Native to the West a Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City
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Waitakere City Council Annual Report 2008/2009
Waitakere08 City Council Annual Report Including Sustainability Reporting 20 09 08This is Waitakere City Council’s Annual Report, including the Sustainability Report 20 2 Introduction // About the Annual Report and Sustainability 09 Contents SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING ACTIVITY STATEMENTS About the City 4 City Promotion 115 From the Mayor 7 Democracy and Governance 117 Report from the Chief Executive Officer 9 Emergency Management 119 Planning and Reporting Cycle 12 West Wave Aquatic Centre 122 How the Eco City has Developed 13 Arts and Culture 124 Stakeholders 15 Cemetery 129 Sustainability Challenges 18 Leisure 132 Community Outcomes and Strategic Direction 22 Libraries 135 Parks 139 QUADRUPLE BOTTOM LINE Housing for Older Adults 143 Social 28 City Heritage 145 Cultural 34 Transport and Roads 147 Economic 38 Animal Welfare 151 Environmental 48 Vehicle Testing Station 153 Awards Received 62 Consents, Compliance and Enforcement 155 GOVERNANCE Waste Management 159 Role and Structure of Waitakere City Council 64 Stormwater 163 Council Controlled Organisations 82 Wastewater 167 Statement of Compliance and Responsibility 98 Water Supply 171 COST OF SERVICES STATEMENTS BY Support and Planning 175 STRATEGIC PLATFORM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Urban and Rural Villages 100 Income Statement 181 Integrated Transport and Communication 103 Statement of Changes in Equity 182 Strong Innovative Economy 104 Balance Sheet 183 Strong Communities 105 Statement of Cash flows 185 Active Democracy 107 Statement of Accounting Policies 187 Green Network 108 Notes to -
The New Zealand Rain Forest: a Comparison with Tropical Rain Forest! J
The New Zealand Rain Forest: A Comparison with Tropical Rain Forest! J. W. DAWSON2 and B. V. SNEDDON2 ABSTRACT: The structure of and growth forms and habits exhibited by the New Zealand rain forest are described and compared with those of lowland tropical rain forest. Theories relating to the frequent regeneration failure of the forest dominants are outlined. The floristic affinities of the forest type are discussed and it is suggested that two main elements can be recognized-lowland tropical and montane tropical. It is concluded that the New Zealand rain forest is comparable to lowland tropical rain forest in structure and in range of special growth forms and habits. It chiefly differs in its lower stature, fewer species, and smaller leaves. The floristic similarity between the present forest and forest floras of the Tertiary in New Zealand suggest that the former may be a floristically reduced derivative of the latter. PART 1 OF THIS PAPER describes the structure The approximate number of species of seed and growth forms of the New Zealand rain plants in these forests is 240. From north to forest as exemplified by a forest in the far north. south there is an overall decrease in number of In Part 2, theories relating to the regeneration species. At about 38°S a number of species, of the dominant trees in the New Zealand rain mostly trees and shrubs, drop out or become forest generally are reviewed briefly, and their restricted to coastal sites, but it is not until about relevance to the situation in the study forest is 42°S, in the South Island, that many of the con considered. -
Rethinking Arboreal Heritage for Twenty-First-Century Aotearoa New Zealand
NATURAL MONUMENTS: RETHINKING ARBOREAL HERITAGE FOR TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND Susette Goldsmith A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2018 ABSTRACT The twenty-first century is imposing significant challenges on nature in general with the arrival of climate change, and on arboreal heritage in particular through pressures for building expansion. This thesis examines the notion of tree heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand at this current point in time and questions what it is, how it comes about, and what values, meanings and understandings and human and non-human forces are at its heart. While the acknowledgement of arboreal heritage can be regarded as the duty of all New Zealanders, its maintenance and protection are most often perceived to be the responsibility of local authorities and heritage practitioners. This study questions the validity of the evaluation methods currently employed in the tree heritage listing process, tree listing itself, and the efficacy of tree protection provisions. The thesis presents a multiple case study of discrete sites of arboreal heritage that are all associated with a single native tree species—karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus). The focus of the case studies is not on the trees themselves, however, but on the ways in which the tree sites fill the heritage roles required of them entailing an examination of the complicated networks of trees, people, events, organisations, policies and politics situated within the case studies, and within arboreal heritage itself. Accordingly, the thesis adopts a critical theoretical perspective, informed by various interpretations of Actor Network Theory and Assemblage Theory, and takes a ‘counter-’approach to the authorised heritage discourse introducing a new notion of an ‘unauthorised arboreal heritage discourse’. -
