DOCSLIB.ORG

Persian Interventions This Page Intentionally Left Blank Persian Interventions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Persian Interventions This page intentionally left blank Persian Interventions The Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450–386 BCE JOHN O. HYLAND Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2018 Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Mary land 21218 - 4363 www . press . jhu . edu Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Hyland, John O., 1977– author. Title: Persian interventions : the Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450-386 BCE / John O. Hyland. Other titles: Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450-386 BCE Description: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017007353 | ISBN 9781421423708 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781421423715 (electronic) | ISBN 1421423707 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421423715 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Achaemenid dynasty, 559 B.C.–330 B.C. | Imperialism— Case studies. | Sparta (Extinct city)— Foreign relations. | Athens (Greece)— Foreign relations. | Greece— History— To 146 B.C. Classification: LCC DS281 .H95 2017 | DDC 935/.05— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2017007353 A cata log rec ord for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or specialsales@press . jhu . edu . Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 p ercent post- consumer waste, whenever pos si ble. Contents List of Tables and Maps ​vii Acknowl edgments ​ix Translations, Spelling, and Units of Mea sure ​xi Chapter 1. Achaemenid Persia and the Greeks across the Sea ​1 The Traditional Model: Balancing Athens and Sparta ​5 ​/ ​The Image of Persian World Supremacy ​7 ​/ ​A New Approach: Ambition and Restraint in Persia’s Greek Relations ​10 Chapter 2. Artaxerxes I and the Athenian Peace ​15 The Peace of Kallias: In Search of a Persian Perspective ​16 ​/ ​The Costs of Peace: Ionia’s Loss and Pos si ble Countermea sures ​18 ​/ ​The Savings of Peace: Naval Reduction and Economic Gains ​23 ​/ ​The Profits of Peace: Persia’s Athenian Trade ​28 ​/ ​The Ideology of Peace: Persian Victory and the Athenian Client State ​30 ​/ ​Adherence to Peace: The Cold War Model and the Samian Revolt ​34 Chapter 3. The Peloponnesian War and the Road to Intervention ​37 Artaxerxes I and the Peloponnesian War ​38 ​/ ​Darius II and Athens: From Philia to Enmity ​42 ​/ ​Sicily, Tribute, and Darius’s Intervention ​45 ​/ ​Agents of Intervention: Darius’s New Satraps ​47 ​/ ​Negotiating Intervention: The Satraps, Ionia, and Sparta ​50 Chapter 4. Tissaphernes’s War and the Treaty of 411 ​53 The Ionian War and Athenian Resilience ​54 ​/ ​Victory over Amorges ​57 ​/ ​ Revising the Terms of Alliance ​60 ​/ ​Quarrel with Sparta and Contacts with Athens ​66 ​/ ​The Treaty of 411 ​71 Chapter 5. The King’s Navy and the Failure of Satrapal Intervention ​76 Darius’s Ships and Tissaphernes’s Wages ​77 ​/ ​The Ionian Garrison Expulsions 81 / The Royal Fleet’s Recall 86 / The Satraps at the Hellespont 91 / Pharnabazos’s Timbers ​96 Chapter 6. Cyrus the Younger and Spartan Victory ​98 The Satraps on the Defensive ​99 ​/ ​Darius and the Embassy of Boiotios ​104 ​/ ​Cyrus Takes Command ​107 ​/ ​Cyrus and Spartan Disaster ​111 ​/ ​Cyrus’s and Lysander’s Road to Victory ​114 ​/ ​Persia’s Victory: Costs and Benefits ​118 vi Contents Chapter 7. Artaxerxes II and War with Sparta ​122 Cyrus and the Second Loss of Ionia ​123 ​/ ​Tissaphernes and Spartan Invasion ​127 ​/ ​Naval Escalation and Tissaphernes’s Downfall ​133 ​/ ​Tithraustes’s Truce and Pharnabazos’s Defense of the North ​139 ​/ ​Artaxerxes’s Fleet and Victory at Knidos ​143 Chapter 8. Persia, the Corinthian War, and the King’s Peace ​148 Timokrates’s Mission to Greece ​149 ​/ ​Pharnabazos’s Revenge ​151 ​/ ​Konon and Persian Aid to Athens ​154 ​/ ​Tiribazos’s Folly and the Peace Talks of 392 ​156 ​/ ​Strouthas and the Failure of Outreach to Athens ​161 ​/ ​The King’s Peace ​164 Conclusion ​169 Notes ​173 Bibliography ​221 Index ​247 tables and maps tables 2.1. Athenian Tribute Payers on the Anatolian Mainland (450/49–440/39) ​21 2.2. Maximum Athenian Tribute Totals on the Anatolian Mainland (450/49–440/39) ​21 4.1. Tissaphernes’s Travels, Summer 412– Spring 411 ​73 5.1. Tissaphernes’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 412-11 ​80 5.2. Pharnabazos’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 411-10 ​93 5.3. Tissaphernes’s Travels, Summer– Fall 411 ​94 6.1. Darius’s Grant and Cyrus’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 407-6 ​110 6.2. Cyrus’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 405-4 ​117 6.3. Total Persian Subsidies to Peloponnesian Fleets, 412-4 ​119 maps 1. Achaemenid Persia and the Greeks across the Sea ​2 2. Achaemenid Anatolia and the Athenian Archē ​19 3. Persia’s Intervention in the Peloponnesian War, 412-4 ​82 4. The Persian Fleet in the Aegean, 396-93 ​152 This page intentionally left blank acknowl