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La Politica Imperialistica Ateniese a Metà Del V Secolo A.C

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La Politica Imperialistica Ateniese a Metà Del V Secolo A.C Ennio Biondi LA POLITICA IMPERIALISTICA ATENIESE A METÀ DEL V SECOLO A.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota QUADERNI DI ERGA -LOGOI E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese QUADERNI DI ERGA -LOGOI -6- DIREZIONE Cinzia Bearzot COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Ralf Behrwald Serena Bianchetti Giovannella Cresci Lia Raffaella Cresci Bernard Eck Michele Faraguna Massimo Gioseffi Franca Landucci Dominique Lenfant Lauretta Maganzani Daniela Manetti Umberto Roberto Francesca Rohr Marco Sannazaro Riccardo Vattuone José Vela Tejada Robert Wallace Le opere pubblicate nella Collana sono sottoposte in forma anonima ad almeno due revisori. Erga -Logoi - Rivista di storia, letteratura, diritto e cultura dell’antichità http://www.ledonline.it/erga-logoi/ E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese ISSN 2283-7124 ISBN 978-88-7916-793-2 Copyright © 2016 Via Cervignano 4 - 20137 Milano www.lededizioni.com - www.ledonline.it - E-mail: [email protected] I diritti di riproduzione, memorizzazione e archiviazione elettronica, pubblicazione con qualsiasi mezzo analogico o digitale (comprese le copie fotostatiche, i supporti digitali e l’inserimento in banche dati) e i diritti di traduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale sono riservati per tutti i paesi. Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall’art. 68, commi 4 e 5, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633. Le riproduzioni effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da: AIDRO, Corso di Porta Romana n. 108 - 20122 Milano E-mail [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> sito web www.aidro.org <http://www.aidro.org/> In copertina: Teatro greco di Tindari, IV secolo a.C. Videoimpaginazione: Paola Mignanego Stampa: Digital Print Service E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese Sommario Avvertenze 7 Elenco abbreviazioni 9 Introduzione 11 I. Le prime fasi della rivolta 15 1. L’inizio della rivolta: analisi comparata 15 2. Le differenze tra le fonti 21 2.1. Il numero delle navi 21 2.2. I nomi dei comandanti 32 2.3. Le battaglie 33 II. Problemi di datazione 39 1. La cronologia degli antichi e dei moderni 39 III. Storie di presunti intrusi 47 1. La missione di Megabazo a Sparta 47 2. La vicenda di Artmio di Zelea 50 IV. Il ritorno dell’impero 57 1. Megabizo e la riscossa persiana 57 2. La figura di Megabizo 62 V. La fine della rivolta 67 1. La tragica battaglia di Prosopitide 67 2. La fine della rivolta 68 3. Il problema della permanenza delle navi 76 4. Il contemporaneo fronte continentale 80 5 E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese Sommario VI. Una nuova doppia spedizione 85 1. Il ritorno di Cimone e il ripristino della politica anti-persiana 85 2. La seconda spedizione egizio-cipriota 88 2.1. Tucidide 88 2.2. Diodoro 92 2.3. Plutarco 104 VII. Atene e la Persia: gli aristocratici 109 1. Introduzione 109 2. Cimone 110 3. L’anti-persianismo dei Filaidi 111 4. La lotta alla Persia 115 4.1. Eione 115 4.2. Eurimedonte 120 5. Atene in Fenicia? 124 5.1. Dor 128 VIII. Atene e la Persia: i democratici 133 1. La politica estera dei democratici 133 2. L’episodio egizio come svolta politica? 135 3. Fu davvero Pericle? 140 Conclusioni 145 Appendice I. Il ruolo di Cirene 151 Appendice II. Atene e l’Oriente 155 1. L’iscrizione di Eshmunazor II 157 2. La ceramica 160 3. La monetazione 162 4. Le strutture di difesa 164 5. I libri di Ezra e Neemia 168 Riferimenti bibliografici 175 Indice dei nomi antichi notevoli dei luoghi e delle persone 197 6 E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese Avvertenze • La traduzione dei brani di Tucidide è di Franco Ferrari, Milano 1996. • La traduzione dei brani citati dalla Biblioteca Storica di Diodoro è di Ca- logero Miccichè, Milano 1985-1999. • La traduzione dei brani citati dai Persikà di Ctesia è mia. • La traduzione dei brani citati dalla Vita di Cimone di Plutarco è di Stefa- nia Fuscagni, Milano 20065. • La traduzione dei brani citati dalla Vita di Pericle di Plutarco è di Anna Santoni, Milano 1991. • Per