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Rethinking Arboreal Heritage for Twenty-First-Century Aotearoa New Zealand

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NATURAL MONUMENTS: RETHINKING ARBOREAL HERITAGE FOR TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND Susette Goldsmith A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2018 ABSTRACT The twenty-first century is imposing significant challenges on nature in general with the arrival of climate change, and on arboreal heritage in particular through pressures for building expansion. This thesis examines the notion of tree heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand at this current point in time and questions what it is, how it comes about, and what values, meanings and understandings and human and non-human forces are at its heart. While the acknowledgement of arboreal heritage can be regarded as the duty of all New Zealanders, its maintenance and protection are most often perceived to be the responsibility of local authorities and heritage practitioners. This study questions the validity of the evaluation methods currently employed in the tree heritage listing process, tree listing itself, and the efficacy of tree protection provisions. The thesis presents a multiple case study of discrete sites of arboreal heritage that are all associated with a single native tree species—karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus). The focus of the case studies is not on the trees themselves, however, but on the ways in which the tree sites fill the heritage roles required of them entailing an examination of the complicated networks of trees, people, events, organisations, policies and politics situated within the case studies, and within arboreal heritage itself. Accordingly, the thesis adopts a critical theoretical perspective, informed by various interpretations of Actor Network Theory and Assemblage Theory, and takes a ‘counter-’approach to the authorised heritage discourse introducing a new notion of an ‘unauthorised arboreal heritage discourse’. The thesis introduces alternative examples of arboreal heritage to the contemporary heritage canon paving the way for other forms of heritage that may remain mired in the expectations of the twentieth century’s authorised heritage discourse. In doing so it elevates arboreal heritage as a valid part of physical heritage and a worthy topic for further critical heritage study. The research findings show that in contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand trees have been active in forging links between the past, the present and the future in new and powerful ways transcending the received evaluation methods and establishing a new rhetoric of arboreal indigeneity. Through the lens of tree registers, the research contributes to a better understanding of both natural heritage and heritage in general and, while firmly placed in the New Zealand context, provides a basis for critical heritage studies of related subjects elsewhere. 1 Little has been written about arboreal heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand. As the first academic study of the topic, the thesis fills gaps in academic and professional knowledge of the tree heritage process. It introduces interdisciplinary ideas, from both the sciences and the humanities, and draws attention to tree heritage as a significant historical, social, economic, cultural and environmental contributor to the well-being of New Zealanders. The case studies demonstrate that effective, contemporary stewardship requires a revised ‘tree sense’ that acknowledges that arboreal heritage is founded on complex and various values, meanings and understandings, and is manifest in many different forms. Drawing on the archival, documentary and empirical research undertaken, the thesis proposes a democratisation of arboreal heritage decision-making, and contributes a set of principles to facilitate the negotiation of arboreal heritage acknowledgement and protection by communities, local authorities and heritage practitioners. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my family—Paul Goldsmith, Rupert Goldsmith, Celia Goldsmith, Katie Blackstock, Ari Stevens, Ann Cameron and Fergus Goldsmith—for their constant moral and practical support during this project. In particular I thank Paul who has accompanied me on my tree forays, endured countless breakfast- lunch- and dinner-time discussions of tree matters and been patient well beyond the call of duty. I acknowledge my parents Pat and Ray Drewery who taught me, in their separate ways, the worth of trees; my Māori and Pākehā farming and gardening forebears who have embedded in my DNA a deep appreciation of the natural world; and Jessica Goldsmith and her legacy of a fine redwood forest. I consider myself extremely fortunate to have worked with Conal McCarthy as my primary supervisor and Kate Hunter as my secondary supervisor. As well as their wit and wisdom, they have brought to our meetings unwavering interest in and enthusiasm for my research. I sincerely thank them both. I also thank, for their friendship and practical help negotiating university rules and regulations, Annie Mercer and Pippa Wisheart. For the empathy and friendship that only fellow PhD students can