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ican then, as a resul" checked off the list of "things to be gat ion arrived from Great J1ritairr; base facilities in Canada, done". Canada and IrelanV -o- ruscuss the land, Ireland, England, and On July 2, 1935 President Roosevelt North Atlantic;...wirIlthe newly formed in France, and in Germany. set up an Interdepartmental Committee commit~~ When, in 1933, the French lost their ,rlctly what then transpired has rights in the Azores through non ~;.!~: deo:art~:s~:~:~ S~et~~e~~~~ ~ never been revealed since the proceed performance, Pan American and Im merce, Post Office and the Treasury ings were largely of the "behind locked perial stepped in to press for action <)n to consider "the development of doors" variety. But this much is clear: their applications. When, three years American air tranS.p-o'f L lines in for (1) In spite of an invitation for "any later, the Portuguese government sa w eignterritori~s Y one interested" to turn U?, Pan fit to approve them, the last base was In December of that (Turn 10 page 33) / Bow the Atlantic Will Be rlown
longs to the thousands of hard-work I-A Bow to ing men representing P.A.A. over half the surface of the globe. He would tell you of the technical con-. Andre A. Priester tributions of such P.A.A. department heads as Hugo Leuteritz, who devel oped the line's unique radio direction ~ i . finders. Of the work of Division heads HERE IS A COMMON !JENOMll'ATOR and engineers, of operations man T recognizable in every well-prac agers, of pilots and mechanics. He ,( could tell of progress made on Pan ,.; . ticed action of a Pan American flight crew; in every P.A.A. maintenance American problems by almost every (-Outine ; irr the spic and span orderli unit in the American aeronautical in ness of everv P.A.A. base from Hong dustry- sometimes on ·urgent appeal; '}(ong to Lisbon, from Nome to frequently on their own individual in Buenos Aires. It is obvious even to itiativc. But any crusade must have the casual observer. a leader to set and keep alight its fire.
Th~ men I seem to be working, not And, these men in turn, would tell you at idides, but at professions of which he is Priester. .•J they take pride in bei~g the well When you step down the beauti :,e Bow the Atlantic Will Be I'lown ' handling the engines. As a result, a Then, after handling a stiff set of II-The Crew simple schedule of duty rotation gives written and practical examinations, each officer one hour of rest in. every the apprentici graduates to the rank HE !>IE~ on the "flight deck" of a four-and there are bunks in a crew of Junior Pilot, Second Gass. T trans-Atlantic Clipper form one cabin behind the ftigbt deck to permit As he checks out in dead reckoning of the most unique groups on earth- complete rela:oc:ation. and radio na\'igation, basic meteor and one of the hardest to get into. There is no royal road to the Cap ology, the Link trainer, and amasses Not counting the stewards in the taincy. All pilots entering Pan Ameri flying time, he. can move up to Junior big passenger cabins, a trans-Atlantic can service are college graduates, . Pilot, First Class. crew will consist of at least\seven mtJst also are graduates of Army or At least one year later, he may face men: a Captain; a First Officer Pilot; Navy flight training centers and ha\'e another set I(f e...xaminationsjfor rank a Second Officer Pilot; a Third Of had a year or two of active military as Senior Pilot--this time in subjects ticer Pilot-:\a\,igator; an Engineer or na.al duty. Their first rank \\;th including international law, basic ce Officer; a Radio Officer, and a Junior P.A.A. is that of Apprentice Pilot. lestial na\'igation, seamanship, and the Flight Officer. As such, for two years, they work in history and cultural background of The Engineer Officer and the Radio maintenance shops, serve turns of countries served by P.A.A. Officer are specialists, long-trained in duty in Pan American offices to ac Even then 'he is not through. After the operation of power plants and quaint themselves with the work of 2,500 hours in command of P.A.A. radio, respectively. In addition they all departments, and qua.Iify for' both aircraft (at least SOO in flying boats have been equipped with ample theory Airplane and Engine Mechanics cer of more than 17,000 Ibs. gross) he and shop-experience to enable them tificates. may sit for further examinations in to trace trouble and rectify it when Meanwhile they h.ave begun a advanced navigation and some eigh ever it is possible to do so in flight. course of study toward examinations teen other subjects-and if, mean The Third Officer Pilot~Navigator for advancement in grade. Most take while, H'e has had an excellent record is in direct 0harge of charting the correspondence courses prepared for and shown outstanding ability as a plane's position by celestial naviga their special benefit by P.A.A. techni leader and manager, he may win tion . by dead reckoning, and by radio cians and administered through one ~f through to the rating: ~raster Pilot bearings taken on the plane by surface the big corresponde'1ce schools. As of Ocean Flying Boats, stations or by bearings taken from one specific objective he must qualify You'll find one on the bridge of your the plane on surface stations. for a Second Class Radio License. trans-Atlantic Clipper. The First