In Order to Understand the Final Kings and Kingdoms in the Book of Revelation One Must Follow the Progression Presented in Daniel
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Ancient History
2003 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Ancient History Total marks – 100 Section I Pages 2–5 Personalities in Their Times – 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 1–12 •Allow about 45 minutes for this section Section II Pages 9–22 Ancient Societies – 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 13–25 General Instructions •Allow about 45 minutes for this section • Reading time – 5 minutes Section III Pages 25–31 •Working time – 3 hours •Write using black or blue pen Historical Periods – 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 26–44 •Allow about 45 minutes for this section Section IV Pages 33–45 Additional Historical Period OR Additional Ancient Society – 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 45–63 OR ONE question from Question 64–76 • Choose a different Ancient Society from the one you chose in Section II, or a different Historical Period from the one you chose in Section III •Allow about 45 minutes for this section 104 Section I — Personalities in Their Times 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 1–12 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Page Question 1 — Option A – Egypt: Hatshepsut ................................................................. 3 Question 2 — Option B – Egypt: Akhenaten .................................................................. 3 Question 3 — Option C – Egypt: Ramesses II ................................................................ 3 Question 4 — Option D – Near East: Sennacherib .............................................................. -
Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl. -
Kings & Events of the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Dynasties
KINGS AND EVENTS OF THE BABYLONIAN, PERSIAN, AND GREEK DYNASTIES 612 B.C. Nineveh falls to neo-Babylonian army (Nebuchadnezzar) 608 Pharaoh Necho II marched to Carchemesh to halt expansion of neo-Babylonian power Josiah, King of Judah, tries to stop him Death of Josiah and assumption of throne by his son, Jehoahaz Jehoiakim, another son of Josiah, replaced Jehoahaz on the authority of Pharaoh Necho II within 3 months Palestine and Syria under Egyptian rule Josiah’s reforms dissipate 605 Nabopolassar sends troops to fight remaining Assyrian army and the Egyptians at Carchemesh Nebuchadnezzar chased them all the way to the plains of Palestine Nebuchadnezzar got word of the death of his father (Nabopolassar) so he returned to Babylon to receive the crown On the way back he takes Daniel and other members of the royal family into exile 605 - 538 Babylon in control of Palestine, 597; 10,000 exiled to Babylon 586 Jerusalem and the temple destroyed and large deportation 582 Because Jewish guerilla fighters killed Gedaliah another last large deportation occurred SUCCESSORS OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR 562 - 560 Evil-Merodach released Jehoiakim (true Messianic line) from custody 560 - 556 Neriglissar 556 Labaski-Marduk reigned 556 - 539 Nabonidus: Spent most of the time building a temple to the mood god, Sin. This earned enmity of the priests of Marduk. Spent the rest of his time trying to put down revolts and stabilize the kingdom. He moved to Tema and left the affairs of state to his son, Belshazzar Belshazzar: Spent most of his time trying to restore order. Babylonia’s great threat was Media. -
Alexander's Empire
4 Alexander’s Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES EMPIRE BUILDING Alexander the Alexander’s empire extended • Philip II •Alexander Great conquered Persia and Egypt across an area that today consists •Macedonia the Great and extended his empire to the of many nations and diverse • Darius III Indus River in northwest India. cultures. SETTING THE STAGE The Peloponnesian War severely weakened several Greek city-states. This caused a rapid decline in their military and economic power. In the nearby kingdom of Macedonia, King Philip II took note. Philip dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C. TAKING NOTES Philip Builds Macedonian Power Outlining Use an outline to organize main ideas The kingdom of Macedonia, located just north of Greece, about the growth of had rough terrain and a cold climate. The Macedonians were Alexander's empire. a hardy people who lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. Most Macedonian nobles thought of themselves Alexander's Empire as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on the I. Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great A. philosophers, sculptors, or writers. The Macedonians did have one very B. important resource—their shrewd and fearless kings. II. Alexander Conquers Persia Philip’s Army In 359 B.C., Philip II became king of Macedonia. Though only 23 years old, he quickly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politician. Philip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a well-trained professional army. -