edgments This book has benefited from a long gestation,going back two de cades to an undergraduate paper on Tissaphernes and its expansion in my BA honors thesis. I wish to express my profound thanks to all the individuals who have shared their time and guidance through the proj ect’s many iterations. My Cornell advisor, Barry Strauss, sparked my early interest in Tissaphernes’s role in the Peloponnesian War and encouraged my pursuit of Greek and Persian history at the gradu ate level. Charles Peterson and Hunter Rawlings III offered valuable input as thesis readers. My Chicago dissertation com- mittee, Jonathan Hall, Matthew Stolper, and Theo van den Hout, imparted lessons on Greek historiographical rigor and nudged me toward deeper consideration of the Achaemenid and Anatolian contexts. Paul Cartledge and John Dillery provided thoughtful feedback on my completed disserta- tion, influencing its metamorphosis into the book proj ect. I profited from the opportunity to pres ent related papers at the Arshama Archive conference at Oxford University, or ga nized by John Ma and Christo- pher Tuplin, and the Borderlands workshop series at UC Santa Barbara, at the invitation of John Lee; I am indebted to the organizers and participants for lively discussion on both occasions. Jeff Rop, Eduard Rung, Brian Rutishauser, and Christopher Tuplin kindly shared papers in advance of publication. I am grateful to Barry Strauss, Matt Waters, and William Bubelis for reading and commenting on draft materials, helping me to refine old arguments and con- sider new angles. I have been exceptionally fortunate in three friends without whom the book might not have seen completion. Jonathan Hall has been an incompa- rable teacher and mentor, offering the perfect balance of honest critique, wise counsel, and warm support. Cam Hawkins, my steadfast comrade since day one of grad school, has deepened my understanding of ancient empires, economies, and warfare; he kept up my spirits at the proj ect’s most challeng- ing moments and offered crucial advice on the restructuring and expansion of early drafts. John Lee has given tireless encouragement since he took the time as a grad student to read and comment on my undergraduate thesis; his generous feedback on multiple drafts has widened my bibliographic horizons and improved the manuscript on innumerable points of detail and style. I must also thank many other grad school philoi whose camaraderie and moral support saw me through triumphs and tribulations and whose bril- liance continues to inspire me, especially Ari Bryen, Vanessa Davies, Fanny x Acknowl edgments Dolansky, Emily Jusino, Paul Keen, Ray Kania, Tim McGovern, Ian Moyer, John Paulas, and Phil Venticinque. I am deeply grateful to my colleagues in History and Classical Studies at Christopher Newport University for their friendship and intellectual stimulation, and to my students, who have been a patient audience for ideas in pro gress, and whose questions have helped me to articulate the book’s arguments with greater clarity. I am indebted to CNU’s provost and faculty senate for the sabbatical leave in fall 2015 that facilitated the proj ect’s completion, and I have benefited im mensely from the staunch support of our university librarian Mary Sellen, interlibrary loan librarian Jesse Spencer, and all the Trible Library staff. It has been a plea sure to work with Matt McAdam, Catherine Goldstead, and the pro- duction and marketing team at Johns Hopkins University Press, and I owe par tic u lar thanks to the anonymous reader, to Bill Nelson for his skillful cartographic labors, and to M. J. Devaney for her diligence in copyediting the completed manuscript. I have been blessed beyond mea sure in the love and support of my family. My parents, Brian and Peggy Hyland, cultivated my childhood passion for historical writing and have encouraged me at every stage of my education and academic career. Dad laid the foundations for my journey into the world of classical scholarship, and our conversations on history, ancient and modern, have been among my life’s greatest pleasures. My siblings and their partners— Nora and Matt, Patty and Nikita, Charlie and Kathleen— have encouraged me throughout the writing pro cess and tolerated my frequent historical digressions with good humor. My father- in- law, Joe McKinney, and my dearly missed mother- in- law, Sally Ellis McKinney, welcomed me into their family and, with my brothers and sisters- in- law and nieces and nephews, cheered me on through the years. Above all, my wife Sharon, the truest friend and companion through all life’s highs and lows, has listened to countless ideas, read over challenging passages with editorial care, carved out extra time for me to write amid the chaos of raising small children, ral- lied me when obstacles arose, and always believed in my ability to bring the book to a happy conclusion.
Recommended publications
  • The Political Thought of Darius the Great (522- 486 B.C.), the Legislator of Achaemenid Empire (A Study Based on Achaemenid Inscriptions in Old Persian)

