” He said that if the video was genuine the couple had breached Egyptian law in climbing on the Pyramid and appearing naked on its top. Penalties vary depending on the investigation and any damage done. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Sector at the ministry, said the video was an attack on Egypt and its tourism industry. “It is an insult to these symbols of humanity,” he said. The video has sparked outrage among many, with opinions swinging between doubters and believers in the genuineness of the video. However, all described the action as disrespectful if true and a way of disregarding the country’s culture and one of the world’s most important heritage sites. “I can’t believe Pyramid fans would do this. This Danish couple violated the rules and disrespected a holy place like the Pyramids,” French pyramid lover Arnold MONTIE wrote on Facebook.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 195 “They do the same acts in many landscapes all over the world, and they have their own fan page,” he asserted. HVID has posted images on his page on social media of different sites around the world, sometimes also depicting nudity. “We should suspend travel for this couple until we see what we can do with them,” Cairo resident Gawhar Tawfîq tweeted. “Does anyone have confirmation of an arrest? I believe it’s a fake. How can you take a picture so high in the air when you are just the two of you? You would need a tripod. Could they have climbed up with a tripod? I don’t think so. Would they have climbed dressed so uncomfortably? I don’t think so either,” said one Danish commentator. “It will be bad if this is allowed as many others will follow,” said an Indian tourist who requested anonymity. “For those wondering why it is a big deal, ask yourself this, how would you feel if a couple had sex on the grave of your great grandfather,” wondered Suzane SHEWIG from Holland. Tourist Yott BOTT tweeted that the Pyramids are buildings of regeneration and rebirth. “This was a holy sexual act. What is your knowledge about the Pyramids? What is wrong is the free access to the top, because if everyone did the same the building would crumble, physically and morally.” “For many years, I have dreamed of climbing the Great Pyramid,” HVID told Ekstra Bladet, a Danish newspaper. “The idea of making a nude shoot up there also existed for some time.” “I am sad that so many people have become so angry. But I have also received a positive response from a lot of Egyptians, something I think is worth remembering,” he said. HVID told the newspaper that he had tried to climb the Pyramid with a Norwegian friend, but they were caught and interviewed at a local police station. He said they were released without further consequences. Obsessed with getting the project to succeed, HVID then contacted another friend. He did not reveal what had happened on the Pyramid. “It is a shoot. It’s only the second time I have been naked in one of my pictures,” he asserted. “I will stay out of Egypt in the future, as I probably risk being sentenced if I go back. It was the project to get up on the Pyramid that made me come down so I feel I have seen what I would like in Egypt,” HVID said. HVID is not the first to climb the Great Pyramid. Last year, foreign nationals Marisa PAPEN and Jesse WALKER came to Egypt to capture ancient Egypt by photographing PAPEN naked at several ancient Egyptian sites. PAPEN said that when the Karnak Temple in Luxor was empty, she stripped and started dancing to be photographed. A few minutes later, four security guards arrested the couple, though the photographs were deleted. The police threw the pair into jail, but they were later released with a warning. In 2016, Egypt sent an official notice to the German embassy banning a young German tourist from visiting Egypt after he had illegally scaled a pyramid in Gîza. “The world has an obsession with the Pyramids, as they are most famous place in the world,” said Hasan Nahla, head of the Tour Guides Syndicate. He said that photographs at the Gîza Plateau got maximum likes on social media, and this led some visitors to use Photoshop to change them. (Nevine El-Aref, “Scandal at the Pyramids”, Al- Ahram Weekly, December 13, 2018). - - A Swedish archaeological mission has discovered an ancient tomb dating back to the 18th Dynasty in Upper Egypt’s Aswân governorate, a Ministry of Antiquities statement said on Thursday. The mission, operating in Gabal al-Silsila area in Kom Ombo, Aswân, announced that the tomb was located five metres

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 196 underground and consists of a burial chamber and two sided rooms without any decoration. Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî said that ground water had damaged the interior of the rooms and some of the artifacts. Despite the poor state of conservation of the tomb, the mission found three limestone sarcophagi, scarabs, amulets and remains of 50 skeletons — half belonging to children. “This reveals that the area was a residential area, “Wazîrî said. More excavations will be carried out for more details. (Nevine El-Aref, “Swedish mission discovers 18th Dynasty tomb in Upper Egypt’s Aswân”, Ahram Online, December 13, 2018. Voir également “Swedish mission unearths Pharaonic cemetery in Aswân”, Egypt Independent, December 13; Muhammad al- Aswânî, « Mise au jour d’une tombe antique à Gabal al-Silsila », Watanî, 13 décembre ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Une mission suédoise annonce la découverte d’une tombe de la XVIIIe dynastie à Kom Ombo », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 13 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une tombe de la XVIIIe dynastie à Kom Ombo », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Mise au jour d’une tombe de la XVIIIe dynastie », Watanî, 13 décembre ; Nasma Réda, « À Aswân, toute une communauté se révèle », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 19 décembre). - - Les forces de sécurité ont arrêté un chamelier de Gîza et une jeune femme accusés d’infiltrer un touriste danois nuitamment sur le plateau de Gîza, d’escalader la Grande pyramide en compagnie de sa petite amie et d’y tourner une sextape. Au cours de l’interrogatoire, le chamelier Mûsa ‘Umar Mûsa a reconnu les faits. Avec la complicité de Hind ‘Alî Ibrâhîm et en échange de 4 000 L.E., ils ont facilité l’accès au site, le 29 novembre dernier, au photographe danois. Les accusés ont été transférés devant le Parquet. (« Les aveux des accusés dans l’affaire du photographe danois », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 13 décembre 2018. Voir également Fâtima al-Dusûqî, « Mise en examen de deux personnes accusées d’avoir aidé un touriste danois et son amie à escalader la pyramide », al-Ahrâm, 14 décembre). - - Vendredi 14 décembre 2018 Archaeology Magazine is featuring the gilded silver mask found in Saqqâra this year on the cover of its January/February 2019 issue, after the mummification workshop where it was found was selected as one of the

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 197 magazine’s top ten archaeological discoveries of 2018. The discovery of the mask was announced in July in a press conference at Saqqâra. It was part of the discovery of a mummification site dating to the Saite-Persian Period (c.664-404 BC), which included an embalmer’s cachette of pottery, a mummification workshop, and a communal complex of burial chambers. An Egyptian-German team from Universität Tübingen, which is carrying out the Saqqâra Saite Tombs Project, found a large number of beakers, bowls and amphorae inscribed with names of mummification oils and substances, in addition to embalmer’s instructions. The vessels preserved sizable amounts of residue of these substances, making them a “dream material” for decoding the secrets of mummification. They are now being tested by an Egyptian-German team of archaeologists and chemists. The mummification workshop was a rectangular structure built with mud brick and limestone blocks. It includes two rooms and a mud brick ramp between them. Archaeological evidence gathered from the two rooms indicates that they were used for natron and for the preparation of the mummy linen bandages. In the middle of the mummification workshop, there is a 30 metre-deep shaft that contains several burial chambers on different depth; each one contains dozens of mummies. Inscriptions and artefacts found in these burial chambers reveal several interesting information on the people buried therein. One mummy, for example, is buried inside a small burial chamber that is sealed off with a layer of plaster inscribed with a text written in demotic. The text speaks about a familial dispute between a wife and her mother-in-law over the mummy of the husband/son who is buried in this burial chamber. It seems that the mother was not content with the burial of her son in this shaft. Another burial chamber included an uncle and his nephew, while the third contained the sarcophagus of a wealthy woman, called Tadihor. She had a large stone sarcophagus and a set of alabaster canopic jars along with 401 faience shawabti figurines. In a fourth burial chamber, there are two stone sarcophagi and two wooden coffins. The owners of the stone sarcophagi were priests of Amun and the serpent goddess Niut-shaes. A fifth burial chamber had a stone sarcophagus and four wooden coffins. In one of these coffins, a gilded silver mask was found on the face of the mummy of the priest of Mut and Niut-shaes. The gilded silver mask, the first found in Saqqâra since 1905 and in Egypt since 1939, has inlayed calcite, obsidian and onyx eyes, and measures 23 by 18.5 cm. Gilded silver masks had deep religious meaning, since Egyptian religious texts indicate that the bones of the gods are made of silver, and their flesh/skin are made of gold. Therefore, a mummy mask of silver and gold is step towards the transformation of the deceased into a god. The Saqqâra Saite Tombs Project of Universität Tübingen will resume documentation and conservation of the mummification workshop and its communal burial chambers in 2019. The Egyptian-German team will open the four sealed large sarcophagi in the burial chambers of Tadihor, Iauet, Ayput and Tjanimit in the spring and winter of 2019, expecting more compelling finds. (Nevine El- Aref, “Archaeology Magazine lists Saqqâra mummy workshop as one of 2018’s top 10 discoveries”, Ahram Online, December 14, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le masque de Saqqâra choisi parmi les 10 découvertes archéologiques importantes en 2018 », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 13 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le masque doré de Saqqâra choisi parmi les 10 découvertes archéologiques importantes en 2018 », Watanî, 13 décembre). - -

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 198 In order to restore the holy sites of Egyptian Jews, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî announced on Sunday that President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî allocated LE1.27 billion (US$ 71 million) to their renovation, according to Sputnik news website. “Citizens have the freedom of belief,” al- ‘Inânî told the House of Representatives. “If we have citizens of different religions, we will build the houses of worship. If we have Jews, we will build them [houses of worship] too.” “Jewish heritage is part of the Egyptian heritage, and I will not wait for any party to grant me money to renovate it. It is a priority for me, like Pharaonic, Roman, Islamic and Coptic heritage,” he added. The Israeli embassy in Cairo announced its delight at the restoration plans, in a Tuesday statement on its Facebook page: “We welcome the announcement of the Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî during his meeting with the Committee on Culture, Information and Antiquities of the House of Representatives on the initiative of the government to restore the various monuments, including Jewish monuments in Egypt, in order to preserve the ancient Egyptian history. Egypt is the center of civilization.” (“Egypt to renovate its Jewish sites with LE1.27 billion”, Egypt Independent, December 14, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « al-‘Inânî : 1,3 milliard L.E. pour restaurer le patrimoine juif », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 décembre). - - The Supreme Council of Antiquities has signed a contract with Orascom Investment to allow the latter to provide and operate the facilities at the Gîza Plateau, under the supervision of the council. The signing of contract came after almost a year of negotiations, and after the approval of the cabinet, and aims to upgrade the services available to visitors to the pyramids. Mustafa Wazîrî, the general-secretary of the council, told Ahram Online that the facilities and services include a promotional campaign for the site, and operating the parking area located outside the archaeological site just in front of entrance on the Fayyûm Road. Vehicles will be prohibited from entering the site, and the company will instead provide 20 golf carts and 30 buses for visitors, operated with renewable energy, to circulate inside the site. It will also run the services at the site visitor centre, which consists of a collection of shops, cafeterias and a cinema. “The films on display at this cinema will be revised and have the approval of the Supreme Council of Antiquities before they are shown,” Wazîrî said. He added that Orascom will also install 20 mobile toilets and a medical centre for first aid facilities in different areas in the plateau, which would be selected and approved by the council. It will also provide new services such as mobile application for the site, free Wi-Fi services, signage, visitor maps, and kiosks for photographs and paintings of visitors. A cleaning company will be provided, as well as a security one to safeguard the services area. “The Tourism and Antiquities Police and the Supreme Council of Antiquities guards are the only ones to secure the general site, the visitors and the archaeological site,” said Wazîrî, adding that the security provided by the company is only to safeguard the places where services are provided. He explained that according to the signed contract the company will train craftsmen, camel and horse owners, peddlers, and photographers in order to upgrade their skills to deal with tourists and visitors, and will buy

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 199 them new horse carts to replace the out-dated ones. A special place will be allocated for them, as well as a uniform. Wazîrî said that it is the first time such services to visitors are provided through a specialised Egyptian company in order to facilitate a visiting route inside the plateau within a complete system that respects the archaeological environment and antiquities laws and regulations. He underlined that the contract allots half the revenue from the services provided to the council. “If the company does not succeed to make any benefits, it has to pay an agreed minimum amount to the Supreme Council of Antiquities. “The Supreme Council of Antiquities has the authority to select and hire any authority to review the financial account of the company and supervise the execution of all articles in the contracts, in order to guarantee the Supreme Council of Antiquities’ rights,” Wazîrî said, adding that the council also has the right to end the contract at any time should the company breach any of its obligations stipulated in the contract. He added that the council is the only body that received the revenues from the tickets and bus services inside the plateau, which will be part of the ticket price. The Supreme Council of Antiquities is the authority with full responsibility for the archaeological site. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt’s antiquities council signs contract with Orascom to update tourist facilities at Gîza pyramids”, Ahram Online, December 14, 2018. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Orascom assurera le service des visiteurs du plateau de Gîza », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 14 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Signature d’un accord avec Orascom pour le développement des pyramides de Gîza », Watanî, 14 décembre ; « Orascom dévoile son plan de développement des pyramides », al- Tahrîr, 16 décembre). - - Samedi 15 décembre 2018 An Egyptian archaeological mission has uncovered an “exceptionally well-preserved” tomb belonging to a Fifth Dynasty royal priest at Saqqâra, the antiquities ministry has said. The mission at the Sacred Animal Necropolis in Saqqâra discovered the tomb of a royal purification priest named “Wahtye” from the reign of King Nefer Ir-Ka-Re, Antiquities Minister Khâlid al-‘Inânî announced. A large number of foreign and Arab ambassadors and members of Egypt’s parliament attended an event announcing the new discovery. al-‘Inânî said that the tomb is exceptionally well-preserved and painted, with walls decorated with colourful scenes depicting the owner of the tomb with his mother, wife and family as well as a number of niches with large coloured statues of the deceased and his family. al-‘Inânî describes it as “the most beautiful tomb” found this year. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and the head of the excavation mission, said that the

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 200 mission was able to reach the facade of the tomb during its second excavation season in November, but was not able to enter it then as the doors were sealed. Excavations continued, and after removing the debris from the tomb’s façade, a lintel on top of the tomb’s door was revealed, inscribed with three hieroglyphic lines: the name and different titles of the owner, who was the royal purification priest, the supervisor of King Nefer-Ir-Ka-Re and the inspector of the holy boat. Wazîrî added the tomb’s walls have several coloured inscriptions showing the name of the wife of the tomb’s owner (Weret Ptah), and many scenes featuring the deceased with his mother (Merit Meen) and his family, as well as scenes depicting the fabrication of pottery and wine, making religious offering, musical performances, boats ailing, the manufacturing of the funerary furniture, and hunting. Inside the tomb there are 18 niches displaying 24 large coloured statues carved in rock and depicting the owner of the tomb and his family. Meanwhile, the lower part of the tomb contains 26 small niches with 31 statues of a yet unidentified person standing, or in the seated scribe position. “This statue might be of the deceased or a member of his family,” Wazîrî said. Sabrî Farag, the general director of the Saqqâra archaeological site, said that the tomb consists of a rectangular hall about 10 metres long from north to south, 3 metres wide from east to west, and about 3 metres high, with a basement at the end of the tomb. Wazîrî said that the tomb contains five burial shafts, all of which will be excavated, in addition to two false doors, one belonging to the deceased and the second to his mother. (Nevine El-Aref, “‘Exceptionally wellpreserved’ tomb of Fifth Dynasty royal priest discovered in Egypt’s Saqqâra”, Ahram Online, December 15, 2018. Voir également Reuters, “Egypt unveils “one of a kind” ancient tomb, expects more finds”, Egypt Independent, December 15 ; Samar al- Naggâr, « Découverte de la tombe du grand prêtre de purification royale de la Ve dynastie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Wazîrî : La tombe découverte à Saqqâra est inviolée », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 15 décembre ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Mise au jour de la tombe d’un prêtre royale de Néférirkarê à Saqqâra », al- Ahrâm, 16 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte de la tombe du prêtre de purification royale de la Ve dynastie », Watanî, 16 décembre ; Doaa Elhami, « La tombe du prêtre Wah Ty émerveille », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 19 décembre). - -

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 201 Lundi 17 décembre 2018 Deux frères, Âtif A. âgé de 54 ans et Yâsir âgé de 50 ans, ont été arrêtés en possession de 60 pièces archéologiques. La perquisition de leur domicile, situé à Samâllût dans le gouvernorat de Minyâ, a permis de saisir : 5 ouchebtis, 11 amulettes, 8 lampes à huile, 2 scarabées, 34 pièces de monnaies, des perles, ainsi que la somme de 126 000 L.E. Les deux frères sont mis en examen. Une enquête judiciaire est ouverte. (« Saisie de 60 pièces antiques à Minyâ », al-Tahrîr, 17 décembre 2018). - - Mardi 18 décembre 2018 Dans son rapport annuel 2018, le ministère de l’Archéologie a annoncé que 222 pièces et 21 660 monnaies archéologiques ont été restituées à l’Égypte entre janvier et fin novembre 2018. La France a restitué 9 pièces archéologiques volées, Chypre 14 pièces, les États-Unis 3 pièces, le Koweït 1 seule pièce et l’Italie 195 pièces et 21 660 monnaies archéologiques. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 222 pièces et 21 660 monnaies archéologiques ont été restituées à l’Égypte en 2018 », Sada al-Balad, 18 décembre 2018). - - Mercredi 19 décembre 2018 Une exposition archéologique temporaire se tient actuellement au Musée Égyptien du Caire sous le titre "Le début de la royauté, l’Égypte au quatrième millénaire av. J.-C.". Elle présente 110 pièces antiques qui relatent l’histoire des débuts de la création du premier État politique connu dans la vallée du Nil, en Égypte, vers la fin du quatrième millénaire av. J.-C. Selon Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, directrice du musée, l’écriture et l’expression par les images ainsi que la vie économique et sociale se sont beaucoup développées à cette époque. L’exposition, qui dure deux mois, est organisée en coopération avec l’Institut d’égyptologie de Bonn. (Nasma Réda, « Voyages en bref », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 19 décembre 2018. Voir également Deutsche Presse-Agentur, « Inauguration d’une exposition sur la fondation du premier État dans l’histoire », al-Shurûq du 12 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Inauguration de l’exposition "Le début de la royauté, l’Égypte au quatrième millénaire av. J.-C." », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 13 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 110 pièces retracent au Musée Égyptien la naissance de la royauté en Égypte », Sada al- Balad, 13 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « "Le début de la royauté, l’Égypte au quatrième millénaire av. J.-C." : exposition temporaire au Musée Égyptien », Watanî, 13 décembre). - - Le ministère des Antiquités a entamé cette semaine la première phase du projet de restauration de la ville antique de Mâdî, au sud-ouest du gouvernorat du Fayyûm. Cette phase porte sur le sauvetage des statues de lions et leur restauration. La pierre dont elles sont faites a en effet perdu beaucoup de ses propriétés de cohésion sous l’effet de l’érosion par le vent et la pluie. Selon Gharîb Sunbul, président du département de la restauration au ministère, ce projet consiste aussi à restaurer les reliefs et les dessins qui figurent sur les murs en brique crue. Ces murs sont les parties restantes des maisons des prêtres de la région dans le temps. Quant à la deuxième phase de restauration, elle comprendra l’aménagement de la ville, afin de la mettre sur la carte de visite du gouvernorat du Fayyûm, surtout qu’elle renferme beaucoup de trésors antiques, dont les plus importants sont les temples d’Amenemhat III et IX, datant de la

