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Diversity in Host Preference of Rotylenchus Spp. Y.S

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Diversity in Host Preference of Rotylenchus Spp. Y.S International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 7, No 5, 2018, 1786 – 1793 2277-663X (P) DIVERSITY IN HOST PREFERENCE OF ROTYLENCHUS SPP. Y.S. Rathore Principal Scientist (Retd.), Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur -208024 (U.P.) E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Species of the genus Rotylenchus are ecto- or semi-endo parasites and feed on roots of their host plants. In the study it was found that 50% species of Rotylenchus were monophagous and mostly on plants in the clade Rosids followed by monocots, Asterids and gymnosperms. In general, Rosids and Asterids combined parasitized more than 50% host species followed by monocots. Though food preference was species specific but by and large woody plants were preferred from very primitive families like Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae to representatives of advanced families. Woody plants like pines and others made a substantial contribution in the host range of Rotylenchus. Maximum number of Rotylenchus species harboured plants in families Poaceae (monocots), Rosaceae (Rosids) and Oleaceae (Asterids) followed by Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Asteraceae and Pinaceae. It is, therefore, suggested that agricultural crops should be grown far away from wild vegetation and forest plantations. Keywords: Rotylenchus, Magnoliids, Rosids, Asterids, Gymnosperms, Host preference. INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Haplolaimidae) are migratory ectoparasites and browse on the surface of roots. The damage caused by them is usually limited to necrosis of penetrated cells (1). However, species with longer stylet penetrate to tissues more deeply and killing more cells and called as semi-endoparasites (2,3). The genus contains 97 nominal species which parasitize on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants worldwide (3). Studies have revealed that generally nematodes prefer to parasitize host plants from selective taxonomic groups or some similar nature (4,5,6,7). It was, therefore, thought to be appropriate to find out the host preference of Rotylenchus species in relation to taxonomic groups of plant species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Host plants of Rotylenchus species were downloaded from Nemaplex (8) and other reported in the literature were added. All the plant species were aligned and classified according to APG IV system(9)(Fourth version of modern, mostly molecular based system of plant taxonomy of flowering plants developed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group). Here families are grouped into different clades. Host species were numerically categorized in each clade. Received Sep 23, 2018 * Published Oct 2, 2018 * www.ijset.net 1787 Y.S. Rathore To observe the superiority of one clade over the other or one species over the other, Specific Affiliation Index (SAI) and General Affiliation Index (GAI) were computed following the method of Rathore and Tiwari (5). Certain ratios viz., species: genus, species: family and species: order were calculated to observe the contribution of particular group(s) towards the preference of host species. The terms monophagous, oligophagous and polyphagous were adopted from Barneys and Chapman (10). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A general bird-eye picture evolved from Table 1 revealed that majority of plants were preferred from Rosids, Asterids and monocot clades from angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Rosids and Asterid clades had 29.371 and 28.671% plants, respectively followed by monocots (18.881%). Rosids and Asterids combination resulted in more than 50% plants of the total. Although, Rotylenchus species parasitized very primitive Magnoliid plants (2.098%) and gymnosperms (11.189%). The Specific Association Index (SAI) did not indicate better preference between prominent clades. Their values demonstrate high polyphagy and wide distribution of host species in genera, families and orders. Contribution of aforesaid parameters was better in gymnosperms as evident by species: family and species: order ratios which were 2.000 and 2.667, respectively. In general, gymnosperms were preferred better than angiosperms in spite of angiosperms had bigger host range. Table 1. Association of Rotylenchus spp. to different host parameters Taxonomic Host Genera Families Orders SAI clades species Magnoliids 3 ( 