    The Political Thought of Darius the Great (522- 486 B.C.), the Legislator of Achaemenid Empire (A Study Based on Achaemenid Inscriptions in Old Persian)

    International Journal of Political Science ISSN: 2228-6217 Vol.3, No.6, Spring 2013, (pp.51-65) The Political Thought of Darius the Great (522- 486 B.C.), the Legislator of Achaemenid Empire (A Study Based on Achaemenid Inscriptions in Old Persian) Awat Abbasi* Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Received: 5 Dec 2012 ; Accepted: 11 Feb 2013 Abstract: Darius offered the political order of “king of kings” to solve the political crisis of his era. He legitimized it based on an order of gods. In his belief, the nature of politics was based on a dualis- tic religious worldview that is the fight between true divinity and false divinity’s will and perfor- mance in the world. In addition, the chief true divinity’s law was introduced as the principle order in the world and eternal happiness in true divinity’s house. Therefore, it was considered as the pattern of political order following which was propagandized as the way to reach happiness in this world and salvation in next life. To protect this law, the chief true divinity bestowed the political power to the ruler. Therefore, what should be the political order and who should be the ruler, is justified in the context of the definitions of human, world, happiness and salvation. The sovereignty of the ruler and, therefore, the domination of the chief true divinity’s laws in politics were considered as justice. This definition of justice denied liberty and promoted absolutism. In justifying the ruler’s absolute power, even his laws and commands were considered as the dominant norms over the politics.
  • Artaxerxes II

    Artaxerxes II

    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
  • The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger Jeffrey Rop

    The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger Jeffrey Rop

    The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger Jeffrey Rop N THE ANABASIS, Xenophon asserts that the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger was falsely accused of plotting a coup I d’état against King Artaxerxes II shortly after his accession to the throne in 404 BCE. Spared from execution by the Queen Mother Parysatis, Cyrus returned to Lydia determined to seize the throne for himself. He secretly prepared his rebellion by securing access to thousands of Greek hoplites, winning over Persian officials and most of the Greek cities of Ionia, and continuing to send tribute and assurances of his loyalty to the unsuspecting King (1.1).1 In Xenophon’s timeline, the rebellion was not official until sometime between the muster of his army at Sardis in spring 401, which spurred his rival Tissaphernes to warn Artaxerxes (1.2.4–5), and his arrival several months later at Thapsacus on the Euphrates, where Cyrus first openly an- nounced his true intentions (1.4.11). Questioning the “strange blindness” of Artaxerxes in light of Cyrus’ seemingly obvious preparations for revolt, Pierre Briant proposed an alternative timeline placing the outbreak of the rebellion almost immediately after Cyrus’ return to Sardis in late 404 or early 403.2 In his reconstruction, the King allowed Cyrus 1 See also Ctesias FGrHist 688 F 16.59, Diod. 14.19, Plut. Artax. 3–4. 2 Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander (Winona Lake 2002) 617–620. J. K. Anderson, Xenophon (New York 1974) 80, expresses a similar skepticism. Briant concludes his discussion by stating that the rebellion officially (Briant does not define “official,” but I take it to mean when either the King or Cyrus declared it publicly) began in 401 with the muster of Cyrus’ army at Sardis, but it is nonetheless appropriate to characterize Briant’s position as dating the official outbreak of the revolt to 404/3.
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny

    The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny

    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
  • ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State

    ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State

    ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter­ val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec­ tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni­ versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis­ tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries.
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards

    Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards

    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
  • HCS — History of Classical Scholarship