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 202 XIIe dynastie. (Nasma Réda, « Voyages en bref », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 19 décembre 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Lancement de la première phase du projet de restauration de Madînat Mâdî dans le Fayyûm », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 12 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Première phase du projet de restauration de Madînat Mâdî dans le Fayyûm », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 12 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Lancement de la restauration de Madînat Mâdî dans le Fayyûm », Watanî, 12 décembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Début de la première phase de restauration de Madînat Mâdî dans le Fayyûm », al-Ahrâm, 13 décembre). - - Jeudi 20 décembre 2018 The tomb of the royal purification priest This year has seen a wealth of new archaeological discoveries and the opening or re-opening of many attractions and facilities, among the most compelling being the discovery of a gilded mummy mask at Saqqâra that was chosen as one of the top 10 discoveries of 2018. Another fascinating find was the animal cemetery in Saqqâra and the identification of a ramp network that the ancient Egyptians used to transport the blocks used to construct the Pyramids from the Hatnûb alabaster quarries to the Gîza Plateau. SAQQARA DISCOVERIES: The Saqqâra Necropolis witnessed distinguished discoveries this year and the opening of a tomb for the first time. An Egyptian mission has unearthed an exceptionally well-preserved Fifth Dynasty tomb of the royal purification priest during king Nefer-Ir-Ka-Re in Saqqâra Necropolis. The tomb’s walls are decorated with coloured scenes depicting the deceased with his mother, wife and children as well as others depicting the fabrication of pottery, wine, offering, musical performances, the sailing of boats, the manufacturing of the funerary furniture and hunting. A number of niches with large coloured statues of the deceased and his family are also found inside the tomb. A top-10 winning mask An Egyptian-German team from Universität Tübingen that is carrying out the Saqqâra Saite Tombs Project uncovered a Saite-Persian mummification workshop including an embalmer’s cachette of pottery, a mummification site, and a communal complex of burial chambers along with a gilded silver mummy mask, a large number of beakers, bowls and amphorae inscribed with names of mummification oils and substances, and embalmer’s instructions. The vessels preserved sizable amounts of the residue of these substances, making them dream material for decoding the secrets of mummification. They are now being tested by an Egyptian-German team. The discoveries, especially the mask, were chosen by the US Archaeology Magazine as among the top 10 discoveries of the year. Meanwhile, at the neighbouring Userkaf Pyramid Complex, an Egyptian mission uncovered dozens of mummified cats and meticulously mummified scarab beetles along with other animal mummies of cobras and crocodiles. The mummies were found inside two Old Kingdom tombs that were used during the Late Period as graves for animals.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 203 The last discovery to be announced in 2018 was the tomb of a royal purification priest from the reign of the Fifth-Dynasty king Nefer-Ir-Ka- Re. The tomb is exceptionally well-preserved, with painted walls featuring the deceased in different positions with his family along with scenes showing musical performances and the making of wine and pots. It is also decorated with a number of niches containing a large collection of statuettes depicting the deceased, his wife, mother and children. The mastaba tomb of the Sixth-Dynasty justice and vizier Mehu located to the south of the Djoser Pyramid Complex was opened for the first time since its discovery almost 80 years ago. It is a vast tomb with lavish wall paintings and scenes depicting the baking of bread, the brewing of beer, and the preparing of meals. Cultivation, hunting and offering scenes are also shown on its walls. THE EASTERN DESERT: A mission from the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology (Ifao) and Liverpool University in the UK discovered the system used to drag massive stone Pyramid blocks from their quarry to the Gîza Plateau this year. It includes the remains of a central ramp flanked by two staircases with numerous postholes. The system was discovered in Hatnûb, an ancient quarry in the Eastern Desert. It would have been used to transport heavy alabaster stones up a steep ramp, possibly showing how the ancient Egyptians built the Great Pyramid. Through using a toboggan attached with ropes to wooden posts, which carried a stone block, the ancient Egyptians were able to pull the alabaster blocks out of the quarry on a very steep slope of 20 per cent or more. The ropes attached to the sled acted as a force multiplier, making it easier to pull the sled up the ramp. THE GIZA PLATEAU: At the Gîza Western Cemetery, an Egyptian archaeological mission uncovered the luxurious tomb of a priestess of the goddess Hathor named Hetpet. Although the tomb has a simple superstructure made of mud-brick covered with mortar, its inner walls are painted with rare scenes depicting monkeys in different positions. Monkeys were domestic animals in ancient Egypt, and the first scene shows a monkey picking at fruit, while the second displays a monkey dancing in front of an orchestra. The paintings show scenes depicting the tomb’s owner sitting or following farmers harvesting or on a boat crossing the Nile. False doors in the tomb depict images of Hetpet’s children holding offerings and her parents. ASWAN: An Egyptian archaeological mission working in Kom Ombo in Aswân stumbled upon a sandstone statue of a sphinx dating to the Ptolemaic era on the southeastern side of the Kom Ombo Temple, the same location where two sandstone reliefs of king Ptolemy V were uncovered. The statues are engraved in sandstone and inscribed with hieroglyphic and demotic writings, and upon their discovery they were transferred to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation in Fustât for conservation and display. MINYA: A large cachette of figurines and a well-preserved mummy were uncovered in the al-Ghurayfa area in Minyâ, along with a group of tombs and burials that belong to priests of the ancient Egyptian god Thoth, the main deity of the 15th area and its capital al- Ashmûnayn. One of the discovered tombs belongs to a high priest of Thoth named Hersa-Essei. The tomb houses 13 burials in which were found many ushabti figurines carved in faience. A collection of 1,000 figurines was found to be in a very good state of conservation, while other statuettes were found broken in pieces. Four canopic jars made of alabaster with lids bearing the faces of the four sons of the god Horus were also unearthed. They still contain the mummified inner organs of the deceased. The jars are decorated with

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 204 hieroglyphic texts showing the name and titles of their respective owners. The mummy of the high-priest Djehuty- Irdy-Es was also found, this being decorated with a bronze collar depicting the god Nut stretching out her wings to protect the deceased according to ancient Egyptian beliefs. It is also decorated with a collection of blue and red precious beads, as well as bronze gilded sheets, two eyes carved in bronze, and ivory and crystal beads. Four amulets of semi-precious stones were also found on the mummy. This is decorated with hieroglyphic texts, one of which is engraved with a phrase saying “Happy New Year”. The mission working in the area also unearthed 40 limestone sarcophagi of different shapes and sizes, some of them with anthropoid lids decorated with the names and different titles of their owners. Another family tomb was uncovered in the nearby cemetery. It houses a collection of gigantic sarcophagi of different shapes and sizes and ushabti figurines bearing the names of their owners who were priests at the time. Other funerary collections showing the skills and tastes of the ancient Egyptians were also found. An 18th Dynasty sarcophagus with a mummy of a lady LUXOR: An Egyptian mission working in the al-‘Asâsîf Necropolis on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor uncovered the tomb of the overseer of the mummification shrine of the Mut Temple, named Thaw-Rakhtif, and explored the entrance of a previously undiscovered tomb, dubbed TT28. The walls of the Thaw-Rakhtif tomb are adorned with painted scenes, and it contains two large anthropoid sarcophagi and parts of a funerary collection. A collection of more than 1,000 ushabti figurines carved in terracotta, faience and wood in different sizes and shapes was unearthed, along with two black wooden statues of the god Padist, painted wooden statuettes, and five funerary masks. Two limestone lids of canopic jars and an alabaster jar adorned with a hieroglyphic text painted in green were unearthed, as well as wooden statues of the god Anubis, a symbolic painted coffin, and parts of statues. A papyrus inscribed with Chapter 125 of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead was among the funerary objects. In tomb TT33 in al-‘Asâsîf, which belongs to the 26th-Dynasty priest Pediamenopet, two 18th-Dynasty painted coffins were unearthed in the tomb’s open court by a Franco-Egyptian mission from the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology (Ifao) and Strasbourg University in France. One is a painted rishi-style sarcophagus from the 17th-Dynasty, and when it was opened it revealed the mummy of a priest. The second houses a very well-preserved mummy of an 18th-Dynasty woman named Thuya, and it seems that it was restored during the Late Period. Among other important discoveries was a collection of eight mummies from the Ptolemaic era, many of them encased in vividly painted anthropoid cartonage coffins found at the Dahshûr Necropolis. A stone sphinx at Kom Ombo, a riverside temple near Aswân dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek, and the world’s oldest tattoos depicting a bull, a sheep and S-shaped patterns on a pair of 5,000-year-old mummies, were also among 2018 discoveries. MUSEUMS: Egypt is in the midst of a museum construction boom, including new collections scheduled to open soon in the Red Sea resorts of Sharm al-Shaykh and Hurghada that will give visitors the chance to explore

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 205 ancient Egyptian treasures without venturing to Cairo or Luxor. Meanwhile, the long-awaited Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) on the Pyramids Plateau is nearly complete and is scheduled to open in 2020. It is the world’s largest museum dedicated to a single civilisation. The museum will showcase 150,000 objects, including every item found in boyking Tutankhamun’s tomb, many of them never before on public display. The most recent artefact from the tomb to arrive at the GEM was the sixth chariot that had previously been on display at the Military Museum at the Salâh al-Dîn Citadel. This year also witnessed the last journey of the king Ramses II colossus to its new position at the GEM. The Pharaoh’s statue was preceded on its journey by 11 horsemen in ceremonial dress. As the royal cavalcade rolled along the 400-metre road to the GEM, attendees stood up in their seats to greet the Pharaoh. When the colossus reached its final location, the national anthem was played. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo’s Tahrîr Square celebrated its 116th anniversary this year with a comprehensive redesign of the Yuya and Tuya collection on the museum’s upper floor. These were two Egyptian nobles and the grandparents of the monotheistic Pharaoh Akhenaten. Their daughter was queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Akhenaten, and the grandmother of the golden boy-king Tutankhamun. The collection includes the anthropoid gilded coffins of the couple, a box coffin, mummy bands, gilded masks, amulets, scarabs, canopic jars, beds, ushabti figurines, magical statues, golden chairs, wigs and baskets, mirrors, kohl tubes and containers, mats, sandals, staves, pottery and stone vessels, jars with embalming products, boxes, jewellery boxes decorated with ivory, faience and ebony inscribed with golden letters. One of the most impressive artefacts is a chariot. Although this does not have any decoration, it is beautiful in its simplicity, with spirals and rosettes in gilded plaster. Suhâg National Museum President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî officially inaugurated the Suhâg National Museum this year, the first in this Upper Egyptian city and a landmark celebrating the ancient Egyptian era and the distinguished history of Suhâg as a pilgrimage city of the Pharaohs. The museum was inaugurated after almost 30 years of construction work. It does not only display the history of Egypt as a country, but also reveals the history of the ancient cities of Suhâg, Abydos and Akhmîm, sites that were the origins of Egypt’s ancient civilisation. Suhâg has rich archaeological sites from the early period up to the Ptolemaic, Graeco- Roman, Coptic and Islamic periods. However, although the governorate contains many distinguished monuments and historical landmarks, it is seldom a destination for visitors. The Tell Basta Museum in Zaqâzîq in the Delta was also inaugurated after years in limbo. The objects on display come from archaeological excavations in the al-Sharqiyya governorate and include canopic jars, terracotta statuettes, clay pots of different shapes and sizes, domestic instruments, coins, statuettes of deities, tombstones, offering tables and jewellery. One of the showcases is devoted to al- Sharqiyya’s main ancient Egyptian deity, the cat-goddess Bastet. ISLAMIC MONUMENTS: The inauguration of the maq‘ad (seat) of prince Mâmî al-Sayfî after three years of restoration took place this year within the framework of a larger project aimed at conserving seven monumental buildings within a national campaign launched by the Ministry of Antiquities to rescue 100

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 206 monuments in Islamic Cairo with a budget of LE10 million. The aim of the restoration work on the maq‘ad was to strengthen and consolidate the monument and protect it from damage. The historic Mosque and University of al- Azhar in Islamic Cairo was officially re-opened by President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî and Saudi crown-prince Mohamed bin Salmân in 2018. For the last three years, it has been hiding under scaffolding, with workmen intent on polishing and strengthening its walls. The restoration work was carried out under the patronage of king Salman bin Abdel-Aziz of Saudi Arabia with a grant from the late king Abdullah, who ordered the initiative before his death with a view to restoring the historic al- Azhar Mosque and a number of its faculties as well as establishing an integrated residential area for students. The restoration work was carried out using the latest scientific methods, and every effort was made to ensure that all the original architectural features were retained. The aim of the restoration was mainly to strengthen the foundations of the mosque and to protect them from damage. The restoration included cleaning and strengthening the building’s architectural designs, wooden ceilings, and mashrabiyya (lattice woodwork) windows, as well as its arcades, paintings, engravings and fine metal ornaments. The building’s mausoleums, five minarets, and seven painted domes were restored and consolidated, and the work extended to the students’ residential area. The foundations and walls were reinforced, missing and decayed stones replaced, and masonry cleaned and desalinated. The work involved the modernisation of lighting systems, toilets, drainage, ventilation and sound systems, in accordance with the latest international standards and as used at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, while taking into account the historic nature of al-Azhar. MATARIYYA: After a decade of closure for development, the Matariyya Obelisk Museum was re-opened in 2018 as a new and fascinating archaeological and tourist destination. The open-air museum displays a 20.4- metre granite obelisk erected by the Middle Kingdom Pharaoh Senusert I, along with a collection of 135 artefacts from different periods. One of the highlights is a four-metre quartzite statue of Ramses II, along with other objects bearing the names of Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III. More obelisks have also been discovered, such as that of the Sixth-Dynasty Pharaoh Teti, two obelisks of Thutmose III, an obelisk of 19th- Dynasty Pharaoh Seti I, and two more obelisks now on display in London and Rome. SAN AL-HAGAR: The first phase of converting the ancient site of Sân al-Hagar in the Delta into an open-air museum of ancient Egyptian art was completed in 2018, including the re-erection of some of its columns, obelisks and colossi. Tutankhamun exhibition in Los Angeles EXHIBITIONS ABROAD: This year North America fell under the magic of the ancient Egyptians, with two exhibitions in St Louis and Los Angeles being inaugurated as “Sunken Cities: Egypt’s Lost World” and “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh”. The Sunken Cities exhibition displays 293 objects excavated from beneath the Mediterranean. It is divided thematically, and among the objects on show are three giant pink granite colossi featuring the Nile god Hapi, a statue of a Ptolemaic king, and an unidentified Egyptian queen dressed as Isis.