Alexander Essay Hints
Alexander Essay Hints Writing an introduction An introduction needs to overview the key ideas of the essay. You should try to answer all the questions in a general fashion within one paragraph The Question: At the end of 333 BC, Alexander defeated the Persian king, Darius III, on the field of battle at Issus, in the south of modern Turkey. Discuss: • the events leading up to the battle of Issus • the tactics used by each of the commanders in this battle • the reasons for Alexander’s victory. How costly was defeat in this battle for Darius? Various introductions: In this essay I will discuss the reasons why Darius III lost the battle of Issue. It was a costly defeat for Darius. On a sunny day in 333 BC on a coastal plain somewhere in Persia a great battle was fought. Alexander the Great destroyed and humiliated the rabble of a Persian army despite having massive odds against him. The battle of Issus in 333 BC was a significant point in Alexander’s campaigns in the Persian Empire. It was here that for the first time, he defeated the Great King, Darius III in open battle. A key reason for the defeat lay in the events that led to the battle being fought on a narrow coastal plain. This meant that Darius was unable to use his superior numbers to gain any sort of tactical advantage. But it was also Alexander’s ability to seize on these advantages that led to such a decisive defeat. It could be argued that Darius and his people never fully recovered from the psychological blow inflicted by at the battle of Issus. -
1. the Biblical Data Regarding Darius the Mede
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Autumn 1982, Vol. 20, No. 3, 229-217. Copyright 0 1982 by Andrews University Press. DARIUS THE MEDE: AN UPDATE WILLIAM H. SHEA Andrews University The two main historical problems which confront us in the sixth chapter of Daniel have to do with the two main historical figures in it, Darius the Mede, who was made king of Babylon, and Daniel, whom he appointed as principal governor there. The problem with Darius is that no ruler of Babylon is known from our historical sources by this name prior to the time of Darius I of Persia (522-486 B.c.). The problem with Daniel is that no governor of Babylon is known by that name, or by his Babylonian name, early in the Persian period. Daniel's position mentioned here, which has received little attention, will be discussed in a sub- sequent study. In the present article I shall treat the question of the identification of Darius the Mede, a matter which has received considerable attention, with a number of proposals having been advanced as to his identity. I shall endeavor to bring some clarity to the picture through a review of the cuneiform evidence and a comparison of that evidence with the biblical data. As a back- ground, it will be useful also to have a brief overview of the various theories that have already been advanced. 1. The Biblical Data Regarding Darius the Mede Before we consider the theories regarding the identification of Darius the Mede, however, note should be taken of the information about him that is available from the book of Daniel. -
Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ALL THE KING’S GREEKS: MERCENARIES, POLEIS, AND EMPIRES IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE A Dissertation in History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies by Jeffrey Rop © 2013 Jeffrey Rop Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii The dissertation of Jeffrey Rop was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Munn Professor of Ancient Greek History and Greek Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Gary N. Knoppers Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Religious Studies, and Jewish Studies Garrett G. Fagan Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Carol Reardon George Winfree Professor of American History David Atwill Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Graduate Program Director for the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek mercenary service in the Near East from 401- 330 BCE. Traditionally, the employment of Greek soldiers by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt during this period has been understood to indicate the military weakness of these polities and the superiority of Greek hoplites over their Near Eastern counterparts. I demonstrate that the purported superiority of Greek heavy infantry has been exaggerated by Greco-Roman authors. Furthermore, close examination of Greek mercenary service reveals that the recruitment of Greek soldiers was not the purpose of Achaemenid foreign policy in Greece and the Aegean, but was instead an indication of the political subordination of prominent Greek citizens and poleis, conducted through the social institution of xenia, to Persian satraps and kings. -
Who Succeeded Xerxes on the Throne of Persia?
Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 12/1 (Spring 2001): 83Ð88. Article copyright © 2001 by William H. Shea. Who Succeeded Xerxes on the Throne of Persia? William H. Shea A standard interpretation of ancient Persian history in the mid-5th century B.C. is that Artaxerxes I followed his father on the throne after Xerxes was murdered. This interpretation has been developed from the classical writers, the king lists, and the datelines on contract tables from Babylonia which follow this order. Since there is a late Hellenistic astronomical text which dates the murder of Xerxes in the fifth Persian-Babylonian month, or August, the transition be- tween these two kings has been dated in the summer of 465 B.C., about forty days before the Jewish New Year of 1 Tishri. If the Jews, like Ezra, used a fall- to-fall calendar and accession year reckoning, those forty days would have served as ArtaxerxesÕ accession period or Year 0, and his first full year of reign would have begun on 1 Tishri in 465 B.C. That would also make his seventh year extend from the fall of 459 to the fall of 458, not from the fall of 458 to the fall of 457, as Adventist interpreters have held. But this problem is complicated by two factors. First, there was the politi- cal turmoil after the murder of Xerxes. Second, there is the lack of any sources dated to Artaxerxes in the last half of 465 B.C. The Artaxerxes sources can be reviewed as follows: 1. Persian sources. -
Intertestamental Period Dynasties
Intertestamental Chronologies* Year Egypt Asia Judea Texts Persian rule Persian-appointed 360 Artaxerxes II 404–358 governors Job, Jonah Artaxerxes III post-exilic 358–338 350 340 Arses 338–336 Darius III 336–331 330 Macedonian rule Alexander the Great 333–323 Greek control Wars for Succession Ptolemaic–Seleucid 320 Ptolemaic rule control (disputed) Ptolemy I Soter Zadokite High Priests 323–285 Onias I c. 320–280 310 Seleucid rule Esther Seleucus I fourth–third cent. 312–280 (Palestine) 300 Ptolemaic rule (300?) Ecclesiastes early third cent. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (Palestine) 290 (Zadokites) 1 Enoch third to first cent. Ptolemy II 280 Philadelphus 285–246 Antiochus I Soter Simon I 280–261 c. 280–260 270 260 Antiochus II Theus Eleazar 261–246 c. 260–245 Septuagint 250 ca. 250 (Alexandria) Ptolemy III Evegetes Seleucus II Callinicus Manasseh c. 245–240 240 246–221 246–226 Onias II c. 240–218 230 Tobit late third cent. Seleucus III Ceraunus 226–223 (Palestine) 220 Ptolemy IV Philopator Antiochus III the Great 221–203 223–187 Simeon II 210 c. 218–185 200 Ptolemy V Epiphanes 203–181 Seleucid rule (200) (Simon II) Jubilees 190 third–second cent. (Palestine) Seleucus IV Philopator 187–175 Onias III Sirach 180 185–175 early second cent. Ptolemy VI (Palestine) Philometor Antiochus IV Epiphanes Jason 175–172 181–145 170 175–163 Menelaus Ptolemy VIII 172–162 169–164 Daniel Cleopatra II 160 Antiochus V 163–162 Alcimus 162–159 mid-second cent. 163–127 (Palestine) Demetrius I (unknown) 162–150 150 Hasmoneans Alexander Balas 150–145 Jonathan Apphus 152–143 Ptolemy VIII 145–131 Demetrius II Nicator 145–139 140 Cleopatra III 142–131 Antiochus VI Dionysus145–142 Simeon Tassi Diodotus Tryphon 142–139 142–134 Antiochus VII Sidetes 138–129 John Hyrcanus I 130 134–104 Demetrius II Nicator 129–126 Alexander II Zabinas 129–123 Ptolemy VIII 120 127–116 Cleopatra Thea 125–121 2 Maccabees Antiochus VIII Grypus late second cent. -
Gunnar Heinsohn (University of Bremen, May 2006)
1 Cyaxares: Media’s Great King in Egypt, Assyria, and Iran by Gunnar Heinsohn (University of Bremen, May 2006) I Cyaxares in the sources, and their refutation THE CLAIMS OF CLASSICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY: "He [Phraortes] began to subdue all Asia, going from people to people, until, in his campaigning, he came against the Assyrians, and especially those of the Assyrians who held Nineveh. These Assyrians had formerly ruled all of Asia but were now quite isolated, all their allies having dropped away from them. But in themselves they were as strong as ever, and when Phraortes fought them, he himself was killed. / Cyaxares, the son of Phraortes, [...] drew together under his own rule all Asia beyond the Halys. Then, collecting all his subject peoples, he attacked Nineveh. [...] He had defeated the Assyrians in battle; but then, when he was beleaguering Nineveh, there came upon him a great host of Scythians, whose leader was their king, Madyes. / The Medes also took Nineveh [...] and they made the Assyrians their subject, except for the