Persian Interventions This page intentionally left blank Persian Interventions The Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450–386 BCE JOHN O. HYLAND Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2018 Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Mary land 21218 - 4363 www . press . jhu . edu Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Hyland, John O., 1977– author. Title: Persian interventions : the Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450-386 BCE / John O. Hyland. Other titles: Achaemenid Empire, Athens, and Sparta, 450-386 BCE Description: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017007353 | ISBN 9781421423708 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781421423715 (electronic) | ISBN 1421423707 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421423715 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Achaemenid dynasty, 559 B.C.–330 B.C. | Imperialism— Case studies. | Sparta (Extinct city)— Foreign relations. | Athens (Greece)— Foreign relations. | Greece— History— To 146 B.C. Classification: LCC DS281 .H95 2017 | DDC 935/.05— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2017007353 A cata log rec ord for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or specialsales@press . jhu . edu . Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 p ercent post- consumer waste, whenever pos si ble. Contents List of Tables and Maps ​vii Acknowl edgments ​ix Translations, Spelling, and Units of Mea sure ​xi Chapter 1. Achaemenid Persia and the Greeks across the Sea ​1 The Traditional Model: Balancing Athens and Sparta ​5 ​/ ​The Image of Persian World Supremacy ​7 ​/ ​A New Approach: Ambition and Restraint in Persia’s Greek Relations ​10 Chapter 2. Artaxerxes I and the Athenian Peace ​15 The Peace of Kallias: In Search of a Persian Perspective ​16 ​/ ​The Costs of Peace: Ionia’s Loss and Pos si ble Countermea sures ​18 ​/ ​The Savings of Peace: Naval Reduction and Economic Gains ​23 ​/ ​The Profits of Peace: Persia’s Athenian Trade ​28 ​/ ​The Ideology of Peace: Persian Victory and the Athenian Client State ​30 ​/ ​Adherence to Peace: The Cold War Model and the Samian Revolt ​34 Chapter 3. The Peloponnesian War and the Road to Intervention ​37 Artaxerxes I and the Peloponnesian War ​38 ​/ ​Darius II and Athens: From Philia to Enmity ​42 ​/ ​Sicily, Tribute, and Darius’s Intervention ​45 ​/ ​Agents of Intervention: Darius’s New Satraps ​47 ​/ ​Negotiating Intervention: The Satraps, Ionia, and Sparta ​50 Chapter 4. Tissaphernes’s War and the Treaty of 411 ​53 The Ionian War and Athenian Resilience ​54 ​/ ​Victory over Amorges ​57 ​/ ​ Revising the Terms of Alliance ​60 ​/ ​Quarrel with Sparta and Contacts with Athens ​66 ​/ ​The Treaty of 411 ​71 Chapter 5. The King’s Navy and the Failure of Satrapal Intervention ​76 Darius’s Ships and Tissaphernes’s Wages ​77 ​/ ​The Ionian Garrison Expulsions 81 / The Royal Fleet’s Recall 86 / The Satraps at the Hellespont 91 / Pharnabazos’s Timbers ​96 Chapter 6. Cyrus the Younger and Spartan Victory ​98 The Satraps on the Defensive ​99 ​/ ​Darius and the Embassy of Boiotios ​104 ​/ ​Cyrus Takes Command ​107 ​/ ​Cyrus and Spartan Disaster ​111 ​/ ​Cyrus’s and Lysander’s Road to Victory ​114 ​/ ​Persia’s Victory: Costs and Benefits ​118 vi Contents Chapter 7. Artaxerxes II and War with Sparta ​122 Cyrus and the Second Loss of Ionia ​123 ​/ ​Tissaphernes and Spartan Invasion ​127 ​/ ​Naval Escalation and Tissaphernes’s Downfall ​133 ​/ ​Tithraustes’s Truce and Pharnabazos’s Defense of the North ​139 ​/ ​Artaxerxes’s Fleet and Victory at Knidos ​143 Chapter 8. Persia, the Corinthian War, and the King’s Peace ​148 Timokrates’s Mission to Greece ​149 ​/ ​Pharnabazos’s Revenge ​151 ​/ ​Konon and Persian Aid to Athens ​154 ​/ ​Tiribazos’s Folly and the Peace Talks of 392 ​156 ​/ ​Strouthas and the Failure of Outreach to Athens ​161 ​/ ​The King’s Peace ​164 Conclusion ​169 Notes ​173 Bibliography ​221 Index ​247 tables and maps tables 2.1. Athenian Tribute Payers on the Anatolian Mainland (450/49–440/39) ​21 2.2. Maximum Athenian Tribute Totals on the Anatolian Mainland (450/49–440/39) ​21 4.1. Tissaphernes’s Travels, Summer 412– Spring 411 ​73 5.1. Tissaphernes’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 412-11 ​80 5.2. Pharnabazos’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 411-10 ​93 5.3. Tissaphernes’s Travels, Summer– Fall 411 ​94 6.1. Darius’s Grant and Cyrus’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 407-6 ​110 6.2. Cyrus’s Subsidies to the Peloponnesian Fleet, 405-4 ​117 6.3. Total Persian Subsidies to Peloponnesian Fleets, 412-4 ​119 maps 1. Achaemenid Persia and the Greeks across the Sea ​2 2. Achaemenid Anatolia and the Athenian Archē ​19 3. Persia’s Intervention in the Peloponnesian War, 412-4 ​82 4. The Persian Fleet in the Aegean, 396-93 ​152 This page intentionally left blank