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 207 The Sunken Cities exhibition There is a customs stelae from Heracleion with inscriptions in hieroglyphics and Greek, a black granite sphinx representing king Ptolemy XII, father of the more famous Cleopatra, a head of Serapis and the “Naos of the Decades”, a black granite shrine covered with figures and hieroglyphic texts relating to the ancient calendar. The Tutankhamun exhibition puts on show 149 artefacts. It uses a special lighting system that shows the importance of the objects as well as their skilful craftsmanship. In Monaco, the “Golden Treasure of the Pharaohs” exhibition displaying 2,500 years of the goldsmiths’ art in ancient Egypt was inaugurated this year. The exhibition was opened by head of state prince Albert II and Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, who invited the prince to visit Egypt to admire its distinguished monuments and the new Grand Egyptian Museum after its inauguration. He also invited him to take a plunge into the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria’s eastern harbour where the ancient sunken city of Heracleion is located. The exhibition included artefacts such as the Yuya and Tuya funerary collection and the Tanis Treasure that will make up the core display of the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square and replace the Tutankhamun collection that will be transferred to the new GEM overlooking the Gîza Plateau. (Nevine El- Aref, “Astonishing discoveries in 2018”, Al- Ahram Weekly, December 20, 2018. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie présente son bilan 2018 », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 décembre). - - Archaeologist Monica Hanna is in Cairo for two days before she heads back to Aswân where she heads the newly created Archaeology and Cultural Heritage School in the region, a faculty of the Alexandria-based Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASCMT). Hanna, who did her undergraduate degree at the American University in Cairo before going to Italy for a doctoral degree in Pisa, is full of passion for this newly launched project. It is one she lobbied for herself as part of a wider campaign to champion the nation’s collective and diverse cultural heritage. “Look at the city of Aswân, look at its diversity, social, religious, ethnic and natural. Almost everything that is Egyptian is there in this great city in the south of our rich and culturally diverse country. For me, it is very important that we never lose sight of who we are as a whole,” Hanna said. The launch of the new faculty in Aswân, starting in autumn 2018, is about much more than the advancement of her own academic pursuits. It is, she said emphatically, about relaunching the teaching of the country’s cultural heritage, understanding this as a multi-layered palimpsest. “People talk a lot about history, and of course history is important. However, in our case cultural heritage is just as important, as it is this, which really brings the past well into the present. It is this that I want to focus on — this sense of continuity and connectivity in Egypt,” Hanna stressed. It is, she argued, through the promotion of the cultural heritage that is there, rather than of a history that was there, that the cause of

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 208 saving historic buildings, objects and manuscripts can be best promoted. Otherwise, she fears, the dedicated efforts of conservationists will always fail to have essential public support. “I cannot expect people to defend things they don’t necessarily relate to or maybe don’t know enough about,” she said. “Making a space for young men and women to learn and to build on what they acquire is essential,” she added. However, for Hanna, her new academic endeavour is only part of her work and it cannot be sufficient in and by itself in addressing what she diagnoses as an acute deficit of knowledge about the country’s collective and diverse heritage. The time is now ripe to revisit the way history is taught in schools and to look again at curricula that are often dry to the point of being off-putting and insubstantial to the point of being uninformative. “It is about what history is all about. It is about bringing historical facts within a contextual frame of knowledge and linking this knowledge to present realities,” Hanna stressed. “It is about really showing the many connected and integrated layers of the whole collective heritage that make us who we are today. We are a palimpsest, and this is something worth cherishing.” Hanna is hoping that her new faculty in Aswân will attract students from many backgrounds. Most of all, she is hoping that the project will be one of many more to come and possibly the beginning of a new take by the nation’s universities on teaching history, archaeology, archaeological ethnography and anthropology. Education, Hanna argued, is crucial in saving a rich but at times endangered cultural heritage. “When I ask young people who live near by the Valley of the Kings to draw a Pharaonic item and they draw a pyramid rather than one of the many monuments they live next to, this shows that they have probably not been on a single school tour to monuments that are just across the river. This precisely illustrates my point about cultural knowledge and heritage,” she noted. However, education cannot just be about schools and universities, she added. It is also about the media that does not seem to be doing enough and is not being effectively used to spread knowledge. ALL INVOLVED: For Hanna, it is not only the government that should be doing more to raise awareness of the country’s cultural heritage. It is also a cause that civil society should be doing more to champion. “Let us think of what residents of Heliopolis feel when some of the villas of the early years of this area are knocked down to allow for more high-rises. We just stand by helplessly. But if the community related more to the villas there would have been enough pressure to save the architectural wealth that is now being lost,” she argued. The same thing goes for Alexandria, the Suez Canal cities, the Delta and the Upper Egyptian cities where many buildings that told stories of “lives not history” have been forever lost. Hanna hopes that one day every Egyptian will feel a sense of association with the heritage of the country. This contrasts to the case today, when only those who live in Heliopolis relate to the suburb and only those who lived or have often been to Alexandria are saddened by the loss of the city’s buildings. The lack of awareness, and the subsequent lack of interest, is something that must be fought, as must the lack of awareness of the heritage of tribes living on the borders of the country. “This is why I keep arguing that we need to build a sense of collective ownership of the country’s layered and diverse heritage,” she stressed. Hanna herself has been at the forefront of a lobbying campaign to save an Islamic manuscript dating to the era of Qunsuwwa al- Ghûrî, an Egyptian Mamluke sultan of the 16th century. The manuscript was offered for

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 209 auction in London in October, but thanks to a campaign led by Hanna and others the 30- page manuscript of the Quran was removed from auction and negotiations are underway to return it to the Egyptian Archives. “When I was working for this campaign, I was doing so out of the firm conviction that as an Egyptian Copt this was also part of my heritage and I did not want to see it go astray,” she stressed. Hanna “feels equally responsible to defend a mosque in Islamic Cairo or a monastery from the Byzantine era.” It is a feeling that she wishes more Egyptians would share. It is in the same spirit that she has been following a conflict between the Coptic Church of Egypt and the Church of Ethiopia over a monastery in Jerusalem. “I look at this as part of my heritage too. I understand that there was a time when the Egyptian and Ethiopian Churches were one, but that there are very different styles of architecture in the two Churches and that the debate on the monastery’s restoration should be decided upon by mediation, notably by the International Centre for Conservation in Rome,” Hanna said. She things about the “the continued and uninterrupted presence of the Copts in Egypt” in the same way, she said. “This presence is part of a larger Egyptian presence, and when we lose the monuments that are testimony to this presence we are actually losing the contextual evidence for this presence, which again does not just belong to Coptic Christians,” she stressed. Hanna is aware that she is perhaps unusual to have developed this sense rather than be acting as an advocate of Coptic heritage. But she is sure that it is something that could be more widely acquired “if we chose to spare our cultural heritage from the grips of any religious authority.” She would not want to see the Christian or Islamic authorities take hold of the cultural heritage narrative of either the Christian or Muslim presence in Egypt. “Their spiritual role is to be respected, but when we talk about cultural heritage this goes beyond the boundaries of religion. If it is forced within those limited boundaries, then inevitably Copts will worry about churches and Muslims will worry about mosques and hardly anyone will worry about synagogues, and this will be a loss for the cohesion of the country’s heritage,” she argued. “Our commitment to inclusivity is crucial for our shared coexistence, and it is the best antidote to radicalism and isolationism,” she said. Hanna is hopeful that her work and that of others who are equally dedicated to the cause will eventually allow the government to work along with civil society in the application of a comprehensive strategy for the promotion and preservation of the nation’s collective cultural heritage. “There is so much to be done, in terms of education, in terms of allowing free trips to museums and historic sites at least once a month for students, and in terms of allocating room in the media for attractive and truly informative programmes and documentaries.” “I just hope we will start somewhere soon,” she concluded. (Dina Ezzat, “Egypt is a palimpsest”, Al-Ahram Weekly, December 20, 2018). - - Ten archaeological missions are set to start excavations at several Islamic and Coptic sites in Egypt. Gamâl Mustafa, the head of the Islamic, Coptic and Jewish Antiquities Department at the antiquities ministry, said that the missions will work at two 4th century sites in the New Valley governorate, where ruins of a Roman citadel were discovered. Excavation work at both sites was halted in 2010. Other missions will work in the Balaziya area in Asyût, at a 5th century site in Abû Henes Monastery in Minyâ, and at the White Monastery in Suhâg, where the ruins of a handicraft workshop and settlement were discovered. Five other missions will work in North and South Sinai. (Nevine El-Aref,

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 210 “Excavations at several Islamic, Coptic archaeological sites in Egypt to resume”, Ahram Online, December 20, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Reprise des travaux de fouilles du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 19 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Après un arrêt 7 ans d’arrêt, reprise des travaux de fouilles du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 19 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Reprise des travaux de fouilles du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes », Sada al- Balad, 19 décembre ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Reprise des fouilles archéologiques du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes », Watanî, 23 décembre). - - Egyptologist and former Antiquities Minister Zâhî Hawwâs called for the return of a bust of Nefertiti from Germany to Egypt, during his lecture in the Brazilian city of Sao Paulo, organized by the Egyptian Embassy in Brazil. “Nefertiti’s head came out of [Egypt] illegally, and I call for its return to be seen by Egyptians at the inauguration of the Great Egyptian Museum,” he said. Nefertiti’s story dates back to 1912, when a German archaeological mission headed by Egyptologist Ludwig BORCHARDT visited Cairo and signed a contract with the Egyptian government, giving it the right to acquire some of the artifacts found in the area of Tell al-Amarna, which was built by Akhenaten, and became the capital instead of Thebes. Among the artifacts transferred by the mission outside Egypt was Nefertiti’s head. The Nefertiti bust became a cultural symbol of Berlin, and sparked a heated debate between Egypt and Germany over Egypt’s request to return it among smuggled artifacts, according to al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘. (…) From the unveiling of the statue at the Berlin Museum in 1925 to this day, there has been widespread debate about the restoration of the statue. In 1925, the Egyptian government declared a ban on German missions, until the head of the Pharaonic queen was returned to Egypt. During the reign of Adolf HITLER, he rejected any plan to return the bust to Egypt. Some European countries, including Germany, have passed a law that considered any artefact that has been admitted on its territories for 25 years a national treasure, which formed a political and legal crisis regarding the Nefertiti statue. Hawwâs argued that the Nefertiti statue was illegally exported from Egypt and should therefore be returned. He called in 2005 on Germany to prove that it legally obtained the statue. (“Zâhî Hawwâs calls on Germany to return Nefertiti bust to Egypt”, Egypt Independent, December 20, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Hawwâs : Le buste de Néfertiti est sorti illégalement d’Égypte. J’en appelle à sa restitution », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 18 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Hawwâs : Le buste de Néfertiti est sorti illégalement d’Égypte », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 18 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Hawwâs mène une campagne pour le retour en Égypte de la pierre de Rosette, du Zodiaque et du buste de Néfertiti », Sada al-Balad, 22 décembre). - - Mardi 25 décembre 2018 The American Archaeological Mission of the University of Chicago, which works in the

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 211 archaeological area of Tell Idfû in Aswân, has uncovered a fragment of a cylindrical column of limestone dating back to the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom. The discovered column is 165 cm long and its diameter is 28.5 cm, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa al- Wazîrî said. A line of hieroglyphic inscription included the name of “Amen-Mes”, a grand priest of the ancient Egyptian god Horus, according to Wazîrî. The mission also discovered the bust of a woman made of sandstone in Idfû, which measures 20 centimeters in height, 10.6 centimeters in length, and 7.8 centimeters in width. It dates back to the age of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Wazîrî mentioned. This season, the same mission found a full statue of a scribe in the sitting position made of black Diorite. The statue had writings on all four of its sides. The statue was 23.4 centimeters tall, 13.7 centimeters long, and 7.4 centimeters wide, Director General of the Aswân and Nubia Antiquities ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd said. (“Chicago University mission discovers two artifacts in Idfû”, Egypt Independent, December 25, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « La mission archéologique du Chicago University annonce les résultats de ses travaux à Tell Idfû », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 24 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour à Tell Idfû d’un fragment de colonne circulaire », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 24 décembre ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Découverte à Tell Idfû d’un fragment de colonne circulaire », al-Shurûq, 24 décembre). - - Vendredi 28 décembre 2018 A central committee is preparing to officially register three Jewish cemeteries as antiquities in the Ministry of Antiquities’ records, announced Muhammad Mahrân, chairman of the Central Department of Jewish Antiquities at the Ministry of Antiquities. The committee has been preparing a comprehensive report for several days on all the rare and unique monuments and structures in three main Jewish cemeteries for rabbis and Jewish families in the al-Azârîta and Shatbî areas of Alexandria, stated Mahrân, who is heading the committee. In a special statement to al-Masrî al-Yawm, Mahrân added that the current meticulous registration requires the selection of unique and rare cemeteries, which include certain structures, and that belong to important Jewish figures or rabbis. The committee chose about 60 out of thousands of cemeteries as being rare and distinctive compared to the rest. The selected cemeteries will be subject to the Antiquities Protection Law No. 117 of 1983, as amended by Law No. 3 of 2010. Each cemetery will be photographed from all four sides, data regarding the deceased will be recorded, including the time of burial, and any inscriptions will be translated. A detailed description of the cemetery will also be written in the ministry’s records, according to Mahrân. Most of the Shatbî area cemeteries deserve to be registered on the antiquities list, Mahrân added, including temples and villas belonging to 60 most famous Jewish families, such as Jacob Mansha, who built a temple in the area of al-Manshiyya and has a street named after him in the Muharram Bey neighbourhood. The committee is preparing its final report on the three Alexandria cemeteries before

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 212 submitting it to the Standing Committee of Antiquities for final approve of its official registration. The three cemeteries, which were built on an area of 15 feddans and date back 170 years ago, contain tens of thousands of graves, Mahrân said, revealing that one of the cemeteries contains 20,000 tombstones. Another cemetery is characterized by its beautiful appearance and decorations, containing small temple-like graveyards, he added, pointing out that the cemeteries contain more than 60 famous Jewish families, such as the Mancha and Sâwîris families. (“Three Jewish cemeteries to be recorded as antiquities”, Egypt Independent, December 28, 2018. Voir également Ragab Ramadân, « Documentation et enregistrement de 60 tombes juives exceptionnelles à Alexandrie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 28 décembre). - - Dimanche 30 décembre 2018 During excavation work at Tell al-Dayr in Egypt’s Damietta, an Egyptian mission has uncovered a collection of cylindrical mud-brick sarcophagi painted in red. Gold rings The sarcophagi are dated to the Roman period, and the lids of some of them are decorated with the facial features of the deceased and others are engraved with deep lines and geometrical symbols. Mustafa Wazîrî, the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that the sarcophagi hold the remains of cartonnage made of white limestone to reflect the facial features and body of the deceased after wrapping the corpses with linen. The mission has also uncovered remains of clay pots and 700 amulets of different shapes and sizes, including amulets in the shapes of the deities Isis, Horus and Tawusert. Five gold rings were also found, including three decorated with grapes and dolphins. Amulets and scarabs Nâdya Khidr, director of the central department of antiquities in lower Egypt, said that the mission had previously uncovered in the area remains of a 26th dynasty cemetery from the reign of kings Psamtik II and Nefer Ib Re, where a large collection of stone sarcophagi was found along with amulets, scarabs and ushabti figurines with the name of King Psamtik II, which have been transferred

D é c e m b r e 2 0 1 8 BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 213 to the new Grand Egyptian Museum. (Nevine El-Aref, “Roman sarcophagi discovered in Egypt’s Damietta”, Ahram Online, December 30, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte de sarcophages d’époque romaine à Damiette », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 30 décembre ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Mise au jour de sarcophages d’époque romaine à Damiette », al-Shurûq, 30 décembre ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découvertes archéologiques remontant à l’époque romaine à Damiette », al-Ahrâm, 31 décembre). - - Lundi 31 décembre 2018 The archaeological unit of Sallûm Land Port in cooperation with the port’s police department have seized a marble bust of a woman dating back to the Roman Empire’s era in Egypt. Head of the Central Department of Ports and Archaeological Units Hamdî Hammâm said that the port authorities had found the statue in the possession of a passenger and suspected that it might be an antiquity. It was later displayed at the archaeological unit at the port. The unit formed an archaeological committee to inspect the bust, headed by Muhammad al-Ghazâlî, director of the Marina Museum, which in turn confirmed it was an artefact and handed it over to the Ministry of Antiquities, in accordance with the Antiquities Protection Law No. 117 of 1983 and its amendments. Khalîl Ramadân, supervisor of the archaeological ports in Matrûh and Sallûm, said that the bust is made of alabaster and has a height of 27 centimeters, with fragmented parts. The bust depicts a Roman-era hairstyle and the remains of a cap. (“Alabaster bust dated to Roman era seized in Sallûm Land Port”, Egypt Independent, December 31, 2018. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Saisie d’une statuette en albâtre dans le port d’al-Sallûm », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 31 décembre ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la saisie d’une statuette en albâtre d’époque romaine dans le port d’al-Sallûm », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 31 décembre ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Saisie dans le port d’al- Sallûm d’une statuette en albâtre », Sada al- Balad, 31 décembre). - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 214 VII - WHO’S WHO ? Voici la liste alphabétique des principaux responsables égyptiens régulièrement cités dans le BIA : Ministère de l’Archéologie ‘Abd al-Fattâh ‘Îd Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités de BasseÉgypte ‘Abd al-Hamîd al-Kafâfî Directeur général de la planification et du suivi des restaurations ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd Mahmûd Directeur général des antiquités d’Aswân et de Nubie ‘Abd al-Nâsir Ahmad ‘Abd al-‘Azîm Directeur général de la restauration du temple de Karnak ‘Abd al-Rahîm ‘Alî al- Ma‘ddâwî Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Buhayra ‘Abd al-Rahîm Rayhân Directeur général des recherches, des études archéologiques et de la publication scientifique en Basse-Égypte et au Sinaï ‘Abdallah Sa‘d Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Qâytbây, à l’Est du Caire ‘Âdil ‘Ukâsha Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza ‘Âdil Dalla Directeur général des antiquités islamiques du Fayyûm ‘Âdil Ghunaym Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes du Caire et de Gîza ‘Alâ’ al-Shahhât Vice-président du département des antiquités égyptiennes ‘Alâ’ Fawzî Muhammad Directeur de la documentation archéologique de Sâhil Silîm ‘Alî ‘Abd al-Zâhir Directeur général des antiquités du Nord d’al-Minyâ ‘Alî Ahmad ‘Alî Directeur général du département des antiquités restituées ‘Alî al-Bakrî Directeur général des antiquités de Mallawî ‘Alî Dâhî Directeur général du département des acquisitions archéologiques ‘Amr al-Tîbî Directeur exécutif de l’Unité des reproductions archéologiques ‘Âtif Muhammad al-Sa‘îd Directeur des entrepôts muséologiques islamiques et coptes à Fustât ‘Âtif Nagîb Vice-président du département des antiquités islamiques ‘Awnî Mukhtâr Hasan Directeur des antiquités de Fîrân et d’al-Tawr ‘Awnî Qustantîn Hilmî Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell Bastâ

