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EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD ; the Coloni- Zation of South Australia and New Zealand

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EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD ; the Coloni- Zation of South Australia and New Zealand DU ' 422 W2<£ 3 1 M80., fe|^^^H| 11 Ifill H 1 ai 11 finffifflj Hi ijyj kmmil HnnffifffliMB fitMHaiiH! HI HBHi 19 Hi I Jit H Ifufn H 1$Hffli 1 tip jJBffl imnl unit I 1 l;i. I HSSH3 I I .^ *+, -_ %^ ; f f ^ >, c '% <$ Oo >-W aV </> A G°\ ,0O. ,,.^jTR BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN Edited by H. F. WILSON, M.A. Barrister-at-Law Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge Legal Assistant at the Colonial Office DEDICATED BY SPECIAL PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN i. SIR WALTER RALEGH ; the British Dominion of the West. By Martin A. S. Hume. 2. SIR THOMAS MAITLAND ; the Mastery of the Mediterranean. By Walter Frewen Lord. 3. JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT ; the Discovery of North America. By C. Raymond Beazley, M.A. 4. EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD ; the Coloni- zation of South Australia and New Zealand. By R. Garnett, C.B., LL.D. 5. LORD CLIVE; the Foundation of British Rule in India. By Sir A. J. Arbuthnot, K.C.S.I., CLE. 6. RAJAH BROOKE ; the Englishman as Ruler of an Eastern State. By Sir Spenser St John, G.C.M.G. 7. ADMIRAL PHILLIP ; the Founding of New South Wales. By Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery. 8. SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES; England in the Fnr East. By the Editor. Builders of Greater Britain EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD THE COLONIZATION OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BY •^S R^GARNETT, C.B., LL.D. With Photogravure Frontispiece and Maps NEW YORK LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. 91 and 93 FIFTH AVENUE 1898 . Transfer MAR 30 19, PREFACE Among all the men celebrated in this series of biographies as ' Builders of Greater Britain,' Edward Gibbon Wakefield, inferior to none in genius and achievement, is perhaps the only one whose inclusion could excite inquiry or surprise. Not that his claims have at any time been weighed and found wanting, but that their existence is unknown to the multitude. By the mass of his countrymen at home he is chiefly remembered by the one incident in his career which he would have wished to be forgotten. The historians of the colonies he founded in general pass him over with slight notice, some omitting his very name. If, however, judged merely by this popular xii PREFACE neglect, the name of Wakefield might seem one of those which the world is content to let die, it is far otherwise with students of the subject of colonization, to whose judgment popular opinion must ultimately conform. A complete view of Wakefield's activity as an Empire-builder has not, indeed, existed until the publication of this little bio- graphy. But it is impossible to read even the casual notices of such an authority as Mr Egerton, in his History of British Colonial Policy, without perceiving the high place accorded to Wakefield as a practical states- man, not merely a founder of colonies, but a reformer and transformer of the entire British colonial system. Indications of a similar feeling in authoritative quarters are continually transpiring—as, for instance, in a recent article in the Quarterly Review—and the biographer's problem is how to permeate the oblivious and indifferent general public with the knowledge and appreciation of the better informed. This is not a problem easy of solution, for, although Wakefield's biography is one of fascinating interest, it is a difficult one to PREFACE xiii write. Special obstacles will be brought to light by the story itself, but two capital ones may be mentioned here by way of preliminary apology for inevitable deficiencies. Most ex- tenders of the British Empire have been emphatically men of action. They have plunged into the thick of war, pestilence and famine ; have explored great unknown rivers, or defended beleaguered forts with handfuls of men. They have, at all events, planted the British flag where it never waved before, occasionally displacing some other to make room for it. Wakefield's work was not performed in this fashion. Though capable of vigorous action in emergencies, he wrought principally by the pen and by the tongue. His activity with both was pro- digious ; yet the former implement has left but inadequate traces of its employment, the latter none. Though living and breathing in an atmosphere of colony-making, he never saw a colony until his last days ; he headed no exploring expeditions, overthrew no antago- nists, except upon paper, and his battles were chiefly with the Colonial Office, Once, in Canada, he seemed to have a chance of letting xiv PREFACE his light shine before men, but the authorities promptly snuffed it out. That he should have brought this exclusion from conspicuous public life upon himself deepens