and Second Officers Pilot i share the bulk of the flying duties. The Junior Flight Officer rnay be sitting in the co-pilot's seat, belping with the na\'igation, sernng the Engi neer Officer by inspecting fuel tanks, fuel lines, or the big engines them sc\ves. Over it all, or rather behind it at a desk-table, lords the Captain in ex ecutive charge of the plane, its flight and everyone upon it. He might handle the plane's controls as little as an hour on an entire ocean crossing --or even not at all. But this is more than a mere sub~ di\'ision of continuous labor. Note that five of the se\,en--that is, all but the Engin~r and Radio officer--are pilots fully qualified to take the ship off, fly it, and land it. In addition all these five have been thoroughly trained in navigation, in radio and in J) ow '. CONTAOL__ a64-~ CA&lN .I.. :,' .; I IN SPLENDID ISOLAnON: A Boelnq tell crew reiIs on the IlIqhl d&clc oller a flnal ch&clc IlIqhL To It.-p down fatlque on lonq crMalnql, thU compartmenl h... been 01 elaboralely lCucd proofed and uphoI.lered al the paaaenqer quaTle.. on Ihe d&clc below. Nole the IlmpUdly 01 the pllotl' panel In the bo..... '" . < BY THE NUMBERS: (1) Anchor Halch. (2) Seaman'l Compartmenl. (3) Brldqe, (4) Flnl PlIol. THE HUGE'" HULL-II 108 fl. lonq, h... a b.am (5) ' Second PlIol, (6) Radlo Loop, (7) NClTlqaUon CompaTtmenl. (8) Radlo Olllce.1 POll. (9) Chart 01 12 II. 6 :bo. and a maxlinum deplh 01 " 19 II. Room. (10) NaTiqalor'l Equipment. (11) Enqlneerlnq Olllce.1 POll. (12) Captaln'l Olfle'e. (13) II h... an athwarl.lhlp maui Ilep and a polnled 1500 hp. Wrlqhl GR-280o..A2 Cyclone Enqinel Equlpped with HamIllon-5lcmdard Hydromallc rem Ilep eq"lJp!;id wllh a lI.... aler rudder, Propellerl. (14) M&chanlc'1 W1nq Siallon. (15) Conlrollable Landlnq Llqhll, (I6) Wlnq Spread 7.200 POUNDIl--- in the United States. As shown on the chart on page 28 the great bulk ~ of it has its opposite terminal or origin ~ in England or France. Now the most practical American service might well be one which touched say France and England, or even France, Germany, and England on a single trip. In re turn, on a trip-for-trip basis, each of these countries could run a Right to the U.S, and return. There is a great deal to be said therefore upon an insistence by our go-vernment that trans-Atlantic service should be allo cated on a basis of th'e traffic each country actually contributes to the total North Atlantic Row. Be that as it may, the . Atlantic arc outstanding examples of sim plicity. Each receiver weighs but six pounds and covers, through the use of seven plug-in coils, the entire frequency range from 250 kc to 25,000 kc. The circuit employs a stage of untuned r-f, a regenerative detector, and two stages of, audio frequency amplificat ion. Direction-finding equipment ;, Two methods of direction finding are ;lVailable: one involving a rota ' I table loop on the plane, the oth~ using ' I bearings taken on the ship's Arans j: mitter by Adcock-system ground sta- , i' I tion direction finders. The rotatable ,I loop system is used primarily as an From company .tatlon. on wnq IIland and at Horta and L1&bon. already equipped with ;~ .uch ...., 01 d1-pole antennaa a. thl., Pan American operator. , , , adjunct to the Adcock system, and is I, of course subject to night effect and is limited to use over comparatively 'I short distances, The Adcock system, on the other hand will give bearing accurate to within a degree over dis f. ta nces well over J,000 miles, and is in addition practically immune to night effect errors. The direction-finding system on the plane consists of a rotatable loop mounted in a streamlined housing. lfIr.,urto"ol can take Narlnq. on Clipper. In mld·Atlantlc accurate to one deqr.., Compar able equIpment wUl be a .. allable at ....eral BrlUah .tallon., /, The output of ih~ loop is fed first to a transnlitter in the planes. Three single stage of tuned radio frequency Pan American Adcock installations r amplification, and then to the input of are already available for Atlantic " r= either of the two standard communi operations: one. on the East coast of j cation receivers. The extra r-f stage the United States, one in the Azores, is required to introduce auditional and ol1'e at Lisbon in Portugal. Each sensilivity, to 'make maximum use of installation consists of four vertical the capahilities of the loop itself. The eli-pole antennas, whose outputs feed I, inuications of the bearing direction carefully halanceu receiver circuits, I are taken by the aural-null method, rly eletecting the phase differences in IIsing the headphones in the output of the signal received by the four ui the receiver, while rotating the loop, poles, the elirection of the incoming' The ground stations are provided with signal may he readily found, anu intermediate frequency transmitters radioed at ol1ce to the plane from and "1''' antennas of symllletrical cli- ' which the sig-nal is coming. The mensions producing uniform field pat Adcock system covers readily a ny fre terns for d-f approaches, The loop, quency in the range from 5 to 8 mega are lIIuch used for taking bearings 011 cycles, marine vessels, and for homing pur Elahorate radio installations are also poses, carried ahoard two hig- sea-going' The CUppilr'. Radio Olncer cem talre The Adcock direction tinder works launche,; which are now stationed at be , "