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 215 ‘Imâd ‘Uthmân Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Darb al- Ahmar ‘Imâd Hammâd Président du département de la restauration des antiquités de Rosette ‘Isâm Khamîs Directeur des antiquités de Mît Rahîna ‘Isâm Mughâzî ‘Abd al- Rahmân Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Shatb ‘Izzat Habîb Salîb Directeur général de la restauration des musées du Grand Caire ‘Umar Zakî Directeur général des antiquités de Banî Swayf Abû Bakr Ahmad ‘Abdallah Directeur général des antiquités du Nord du Caire Ahmad ‘Abd al-‘Âl Directeur général des antiquités du Fayyûm Ahmad ‘Abdallah Bilâl Directeur général du Centre des unités archéologiques de Damiette Ahmad ‘Arabî Directeur général du temple de Louqsor Ahmad ‘Awad Inspecteur en chef de la zone archéologique Ouest d’Aswân Ahmad ‘Awad al-Sa‘îdî Directeur général des antiquités coptes et islamiques à Asyût Ahmad ‘Ubayd Superviseur du bureau technique du ministre de l’Archéologie Ahmad ‘Ubayd Directeur général des affaires des départements Ahmad al-Nimr Membre du bureau scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie Ahmad al-Sayyid Ahmad Sulaymân Directeur de la zone archéologique de l’arbre de la Vierge Marie à Matariyya Ahmad Fathî Directeur de la zone archéologique de Tell al-Amarna Ahmad Hammûda Sayyid Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Balât Ahmad Hasan ‘Abd al- Mâgid Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’Abû Simbil Ahmad Ibrâhîm Directeur des zones archéologiques al-Ibâgiyya et al-Tunsî Ahmad Mahfûz Ibrâhîm Directeur de l’unité archéologique du port de Damiette Ahmad Mûsa Directeur de l’Amphithéâtre romain d’Alexandrie Ahmad Mûsa Mustafa Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Khârga Ahmad Mutâwi‘ Assistant du président du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes Ahmad Shu‘ayb Président de l’administration générale pour la restauration des antiquités et des musées du Delta Est Ahmad Sulaymân ‘Abd al- ‘Âal Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes d’Asyût al-Hasan Tâhir Directeur général des antiquités du Nord de Minyâ al-Husayn ‘Abd al-Basîr Directeur général du département de la publication scientifique al-Qazzâfî ‘Abd al-Rahîm ‘Azab Directeur de la zone archéologique de Karnak

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 216 al-Sa‘îd Hilmî Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza al-Sayyid al-Talhâwî Inspecteur en chef d’al-Daqahliyya al-Shâfi‘î Muhammad Zahrân Directeur général des fouilles archéologiques du Centre du Delta Amîn Ramadân Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Qurna Amîna ‘Abd al-Munsif Directrice de la restauration des antiquités du Nord d’al-Munûfiyya Amîna al-Bârûdî Assistante du ministre de l’Archéologie pour les services numériques As’ad al-Amîn Directeur des antiquités islamiques et coptes de Qinâ Ashraf ‘Abd al-Salâm Ibrâhîm Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Gharbiyya Ashraf ‘Ukâsha Directeur général des antiquités d’Abydos Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Gîza Ashraf Sayyid ‘Abd al-Salâm Directeur général des antiquités de Sayyida Zaynab et d’al-Khalîfa Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî ‘Alî Président du secteur des antiquités égyptiennes Ayman al-Gunaydî Directeur général du palais Muhammad ‘Alî à Shubrâ al- Khayma Ayman Hindî Directeur de la zone archéologique de Qinâ Bâsim ‘Imâd al-Ashqar Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Azhar et d’al-Ghûrî Bâsim Gihâd Assistant du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des ressources humaines Bassâm Hasan Muhammad Directeur de l’Inspectorat de Burg al-‘Arab Dâlyâ Milîgî Directrice générale du Centre de recherches et de la maintenance des antiquités Diyâ’ Gâd al-Karîm Directeur général des recherches et des études archéologiques dans le département des antiquités islamiques Diyâ’ Zahrân Directeur général de l’enregistrement dans le département des antiquités islamiques et coptes Doris Hannâ Directrice générale de l’Ancient Egyptian Art Revival Center Fahîma al-Nahhâs Directrice générale des fouilles d’Alexandrie Gâbir Ahmad Hâziz Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de l’Ouest de Suhâg Gamâl ‘Abd al-Halîm Farahât Directeur général des antiquités de l’Ouest du Caire et d’al- Qalyûbiyya Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir Directeur général des antiquités de Suhâg Gamâl Abû Bakr al- Samstâwî Directeur des antiquités de Moyenne-Égypte Gamâl Ahmad Muhammad Directeur général des antiquités de Maghâgha Gamâl al-Faqîr Directeur général des antiquités de Maghâgha

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 217 Gamâl al-Hawwârî Directeur général de la zone archéologique du sultan Hasan et d’al- Rifâ‘î Gamâl al-Simistâwî Directeur général des antiquités de Moyenne-Égypte Gamâl al-Sûsânî Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Rahmâniyya, gouvernorat al-Buhayra Gamâl Fârûq al-Qassâs Directeur général de l’administration générale pour l’enregistrement des antiquités du Delta Centre Gamâl Mustafa Président du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes et superviseur général de la zone archéologique du Sud du Caire Gamâl Sâlim Ahmad Directeur général des antiquités de Kafr al-Shaykh Gharîb Sunbul Président de l’administration centrale pour la restauration et la maintenance Hâla Qadrî Silîm Directrice générale des ressources humaines Hamdî Amîn Sayyid Inspecteur en chef de Saqqâra-Nord et Centre Hamdî Hammâm Président de l’administration centrale des unités archéologiques portuaires Hanân Hasan Mitwallî Directrice de l’inspectorat de Dâkhla Hânî Abû al-‘Azm Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités de HauteÉgypte Hasan Muhammad Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Dâkhla Hasan Tâhir Inspecteur en chef de la zone archéologique du Nord de Minyâ Hind Muhammad Abû al- Futûh Directrice des antiquités du Nord d’al-Daqahliyya Hisaniyya Muhammad Hilmî Fadîlî Directrice générale des antiquités du Vieux Caire Hishâm al-Laythî Directeur général du Centre de documentation et d’études de l’Égypte ancienne Hishâm Gum‘a Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Azhar et d’al-Ghûrî Hishâm Samîr Adjoint au ministre de l’Archéologie pour les affaires architecturales Husâm ‘Abdallah Ahmad Directeur général des antiquités de Bâb al- Sha‘riyya Husâm al-Dîn ‘Abbûd Directeur de la publication scientifique à Qinâ Husâm Ghadiyya Directeur général des antiquités du Sud Sinaï Ibrâhîm ‘Abd al-Rahmân Directeur général des zones archéologiques du Vieux Caire et de Fustât Ibrâhîm al-‘Assâl Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Gharbiyya Ibrâhîm al-Nuzûrî Directeur général de la documentation archéologique dans le département des antiquités islamiques et coptes Ibrâhîm Mitwallî Directeur général des antiquités d’Alexandrie

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 218 Ibrâhîm Ragab Directeur des antiquités islamiques du Fayyûm Ibrâhîm Rif‘at Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Mît Rahîna Ibrâhîm Subhî Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Buhayra Nord Imân Riyâd Directrice général des restaurations à Matariyya et ‘Ayn Shams Îmân Zaydân Assistante du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des ressources financières Kamâl al-Tûkhî Restaurateur d’icônes antiques Kâmil Ahmad Directeur de la zone archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée Karîm Ahmad Hammâd Directeur des antiquités de ‘Ataba Kârîmân Ahmad Sulaymân Directrice de l’Inspectorat Est d’Alexandrie Khâlid ‘Abd al-Ghanî Farahât Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Buhayra Khâlid Abû al-Hamd Directeur général des antiquités d’Alexandrie Khâlid Ahmad Shawqî Directeur des antiquités d’Abû Simbil Khâlid al-‘Inânî Ministre de l’Archéologie Khâlid Muhammad Abû al- ‘Ilâ Directeur général des antiquités de Matariyya et de ‘Ayn Shams Khidr Madbûlî Directeur général des antiquités du Nord du Caire Magdî Husayn Muhammad Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Khârga Magdî Ibrâhîm Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Dâkhla Magdî Mansûr Directeur général des antiquités et des musées du Grand Caire Magdî Muhammad ‘Awad Directeur des temples rupestres de Nubie Magdî Shawqî Midyâr Directeur de la zone archéologique au Sud d’Asyût Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Latîf Directeur de la zone archéologique de Abû Ridîs Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Qâdir ‘Abd al-Salâm Directeur des antiquités d’Alexandrie Ouest Mahmûd Barîqî Président du département de restauration à Kom al-Shuqâfa Mahmûd Musa Directeur général du palais Empain Mahmûd Ragab Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Suez Mahmûd Salâh Directeur général des antiquités de Minyâ Mahmûd Sha‘bân Directeur des antiquités islamiques et coptes au sud de Gîza Mahrûs Sa‘îd Directeur général du Nubian Antiquities Salvage Fund Mamdûh ‘Uda Directeur général du département central de la gestion des crises et des risques Mamdûh Taha Superviseur archéologique du projet de la deuxième barque de Chéops

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 219 Mansûr ‘Uthmân Directeur général des antiquités islamiques de la Nouvelle Vallée Marwa ‘Abd al-Râziq Responsable du bureau d’enregistrement, de documentation et de la gestion des collections au Musée Égyptien Mîmî Ibrâhîm ‘Abd al-Samî‘ Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Gharbiyya Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîm Husayn Inspecteur du temple d’Hibis à Khârga Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz Directeur du Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project (HCRP) Muhammad ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur des antiquités d’Alexandrie Est Muhammad ‘Abd al-Hamîd Muhammad Râshid Directeur général de la zone archéologique Est du Caire Muhammad ‘Abd al-Maqsûd Coordinateur général du projet de développement des sites archéologiques situés dans l’axe du canal de Suez Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun‘im ‘Uwayda Directeur général des affaires financières Muhammad ‘Abdallah Directeur général des antiquités Est du Caire Muhammad Abû al-Wafâ Directeur général des antiquités de la mer Rouge Muhammad Abû Srî‘ Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Gamâliyya Muhammad Ahmad ‘Uthmân Directeur de l’Administration de la documentation archéologique d’Asyût Muhammad Ahmad Gâd Directeur de l’Inspectorat d’Abûqîr Muhammad al-Husaynî Tamân Directeur général des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives de Basse-Égypte et du Sinaï Muhammad al-Sayyid Abû Bakr Directeur de l’Inspectorat Ouest Muhammad al-Sayyid al- Sawwâf Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Gharbiyya Muhammad al-Sayyid Muhannadî Directeur général des antiquités d’Asyût Muhammad al-Tuhâmî Directeur général des antiquités de Rosette Muhammad Badîr Khalîl Directeur des antiquités du Sud Sinaï Muhammad Hamâda Directeur général des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza Muhammad Hamâda Superviseur des monastères de Wâdî al-Natrûn Muhammad Husayn Hindâwî Inspecteur en chef de Saqqâra-Sud Muhammad Ibrâhîm Muhammad Directeur des antiquités de Khârga Muhammad Ismâ‘îl Superviseur du Comité permanent et des missions archéologiques étrangères Muhammad Mahmûd Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Qinâ

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 220 Muhammad Mahrân Président de l’administration centrale pour les antiquités juives Muhammad Mitwallî Directeur général des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives d’Alexandrie et de la côte Nord Muhammad Muhammad ‘Abd al-Badî‘ Directeur du Comité permanent des antiquités égyptiennes Muhammad Muhammad ‘Alî ‘Uthmân Directeur général des unités archéologiques des ports Muhammad Mustafa ‘Abbâs Directeur de la zone archéologique de l’imâm al- Shâfi‘î Muhammad Mustafa ‘Abd al-Magîd Superviseur général de l’administration centrale d’archéologie sousmarine en Alexandrie Muhammad Ramadân Madbûlî Directeur général des affaires juridiques du CSA Muhammad Rashâd ‘Abd al- Hamîd Directeur général des antiquités Sud du Caire Muhammad Sa‘îd Dusûqî Directeur général de la zone archéologique de l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î Muhammad Sayf al-Sayyid Vice-directeur général des ressources humaines Muhammad Yûsuf Directeur des antiquités de Dahshûr et d’al-Lisht Muhammad Zayn Directeur de la zone archéologique du Vieux-Caire Muhsin al-Badawî Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Qalyûbiyya Mukhtâr al-Kasabânî Conseiller du ministre de l’Archéologie Muna Yusrî Inspectrice en chef d’Asyût Mushîra Mûsa Conseillère médiatique du ministre de l’Archéologie Mustafa ‘Abd al-‘Azîz Directeur général des zones archéologiques d’al- Minyâ Mustafa ‘Uthmân Directeur général des antiquités du Delta Centre Mustafa Ahmad Mahmûd Directeur général des antiquités de Haute-Égypte Mustafa al-Saghîr Directeur général des antiquités de Karnak et superviseur du projet du Dromos Mustafa Amîn Président du département des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives et Conseiller du ministre de l’Archéologie pour les affaires techniques Mustafa Faysal Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique de Kom Ûshîm Mustafa Muhammad Nûr al- Dîn Directeur des antiquités de Sirâbît al-Khâdim Mustafa Rizq Ibrâhîm Directeur général de la préhistoire au Sud Sinaï Mustafa Rushdî Directeur général des antiquités du Delta Ouest (Marsa Matrûh, al- Buhayra et Mârînâ) Mustafa Shawqî Ibrâhîm Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Sharqiyya Mustafa Subhî Directeur général du suivi technique des antiquités du Caire et de

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 221 Gîza Mustafa Wazîrî Secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA) Nabîla Ibrâhîm Ahmad Directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Âmiriyya Nâdya Khidr Présidente de l’administration centrale des antiquités égyptiennes, grecques et romaines au Delta, au Sinaï et sur la côte Nord Nâgî Hanafî Mahmûd Directeur général de la zone archéologique de la citadelle de Saladin Nagwa Mitwallî Directrice générale de l’Administration de la publication scientifique Nasr Gibrîl Ibrâhîm Président de l’Administration centrale des saisies archéologiques Ni‘ma Sanad Directrice générale de la zone archéologique de Mârînâ Nirvîn Muhammad Hâfiz Directrice générale des antiquités de l’Ouest du Caire Nivîn al-‘Ârif Consultante médiatique du ministre de l’Archéologie Nûbî Mahmûd Ahmad Directeur général de l’administration des fouilles Qutb Fawzî Qutb Directeur de la zone archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh Ra’fat Muhammad Gunaydî Directeur de l’inspectorat archéologique du Sud d’al-Buhayra Râgyâ Mus‘ad Mâdî Directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Agamî Rashâ Kamâl Directrice générale du département du développement culturel Râshid Muhammad Badrî Directeur de l’inspectorat archéologique de l’Ouest de Suhâg Ridâ Ramadân Directeur général des antiquités de Damiette Rif‘at al-Gindî Directeur de l’inspectorat archéologique du Sud d’al- Buhayra Sa‘îd ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur général des restaurations des musées archéologiques Sa‘îd Shibl Président de l’administration centrale des entrepôts muséologiques Sabrî Muhyî al-Dîn Farag Directeur général des antiquités de Saqqâra Sabrî Yûsuf ‘Abd al-Rahmân Directeur de la zone archéologique de Dâkhla et de Farâfra Safâ’ ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Ibrâhîm Directrice générale des études et des recherches Salâh al-Hâdî Directeur général de la restauration des antiquités islamiques de Bi’r al-‘Abd et d’al-Qantara Sharq Salâh al-Mâsikh Inspecteur en chef des temples de Karnak à Louqsor Salâma Zahrân Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes d’al- Bahnasâ Sâlim al-Bughdâdî Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al- Daqahliyya Sayyid ‘Abd al-‘Alîm Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Qantara Sharq Sayyid Ahmad ‘Abd al-Râwî Superviseur de l’Administration des carrières et des mines Sayyid al-Shûra Directeur général des antiquités du Fayyûm Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd Superviseur général du département des antiquités restituées

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 222 Sharîf Fawzî Coordinateur général de la rue al-Mu‘izz l-Dîn Allah al- Fâtimî Sharîf Hâmid Directeur des antiquités du Vieux-Caire Sharîf Muhammad ‘Abd al- Mun‘im Assistant du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des sites archéologiques Shâzlî Dunqul Inspecteur en chef de Qinâ Sophia ‘Abd al-Hâdî Directrice générale des antiquités d’al-Darb al-Ahmar et de Sayyida ‘Â’isha Suhayr al-Sayyid Qunsuwwa Directrice générale des antiquités du Vieux- Caire et de Fustât Sumayya Binyâmîn Présidente du département des Financements Suzi Labîb Directrice générale des antiquités d’Idfû Târiq Ahmad Mukhtâr Hirsh Directeur général des antiquités de l’Est du Delta, et sous-directeur du secrétaire général du CSA Târiq Gharîb Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Azhar et d’al-Ghûrî Usâma Abû al-Khayr Directeur général de la restauration au sein du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Usâma al-Sayyid Directeur de la citadelle Qâytbây en Alexandrie Usâma Farîd ‘Uthmân Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell al- Farâ‘în à Kafr al- Shaykh Usâma Hâmid Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique des pyramides Usâma Mustafa al-Nahhâs Superviseur du bureau technique du ministre Usâma Wahba Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell al- Yahûdiyya Viola Khalîl Ibrâhîm Directrice de l’Inspectorat du Centre d’Alexandrie Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ Président du secteur des projets Wâ’il Fathî Inspecteur en chef du plateau de Gîza Wâ’il Zakariyyâ al-Balîhî Directeur général de la restauration des antiquités islamiques et coptes dans l’ouest et le centre du Delta Wagdî ‘Abbâs Abû Ahmad Directeur général du bureau technique du département des antiquités islamiques, et vice-président du secteur des antiquités islamiques et coptes Wahîba Sâlih Directrice des antiquités de Dahshûr Walâ’ al-Dîn Badawî Directeur général du palais Manyal Wisâm Kamâl Directeur de la zone archéologique de Sammanûd Yahya ‘Abd al-Bârî Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Tûd Yâsir ‘Abd al-Karîm Directeur général des antiquités du Centre du Caire Yâsir ‘Îsa Zaghlûl Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Munûfiyya Yâsir Fathî Wahba Directeur général de l’administration du cadastre et de la topographie dans le secteur des antiquités islamiques