the tragedy of his romantic career, and so far enhances its interest, but in no respect diminishes the biographer's difficulty in rendering this mainly subterranean activity visible and tangible. Where the public life is thus sequestered, and mainly traceable in its effects, it is doubly important that the details of private life should be copious and interesting. The mere thinker or writer, however illustrious, must remain much of an abstraction. No real biography of some of the world's greatest benefactors will ever be written, simply because il ny a pas de quoi. It is otherwise with Wakefield, a rich specimen of human nature, commonly admirable, sometimes condemnable, but ever potent, impassioned and dramatic. This much is clear even from the imperfect records of his political activity, but these greatly needed to be supplemented by traits derived from private life, and it might well have been that such would not have been procurable. Relying on the friendship and confidence of members PREFACE xv of Mr Wakefield's family, the present writer ventured upon a task of which more com- petent executors might conceivably have been found. His expectations have not been dis- appointed, and his obligations cannot be sufficiently expressed. Everything available has been placed at his disposal ; he has written free from constraint or suggestion of any kind ; and, though conscious of having done his utmost, he knows well that the best pages in his book are from the pens of Nina Wakefield and Alice Freeman. Yet, by no fault of Mr Wakefield's present representatives, there are imperfections in the record which demand apology, and this rather as they might other- wise be liable to misinterpretation. The reader, observing that long periods of Wake- field's life are devoid of any illustration from private letters, which afterwards on the sudden begin to be comparatively numerous, and as suddenly cease, might reasonably conclude that a rule of selection had been exercised, and that much had been omitted which it was deemed inex- pedient to publish. It is not so. The preservation or destruction of Wakefield's — *vi PREFACE letters appears to have been a matter of mere accident. Many ought to exist in the hands of the representatives of Sir William Molesworth, Charles Buller, and others of his allies on colonial questions ; but it has, for the present, appeared useless to search out documents which there was neither time to collect nor space to employ. The reader on a subject so much passed cat of notice as the colonizing career of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, may not unreasonably ask for some assurance, beyond the word of the biographer, that his study will be repaid. Abundant evidence of the high position accorded to Wakefield by his contemporaries might be collected from the books and journals of his own day, but it is less troublesome to produce two unpublished testimonies, one re- ferring chiefly to the theoretical side of his work, the other to the practical. In reply, as would appear, to a letter from Wakefield, acknowledging the gift of his Political Economy (published in 1848), Stuart Mill writes : ' India House, Thursday. 'My Dear Wakefield,— I am very glad PREFACE xvii that you think the public statement in my book of what is so justly due to you, both as a colonizer and a political economist, likely to be of use at this particular time. I am still more glad to hear that you are writing the book you speak of. I have long regretted that there does not exist a systematic treatise in a permanent form, from your hand and in your name, in which the whole subject of colonization is treated as the express subject of the book, so as to become at once the authoritative book on the subject. At present, people have to pick up your doctrines, both theoretical and practical. I cannot help urging you to complete the book with as much expedition as is consistent with the care due to your health, which your life is too valuable to permit any relaxation of.—Ever truly yours, J. S. Mill.' For Mill, doubtless, the chief interest lay in the Wakefield system of land sales and emigra- tion funds, the system which regulated emigra- tion and made it defray its cost, prevented it from running to waste over vast and indefinite areas, and provided that the flower and not the refuse of the old country should be transplanted — xviii PREFACE to the new. Another and not less important aspect of his activity, the restoration of Imperial ideas and right relations between the mother country and the colonies through the agency of responsible government, is thus set forth in a letter to the author from almost the last survivor of Wakefield's associates, the venerable Lord Norton, who, at eighty-four, sets an example to younger men by a lively interest in what- ever concerns the common weal : ' Wakefield was a man of genius, and, circum- stances having shut him out of Parliament, where he would have risen to the top of the tree, he devoted himself to make ministers dance in his leading - strings.
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