Historic Heritage Evaluation Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) Hobsonville Headquarters and Parade Ground (Former)
Historic Heritage Evaluation Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) Hobsonville Headquarters and Parade Ground (former) 135 and 214 Buckley Avenue, Hobsonville Figure 1: RNZAF Headquarters (5 July 2017; Auckland Council) Prepared by Auckland Council Heritage Unit July 2017 1.0 Purpose The purpose of this document is to consider the place located at 135 and 214 Buckley Road, Hobsonville against the criteria for evaluation of historic heritage in the Auckland Unitary Plan (Operative in Part) (AUP). The document has been prepared by Emma Rush, Senior Advisor Special Projects – Heritage; and Rebecca Freeman – Senior Specialist Historic Heritage, Heritage Unit, Auckland Council. It is solely for the use of Auckland Council for the purpose it is intended in accordance with the agreed scope of work. 2.0 Identification 135 Buckley Avenue, Hobsonville (Parade Ground) and 214 Buckley Avenue, Hobsonville (former Site address Headquarters) Legal description 135 Buckley Ave - LOT 11 DP 484575 and Certificate of 214 Buckley Ave - Section 1 SO 490900 Title identifier Road reserve – Lot 15 DP 484575 NZTM grid Headquarters – Northing: 5927369; Easting: reference 1748686 Parade Ground – Northing: 5927360; Easting: 1748666 Ownership 135 Buckley Avenue – Auckland Council 214 Buckley Avenue – Auckland Council Road reserve – Auckland Transport Auckland Unitary 135 Buckley Avenue (Parade Ground) Plan zoning Open Space – Informal Recreation Zone 214 Buckley Avenue (former Headquarters) Residential - Mixed Housing Urban Zone Existing scheduled Hobsonville RNZAF -
And Taewa Māori (Solanum Tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Traditional Knowledge Systems and Crops: Case Studies on the Introduction of Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and Taewa Māori (Solanum tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of AgriScience in Horticultural Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Rodrigo Estrada de la Cerda 2015 Kūmara and Taewa Māori, Ōhakea, New Zealand i Abstract Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and taewa Māori, or Māori potato (Solanum tuberosum), are arguably the most important Māori traditional crops. Over many centuries, Māori have developed a very intimate relationship to kūmara, and later with taewa, in order to ensure the survival of their people. There are extensive examples of traditional knowledge aligned to kūmara and taewa that strengthen the relationship to the people and acknowledge that relationship as central to the human and crop dispersal from different locations, eventually to Aotearoa / New Zealand. This project looked at the diverse knowledge systems that exist relative to the relationship of Māori to these two food crops; kūmara and taewa. A mixed methodology was applied and information gained from diverse sources including scientific publications, literature in Spanish and English, and Andean, Pacific and Māori traditional knowledge. The evidence on the introduction of kūmara to Aotearoa/New Zealand by Māori is indisputable. Mātauranga Māori confirms the association of kūmara as important cargo for the tribes involved, even detailing the purpose for some of the voyages. -
Plant Charts for Native to the West Booklet
26 Pohutukawa • Oi exposed coastal ecosystem KEY ♥ Nurse plant ■ Main component ✤ rare ✖ toxic to toddlers coastal sites For restoration, in this habitat: ••• plant liberally •• plant generally • plant sparingly Recommended planting sites Back Boggy Escarp- Sharp Steep Valley Broad Gentle Alluvial Dunes Area ment Ridge Slope Bottom Ridge Slope Flat/Tce Medium trees Beilschmiedia tarairi taraire ✤ ■ •• Corynocarpus laevigatus karaka ✖■ •••• Kunzea ericoides kanuka ♥■ •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa ♥■ ••••• • •• •• Small trees, large shrubs Coprosma lucida shining karamu ♥ ■ •• ••• ••• •• •• Coprosma macrocarpa coastal karamu ♥ ■ •• •• •• •••• Coprosma robusta karamu ♥ ■ •••••• Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree ♥ ■ • •• •• • •• •••• Dodonaea viscosa akeake ■ •••• Entelea arborescens whau ♥ ■ ••••• Geniostoma rupestre hangehange ♥■ •• • •• •• •• •• •• Leptospermum scoparium manuka ♥■ •• •• • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Leucopogon fasciculatus mingimingi • •• ••• ••• • •• •• • Macropiper excelsum kawakawa ♥■ •••• •••• ••• Melicope ternata wharangi ■ •••••• Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe • ••• •• • •• ••• Myoporum laetum ngaio ✖ ■ •••••• Olearia furfuracea akepiro • ••• ••• •• •• Pittosporum crassifolium karo ■ •• •••• ••• Pittosporum ellipticum •• •• Pseudopanax lessonii houpara ■ ecosystem one •••••• Rhopalostylis sapida nikau ■ • •• • •• Sophora fulvida west coast kowhai ✖■ •• •• Shrubs and flax-like plants Coprosma crassifolia stiff-stemmed coprosma ♥■ •• ••••• Coprosma repens taupata ♥ ■ •• •••• •• -