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 223 - - Musées ‘Abd al-Râziq al-Naggâr Secrétaire général de la commission nationale égyptienne pour les musées ‘Alâ’ ‘Abd al-‘Âtî Directeur général du musée national de Suez ‘Îsa Zaydân Directeur du département de restauration au Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Ahmad ‘Alî Directeur général des équipements du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Ahmad al-Laythî Directeur général du musée de Mallawî Ahmad Humayda Directeur général du musée Atonien al-Husayn ‘Abd al-Basîr Directeur du musée archéologique de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Fattâh Directeur général du musée archéologique d’Ismâ‘îliyya al-Sayyid al-Bannâ Directeur général du musée national de Suez Ashraf Abû al-Yazîd Directeur général du musée des Textiles égyptiens Gamâl al-Bilim Directeur général de la bibliothèque du Musée Égyptien Gîhân ‘Âtif Directrice générale du musée Copte Hishâm Farghalî Directeur général du musée du Nil à Aswân Huda Kamâl Directrice générale du musée de l’obélisque de Matariyya Husnî ‘Abd al-Rahîm Directeur général du musée de la Nubie Ibrâhîm al-Sharîf Directeur général du musée archéologique de Suhâg Ibtisâm Khalîl Directrice générale du musée national d’Alexandrie Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn Présidente du secteur des musées Îmân Shawqî Superviseur du musée de la Barque de Chéops Karam ‘Abd al-Hamîd Muhammad Directeur général du musée Gayer-Anderson Yâsmîn al-Shâzlî Directrice de l’administration des organisations internationales pour le patrimoine culturel et les affaires de la coopération internationale Yusriyya Ibrâhîm Directrice générale de la zone archéologique de Mustafa Kâmil en Alexandrie Yûsuf al-‘Aqd Directeur général de la restauration de l’administration des manuscrits et des papyrus Yûsuf Khalîfa Président de l’administration centrale des antiquités de BasseÉgypte, du Sinaï et de la côte Nord

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 224 Khâlid ‘Azab Président du conseil d’administration de la commission nationale égyptienne pour les musées Magdî Mansûr Directeur général de la restauration du musée Copte Mahâ Muhammad Présidente de l’administration centrale des musées historiques Mahrûs Sa‘îd Superviseur général du musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) Mamdûh Hasan ‘Uthmân Superviseur général du musée d’Art islamique Mamdûh Ramadân Conservateur en chef du musée de Kom Ûshîm Mirvat ‘Izzat Directrice générale du Musée Gayer-Anderson (Bayt al- Kiritliyya) Mirvat Yahya Directrice générale du musée national d’Alexandrie Mu’min ‘Uthmân Directeur général de la restauration au Musée Égyptien Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rasûl Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités islamiques de Haute-Égypte Muhammad Badr Directeur des magasins et des registres du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Muhammad Sayyid al- Sharqâwî Directeur du musée de ROMMEL Nabîla Hasanayn Directrice générale du palais al-Gawhara Nivîn Nazâr Adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques Rândâ Muhammad ‘Abd al- Ra’ûf Directrice générale des musées régionaux Sa‘îd ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur général de la restauration des musées archéologiques Sa‘îd Rakhâ Directeur général du musée archéologique de Rosette Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq Directrice générale du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr Sabâh Muslim Directrice générale des musées de Basse-Égypte Sâmih al-Masrî Directeur général de la planification et de la restauration des musées Sanâ’ Ahmad ‘Alî Directrice générale des musées de Haute-Égypte Târiq Mahmûd Directeur général du musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée Târiq Tawfîq Superviseur général du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Usâma Abû al-Khayr Directeur exécutif du centre de restauration du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) Walâ’ al-Dîn Badawî Directeur général du musée du palais Manyal Zaynab ‘Alî Directrice du musée archéologique de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina - -

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 225 Universités ‘Abbâs Mansûr Président de l’Université du Sud de la Vallée ‘Abd al-Qâdir Muhammad Président de l’Université d’Aswân ‘Abd al-Wahâb ‘Izzat Président de l’université de ‘Ayn Shams ‘Âtif Mansûr Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Fayyûm Ahmad ‘Azîz Président de l’université de Suhâg Ahmad al-Ansârî Chef du département d’archéologie égyptienne à l’université de Suhâg Ahmad Ghallâb Président de l’université d’Aswân Amîn Lutfî Président de l’université de Banî Swayf Fâyza Haykal Professeur d’égyptologie à l’American University in Cairo (AUC) Gamâl al-Dîn ‘Alî Abû al- Magd Président de l’université de Minyâ Gum‘a ‘Abd al-Maqsûd Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire Hânî Hilâl Ancien ministre de l’Enseignement supérieur, professeur de polytechnique à la faculté Polytechnique, univeristé du Caire Khâlid Gharîb Président du département des antiquités grecques et romaines à l’université Misr Khâlid Hamza Président de l’université du Fayyûm Khâlid Hasan ‘Abd a-Bârî Président de l’université de Zaqâzîq Mâgid Nigm Président de l’université de Hilwân Mamdûh al-Damâtî Ancien ministre de l’Archéologie, professeur d’archéologie à l’université de Lettres, université de ‘Ayn Shams Mansûr al-Nûbî Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie de Louqsor Muhammad ‘Uthmân al- Khasht Président de l’université du Caire Muhammad Hasan al- Qinâwî Président de l’université d’al-Mansûra Muhammad Kamâl Khallâf Président du département de la restauration à la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Fayyûm Mukhtâr al-Kasabânî Professeur d’archéologie islamique, université du Caire et conseiller scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie Muna Fu’âd Chef du département de restauration de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire Muna Haggâg Chef du département des études grecques et romaines à la faculté de Lettres, université d’Alexandrie Muna Sha‘bân Hâfiz Sous-directeur du président du département des musées

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 226 archéologiques Nâsir Mikkâwî Chef du département d’Archéologie à la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire Ra’fat al-Nabarâwî Professeur d’archéologie islamique à l’université du Caire Salâh al-Khûlî Professeur d’archéologie à la faculté d’Archéologie de l’université du Caire Sâmî Sabrî Shâkir Doyen de l’Institut des études coptes - - Pouvoir exécutif ‘Abd al-Hamîd al-Haggân Gouverneur de Qinâ ‘Âdil al-Ghadbân Gouverneur de Port Sa‘îd ‘Âtif ‘Abd al-Hamîd Gouverneur du Caire ‘Isâm al-Badîwî Gouverneur d’al-Minyâ Ahmad ‘Abd al-Zâhir Directeur de la Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités Ahmad ‘Abdallah Gouverneur de la mer Rouge Ahmad al-Ansârî Gouverneur de Suhâg Ahmad Ibrâhîm Gouverneur d’Aswân Ahmad Saqr Gouverneur d’al-Gharbiyya Hishâm ‘Abd al-Bâsit Gouverneur d’al-Munûfiyya Ibrâhîm Nasr Gouverneur de Kafr al-Shaykh Inâs ‘Abd al-Dâyyim Ministre de la Culture Kamâl al-Dâlî Gouverneur de Gîza Khâlid Sa‘îd Gouverneur d’al-Sharqiyya Magdî al-Gharâblî Gouverneur de Matrûh Muhammad ‘Ashmâwî Gouverneur de la Nouvelle Vallée Muhammad Badr Gouverneur de Louqsor Muhammad Mukhtâr Gum‘a Ministre des Waqfs Muhammad Sultân Gouverneur d’Alexandrie Nâdya ‘Abdu Gouverneur d’al-Buhayra Ridâ Farahât Gouverneur d’al-Qalyûbiyya Sharîf Habîb Gouverneur de Banî Swayf Sharîf Ismâ‘îl Premier ministre

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 227 Târiq Nasr Gouverneur de Minyâ Wâ’il Makram Gouverneur du Fayyûm Yahya Râshid Ministre du Tourisme Yâsîn Tâhir Gouverneur d’Ismâ‘îliyya Yâsir al-Dusûqî Gouverneur d’Asyût - - Divers ‘Alî Radwân Président de l’Union générale des archéologues arabes Ahmad ‘Awwâd Président du Fonds de développement culturel (CDF) Ahmad al-Skukî Président du Dâr al-kutub wa-l-wathâ’iq al-misriyya Ciara BERDISKI Responsable culturel du bureau de l’Unesco au Caire Fathî Sâlih Conseiller pour les affaires du patrimoine auprès du conseil des ministres Hânî Hilâl ScanPyramids Projet coordinator Husâm Ismâ‘îl Professeur d’archéologie islamique à l’université de ‘Ayn Shams et président de l’Association du patrimoine et des arts traditionnels Lu’ayy Sa‘îd Directeur du Centre des études coptes Monica Hannâ Présidente de l’Unité archéologique à l’Académie arabe des sciences, technologies et transport maritime Muhammad Abû Si‘da Président du National Organisation for Urban Harmony (NOUH) Muhammad al-Kahlâwî Secrétaire général de l’Union générale des archéologues arabes Muhammad Fârûq Directeur du National Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT) Muna ‘Abd al-Ghanî Haggâg Présidente de l’Association des antiquités grecques en Alexandrie Muna Haggâg Présidente de l’Association des antiquités d’Alexandrie Mustafa al-Fiqî Directeur de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina Nagwa al-Shâzlî Présidente du conseil d’administration du Sound and Light Company Ra’fat al-Nabarâwî Ancien doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie Safâ Mahmûd Président de l’université de Suhâg

W h o ’ s Wh o ? BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 228 Sâlih Lam‘î Professeur d’architecture et directeur du Centre de ressuscitation du patrimoine architectural islamique - - - -

BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 229 VIII - INDEX A ADN ...... 79, 172, 173 Aéroports Aéroport de Burg al-‘Arab ...... 178 Aéroport international du Caire ...... 143 Agences de presse ...... 83 Agence France Presse (AFP) ...... 168, 184 Associated Press (AP) ...... 31, 36, 160 Deutsche Presse-Agentur (dpa) ...... 201 Deutsche Welle (DW) ...... 72 Middle East News Agency (MENA) .... 10, 39, 47, 54, 92, 95, 117, 148, 150, 179, 188, 192 Reuters ...... 82, 148, 200 al-Azhar .. 13, 48, 117, 157, 170, 171, 206, 216, 217, 222 Amphore ...... 197, 202 Amulette . 33, 91, 111, 112, 113, 140, 169, 176, 196, 201, 204, 205, 212 Anatomie humaine Barbe ...... 53, 124 Crâne ...... 10 Pénis ...... 118, 119 Squelette .. 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 55, 56, 57, 77, 78, 79, 81, 136, 162, 163, 182, 196 Ankh ...... 26, 105, 108, 161, 169 Aqueduc ...... 74, 75 Arbres Acacia ...... 84, 138 Cèdre ...... 84, 139 Chêne ...... 139 Dattier ...... 139 Figuier ...... 138 Palmier ...... 139 Sycomore ...... 69, 138, 139 Tamaris ...... 138, 139 Archéobotanique ...... 138, 139, 140 Armée ...... 38, 62, 156 Armes Char ...... 50, 65, 115, 173, 176, 205 Flèche ...... 35, 40, 43 Lance ...... 16, 49, 97, 112, 172, 194 Artères historiques Rue al-Khalîfa ...... 216 Rue al-Mu‘izz l-Dîn Allâh al-Fâtimî 54, 55, 60, 222 Artisanat ...... 49 Artisans ...... 106, 123, 124, 144, 182 Associations Save Alex ...... 88 Autel ...... 37 Autoroute ...... 18 B Bâb-s Bâb al-Hadîd ...... 97 Bâb al-Wazîr ...... 171 Bâb Sharq ...... 95 Bâb Zuwayla ...... 48, 171 Bactérie ...... 21, 31 Bains ...... 70, 97, 118 Bandelette ...... 32, 72, 112, 197 Barques ...... 14, 17, 62, 69, 83, 84, 85, 86, 106, 125, 126, 200, 202, 203, 218 Barque de Chéops ...... 69, 126, 218, 223 Barque solaire ...... 83, 84, 86, 125, 126 Barrages Haut barrage d’Aswân ...... 80, 141 Bateau ...... 21, 22, 42 Bibliothèques ...... 18, 59, 186, 223 Bibliotheca Alexandrina .... 16, 177, 178, 223, 224, 227 Bière ...... 38, 105, 107, 203 Bijoux 11, 13, 19, 20, 24, 25, 61, 139, 176, 177, 187, 205 Boucle d’oreille ...... 96 Bracelet ...... 19, 20, 25, 96, 139 Colliers ...... 38 Botanique ...... 39, 58, 90, 139 Boussole ...... 117 Bustes ...... 96, 124, 210 Buste de Néfertiti ...... 210

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 230 C Cachettes ...... 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 197, 202, 203 Canneaux Canal de Suez ...... 80, 98, 99, 208, 219 Carrières ...... 37, 165, 166, 203 Cartographie 12, 15, 48, 49, 70, 110, 131, 177, 198, 201 Cartonnage . 14, 21, 22, 34, 176, 181, 204, 212 Cartouche ...... 115, 149, 158 Casino ...... 88 Catacombes ...... 142 Catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa ...... 43, 218 Catalogue ...... 14 CD-ROM ...... 22 Centres de Culture Istituto Italiano di Cultura per la R.A.E. (iiccairo) ...... 190 Centres de recherches American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) ...... 124, 169 Cairo Lab for Urban Studies, Training and Environmental Research (Cluster Cairo) ...... 102 Center of Documentation and Studies of Ancient Egypt ...... 217 Centre d’Études Alexandrines (CEAlex) .... 95 National Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT) ...... 93, 227 Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo (PCMA) ...... 138, 139 The Egypt Exploration Society (EES) ... 68, 90 Céramique ... 10, 12, 21, 28, 46, 48, 60, 93, 113 Cercueil ...... 91 Céréales ...... 138, 139 Riz ...... 166 Chaînes de télévision ..... 29, 41, 42, 83, 85, 91, 92, 124, 125 BBC ...... 79 Chambre funéraire . 31, 32, 33, 34, 44, 45, 105, 106, 107, 173, 187, 192, 196, 197, 202 Chandelier ...... 81, 82 Chanteuses d’Amon ...... 91 Nesmutamu ...... 182 Sha-Amon-em-sou ...... 91 Chapelles ..... 70, 106, 149, 154, 156, 174, 181, 184, 187, 204, 207 Chasse ...... 12, 105, 106, 200, 202, 203 Cimetières .... 38, 42, 43, 80, 81, 110, 111, 127, 162, 189, 191, 196, 202, 204, 211, 212 Cimetière ouest de Gîza ...... 203 Citadelles ...... 66, 73, 74, 82, 90, 156, 209 Citadelle de Qâytbây ...... 222 Citadelle du Caire ...... 205 Citernes ...... 18, 73, 74, 81 Colonnes ...... 26, 27, 50, 51, 84, 114, 139, 141, 155, 156, 157, 169, 183, 206, 211 Colosses ... 41, 60, 61, 108, 113, 114, 132, 179, 183, 184, 205, 206 Colosse de Ramsès II ...... 41 Comités .. 14, 25, 28, 35, 40, 44, 101, 103, 104, 132, 133, 153, 155, 178, 185, 211, 213 Comité permanent des Antiquités du CSA ...... 155, 212, 219, 220 Compagnies du BTP Orascom Construction Industries ... 175, 185, 198, 199 The Arab Contractors Osman Ahmed Osman & Co...... 155, 180 Congrès ...... 117, 167, 190 Conseil Suprême des Antiquités .. 9, 10, 22, 27, 30, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 65, 73, 74, 78, 80, 82, 91, 94, 95, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114, 118, 121, 127, 128, 129, 136, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 160, 162, 168, 179, 180, 182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 194, 196, 198, 199, 211, 212, 220, 221, 222 Conservation 13, 17, 21, 27, 33, 34, 37, 39, 53, 64, 81, 82, 87, 89, 106, 107, 113, 120, 122, 136, 140, 141, 151, 152, 158, 160, 164, 168, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183, 196, 197, 203 Coopération ...... 22, 46, 48, 87, 104, 105, 117, 136, 143, 150, 162, 167, 179, 186, 190, 201, 223 Coran ...... 62, 117, 209 Cosmétique ...... 61, 103, 139 Couleurs beige ...... 62 blanc ...... 96, 107, 139, 142, 158, 169, 212 bleu ...... 24, 48, 58, 142, 173, 181, 204 jaune ...... 70, 106, 120 noir . 9, 10, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 68, 79, 143, 163, 168, 178, 181, 182, 204, 207, 211 rose ...... 12, 41, 67, 127, 187 rouge ...... 36, 96 Couronnes ...... 9, 25, 82, 107, 153 Double couronne ...... 9 Croix ...... 36, 37, 62

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 231 D Derviche ...... 191 Description de l’Égypte ...... 117 Déserts ...... 55, 56, 67, 164, 165, 166, 167 Désert Occidental ...... 55, 64 Nouvelle Vallée ..... 95, 169, 209, 218, 219, 224, 226 Désert Oriental ...... 10, 64, 203 Disque solaire ...... 68, 73, 108 Divinités .. 12, 25, 32, 33, 60, 62, 108, 128, 147, 168, 169, 179, 194, 197, 203, 205, 212 Amon ... 26, 91, 114, 142, 179, 182, 184, 197 Amon-Rê ...... 147, 182 Anubis ...... 113, 169, 182, 204 Apis ...... 169 Bastet ...... 168, 169, 205 Bès ...... 118 Hâpy ...... 206 Hathor ...... 25, 107, 113, 187, 203 Horus ...... 108, 111, 113, 114, 128, 153, 169, 203, 211, 212 Isis ...... 64, 68, 91, 113, 169, 206, 212 Khnoum ...... 169, 193 Khonsou ...... 93 Maât ...... 12 Montu ...... 108 Neith ...... 32, 107, 194 Nephtys ...... 64, 68 Nout ...... 32, 204 Osiris ...... 9, 32, 62, 64, 68, 82, 179 Ptah ...... 47, 147, 169, 200 Rê-Horakhty ...... 147 Satis ...... 194 Sekhmet ...... 12, 60, 108, 182 Selket ...... 47 Sérapis ...... 207 Seth ...... 83 Sobek ...... 128, 142, 204 Thot ...... 203 Dômes ...... 52, 155, 156, 171, 172 Dromos ...... 13, 15, 66, 67, 107, 220 E Eau souterraine .... 14, 35, 41, 51, 74, 114, 129, 131, 155, 194 Écritures Démotique ...... 33, 73, 197, 203 Hiératique ...... 152, 158 Hiéroglyphes .. 11, 21, 64, 73, 106, 108, 111, 112, 128, 132, 149, 153, 182, 192, 200, 203, 204, 207, 211 Kufi ...... 53, 178 Églises ...... 15, 26, 70, 142, 191 Encensoir ...... 39 Enchères ...... 14, 57, 115, 178, 209 Entrepôts muséologiques .. 108, 113, 214, 215, 220, 222 Environnement ...... 139, 140 Épices ...... 191 Époques byzantine ...... 27, 39, 67, 87, 156, 178, 209 chrétienne ...... 139 copte .. 14, 15, 39, 44, 46, 52, 60, 62, 64, 68, 70, 76, 96, 97, 119, 124, 139, 141, 151, 178, 186, 190, 198, 205, 209, 210 gréco-romaine 10, 13, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 38, 39, 46, 56, 60, 76, 96, 138, 177, 178, 190, 193, 205 grecque .... 26, 27, 30, 43, 77, 119, 178, 186, 207 hellénistique ...... 27 islamique 21, 22, 39, 46, 48, 87, 92, 97, 117, 134, 190, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 abbasside ...... 87 ayyoubide ...... 48, 87 fatimide ...... 87, 97, 156 mamelouke ..... 48, 73, 74, 87, 93, 96, 138, 156, 170, 171, 172 omeyyade ...... 178 ottomane ... 58, 61, 62, 74, 87, 89, 97, 156, 158, 170 Moyen Âge ...... 73, 75, 156 Néolithique ...... 90, 142 Paléolithique ...... 142 pharaonique Ancien Empire ...... 15, 50, 64, 68, 96, 105, 142, 152, 158, 168, 169, 187, 202 IVe dynastie ...... 35, 50, 181 Ve dynastie . 50, 105, 107, 127, 158, 186, 188, 199, 200, 202, 203 VIe dynastie ... 62, 65, 105, 107, 203, 206 Basse époque ..... 111, 153, 158, 160, 168, 180, 181, 182, 183, 202, 204 XXVIe dynastie ..... 21, 32, 142, 158, 182, 204, 212 Deuxième Période intermédiaire ...... 162 Dynastie 0 ...... 11 dynasties XVIIe dynastie ...... 183, 192, 204