    HCS — History of Classical Scholarship

    ISSN: 2632-4091 History of Classical Scholarship www.hcsjournal.org ISSUE 1 (2019) Dedication page for the Historiae by Herodotus, printed at Venice, 1494 The publication of this journal has been co-funded by the Department of Humanities of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and the School of History, Classics and Archaeology of Newcastle University Editors Lorenzo CALVELLI Federico SANTANGELO (Venezia) (Newcastle) Editorial Board Luciano CANFORA Marc MAYER (Bari) (Barcelona) Jo-Marie CLAASSEN Laura MECELLA (Stellenbosch) (Milano) Massimiliano DI FAZIO Leandro POLVERINI (Pavia) (Roma) Patricia FORTINI BROWN Stefan REBENICH (Princeton) (Bern) Helena GIMENO PASCUAL Ronald RIDLEY (Alcalá de Henares) (Melbourne) Anthony GRAFTON Michael SQUIRE (Princeton) (London) Judith P. HALLETT William STENHOUSE (College Park, Maryland) (New York) Katherine HARLOE Christopher STRAY (Reading) (Swansea) Jill KRAYE Daniela SUMMA (London) (Berlin) Arnaldo MARCONE Ginette VAGENHEIM (Roma) (Rouen) Copy-editing & Design Thilo RISING (Newcastle) History of Classical Scholarship Issue () TABLE OF CONTENTS LORENZO CALVELLI, FEDERICO SANTANGELO A New Journal: Contents, Methods, Perspectives i–iv GERARD GONZÁLEZ GERMAIN Conrad Peutinger, Reader of Inscriptions: A Note on the Rediscovery of His Copy of the Epigrammata Antiquae Urbis (Rome, ) – GINETTE VAGENHEIM L’épitaphe comme exemplum virtutis dans les macrobies des Antichi eroi et huomini illustri de Pirro Ligorio ( c.–) – MASSIMILIANO DI FAZIO Gli Etruschi nella cultura popolare italiana del XIX secolo. Le indagini di Charles G. Leland – JUDITH P. HALLETT The Legacy of the Drunken Duchess: Grace Harriet Macurdy, Barbara McManus and Classics at Vassar College, – – LUCIANO CANFORA La lettera di Catilina: Norden, Marchesi, Syme – CHRISTOPHER STRAY The Glory and the Grandeur: John Clarke Stobart and the Defence of High Culture in a Democratic Age – ILSE HILBOLD Jules Marouzeau and L’Année philologique: The Genesis of a Reform in Classical Bibliography – BEN CARTLIDGE E.R.
  • Harvard Fall Tournament XIII Edited by ​Jon Suh with Assistance From

    Harvard Fall Tournament XIII Edited by ​Jon Suh with Assistance From

    Harvard Fall Tournament XIII Edited by Jon Suh with assistance from Raynor Kuang, Jakob Myers, and Michael Yue ​ Questions by Jon Suh, Michael Yue, Ricky Li, Kelvin Li, Robert Chu, Alex Cohen, Kevin Huang, Justin ​ Duffy, Raynor Kuang, Chloe Levine, Jakob Myers, Thomas Gioia, Erik Owen, Michael Horton, Luke Minton, Olivia Murton, Conrad Oberhaus, Jiho Park, Alice Sayphraraj, Patrick Magee, and Eric Mukherjee Special thanks to Will Alston, Jordan Brownstein, Robert Chu, Stephen Eltinge, and Olivia Murton ​ ​ ​ Round 3 Tossups 1. France banned this good in 1748 under the belief that it caused leprosy, a measure that was overturned ​ through the efforts of Antoine Parmentier [“par-MEN-tee-ay”]. Frederick the Great was known as the “king” ​ ​ of this good for encouraging its cultivation. This good gives the alternate name of the War of the Bavarian Succession. The (*) “Lumper” variety of this good suffered a disaster that caused many people to practice ​ “souperism” or flee in vessels known as “coffin ships.” A blight of this good decreased the population of a European nation by 25%. For 10 points, name this foodstuff that suffered the Great Famine of the 1840s in Ireland. ANSWER: potatoes <Suh> ​ ​ 2. An actress was able to commit to this show after the cancellation of the sitcom Muddling Through. A “shag” ​ ​ ​ worn by a character on this show’s second season is one of the most copied women’s hairstyles of all time. Characters on this show often observe an “Ugly Naked Guy.” A character on this show is called a (*) “lobster” ​ by a woman who wrote the song “Smelly Cat.” A character on this show continually justifies his infidelity by saying “We were on a break!” For 10 points, name this television series with the theme song “I’ll be There for You” about six companions, including Ross and Rachel, who often hang out at the Central Perk cafe in New York City.
  • African Origins of International Law: Myth Or Reality? Jeremy I