i restanti brani tratti da altre fonti antiche la traduzione è indicata nel corpo della trattazione. • Tutte le date, salvo se specificato altrimenti nel testo, sono da intendersi a.C. Sono molte le persone che desidero ringraziare per il buon esito di questo lavoro: in primis la Prof.ssa Franca Landucci Gattinoni e il Prof. Cesare Zizza, guide preziosissime per il mio lavoro di tesi e più in generale di sto- rico dell’antichità. Ringrazio ancora i docenti dell’istituto di storia antica del l’Uni versità di Pavia, il Prof. Lucio Troiani, la Prof.ssa Rita Scuderi, la Prof.ssa Chiara Carsana: grazie a loro il mio percorso di dottorato si è svol- to sotto il segno dello stimolo e dell’impegno. Un grazie particolare va alla Prof.ssa Cinzia Bearzot, ai cui consigli e incoraggiamenti il presente scritto deve molto. Un affettuoso e commosso ricordo è indirizzato al Prof. Mauro Corsaro, un tempo maestro ed amico, sempre presente nei miei pensieri nostalgici per i ricchi e mai banali dialoghi che segnavano le nostre giornate accademiche. Grazie ai miei genitori e a mio fratello, caro sostegno; grazie alla mia amata moglie, anima dell’anima mia. Va da sé che la responsabilità di quanto scritto è solo mia. 7 E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese Elenco abbreviazioni Per quanto riguarda le abbreviazioni delle riviste, esse sono le medesime adottate rispettivamente dall’Année Philologique e dall’American Journal of Archaeology. ATL B. Meritt - H.T. Wade Gery - M.F. McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists, I-IV, Cambridge 1939-1953. FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, Berlin - Leiden 1923–. FHG K.L.W. Müller - T. Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graeco- rum , I-V, Frankfurt am Main 1975 (Parisiis 1841-1870). GGM Geographi Graeci Minores, Hildesheim 1990 (K. Müller, Paris 1861). IG Inscriptiones Grecae, Berlin 1873. KAI Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, Mit einem Beitrage von O. Rössler - H. Donner - W. Rölling, Wiesbaden 20022. ML R. Meiggs - D.M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical In- scriptions (to the End of the Fifth Century B.C.), Oxford 1989. RE A. Pauly - A.G. Wissowa - W. Kroll (hrsgg.), Real-Encyclopä- die der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart 1894–. TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris, Vindobonae 1901–. 9 E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese E. Biondi - La politica imperialistica ateniese a metà del V secolo a.C. Il contesto egizio-cipriota - Milano, LED, 2016 http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Erga-Logoi/pages/view/qel-6-politica-imperialistica-ateniese Introduzione A Nella e Giulio Lo studio degli interventi ateniesi in Egitto, databili grosso modo tra gli an- ni sessanta e cinquanta del V secolo, pone lo storico di fronte ad una gran- de quantità di problemi di diverso genere, siano essi di carattere filologico, cronologico o storico-interpretativo. Il tema, dibattuto già al l’ini zio del se- colo precedente, ha goduto di molta fortuna nella letteratura specialistica soprattutto tra il secondo dopoguerra e gli anni settanta del Novecento 1; in Italia, poi, il dibattito ha assunto toni piuttosto accesi tra alcuni studiosi attorno agli anni cinquanta 2. Al contrario, dai novanta in poi, l’argomento sembra essere stato affrontato con minore intensità 3: piuttosto vanno se- gnalati alucuni recenti contributi di studiosi di formazione orientalistica 4. Il dato che pare emergere con una certa costanza dalla storia degli studi è la complessità del tema ascrivibile, se non altro, alla sua trasversalità; nel caso specifico, infatti, lo studioso è, in qualche modo, costretto a con- frontarsi con tre mondi geografici e culturali: Atene, l’Egitto e l’impero persiano. È evidente, pertanto, che l’approccio interpretativo e quindi me- todologico varia a seconda della formazione dello storico che si misura col problema. Il motivo di fondo che pervade il nostro lavoro riguarda la presenza delle forze militari ateniesi e degli alleati in un contesto che, pur essendo mediterraneo, è lontano da quello verso cui Atene aveva diretto le sue mire lungo tutto il V secolo. Le spedizioni in Egitto rappresentano di per sé de- 1 Vd.
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