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 232 Moyen Empire ... 44, 45, 50, 53, 55, 64, 65, 68, 110, 193, 206 XIe dynastie ...... 20 XIIe dynastie ...... 25, 65, 202 Nouvel Empire .. 18, 19, 25, 30, 40, 61, 67, 68, 69, 96, 148, 167, 168, 169, 211 XIXe dynastie ..... 31, 50, 51, 63, 68, 115, 128, 206, 211 XVIIIe dynastie .... 78, 160, 161, 172, 182, 183, 184, 193, 195, 196, 204, 211 Période thinite Ie dynastie ...... 19, 23 Ière dynastie ...... 38 IIe dynastie ...... 61 Ramesside ...... 160, 181, 182 Troisième Période intermédiaire ..... 23, 25, 50, 51, 135, 149, 159 XXIe dynastie ...... 50 prédynastique ...... 11, 38 Nagada I ...... 37 Nagada II ...... 37 préhistoire ...... 37, 38, 39, 46, 72, 77, 78, 90, 131, 139, 177, 190, 191, 193, 220 ptolémaïque9, 10, 21, 30, 35, 43, 60, 69, 76, 79, 80, 81, 88, 109, 133, 135, 142, 153, 203, 204, 205, 206 ramesside ...... 135, 174 romaine ..... 10, 26, 27, 30, 35, 37, 50, 62, 68, 70, 77, 79, 95, 111, 118, 138, 139, 140, 142, 146, 186, 191, 198, 209, 212, 213, 221, 225 saïte ...... 32, 33, 193, 197, 202 Équinoxe ...... 148 Érosion ...... 51, 88, 141, 170, 201 Esclave ...... 156 Exposition archéologique .... 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 46, 47, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 76, 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 111, 112, 116, 117, 123, 133, 145, 146, 151, 157, 162, 172, 177, 184, 185, 186, 190, 191, 201, 206, 207 F Faïence . 14, 22, 24, 32, 60, 106, 112, 169, 176, 178, 182, 197, 203, 204, 205 Famille royale Ahhotep ...... 20, 25 Ankhesenamon ...... 172, 173 Arsinoé II Philadelphe ...... 128 Hétephérès ...... 20 Néfertari ...... 147, 192 Néfertiti ...... 12, 47, 172, 173, 210 Nefret ...... 182 Tiy ...... 173, 176, 205 Fausse porte ...... 106, 107, 159, 169, 187, 200 Figurine .. 32, 33, 176, 182, 197, 203, 204, 205, 212 Fleurs ...... 27, 96, 139, 145 Lotus ...... 139, 145 Foetus ...... 162, 163, 172, 173 Fondations Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) ..... 47, 48, 111, 112, 113, 170 Fondation Benedetti Società Italiana di Beneficenza (S.I.B.) ...... 46 Fonds Fonds de développement culturel (CDF) 227 Nubian Antiquities Salvage Fund .... 119, 218 Fontaine ...... 48, 52, 172 Forteresses ...... 156 Fossile ...... 163, 164, 165, 167 Fouilles ... 10, 11, 17, 22, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 49, 50, 55, 63, 64, 65, 80, 84, 90, 108, 111, 113, 118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 174, 179, 180, 183, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 205, 209, 210, 212, 216, 221 Fromage ...... 31, 166 G Gabal al-Silsila ...... 195, 196 Garnison ...... 156 Gouvernorats 37, 40, 48, 59, 95, 111, 113, 130, 132, 134, 144, 152, 165, 185, 201, 217 Gouvernorat d’al-Daqahliyya ...... 37 Gouvernorat d’Alexandrie ...... 95 Gouvernorat d’al-Minyâ 37, 45, 64, 108, 113, 152, 185, 201 Gouvernorat d’al-Sharqiyya ...... 40, 130 Gouvernorat d’Aswân ...... 195 Gouvernorat de Kafr al-Shaykh ...... 59 Gouvernorat de Louqsor ...... 157 Gouvernorat de Marsa Matrûh ...... 16 Gouvernorat du Caire ...... 55, 98, 100 Grand Prêtre ...... 200 Grotte ...... 37 Guerre ...... 23, 73, 191, 194 H Harpiste ...... 106 Hittites ...... 147

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 233 Hôtels Cosmopolitan Hotel ...... 97, 98 Shepheard’s Hotel ...... 42 Humidité ...... 52, 147, 170 Hyksôs ...... 50, 115 I Icône ...... 46, 65, 66, 70, 71, 96, 97, 124, 218 Îles Chypre ...... 106, 169, 201 Éléphantine ...... 57, 135 Pharos ...... 88 Incendie ...... 29, 45, 91, 92, 94, 124, 160, 185 Insectes ...... 125, 126 Papillon ...... 20 Scarabée ... 20, 149, 168, 169, 176, 196, 201, 202, 205, 212 Instituts Centro Archeologico Italiano al Cairo (CAI) ...... 64, 68 Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) ...... 12, 138, 139, 144, 145, 151, 160, 183, 186, 203, 204 Institut suisse de recherches architecturales et archéologiques de l’ancienne Égypte ...... 135 Institut tchèque d’Égyptologie ...... 187 Nederlands-Vlaams Instituut in Cairo (NVIC) ...... 104, 105 International Council of Museums (ICOM) .. 122 Internet ...... 26, 77, 137, 198 Irrigation ...... 73, 138 Islam ...... 44, 117, 142, 156 Ivoire ...... 61, 97, 176, 191, 204, 205 Iwân ...... 170, 171 J Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) ...... 125 Jardins .. 10, 38, 39, 68, 88, 120, 121, 138, 139, 161, 177 Parc al-Azhar ...... 48, 170, 171 Jarre14, 27, 30, 31, 33, 60, 107, 108, 149, 163, 169, 176, 182, 197, 203, 204, 205 Jésus ...... 69, 70, 71, 96, 138, 139 Juif 13, 14, 15, 38, 44, 141, 151, 198, 209, 211, 212 K Ka ...... 23 Ka‘ba ...... 61 Khôl ...... 176, 205 Kom-s Kom al-Dikka ...... 43 Kom al-Shuqâfa ...... 43, 218 Kom Ûshîm ...... 13, 220, 224 L Lacs Lac Manzala ...... 120 Lac Nâsir ...... 147 Lampe ...... 52, 60, 64, 71, 81, 97, 201 Le Caire historique ... 13, 14, 47, 54, 55, 60, 74, 98, 120, 155, 170, 171, 206, 209, 219 Le Caire khédivial ...... 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 Ligue arabe ...... 22, 117 Liste du patrimoine ...... 180 Livre des Morts ...... 169, 176, 182, 183, 204 Logo du GEM ...... 13 Lois Loi 117/1983 ...... 28, 87, 157, 178, 211, 213 M Madrasa-s ...... 156 Magie ...... 62, 119, 176, 205 Maladies Cancer ...... 55, 56, 57, 113, 139 Malédiction des pharaons .... 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 60, 79, 83 Mammifères 11, 37, 81, 90, 140, 168, 178, 202, 203 Âne ...... 11, 43, 140 Antilope ...... 11 Babouin ...... 144, 145 Bélier ...... 134 Chameau ...... 198 Chat ...... 91, 167, 168, 169, 202 Chauve-souris ...... 121 Cheval ...... 97, 198 Chien ...... 38 Dauphin ...... 212 Éléphant ...... 121 Gazelle ...... 106 Lion .... 12, 42, 60, 66, 69, 108, 169, 194, 201 Mouton ...... 31, 70, 204 Oryx ...... 106 Panthère ...... 12 Singe ...... 203 Vache ...... 31, 70, 145, 169 Manuscrit ...... 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 143, 208, 223 Mashrabiyya ...... 206

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 234 Masques . 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34, 57, 62, 123, 124, 134, 144, 176, 182, 189, 196, 197, 202, 204, 205 Masque de Toutankhamon ...... 134 Mastabas ...... 41, 49, 63, 105, 107, 203 Matériaux de construction Béton ...... 14, 41, 51, 52, 103, 114, 155, 161 Bois ..... 14, 22, 28, 32, 52, 53, 57, 58, 62, 63, 69, 84, 93, 97, 108, 111, 112, 113, 124, 125, 126, 132, 138, 139, 154, 156, 158, 160, 169, 172, 177, 179, 182, 184, 193, 197, 203, 204, 206 Ébène ...... 176, 205 Brique ...... 201 Brique crue32, 118, 149, 155, 159, 197, 201, 203, 212 Plâtre ...... 32, 81, 84, 167, 173, 176, 197, 205 Sable ...... 135, 166, 167 Mausolées ...... 112, 191, 206 Mausolée de l’Agha Khan ...... 112 Médecine ...... 55, 56, 95 Mercure rouge ...... 41, 43 Mers Mer Méditerranée . 19, 23, 64, 139, 151, 206, 207 Alexandrie ... 10, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 46, 67, 79, 81, 95, 161, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 Marsa Matrûh ...... 13, 16, 29, 38, 134, 213, 220, 226 Mer Rouge ..... 10, 64, 68, 140, 204, 219, 226 Hurghada ...... 16, 181, 204 Marsa al-Gawâsîs ...... 64, 68 Sharm al-Shaykh ...... 161, 162, 181, 204 Métaux ...... 19, 28, 123, 206 Argent ... 19, 20, 24, 33, 34, 58, 87, 130, 177, 178, 196, 197, 202 Bronze ...... 9, 26, 36, 82, 150, 169, 191, 204 Cuivre ...... 26, 36, 59, 177 Fer ...... 80 Or .. 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32, 34, 38, 64, 68, 78, 87, 116, 123, 124, 176, 182, 197, 205, 212 Mihrâb ...... 141, 156 Minaret ...... 52, 140, 141, 155, 171, 206 Mine d’or ...... 34 Ministères Ministère de l’Archéologie . 9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 90, 93, 95, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 159, 161, 162, 163, 171, 172, 174, 175, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196, 201, 205, 211, 213 Ministère de l’Intérieur ...... 36 Ministère de la Culture ...... 100, 101, 157 Ministère des Waqfs ...... 151 Ministère du Tourisme ...... 25, 98, 136, 137 Miroir ...... 19, 25, 60, 121, 176, 205 Mobilier ...... 37, 138 Moine ...... 138 Momies .. 10, 14, 17, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 55, 56, 57, 62, 72, 77, 91, 94, 111, 112, 113, 124, 133, 144, 145, 153, 163, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 176, 180, 181, 182, 183, 189, 190, 193, 197, 202, 203, 204, 205 La momie tatouée ...... 144, 145 Momie de Toutankhamon ...... 173 Momification ...... 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 72, 77, 139, 153, 157, 181, 184, 190, 196, 197, 202, 204 Monastères .. 36, 37, 65, 66, 138, 174, 209, 219 Monastère al-Muharraq ...... 65, 66 Monastère Blanc ...... 209 Monnaie . 14, 21, 22, 26, 27, 36, 57, 58, 64, 67, 68, 79, 80, 87, 113, 130, 137, 157, 158, 165, 178, 191, 201, 205 Montgolfière ...... 94 Mosaïques ...... 95 Mosquées ... 44, 52, 53, 82, 140, 141, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 170, 171, 172, 206, 209 Mosquée al-‘Abbâsî ...... 52, 53 Mosquée al-Azhar ...... 13, 157, 206 Mosquée al-Hâkim ...... 156 Mosquée al-Rifâ‘î ...... 14 Mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî .... 48, 170, 171, 172 Mosquée al-Zâhir Baybars ...... 155, 157 Mosquée bleue ...... 48 Mosquée de l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î ...... 74, 156 Mosquée Khunda Aslabây ...... 150, 151 Mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî ...... 81, 82

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 235 Mosquée Qânîbây al-Rammâh ...... 14 Mosquée Tatnadî ...... 140, 141 Mosquée Zaghlûl ...... 13 Murailles ...... 48, 191 Musées Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin-Charlottenburg ...... 176 British Museum ...... 50, 134, 146, 176 Denver Art Museum ...... 151 Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 53, 54, 69, 76, 77, 80, 85, 108, 111, 125, 130, 133, 134, 136, 137, 143, 144, 153, 154, 158, 159, 163, 175, 176, 184, 185, 186, 205, 207, 213, 222, 223, 224 Grimaldi Forum de Monaco .. 19, 20, 24, 116 Minneapolis Institute of Art ...... 151 Musée archéologique d’Hurghada ...... 16 Musée archéologique d’Ismâ‘îliyya ...... 223 Musée archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh ... 59 Musée archéologique de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina ...... 223, 224 Musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée ...... 95, 224 Musée archéologique de Louqsor ...... 157 Musée archéologique de Mallawî .... 124, 223 Musée archéologique de Rosette ...... 224 Musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh ...... 161, 162 Musée archéologique de Suez ...... 96 Musée archéologique de Suhâg ... 15, 60, 61, 62, 75, 76, 105, 205, 223 Musée archéologique de Tantâ ...... 111, 112 Musée Atonien ...... 185, 223 Musée Copte ... 44, 46, 60, 70, 124, 223, 224 Musée d’Art islamique 13, 44, 46, 60, 62, 92, 134, 143, 224 Musée d’Orsay ...... 117 Musée de Kom Ûshîm ...... 224 Musée de la Barque de Chéops ...... 223 Musée de la Momification ...... 56, 157 Musée de la Mosaïque ...... 95 Musée de la Nubie ...... 223 Musée de Louqsor ...... 157 Musée de Mît Rahîna ...... 118 Musée de Plein Air 13, 14, 49, 50, 51, 74, 98, 114, 115, 134, 160, 206 Musée de plein air de Matariyya ...... 206 Musée de Tell Basta ...... 205 Musée des Crocodiles ...... 35 Musée des Textiles égyptiens ...... 60, 223 Musée du Louvre ..... 146, 176, 184, 185, 192 Musée Égyptien .... 21, 27, 29, 47, 54, 69, 77, 95, 111, 126, 130, 133, 134, 136, 137, 143, 153, 154, 162, 163, 178, 201, 219, 222, 223, 224 Musée Erwin ROMMEL ...... 224 Musée GAYER-ANDERSON ...... 58, 223, 224 Musée gréco-romain ...... 13, 15, 38, 39 Musée militaire ...... 205 Musée national d’Alexandrie ...... 223, 224 Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) 12, 13, 15, 73, 132, 133, 138, 175, 176, 189, 203, 224 Musée national de Rio de Janeiro 91, 92, 94, 95 Museo del Papiro de Syracuse ...... 68 Museo Egizio di Torino . 68, 72, 77, 134, 146, 192, 193 Museum of Fine Arts in Boston ...... 151 Palazzo dei Papi de Viterbo ...... 46 Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ... 145, 146, 176 Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum d’Hildesheim ...... 146 Saint Louis Art Museum (SLAM) ...... 151 The Metropolitan Museum of Art .... 117, 184 Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) ...... 117 Muséologie .. 18, 38, 39, 68, 95, 104, 108, 111, 113, 134, 153, 162, 163, 214, 215, 220, 222 Musique ..... 58, 62, 97, 99, 100, 147, 168, 174, 200, 202, 203 Instruments de musique Harpe ...... 174 N Naos ...... 207 Nappe phréatique ...... 73 National Geographic Society ...... 85, 126 National Organisation for Urban Harmony (NOUH) ...... 98, 99, 100, 227 Natron ...... 32, 72, 197 Nécropoles ... 15, 30, 31, 34, 36, 45, 50, 55, 57, 61, 65, 66, 68, 80, 81, 82, 110, 135, 160, 168, 169, 180, 181, 183, 186, 188, 193 Nécropole d’Abûsîr ...... 36 Nécropole d’al-‘Asâsîf ...... 181 Nécropole de Dahshûr ...... 204 Nécropole de Meir ...... 65, 66 Nécropole de Saqqâra ... 30, 31, 34, 82, 105, 107, 167, 168, 169, 202