    African Origins of International Law: Myth Or Reality? Jeremy I

    Florida A&M University College of Law Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law Journal Publications Faculty Works 2015 African Origins of International Law: Myth or Reality? Jeremy I. Levitt Florida A&M University College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/faculty-research Part of the African History Commons, International Law Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Jeremy I. Levitt, African Origins of International Law: Myth or Reality? 19 UCLA J. Int'l L. Foreign Aff. 113 (2015) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Works at Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: MYTH OR REALITY? Jeremy 1. Levitt.* ABSTRACT This Article reconsiders the prevalent ahistorical assumption that international law began with the Treaty of Westphalia. It gathers together considerable historical evidence to conclude that the ancient world, particularly the New Kingdom period in Egypt or Kemet from 1570-1070 BeE, deployed all three of what today we would call sources of international law. African states predating the modern European nation state by nearly 6000 years engaged in treaty relations (the Treaty of Kadesh), and applied rules ofcustom (the MA 'AT) andgeneral principles of law (as enumerated in the Egyptian Bill ofRights). While Egyptologists and a few international lawyers have acknowledged these facts, scholarly * Jeremy 1. Levitt, J.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chancellor's Chair and former Dean, University of New Brunswick Law School.
  • The Study of Artistic Aspects of Darius Relief in Bisotun Majid Yazdanpanah Department of Arts and Sciences Technical and Vocational Universities, I .R of Iran

    The Study of Artistic Aspects of Darius Relief in Bisotun Majid Yazdanpanah Department of Arts and Sciences Technical and Vocational Universities, I .R of Iran

    39971 Majid Yazdanpanah/ Elixir Social Studies 94 (2016) 39971-39974 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Social Studies Elixir Social Studies 94 (2016) 39971-39974 The study of artistic aspects of Darius relief in Bisotun Majid Yazdanpanah Department of Arts and Sciences Technical and Vocational universities, I .R of Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This article first examines the artistic aspects of Darius in the Bisotun relief. The purpose Received: 9 February 2016; of this paper is to analyze the artistic aspects of Darius relief beyond the historical Received in revised form: documentation to show the art that world is causing this important relief to the world. 29 April 2016; The method of this article is library documents, which means the necessary information Accepted: 2 May 2016; is collected and then precisely will be analyzed. The result shows that the world's first read inscription, Bisotun inscription, is one of the world's most valuable inscriptions that Keywords can be seen in its straw Anobanini embossed effect which both of them have been Art, affected by the Assyrian Naram Sin inscriptions. This inscription gives full information Relief, to the world, which makes it's worth a hundredfold. Darius, © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. Bisotun. Introduction Achaemenid took advantages of the achievements of architects As we know, art is the artistic reflections of social- and construction actors, art experts and craftsmen of Babylon, political, religious and cultural developments in each era. Assyria, Urartu, Egypt and Greece plentifully, but the Throughout history, significant changes and even fast indigenous traditions and accumulated experience of the past movement occurred in Iranian art, but the art of Iran has was not forgotten in these areas too.( Pakbaz, Roein.
  • Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan

    Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan

    Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period by Ryan Anthony Boehm A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil, Chair Professor Erich Gruen Professor Mark Griffith Spring 2011 Copyright © Ryan Anthony Boehm, 2011 ABSTRACT SYNOIKISM, URBANIZATION, AND EMPIRE IN THE EARLY HELLENISTIC PERIOD by Ryan Anthony Boehm Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair This dissertation, entitled “Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period,” seeks to present a new approach to understanding the dynamic interaction between imperial powers and cities following the Macedonian conquest of Greece and Asia Minor. Rather than constructing a political narrative of the period, I focus on the role of reshaping urban centers and regional landscapes in the creation of empire in Greece and western Asia Minor. This period was marked by the rapid creation of new cities, major settlement and demographic shifts, and the reorganization, consolidation, or destruction of existing settlements and the urbanization of previously under- exploited regions. I analyze the complexities of this phenomenon across four frameworks: shifting settlement patterns, the regional and royal economy, civic religion, and the articulation of a new order in architectural and urban space. The introduction poses the central problem of the interrelationship between urbanization and imperial control and sets out the methodology of my dissertation. After briefly reviewing and critiquing previous approaches to this topic, which have focused mainly on creating catalogues, I point to the gains that can be made by shifting the focus to social and economic structures and asking more specific interpretive questions.