provide, I thank Kay Hancock, Michelle Horwood, Samuele de Stefani and Lisa Terreni. For their assistance in many different and extremely valuable ways, I wholeheartedly thank the following: archivists at City Archives (Wellington) and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa; Athfield Architects; Brad Cadwallader; Murray Dawson; librarians at the Wellington City Library, the Beaglehole Room (Victoria University of Wellington), the Alexander Turnbull Library and the Alister McIntosh Memorial Library (Heritage New Zealand); Justin Maxwell; Bruce McFadgen; Terese McLeod; officers of the Hastings District Council, the Palmerston North City Council and the New Plymouth District Council; the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment; Tim Porteous; Tony Quinn; Lee Rauhina-August; Trevor Thompson; Aaria Dobson-Waitere and Wraight Associates. I especially thank Brigitte Hegner and Megan Wraight for ‘Being There’with me. Last but not least I acknowledge the assistance of my two retrievers, Rita and Plum, who made sure I never sat at my desk for too long. 3 4 CONTENTS List of Figures p. 7 List of Tables p. 9 Glossary p. 11 Abbreviations p. 13 Introduction: Natural Monuments p. 17 Chapter One: Research Design p. 65 Chapter Two: The Cyberforest: Heritage Trees p. 77 Chapter Three: The Anthropocene Grove: Trees as Heritage p. 143 Chapter Four: The Dendroglyph Trees: Heritage as Trees p. 179 Chapter Five: Case Study Discussion p. 211 Conclusion: Rethinking Arboreal Heritage for the Twenty-first Century p. 233 Bibliography p. 245 5 6 LIST OF FIGURES Map of Aotearoa New Zealand showing tree locations. p. 15 Karaka’s distinctive drupes and leaves. p. 69 Mature karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus). p. 70 Cover of RNZIH’s June 1940 Journal. p. 83 Pōhutukawa ANZAC memorial, Eastbourne. p. 85 “A Giant Kauri” one-shilling centennial stamp. p. 88 “The Progress of Transport” four-penny centennial stamp. p. 88 Cover of “The Forest”, vol.1, no.9, Making New Zealand. p. 90 Tree planting at Khandallah School, Wellington, 1940. p. 94 RNZIH tree label. p. 102 Cover of Great Trees of New Zealand, 1984. p. 104 Year for Urban Trees poster, 1984. p. 107 New Zealand Tree Register home page. p. 112 Karaka at 32 Kuku Street, Te Awanga. p. 122 Karaka at 28 Kuku Street, Te Awanga. p. 122 Sculptures at the Palmerston North grove entrance. p. 125 The Palmerston North grove. p. 126 Cut-outs on the pou. p. 127 Life-like insects attached to the pou. p. 127 The three pou. p. 127 The buttress ‘feet’ of the New Plymouth karaka. p. 130 The two trunks and the canopy’s dapple effect. p. 131 The karaka’s canopy. p. 131 View north of the Anthropocene Grove. p. 144 7 Te Aro Pa 1842/1843. p. 148 Subdivision of Te Aro Pā 1842/43. p. 150 Overlooking Te Aro, 1857. p. 156 Taranaki Wharf planting plan, 2010. p. 166 Kupe Group. p. 168 The Anthropocene Grove. p. 172 Early Taranaki Wharf proposal illustration. p. 177 Map of Parangarahu Lakes Area. p. 184 Adkin’s map showing locations of Dendroglyph Trees. p. 188 Sketch plan showing Dendroglyph Trees, and sketches of dendroglyphs. p. 188 Māori group roasting karaka berries, 1908. p. 192 Planting day at Parangarahu Lakes Area. p. 200 Dendroglyph Tree and the fish form. p. 201 Dendroglyph Tree with hollow trunk. p. 202 Sketch plan of karaka groves, Cape Palliser coast. p. 203 Map showing karaka groves. p. 204 Extant karaka grove, Palliser Bay Road. p. 204 Remaining karaka at Te Roro Stream. p. 205 Lake Kohangatera karaka grove. p. 206 Dendroglyph Tree. p. 207 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: STEM classifications and evaluations, 1996. p. 117 Table 2: Comparison of native and exotic tree entries in lists 1943–2016. p. 135 Table 3: Comparison of native and exotic tree entries in the Cyberforest. p. 135 Table 4: Comparison of native and exotic heritage tree lists in three council district plans. p. 136 Table 5: The heritage assemblage of Taranaki Wharf. p. 171 Table 6: Comparison of tree sites according to core domains of arboreal heritage. p. 228 Table 7: Principles for the acknowledgement and protection of arboreal heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand. p. 244 9 10 GLOSSARY ahi kā. Rights of occupation. iwi. Extended kinship group, tribe. kāinga. Home, village. kaitiaki. Guardian. kaitiakitanga. Guardianship, protection. kaumātua. Elders, persons of status. kawanatanga. Authority, government. korowai. Cloak. mana. Prestige, authority. mana whenua. Territorial rights. Māori. Indigenous New Zealander. Māoritanga. Māori culture, practices and beliefs. mauri. Life force. moemoeā. Vision. pā. Fortified village. Pākehā. New Zealander of European descent. pātaka. Storehouse. pou whenua. Post marker of ownership. rāhui. Device for separating people from things that are tapu. rākau momori. Carved memorial trees of Rēkohu Chatham Islands. rangatira. Chief. raukura. Feather. rongoā. Medicine. tāngata. People. 11 tangata whenua. Local indigenous people. taonga. Prized possessions, precious resources (tangible and intangible). taonga tuku iho. Heirlooms, heritage. tapu. Sacred, prohibited. te reo Māori. Māori language. tikanga. Cultural practices. tino rangatiratanga. Full authority. tohunga. Priest, healer. tupuna.
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