province of Babylon“. (Herodotus, The History, I: 102/103/106.) --------------------------------------------------------- ASSYRIOLOGY’S “REFUTATION” OF CLASSICAL HISTORIANS: "In Assyrian and Babylonian records and in the archaeological evidence no vestiges of an imperial structure [of the Medes; G.H.] can be found. The very existence of a Median empire, with the emphasis on empire, is thus questionable. / I would suggest [...] that the Medikos Logikos, as we have it, is essentially a Greek product“. (Sancisi-Weerdenburg 1988, 212 / Sancisi-Weerdenburg 1994, 55.) “Only 20 years ago, the existence of a Median ‘Empire’ that had immediately succeeded the fall of Assyria, and ruled, for half a century, large parts of the Near East until Cyrus — as a supposed vassal of Astyages, the last king of Media — had defeated his overlord and inherited his empire, was regarded as a safe historical fact. -
PDF Download Xerxes : a Persian Life
XERXES : A PERSIAN LIFE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Richard Stoneman | 288 pages | 06 Oct 2015 | Yale University Press | 9780300180077 | English | New Haven, United States Xerxes : A Persian Life PDF Book Claire Fitzgerald rated it really liked it Dec 31, He called together his people and announced that they would be going to war. We have access to more than 20 Old Persian inscriptions written during his reign, but they do not add much to our knowledge of the man and his rule. Derrik Jones rated it really liked it Aug 30, Esther despaired throughout her first six years in the palace. Sign in. Thus this Ahasuerus is commonly identified with Astyages. From Xerxes prepared his expedition with great care: a channel was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos ; provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace ; two bridges were thrown across the Hellespont. Other Septuagint texts have the name Achiachar. The gods stopped answering their prayers, and they were pretty sure it was because they had mistreated a messenger. Ottaway Jr. Sign up. In he was murdered by his vizier Artabanus who raised Artaxerxes I to the throne. Caribbean Primary Agriculture. Of the later years of Xerxes little is known. His predecessors, especially Darius, had not been successful in their attempts to conciliate the ancient civilizations. The name of the king is found in Aramaic in the panels of the Dura-Europos synagogue 3rdcentury C. Refresh and try again. Xerxes occupied and then burned Athens. Last king of the empire. The Greeks responded with a pan-Hellenic league for defense. -
The Study of Artistic Aspects of Darius Relief in Bisotun Majid Yazdanpanah Department of Arts and Sciences Technical and Vocational Universities, I .R of Iran
39971 Majid Yazdanpanah/ Elixir Social Studies 94 (2016) 39971-39974 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Social Studies Elixir Social Studies 94 (2016) 39971-39974 The study of artistic aspects of Darius relief in Bisotun Majid Yazdanpanah Department of Arts and Sciences Technical and Vocational universities, I .R of Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This article first examines the artistic aspects of Darius in the Bisotun relief. The purpose Received: 9 February 2016; of this paper is to analyze the artistic aspects of Darius relief beyond the historical Received in revised form: documentation to show the art that world is causing this important relief to the world. 29 April 2016; The method of this article is library documents, which means the necessary information Accepted: 2 May 2016; is collected and then precisely will be analyzed. The result shows that the world's first read inscription, Bisotun inscription, is one of the world's most valuable inscriptions that Keywords can be seen in its straw Anobanini embossed effect which both of them have been Art, affected by the Assyrian Naram Sin inscriptions. This inscription gives full information Relief, to the world, which makes it's worth a hundredfold. Darius, © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. Bisotun. Introduction Achaemenid took advantages of the achievements of architects As we know, art is the artistic reflections of social- and construction actors, art experts and craftsmen of Babylon, political, religious and cultural developments in each era. Assyria, Urartu, Egypt and Greece plentifully, but the Throughout history, significant changes and even fast indigenous traditions and accumulated experience of the past movement occurred in Iranian art, but the art of Iran has was not forgotten in these areas too.( Pakbaz, Roein.