acknowl edgments This book has benefited from a long gestation,going back two de cades to an undergraduate paper on Tissaphernes and its expansion in my BA honors thesis. I wish to express my profound thanks to all the individuals who have shared their time and guidance through the proj ect’s many iterations. My Cornell advisor, Barry Strauss, sparked my early interest in Tissaphernes’s role in the Peloponnesian War and encouraged my pursuit of Greek and Persian history at the gradu ate level. Charles Peterson and Hunter Rawlings III offered valuable input as thesis readers. My Chicago dissertation com- mittee, Jonathan Hall, Matthew Stolper, and Theo van den Hout, imparted lessons on Greek historiographical rigor and nudged me toward deeper consideration of the Achaemenid and Anatolian contexts. Paul Cartledge and John Dillery provided thoughtful feedback on my completed disserta- tion, influencing its metamorphosis into the book proj ect. I profited from the opportunity to pres ent related papers at the Arshama Archive conference at Oxford University, or ga nized by John Ma and Christo- pher Tuplin, and the Borderlands workshop series at UC Santa Barbara, at the invitation of John Lee; I am indebted to the organizers and participants for lively discussion on both occasions. Jeff Rop, Eduard Rung, Brian Rutishauser, and Christopher Tuplin kindly shared papers in advance of publication. I am grateful to Barry Strauss, Matt Waters, and William Bubelis for reading and commenting on draft materials, helping me to refine old arguments and con- sider new angles. I have been exceptionally fortunate in three friends without whom the book might not have seen completion. Jonathan Hall has been an incompa- rable teacher and mentor, offering the perfect balance of honest critique, wise counsel, and warm support. Cam Hawkins, my steadfast comrade since day one of grad school, has deepened my understanding of ancient empires, economies, and warfare; he kept up my spirits at the proj ect’s most challeng- ing moments and offered crucial advice on the restructuring and expansion of early drafts. John Lee has given tireless encouragement since he took the time as a grad student to read and comment on my undergraduate thesis; his generous feedback on multiple drafts has widened my bibliographic horizons and improved the manuscript on innumerable points of detail and style. I must also thank many other grad school philoi whose camaraderie and moral support saw me through triumphs and tribulations and whose bril- liance continues to inspire me, especially Ari Bryen, Vanessa Davies, Fanny x Acknowl edgments Dolansky, Emily Jusino, Paul Keen, Ray Kania, Tim McGovern, Ian Moyer, John Paulas, and Phil Venticinque. I am deeply grateful to my colleagues in History and Classical Studies at Christopher Newport University for their friendship and intellectual stimulation, and to my students, who have been a patient audience for ideas in pro gress, and whose questions have helped me to articulate the book’s arguments with greater clarity. I am indebted to CNU’s provost and faculty senate for the sabbatical leave in fall 2015 that facilitated the proj ect’s completion, and I have benefited im mensely from the staunch support of our university librarian Mary Sellen, interlibrary loan librarian Jesse Spencer, and all the Trible Library staff. It has been a plea sure to work with Matt McAdam, Catherine Goldstead, and the pro- duction and marketing team at Johns Hopkins University Press, and I owe par tic u lar thanks to the anonymous reader, to Bill Nelson for his skillful cartographic labors, and to M. J. Devaney for her diligence in copyediting the completed manuscript. I have been blessed beyond mea sure in the love and support of my family. My parents, Brian and Peggy Hyland, cultivated my childhood passion for historical writing and have encouraged me at every stage of my education and academic career. Dad laid the foundations for my journey into the world of classical scholarship, and our conversations on history, ancient and modern, have been among my life’s greatest pleasures. My siblings and their partners— Nora and Matt, Patty and Nikita, Charlie and Kathleen— have encouraged me throughout the writing pro cess and tolerated my frequent historical digressions with good humor. My father- in- law, Joe McKinney, and my dearly missed mother- in- law, Sally Ellis McKinney, welcomed me into their family and, with my brothers and sisters- in- law and nieces and nephews, cheered me on through the years. Above all, my wife Sharon, the truest friend and companion through all life’s highs and lows, has listened to countless ideas, read over challenging passages with editorial care, carved out extra time for me to write amid the chaos of raising small children, ral- lied me when obstacles arose, and always believed in my ability to bring the book to a happy conclusion.