Bio 308-Course Guide
COURSE GUIDE BIO 308 BIOGEOGRAPHY Course Team Dr. Kelechi L. Njoku (Course Developer/Writer) Professor A. Adebanjo (Programme Leader)- NOUN Abiodun E. Adams (Course Coordinator)-NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2013 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by: ii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………......................... iv What you will Learn from this Course …………………............ iv Course Aims ……………………………………………............ iv Course Objectives …………………………………………....... iv Working through this Course …………………………….......... v Course Materials ………………………………………….......... v Study Units ………………………………………………......... v Textbooks and References ………………………………........... vi Assessment ……………………………………………….......... vi End of Course Examination and Grading..................................... vi Course Marking Scheme................................................................ vii Presentation Schedule.................................................................... vii Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………………….......... vii Tutors and Tutorials....................................................................... viii iii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE INTRODUCTION BIO 308: Biogeography is a one-semester, 2 credit- hour course in Biology. It is a 300 level, second semester undergraduate course offered to students admitted in the School of Science and Technology, School of Education who are offering Biology or related programmes. The course guide tells you briefly what the course is all about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gives you some guidance on your Tutor- Marked Assignments. There are Self-Assessment Exercises within the body of a unit and/or at the end of each unit. -
Trees for the Land
Trees for the Land GROWING TREES IN NORTHLAND FOR PROTECTION, PRODUCTION AND PLEASURE FOREWORD Trees are an integral, highly visible and valuable part of the Northland landscape. While many of us may not give much thought to the many and varied roles of trees in our lives, our reliance on them can not be overstated. Both native and exotic tree species make important contributions to our region – environmentally, socially, culturally and economically. Pohutukawa – a coastal icon – line our coasts and are much loved and appreciated by locals and tourists alike. Similarly, many of the visitors who come here do not consider their trip complete without a journey to view the giant and majestic kauri of Waipoua, which are of huge importance to Mäori. Many Northlanders make their livings working in the forest industry or other industries closely aligned to it and trees also play a crucial role environmentally. When all these factors are considered, it makes sense that wise land management should include the planting of a variety of tree species, particularly since Northland is an erosion- prone area. Trees help stabilise Northland’s hillsides and stream banks. They help control winter flood flows and provide shelter and shade for the land, rivers and stock. They also provide valuable shelter, protection and food for Northland’s flora and fauna. This publication draws together tree planting information and advice from a wide range of sources into one handy guide. It has been written specifically for Northlanders and recommends trees that will survive well in our sometimes demanding climate. The Northland Regional Council is committed to the sustainable management and development of natural resources like our trees. -
The Lignotuber of Tutu (Coriaria Arborea) Alan Esler & Wilson Esler
Cyathodes fraseri Margins broadly hyaline, flat, Dracophyllum muscoides Blade about as long as stoutly ciliate, apex a pungent apicule, veins the sheathing petiole, linear, obscurely serrate strongly raised below. distally. Cyathodes juniperina Blade linear, minutely serrate Epacris alpina and E. pauciflora (both vars) Blade distally, apex a pungent apicule, veins not ovate, margins minutely serrate distally, veins evident above, intervenium below whitened by not at all prominent below, intervenium pale but wax deposited in minutely reticulate fashion. not wax-covered. Cyathodes parviflora Margins usually recurved only Pentachondra pumila Petiole relatively long (c. 1/3 in proximal half of blade, entire, apex with a length of blade); blade lanceolate, margins very short rounded mucro, lower surface with minutely serrate, apex subobtuse, the veins prominent branched and reticulate venation. relatively obvious below (as compared to those Cyathodes pumila Margins flat, entire, apex shortly of Epacris pauciflora) being narrower and paler apiculate, lower surface between midrib and than the intervenium, but not raised. margins entirely covered with a thick (usually Sprengelia incarnata Leaf recurved so that upper non-reticulate) deposit of white wax. half (blade) is at right angles to the stem- Cyathodes robusta Blade lanceolate, margins enclosed lower half (sheathing base/petiole), strongly recurved, apex with short rounded apicule long and subpungent, lower surface of mucro, intervenium below usually whitened with blade with conspicuous pale dots (stomata) and wax deposited in minutely reticulate fashion. obscure veins. References Allan, H. H. 1961: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 1. Government Printer, Wellington. Poole, A. L. & Adams, N. M. A. 1964. Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand. -
Behaviour and Activity Budgeting of Reproductive Kiwi in a Fenced Population
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Behaviour and Activity Budgeting of Reproductive Kiwi in a Fenced Population A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science In Zoology At Massey University, Manawatu Jillana Robertson 2018 Abstract North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are flightless, nocturnal, usually solitary, and secretive birds, so knowledge of their behaviour is limited. In this study, I endeavoured to obtain a more detailed understanding of adult kiwi behaviour within two pest fenced areas focusing around the breeding season at the 3363 ha Maungatautari Scenic Reserve in Waikato, New Zealand. Within Maungatautari’s pest free enclosures, I attempted to determine male and female activity patterns over 24-hours from activity transmitter data; document diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of kiwi using video cameras; determine size and distribution of home ranges; and establish patterns of selection of daytime shelter types. Male kiwi were fitted with Wild Tech “chick timer” transmitters which recorded activity for the previous seven days. Incubating males spent significantly less time active than non incubating males with some activity occurring during the daytime. Non-incubating male activity duration decreased but activity as a proportion of night length increased with decreasing night length. Less active incubating males, suggesting more time caring for eggs, had more successful clutches. Female activity was recorded using an Osprey receiver/datalogger and 30x60x90 pulse activity transmitters. -
INDEX for 2011 HERBALPEDIA Abelmoschus Moschatus—Ambrette Seed Abies Alba—Fir, Silver Abies Balsamea—Fir, Balsam Abies
INDEX FOR 2011 HERBALPEDIA Acer palmatum—Maple, Japanese Acer pensylvanicum- Moosewood Acer rubrum—Maple, Red Abelmoschus moschatus—Ambrette seed Acer saccharinum—Maple, Silver Abies alba—Fir, Silver Acer spicatum—Maple, Mountain Abies balsamea—Fir, Balsam Acer tataricum—Maple, Tatarian Abies cephalonica—Fir, Greek Achillea ageratum—Yarrow, Sweet Abies fraseri—Fir, Fraser Achillea coarctata—Yarrow, Yellow Abies magnifica—Fir, California Red Achillea millefolium--Yarrow Abies mariana – Spruce, Black Achillea erba-rotta moschata—Yarrow, Musk Abies religiosa—Fir, Sacred Achillea moschata—Yarrow, Musk Abies sachalinensis—Fir, Japanese Achillea ptarmica - Sneezewort Abies spectabilis—Fir, Himalayan Achyranthes aspera—Devil’s Horsewhip Abronia fragrans – Sand Verbena Achyranthes bidentata-- Huai Niu Xi Abronia latifolia –Sand Verbena, Yellow Achyrocline satureoides--Macela Abrus precatorius--Jequirity Acinos alpinus – Calamint, Mountain Abutilon indicum----Mallow, Indian Acinos arvensis – Basil Thyme Abutilon trisulcatum- Mallow, Anglestem Aconitum carmichaeli—Monkshood, Azure Indian Aconitum delphinifolium—Monkshood, Acacia aneura--Mulga Larkspur Leaf Acacia arabica—Acacia Bark Aconitum falconeri—Aconite, Indian Acacia armata –Kangaroo Thorn Aconitum heterophyllum—Indian Atees Acacia catechu—Black Catechu Aconitum napellus—Aconite Acacia caven –Roman Cassie Aconitum uncinatum - Monkshood Acacia cornigera--Cockspur Aconitum vulparia - Wolfsbane Acacia dealbata--Mimosa Acorus americanus--Calamus Acacia decurrens—Acacia Bark Acorus calamus--Calamus -
Patterns of Flammability Across the Vascular Plant Phylogeny, with Special Emphasis on the Genus Dracophyllum
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy at Lincoln University by Xinglei Cui Lincoln University 2020 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy. Abstract Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum by Xinglei Cui Fire has been part of the environment for the entire history of terrestrial plants and is a common disturbance agent in many ecosystems across the world. Fire has a significant role in influencing the structure, pattern and function of many ecosystems. Plant flammability, which is the ability of a plant to burn and sustain a flame, is an important driver of fire in terrestrial ecosystems and thus has a fundamental role in ecosystem dynamics and species evolution. However, the factors that have influenced the evolution of flammability remain unclear.