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 236 Nécropole thébaine ...... 18 Némès ...... 123 Niche ...... 26, 175, 199, 200, 202, 203 Nil ..... 10, 11, 20, 31, 35, 38, 60, 64, 67, 73, 74, 84, 90, 97, 114, 133, 138, 160, 181, 193, 194, 201, 203, 204, 206, 223 Noms de lieux Allemagne ...... 15, 160, 176, 185, 210 Berlin ...... 173, 176, 185, 210 Bonn ...... 201 Hildesheim ...... 146 Tübingen ...... 33, 189, 197, 202 Arabie saoudite ...... 83, 169, 178, 206 La Mecque ...... 61, 141, 156, 206 Australie ...... 29, 116 Sydney ...... 116 Autriche ...... 169 Vienne ...... 24 Belgique ...... 106, 121 Brésil ...... 91, 92, 94, 114, 210 Rio de Janeiro ...... 91, 92, 94, 95 Canada ...... 55 Ontario ...... 55, 56, 57 Chili ...... 189, 190 Chine ...... 47, 149, 150 Confédération suisse ...... 12, 66, 178, 190 Berne ...... 54 Genève ...... 54, 66 Zurich ...... 190 Danemark ...... 169 Égypte Alexandrie ..... 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 23, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 67, 77, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 129, 142, 161, 178, 207, 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 Abûqîr ...... 161, 219 al-Azârîta ...... 211 al-Manshiyya ...... 89, 211 al-Shâtbî ...... 30, 43, 211 Bâb Sharq ...... 95 Burg al-‘Arab ...... 87, 161, 178, 216 Gabal al-Zaytûn ...... 80 Héraklion ...... 23, 151, 207 Kom al-Dikka ...... 43 Kom al-Shuqâfa ...... 43, 218 Mahatat al-Raml ...... 30, 43 Sîdî Gâbir ...... 9, 10, 29, 40, 43, 79 Delta . 15, 20, 37, 38, 50, 64, 90, 113, 114, 131, 132, 205, 206, 208, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222 al-Buhayra .. 95, 214, 217, 218, 220, 221, 226 Rosette ...... 13, 210, 215, 219, 224 Wâdî al-Natrûn ...... 219 al-Daqahliyya 37, 90, 132, 216, 217, 221 Tell al-Farkha ...... 38 Tell al-Samâra ...... 90 Tell Ghazâla ...... 37, 38 al-Gharbiyya ..... 111, 216, 217, 219, 226 Tantâ ...... 15, 111, 112 al-Ismâ‘îliyya ...... 95, 223, 227 al-Mansûra 120, 163, 164, 165, 166, 225 al-Munûfiyya ...... 27, 216, 222, 226 Mît Abû al-Kum ...... 27, 28 al-Qalyûbiyya ...... 144, 216, 220, 226 al-Sharqiyya . 10, 40, 130, 134, 205, 220, 226 Qantîr ...... 50, 115 Sâ al-Hagar ...... 90 Tanis ... 20, 23, 25, 40, 41, 50, 51, 113, 114, 115, 130, 134, 175, 177, 206, 207 Tell Basta ...... 13, 205 al-Zaqâzîq ...... 205, 225 Damiette ...... 28, 212, 213, 215, 221 Tell al-Dayr ...... 212 Kafr al-Shaykh 15, 16, 59, 134, 217, 221, 222, 226 Tell al-Farâ‘în ...... 222 Gîza . 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 42, 67, 76, 82, 83, 84, 85, 106, 117, 118, 125, 127, 129, 149, 150, 155, 175, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 207, 214, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226 Abûsîr ...... 18, 36, 127, 186, 187, 188 al-Lisht ...... 109, 110, 220 Dahshûr ...... 25, 180, 181, 204, 220, 222 Memphis ...... 31, 84 Mît Rahîna ...... 118, 215, 218 Hawd al-Dimirdâsh ...... 118 Nazlat al-Sammân ...... 10 Saqqâra9, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 64, 68, 82, 105, 106, 107, 127, 130, 135, 136, 145, 153, 167, 168, 169, 189, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 221

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 237 Haute-Égypte .... 35, 60, 61, 75, 76, 77, 83, 107, 108, 124, 127, 147, 153, 157, 168, 193, 195, 196, 205, 208 Aswân 30, 35, 36, 41, 42, 45, 57, 64, 80, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 128, 135, 141, 147, 148, 162, 163, 188, 195, 196, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 214, 215, 223, 225, 226 Abû Simbil ... 119, 141, 147, 148, 169, 215, 218 Bîr Umm Tînîdbâ ...... 10 Gabal al-Silsila ...... 195, 196 Idfû ...... 131, 211, 222 Kum Umbû . 35, 36, 73, 108, 109, 128, 162, 163, 195, 196, 203, 204 Qubbat al-Hawâ ...... 57 Asyût .... 65, 66, 209, 215, 218, 219, 220, 227 Louqsor .... 13, 15, 20, 27, 49, 50, 51, 64, 66, 67, 69, 113, 115, 130, 134, 145, 149, 150, 157, 161, 172, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 193, 194, 195, 204, 205, 215, 221, 225, 226 al-‘Asâsîf ...... 160, 161, 181, 184, 204 al-Dayr al-Baharî ...... 181 al-Kâb ...... 193 al-Qurna ...... 216 al-Tûd ...... 49, 222 Dayr al-Madîna ...... 64, 69, 144, 192 Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ . 20, 183, 192, 193 Isnâ ...... 161, 193, 194 al-Gabalayn ...... 63, 68, 161 Karnak ...... 66, 93, 107, 115, 135, 150, 179, 194, 195, 214, 215, 220, 221 Thèbes ...... 108, 192, 193, 210 Nubie ... 17, 68, 109, 112, 113, 162, 187, 211, 214, 218, 223 Qasr Ibrîm ...... 68 Qinâ ...... 216, 217, 219, 222, 226 Le Caire ..... 18, 21, 27, 47, 68, 92, 95, 117, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 139, 143, 154, 157, 158, 180, 187, 188, 191, 192, 201, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227 al-Dâhir ...... 155, 156 al-Darb al-Ahmar ... 47, 48, 49, 170, 171, 215, 222 al-Fustât . 12, 73, 74, 133, 138, 175, 203, 214, 217, 222 al-Gamâliyya ...... 219 al-Khalîfa ...... 216 Bâb al-Khalq ...... 60, 92 Centre-ville ...... 97, 98, 99, 102, 104 Héliopolis .... 13, 41, 119, 120, 121, 159, 160, 208 Hilwân ...... 12, 13, 93, 225 Matariyya . 41, 53, 69, 70, 120, 130, 148, 149, 159, 160, 174, 206, 215, 218, 223 Sûq al-Khamîs ...... 53 Sayyida Zaynab ...... 58, 216 Shubrâ ...... 216 Vieux-Caire ...... 60, 220, 222 Zamâlik ...... 12, 51 Marsa Matrûh al-‘Alamayn ...... 29, 96 Moyenne-Égypte ...... 63, 216, 217 Banî Swayf ...... 63, 215, 225, 226 Fayyûm .... 10, 11, 46, 68, 150, 151, 198, 201, 214, 215, 218, 221, 225, 227 Kom Ûshîm ...... 13, 220, 224 Madînat Mâdî ...... 68, 69, 202 Maydûm ...... 12, 63 Minyâ . 10, 16, 26, 27, 34, 37, 45, 64, 68, 108, 113, 152, 185, 201, 203, 209, 215, 217, 218, 225, 227 al-Amarna ...... 152, 210, 215 al-Ashmûnayn ...... 16, 203 al-Bahnasâ ...... 108, 221 Antinoë ...... 68 Banî Hasan ...... 45 Hatnûb ...... 151, 152, 202, 203 Mallawî ...... 124, 214, 223 Tûna al-Gabal ...... 34 Suhâg .. 15, 60, 61, 62, 75, 76, 105, 127, 129, 134, 205, 209, 216, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227 Abîdus ..... 15, 25, 61, 62, 76, 205, 216 Akhmîm ...... 61, 76, 129, 205 Nouvelle Vallée al-Dâkhla ...... 165, 218 Port Sa‘îd ...... 52, 53 Sinaï 39, 95, 169, 209, 214, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223 Nord-Sinaï Péluse ...... 95 Sud-Sinaï ...... 169, 209, 217, 219, 220 Sirâbît al-Khâdim ...... 220 Suez 80, 84, 96, 98, 99, 208, 218, 219, 223 Wâdî al-Garf ...... 84

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 238 Espagne ...... 15, 156 États-Unis ...... 17, 83, 85, 110, 117, 123, 151, 169, 173, 184, 198, 201, 202 Boston ...... 151 California ...... 94, 184 Chicago ...... 17, 184, 210, 211 Colorado ...... 85, 151 Las Vegas ...... 25 Los Angeles ...... 13, 20, 23, 184, 206 Minneapolis ...... 151 New York ...... 83, 184 Washington ...... 163 Éthiopie ...... 209 France ... 12, 15, 20, 23, 28, 57, 94, 119, 169, 173, 183, 201, 204 Paris ...... 24, 28, 57, 94, 97, 117, 176, 184 Strasbourg ...... 119, 160, 183, 204 Géorgie ...... 169 Grèce ...... 114 Hongrie ...... 169 Inde ...... 121 Israël ...... 52, 198 Jérusalem ...... 209 Italie .... 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 46, 47, 57, 63, 77, 117, 169, 176, 201, 207 Florence ...... 64, 192 Naples ...... 28, 64 Rome ...... 206, 209 Salerno ...... 22, 28 Syracuse ...... 64, 68 Turin 24, 63, 64, 68, 72, 77, 134, 146, 176, 192, 193 Viterbo ...... 46 Japon ...... 15, 16, 17, 18, 125, 126, 143, 153, 169 Fukuoka ...... 17 Kanazawa ...... 17, 18 Kyoto ...... 17 Shizuoka ...... 16 Tokyo ...... 16, 17, 18 Toyama ...... 16 Yokohama ...... 17 Jordanie ...... 169, 191 Kazakhstan ...... 155, 156, 157 Koweït ...... 132, 133, 169, 201 Malte ...... 169 Maroc ...... 169 Mexique Mexico ...... 106, 169 Norvège ...... 117 Oslo ...... 117 Palestine ...... 70 Pays-Bas ...... 104, 105, 145, 146 Leyde ...... 145 Portugal ...... 114 Principauté de Monaco .... 13, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 116, 207 République du Tatarstan ...... 144 République Tchèque ...... 169 Prague ...... 186, 187 Royaume-Uni ...... 167, 203 Londres . 42, 50, 54, 57, 66, 115, 117, 136, 163, 176, 206, 209 Russie ...... 144 Soudan ...... 57, 193 Syrie ...... 156, 172, 191 Tajikistan ...... 169 Tunisie ...... 190 Turquie ...... 58 Istanbul ...... 48, 82 Union Européenne ...... 48, 71, 106, 141, 170, 176 Vietnam ...... 162 Hanoï ...... 162 Noms de personnes ‘Abd al-‘Azîz (Muhammad) ... 55, 67, 74, 120, 155, 171, 219 ‘Abd al-Basîr (al-Husayn) ...... 215, 223 ‘Abd al-Galîl (Muhammad) ...... 113 ‘Abd al-Gawwâd (Sha‘bân) . 22, 28, 115, 132, 221 ‘Abd al-Maqsûd (Muhammad) ...... 219 ‘Abd al-Nâsir (Gamâl) ...... 52, 80, 83, 216 ‘Abd al-Râziq (Sabâh) ...... 21, 44, 64, 69, 126, 177, 201, 224 ‘Awad (Muhammad) ...... 218 ‘Azab (Khâlid) ...... 224 ‘Ukâsha (Ashraf) ...... 216 Abû al-‘Azm (Hânî) ...... 217 Abû al-‘Ilâ (Wa‘d) ...... 95, 161, 185, 222 Abû al-Khayr (Usâma) ...... 158, 163, 222, 224 al-‘Ashmâwî (Ayman) .. 37, 45, 53, 78, 81, 87, 90, 130, 153, 159, 190, 194, 216 al-‘Inânî (Khâlid) .... 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 32, 33, 43, 44, 52, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 75, 76, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115, 120, 121, 129, 133, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155, 167, 168, 170, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 191, 194, 198, 199,

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 239 207, 218 al-Damâtî (Mamdûh) 124, 148, 149, 174, 225 al-Kahlâwî (Muhammad) ...... 227 al-Kasabânî (Mukhtâr) ...... 220, 225 al-Laythî (Hishâm) ...... 194, 217 al-Mallâkh (Kamâl) ...... 83, 125 al-Nabrâwî (Ra’fat) ...... 226, 227 al-Nimr (Ahmad) ...... 215 al-Saghîr (Mustafa) ...... 108, 179, 220 al-Shammâ‘ (Bassâm) ...... 67 al-Shâzlî (Yâsmîn) ...... 223 al-Simistâwî (Gamâl) ...... 37, 45, 63, 217 al-Sîsî (‘Abd al-Fattâh) ... 29, 54, 75, 198, 205, 206 al-Tîbî (‘Amr) ...... 46, 47, 214 Amîn (Mustafa) ...... 220 Badîr (Muhammad) ...... 219 Bárta (Miroslav) ...... 127, 187, 188 Bavay (Laurent) ...... 186 Betrò (Marilina) ...... 192 Borchardt (Ludwig) ...... 210 Bresciani (Edda) ...... 64 Capasso (Mario) ...... 68 Capriotti (Giuseppina) ...... 64, 68, 190 Carter (Howard) ...... 123, 157 Champollion (Jean-François) ...... 64, 192 Colin (Frédéric) ...... 160, 183 Darnell (John) ...... 11 Empain (Édouard Louis Joseph) . 13, 15, 119, 120, 121, 218 Enmarch (Roland) ...... 151, 152 Fanfoni (Giuseppe) ...... 191 Farag (Sabrî) ...... 9, 82, 169, 200 Gourdon (Yannis) ...... 151, 152 Guyot (Frédéric) ...... 90 Hammâm (Hamdî) ...... 28, 87, 143, 213, 217 Hanna (Monica) ...... 207 Hasan (Silîm) ...... 83 Hawwâs (Zâhî) . 22, 30, 41, 44, 82, 85, 86, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 123, 125, 128, 129, 136, 150, 172, 173, 183, 210 Haykal (Fâyza) ...... 225 Hérodote ...... 56 Hilmî (al-Sa‘îd) ...... 216 Hippocrate ...... 56 Ibrâhîm (Muhammad) ...... 219 Kawai (Nozomu) ...... 17, 18 Khidr (Nâdya) ...... 27, 39, 78, 212, 221 Kondo (Jiro) ...... 17, 18 Kuraszkiewicz (Kamil Omar) ...... 135, 136 Lam‘î (Sâlih) ...... 228 Leblanc (Christian) ...... 135 Lord Carnarvon ...... 42 Marcel (Alexandre) ...... 121 Mariette (Auguste) ...... 50, 106, 107, 177 Maspero (Gaston) ...... 34, 177 Mitwallî (Muhammad) ...... 38, 220 Montet (Pierre) ...... 20, 50 Mubârak (Husnî) ...... 82 Muhyî al-Dîn (Ashraf) 21, 117, 129, 188, 194, 216 Mustafa (Gamâl) ...... 52, 141, 151, 209, 217 Mysliwiec (Karol) ...... 135 Petrie (William Matthew Flinders) ...... 17, 50 Qanawâtî (Nagîb) ...... 45 Qutb (‘Abd al-Hamîd) ...... 221 Radwân (‘Alî) ...... 117, 227 Raue (Dietrich) ...... 159 Raven (Maarten J.) ...... 145 Rayhân (‘Abd al-Rahîm) ...... 214 Rommel (Erwin) ...... 224 Rondot (Vincent) ...... 184 Rosellini (Ippolito) ...... 64, 192 Rushdî (Mustafa) ...... 220 Sa‘îd (Mahrûs) ...... 119, 218, 224 Salâh al-Dîn (Ilhâm) ..... 19, 59, 60, 63, 67, 76, 93, 111, 122, 126, 162, 176, 223 Sâlih (Ahmad) ...... 56, 131 Sâlih (Fathî) ...... 227 Schiaparelli (Ernesto) ...... 192 Sunbul (Gharîb) ...... 52, 81, 189, 201, 217 Tawfîq (Târiq) .. 53, 54, 76, 80, 108, 143, 153, 185, 224 Verner (Miroslav) ...... 36 von Pilgrim (Cornelius) ...... 135 Wazîrî (Mustafa) 9, 10, 22, 27, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 65, 66, 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 91, 94, 95, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 118, 127, 128, 129, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 154, 160, 162, 163, 168, 169, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 211, 212, 221 Yoshimura (Sakuji) ...... 16, 17, 18, 125, 126 Zaydân (‘Isa) ...... 53, 69, 108, 125, 158, 223 Ziegler (Christiane) ...... 20, 25 Nudité ...... 189, 194, 195 O Oasis al-Dâkhla .. 55, 56, 57, 79, 131, 141, 217, 221

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 240 al-Farâfra ...... 221 al-Khârga ...... 215, 218, 219 Sîwa ...... 140, 141, 142 Shâlî ...... 140, 141, 142 Obélisques ...... 114, 134, 159, 206, 223 Obélisque de Sésostris Ier ...... 206 OE OEil Oudjat ...... 145, 169 O Oeufs Oeuf d’autruche ...... 163 Offrande ...... 46, 139, 161 Oiseaux ...... 65, 106, 178, 179, 194 Autruche ...... 140, 163 Canard ...... 25 Faucon ...... 169 Organisations internationales United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) .. 17, 132, 147, 169, 177, 187, 189, 190, 227 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ...... 129 Ossements 19, 31, 78, 79, 81, 90, 94, 127, 164, 165, 166, 197 Ouchebti ...... 14, 21, 22, 32, 33, 122, 176, 178, 182, 197, 201, 203, 204, 205, 212 P Pain ...... 105, 107, 203 Palais .... 19, 46, 84, 91, 94, 105, 120, 121, 158, 168, 173, 175, 183, 187, 191, 216, 218, 222, 224 Palais du baron Empain ...... 13, 15, 120, 121, 218 Palais Manyal ...... 222, 224 Palais Muhammad ‘Alî ...... 216 Palimpseste ...... 88, 207, 208, 209 Papyrus ..... 12, 50, 56, 63, 64, 68, 84, 118, 119, 138, 139, 169, 175, 176, 182, 188, 204, 223 Papyrus al-Gabalayn ...... 68 Papyrus Ebers ...... 56 Papyrus Edwin SMITH ...... 56 Parfum ...... 39 Parlement ...... 189 Particuliers Amenmut ...... 174 Baqet II ...... 44, 45 Djéhouty ...... 169 Hori ...... 91, 182 Imhotep ...... 56 Ineni ...... 161 Kaer S ...... 127 Khufu-Imhat ...... 168 Meryrê-ankh ...... 105 Montouemhat ...... 108 Nes-Ptah ...... 108 Ptahmes ...... 31 Rimushenty ...... 44, 45 Sha-Amon-em-sou ...... 91 Tadi-Hur ...... 33, 197 Thaw-Rakhtif ...... 181, 182, 204 Touya ...... 20, 23, 24, 176, 205, 207 Youya .... 20, 23, 24, 175, 176, 177, 178, 205, 207 Pectoral ...... 96 Peinture ...... 12, 23, 126, 175 Pèlerinage ...... 62, 75, 141, 205 Perle ...... 38, 191, 201 Perruque ...... 96, 187 Pétition ...... 36, 79 Phares ...... 90 Pierre de Rosette ...... 210 Pierres .... 19, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 74, 82, 90, 95, 111, 113, 123, 132, 149, 152, 157, 159, 167, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 189, 197, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 210, 212 Calcaire ...... 37, 96, 174, 187 Calcite ...... 33, 197 Grès ...... 73, 112, 128, 160 Lapis-lazuli ...... 24 Turquoise ...... 24 Pipe ...... 55 Plateau de Gîza .. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 82, 117, 125, 129, 131, 134, 149, 150, 175, 188, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 205, 207, 222 Pluie ...... 114, 156, 201 Poissons ...... 51, 140 Polémique ...... 194 Polices ...... 22, 79, 92, 127, 153, 172, 178, 195, 213 Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités . 10, 26, 127, 151, 153, 161, 198, 226 Pollution ...... 52, 55, 71, 74 Porcelaine ...... 14, 144 Portraits du Fayyûm ...... 46 Ports . 22, 23, 28, 46, 64, 84, 88, 191, 207, 213, 215 Poterie .... 10, 21, 22, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 241 90, 111, 149, 163, 176, 197, 200, 202, 205 Pount ...... 64 Presse Ahram Online ... 9, 10, 30, 34, 35, 36, 45, 53, 55, 65, 66, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 90, 94, 107, 108, 109, 115, 117, 118, 125, 126, 132, 133, 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 160, 163, 169, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 210, 212, 213 Âkhir Sâ‘a ...... 84 al-Ahrâm ..... 9, 10, 16, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 69, 73, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128, 129, 133, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 169, 172, 174, 178, 181, 184, 191, 196, 200, 202, 213 al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî ... 9, 10, 16, 26, 27, 28, 34, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 62, 63, 66, 69, 73, 79, 81, 82, 87, 91, 92, 95, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 127, 129, 133, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 169, 172, 174, 178, 184 Al-Ahram Hebdo ... 22, 26, 34, 37, 38, 39, 44, 47, 49, 53, 57, 59, 69, 76, 77, 79, 82, 91, 92, 93, 97, 107, 115, 128, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 154, 167, 170, 178, 184, 187, 188, 191, 193, 196, 200, 201, 202 Al-Ahram Weekly .. 12, 16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 32, 34, 40, 44, 50, 51, 53, 60, 62, 64, 66, 71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 98, 104, 105, 107, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 141, 142, 148, 155, 157, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 181, 184, 194, 195, 207, 209 al-Akhbâr ...... 84 al-Dustûr ...... 35, 49 al-Gumhûriyya ...... 49 al-Masrî al-Yawm ..... 9, 10, 16, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 39, 49, 51, 54, 66, 75, 79, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94, 95, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 127, 129, 130, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 169, 172, 174, 178, 181, 184, 185, 189, 190, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213 al-Shurûq 35, 49, 75, 96, 113, 115, 127, 142, 161, 189, 201, 211, 213 al-Tahrîr . 9, 10, 36, 44, 47, 63, 113, 150, 189, 199, 201 al-Watan ...... 10, 30, 36, 44 al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘ 9, 11, 18, 21, 22, 26, 28, 31, 34, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 79, 81, 82, 87, 95, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 118, 119, 126, 127, 129, 133, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 167, 172, 174, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 194, 196, 200, 201, 202, 207, 210, 211, 213 Egypt Independent .... 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 36, 44, 45, 54, 57, 63, 66, 67, 72, 77, 79, 81, 90, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, 118, 127, 128, 129, 148, 149, 157, 160, 161, 174, 178, 184, 189, 190, 196, 198, 200, 210, 211, 212, 213 Ruz al-Yûsuf ...... 20, 96 Sada al-Balad .... 9, 10, 11, 16, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 51, 54, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 80, 81, 82, 91, 92, 95, 96, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 128, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 169, 174, 178, 179, 180, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 194, 200, 201, 210, 213 Watanî 10, 27, 29, 30, 36, 40, 53, 63, 76, 79, 81, 91, 94, 95, 107, 109, 112, 113, 116, 118, 128, 147, 149, 150, 151, 157, 159, 160, 163, 169, 178, 181, 185, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 210 Prêtres .... 9, 15, 32, 33, 61, 65, 70, 82, 91, 106, 182, 183, 186, 187, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 211 Amen-Mes ...... 211 Djehuty-Irdy-Es ...... 204 Hersa-Essei ...... 203 Kaires ...... 186, 187, 188 Pediamenopet ...... 182, 204 Wahtye ...... 199 Prêtresses Hetpet ...... 203 Procession ...... 183

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 242 Projets Egyptian Mummy Project ...... 172 Gîza Plateau Development Project ...... 13, 15 Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project (HCRP) ...... 55, 74, 75, 120, 155, 171, 219 Puits ...... 10, 144, 161 Pylône ...... 183, 184 Pyramides ... 9, 11, 20, 21, 34, 63, 82, 105, 107, 110, 117, 129, 131, 134, 150, 152, 158, 181, 188, 189, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 208, 222 Pyramide d’Ounas ...... 31, 34 Pyramide de Chéops ...... 17, 34, 83, 86, 125, 129, 188, 189, 194, 195, 203 Pyramide de Djoser ...... 9, 107 Pyramide de Maydûm ...... 63 R Radiations Rayons infrarouges ...... 145 Rayons laser ...... 34 Radiocarbone ...... 72, 133 Réaménagement 16, 18, 21, 38, 39, 40, 48, 49, 63, 75, 111, 112, 126, 134, 146, 194 Reconstitution faciale ...... 173 Relique ...... 22 Réplique archéologique . 12, 15, 23, 24, 26, 27, 46, 47, 65, 66, 84, 122, 134, 144 Reptiles Cobra ...... 142, 145, 169, 202 Crocodile ...... 42, 105, 142, 169, 202, 204 Dinosaures ...... 94, 163, 164, 165, 166 Mansourasaurus shahinae .... 163, 164, 167 Serpent ...... 32, 33, 45, 64, 68, 97, 110, 121, 153, 197 Tortue ...... 105, 191 Restauration ... 9, 13, 14, 18, 21, 27, 35, 40, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 69, 74, 76, 82, 85, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183, 186, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 201, 205, 206, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 Restitution ...... 22, 210 Riwâq ...... 157 Roches Albâtre .. 33, 38, 82, 113, 151, 152, 169, 182, 197, 202, 203, 204, 213 Basalte ...... 160, 187 Granit .... 9, 10, 29, 30, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 51, 53, 67, 69, 77, 78, 79, 106, 108, 115, 127, 172, 187, 206, 207 Grès ...... 73, 112, 128, 160 Marbre .... 10, 27, 75, 96, 121, 156, 171, 172, 213 Obsidienne ...... 33, 123, 197 Quartzite ...... 96, 114, 123, 206 Silex ...... 38 S Sainte Famille ...... 46, 65, 66, 70, 71, 159 Salles d’enchères Bonhams ...... 57 Sandale ...... 176, 205 Sang ...... 56 Sarcophage .... 9, 10, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 62, 77, 78, 79, 91, 94, 105, 108, 111, 112, 113, 124, 132, 133, 134, 139, 152, 153, 160, 161, 168, 169, 175, 176, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 193, 196, 197, 204, 205, 212 Sauvetage ...... 187, 201 Sceau ...... 97 Sceptre ...... 9, 82 Scribes ...... 46, 62, 105, 107, 136, 200, 211 Silo ...... 90 Société d’Archéologie Copte ...... 186 Son et lumière ...... 27, 97, 147, 227 Sondage ...... 112 Souveraines Cléopâtre ...... 30, 40, 73, 142, 184, 207 Hatchepsout ...... 69, 181 Souverains Ahmosis ...... 20, 142, 192 Akhenaton ... 20, 47, 172, 175, 176, 205, 210 Alexandre le Grand .... 29, 30, 35, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 79, 142 Amenemhat II ...... 64, 69, 180, 181, 201 Amenhotep Ier . 18, 19, 64, 69, 115, 158, 176, 205, 206 Amenhotep II .. 18, 19, 64, 69, 158, 176, 205, 206 Amenhotep III .. 18, 19, 64, 69, 176, 205, 206 Cambyse ...... 183 Chéops . 17, 20, 50, 51, 69, 82, 83, 115, 125, 126, 129, 150, 151, 152, 189, 218, 223 Chéphren ...... 67 Djedefrê ...... 54, 66 Djoser ...... 9, 25, 82, 105, 106, 107, 203 Horemheb ...... 128

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 243 Justinien ...... 68 Mérenptah ...... 63, 67 Mykérinos ...... 25 Narmer ...... 46 Nectanébo Ier ...... 142, 160 Nectanébo II ...... 142 Néférikarê-Kakaï ..... 127, 186, 188, 199, 200, 202, 203 Niouserrê ...... 127, 186 Osorkon II ...... 50 Ounas ...... 31, 34 Ouserkaf ...... 168, 202 Pépi Ier ...... 50, 51, 62, 65, 105, 115 Pépi II ...... 105 Psammétique Ier ...... 41, 212 Psammétique II ...... 130 Psousennès Ier ...... 50 Ptolémée Évergète Ier ...... 128 Ptolémée IV Philopator ...... 128 Ptolémée V Épiphane ...... 109, 203 Ptolémée XI ...... 207 Ptolémée XII ...... 207 Ramsès Ier .. 16, 25, 30, 40, 41, 50, 51, 61, 62, 85, 114, 115, 130, 135, 147, 148, 149, 174, 179, 183, 192, 205, 206 Ramsès II ... 16, 25, 30, 40, 41, 50, 51, 61, 62, 85, 114, 115, 130, 135, 147, 148, 149, 174, 179, 183, 192, 205, 206 Sekhemkhet ...... 20 Sésostris Ier ...... 53, 110 Sésostris III ...... 51, 115 Séthi Ier ...... 27, 61, 62, 93, 128, 192, 206 Snéfrou ...... 181 Souverains musulmans ‘Alî (Muhammad) ..... 28, 52, 74, 80, 81, 82, 121, 138, 156, 216, 220 al-Ayyûbî (al-Nâsir Salâh al-Dîn) 27, 73, 82, 156, 221 al-Ayyûbî (Salâh al-Dîn) ...... 48, 73, 74, 156 al-Nâsir Muhammad ...... 73, 171, 172 Barqûq (al-Zâhir) ...... 48 Baybars al-Bunduqdârî (al-Zâhir) . 155, 156, 157 khédive Ismâ‘îl ...... 91, 94, 97 Qalâwwûn (al-Nâsir) ...... 73 Qâytbây (al-Ashraf Abû al-Nasr) 48, 74, 90, 214, 222 Roi Fârûq Ier ...... 13, 59, 158 Sulaymân Aghâ al-Silihdâr ...... 48 Sultan Husayn Kâmil ...... 158 Thoutmosis II ...... 193, 206 Thoutmosis III ...... 193, 206 Thoutmosis IV ...... 206 Toutankhamon 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 27, 42, 46, 50, 94, 116, 123, 124, 126, 129, 134, 137, 144, 150, 154, 157, 158, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 184, 205, 206, 207 Sphinx .. 17, 24, 54, 66, 67, 108, 109, 129, 150, 158, 203, 204, 207 Statue . 9, 23, 24, 25, 26, 38, 41, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 82, 91, 93, 96, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 121, 127, 130, 132, 147, 148, 152, 158, 159, 160, 169, 174, 176, 179, 182, 183, 184, 187, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 210, 211, 213 Statuette ..... 9, 14, 96, 113, 158, 178, 182, 203, 204, 205, 213 Stèles .. 25, 38, 50, 51, 61, 68, 73, 91, 112, 114, 115, 128, 152, 160, 184, 207 Survey ...... 33, 110, 149 Synagogues ...... 180, 209 Eliyahu Hanavi ...... 13 T Table d’offrande ...... 61, 205 Tannerie ...... 74 Tatouage ...... 144, 145 Téléférique ...... 27 Tell-s Tell al-‘Amârna ...... 19, 152, 173, 210, 215 Tell al-Dab‘a ...... 50, 115 Tell al-Dayr ...... 212 Tell al-Farâ‘în ...... 222 Tell al-Farkha ...... 38 Tell al-Samâra ...... 90 Tell al-Yahûdiyya ...... 222 Tell Basta ...... 13, 205, 214 Tell Ghazâla ...... 37, 38 Tell Idfû ...... 211 Temples .. 16, 35, 36, 41, 45, 49, 50, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 73, 93, 95, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 119, 121, 128, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 159, 160, 163, 174, 179, 183, 188, 193, 194, 201, 204, 211, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221 Ramesseum ...... 135, 136 Temple al-Tûd ...... 49 Temple d’Abû Simbil ...... 119, 141, 147, 169 Temple d’Hibis ...... 219 Temple d’Idfû ...... 131 Temple d’Isnâ ...... 193, 194

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 244 Temple d’Opet ...... 179 Temple de Karnak ...... 66, 93, 115, 135, 150, 179, 195, 214, 221 Temple de Khonsou ...... 93 Temple de Kom Umbû . 35, 36, 73, 108, 109, 128, 163, 203 Temple de Louqsor ...... 179, 183, 194, 215 Temple de Montou ...... 179 Temple de Mout ...... 181, 204 Temple de Philæ ...... 45, 110 Temple de Ramsès II ...... 147 Temple du Soleil ...... 159, 160 Terracotta ...... 182, 204, 205 Textes des Pyramides ...... 183 Textile ...... 60, 61, 62, 68, 93, 96, 97, 167 Coton ...... 138 Laine ...... 97 Lin ...... 21, 22, 32, 60, 62, 68, 72, 77, 96, 97, 111, 112, 139, 169, 182, 183, 197, 212 Soie ...... 97 Tombes .. 11, 18, 19, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 45, 50, 65, 72, 77, 80, 81, 105, 107, 109, 110, 127, 167, 168, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 197, 202, 203 KV35 ...... 173 Mastaba de Mehou ...... 107 Tombe d’Alexandre le Grand ...... 44 Tombe d’Ineni (TT81) ...... 161 Tombe de Hori (TT28) ...... 181, 182, 204 Tombe de Pediamenopet (TT33) .... 182, 183, 204 Tombe de Ptahmes ...... 31 Tombe de Séthi Ier (KV17) ...... 27 Tombe de Si-Amun ...... 142 Tombe de Thaw-Rakhtif ...... 182, 204 Tombe de Toutankhamon (KV62) ...... 27, 42, 150, 157, 172, 184 Tombe KV21 ...... 172, 173 Tombe TT291 ...... 145 Tomographie ...... 56, 79, 173 Tourisme 10, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25, 26, 47, 48, 49, 60, 62, 63, 67, 74, 76, 80, 82, 98, 99, 101, 104, 107, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 127, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 151, 153, 155, 174, 190, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 206 Trafic archéologique ...... 79 Transfert ..... 16, 20, 21, 27, 48, 73, 86, 94, 121, 158, 163 Tremblement de terre ...... 74, 90, 114, 184 Trésors de Tanis ...... 20, 23, 25, 207 Triade ...... 73 Trône ...... 97, 108 U Universités American University in Cairo (AUC) . 207, 225 Liverpool University ...... 151, 203 Macquarie University ...... 44, 72, 119, 131 Pennsylvania State University ...... 85 Tokai University ...... 18 Universidad de Jaén ...... 57 Università degli Studi di Roma ...... 190, 191 Università di Pisa ...... 64, 192, 193 Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli ...... 64 Universität Tübingen ...... 33, 189, 197, 202 Université d‘Ayn Shams ...... 148 Université d’Hilwân ...... 12 Université de Mansûra ...... 163, 164 Université de Strasbourg ...... 119, 183, 204 Université du Caire ...... 17, 84, 99, 102, 103, 130, 139, 154, 191 Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier III ...... 12 University of Alabama ...... 109, 110 University of Chicago ...... 17, 210 University of Oxford ...... 165 University of York ...... 77 Uniwersytet Warszawski ...... 135 Waseda University ...... 17, 18, 125 Yale University ...... 11 V Vaiselle ...... 58 Vallées Vallée des Reines ...... 192 Vallée des Rois .... 20, 67, 129, 150, 172, 176, 208 Vases ...... 12, 19, 22, 139, 152 Vase canope ...... 22, 33, 107, 108, 139, 169, 176, 182, 197, 203, 204, 205 Verre ...... 58, 93 Vierge Marie ...... 69, 70, 71, 96, 142, 159, 215 Villas Villa Aghion ...... 89 Villa Cicurel ...... 89 Vin ...... 200, 202, 203 Vizirs ...... 105, 107, 203 Mehou ...... 105, 106, 107, 203 Vol ...... 14, 26, 28, 150, 151, 161, 178

I n d e x BIA LVIII — Juillet/Décembre 2018 245 W Wakâla-s ...... 14, 89 World Heritage Day ...... 97 Z Zone piétonne ...... 15, 75, 97, 98, 99, 102 - - - -