2.098)* 2 (1.550) 2 (1.942) 2 (2.174) 0.833 26 19 17 Monocots 27 (18.881) 0.468 (20.155) (18.447) (18.498) Eudicots 3 (2.098) 3 (2.326) 3 (2.913) 3 (3.261) 0.556 Superrosids 3 (2.098) 3 (2.326) 3 (2.913) 3 (3.261) 0.556 42 36 30 28 Rosids 0.468 (29.371) (27.907) (29.126) (30.435) Superasterids 6 (4.196) 5 (3.876) 5 ( 4.854) 3 (3.261) 0.615 41 40 31 28 Asterids 0.434 (28.671) (31.008) (30.097) (30.435) COM Clade 2 (1.399) 2 (1.550) 2 (1.942) 2 (2.174) 0.667 16 Gymnosperms 12 (9.302) 8 (7.767) 6 (6.522) 0.692 (11.189) *Figures in parentheses are percent values Host plants of individual Rotylenchus species are listed in Table 2. They are grouped in each clade along with the families. It was observed that out of 28 Rotylenchus species, 50% were Diversity in Host Preference of ROTYLENCHUS SPP. 1788 Table 2. Host taxonomic affinity of Rotylenchus spp. S.No. Rotylenchus Host species with taxonomic groups No. GAI Status spp . host species 1 R. agnetis Mono -Aspagaraceae (1) Ruscus aculentus 1 1 Monophagous 2 R. boocki Mono -Araceae (1) Anthurium andraeanum 1 1 Monophagous 3 R. breviglans Magnoliids -Lauraceae (1) Persea americana ; 4 0.6 Polyphagous Superrosids -Grossulariaceae (1) Ribes speciosum ; Superasterids -Cactaceae (1) Opuntia spp.; Asterids - Lamiaceae (1) Salvia leucophylla 4 R. buxophilus Mono -Asparagaceae (3) Cordyline sp., Ruscus 28 0.448 Polyphagous hypophyllum, Sansevieri a sp.; Araceae (1) Anthurium sp., Arecaceae (1) Palmaceae sp.; Poaceae (1) Secale cereale; Strelitziaceae (1) Streltzia sp. Eudicots -Berberidaceae (1) Berberis thunbergii ; Buxaceae (1) Buxus sempervirens; Superrossids -Paeoniaceae (1) Paeonia sp.; Rosids- Begoniaceae (1) Begonia sp.; Fabaceae (1) Phaseolus lunatus; Moraceae (1) Ficus carica; Myrtaceae (3) Eucalyptus sp., Eucalyptus terecornis, Psidium guajava ; Rosaceae (3) Fragaria x ananasa, Pyrus communis, Spiraea sp .; Superasterids - Cactaceae (1) Cactaceae sp.; Asterids -Apocynaceae (1) Vinca majo r; Ericaceae (1) Erica arborea; Oleaceae (2) Ligustrum sp., Ligustrum vulgare ; Solanaceae (1) Solanum lycopersicum ; Theaceae (1) Camelli a sp.; COM clade-Celastraceae (1) Euonymus sp.; Gymnosperms -Pteridaceae (1) Adiantum sp. 5 R. Rosids -Fagaceae (2) Quercus faginea, Quercus 2 1.333 Monophagous cazorlaensis rotundifolia 6 R. cretensis Asterids -Oleaceae (1) Olea sp. 1 1 Monophagous 7 R. cypriensis Asterids -Oleaceae (1) Olea sp.; Solanaceae (1) 2 0.667 Polyphagous Solanum tuberosum 8 R. Mono -Asparagaceae (1) Ruscus hyrcanus 1 1 Monophagous dalikhaniensis 9 R. eximius Rosids -Rosaceae (1) Prunus dulcis ; Sapindaceae (1) 3 0.556 Polyphagous Pistacea lentiscu s; Asterids -Oleaceae (1) Olea europaea sp . sylvistris 10 R. goodeyi Mono -Iridaceae (1) Iris sp.; Rosids -Fabaceae (1) 8 0.588 Polyphagous Medicago sativa ; Moraceae (1) Ficus sp.; Rosaceae (2) Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria x ananasa ; Asterids -Asteraceae (1) Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ; Oleaceae (1) Olea europaea sp. sylvestris ; COM clad e-Violaceae (1) Viola sp. 11 R. graecus Mono -Poaceae (1) Arundo donax ; Asterids - 2 0.883 Polyphagous Araliaceae (1) Hedera helix 12 R. helenae Mono -Poaceae (1) Triticum aestivum ; Asterids - 2 0.883 Polyphagous Ericaceae (1) Erica cinerea 13 R. incognitus Gymnosperms -Pinaceae (1) Pinus pinaster 1 1 Monophagous 14 R. incullus Rosids -Vitaceae (1) Vitis vinifera 1 1 Monophagous 15 R. iranicus Rosids -Fagaceae (1) Fagus orientalis 1 1 Monophagous 16 R. jaeni Rosids -Fagaceae (1) Quercus suber 1 1 Monophagous 1789 Y.S. Rathore 17 R. Mono -Poaceae (2) Festuca pseudovina, Zea may s; 3 0.719 Polyphagous jagatpurensis Asterids -Asteraceae (1) Artemissia maritima 18 R. labiodiscus Asterids -Asteraceae (2) Brachyglottis repanda, 2 0.667 oligophagous Cyathia sp. 19 R. landii Gymnosperms -Pinaceae (1) Pinus pinaster 1 1 Monophagous 20 R. laurentinus Asterids -Apiaceae (1) Daucus carota 1 1 Monophagous 21 R. magnus Rosids -Fagaceae (1) Quercus suber ; Asterid s- 2 0.667 Polyphagous Aquifoliaceae (1) Ilex aquifolium 22 R. montanus Rosids -Rosaceae (1) Malus domesticus 1 1 Monophagous 23 R. pumilus Mono -Poaceae (1) Poa pratensis ; Gymnosperm s- 4 0.75 Polyphagous Cupressaceae (1) Juniperus monosperma ; Pinaceae (2) Pinus edulis, Pinus pinaster 24 R. robustus Mono -Alstroemeriaceae (1) Alstroemeria sp.; 59 0.545 Polyphagous Araceae (2) Zantedes chia aethiopica, Philodendron sp.; Arecaceae (2) Washingtonia sp., Cocos nucifera ; Asparagaceae (2) Convallaria majalis, Lilium speciosum ; Bromeliaceae (1) Ananas comosu s; Iridaceae (1) Gladiolus sp.; Poaceae (2) Lolium perenne, Saccharum officinarum; Eudicots- Buxaceae (1) Buxus semperviren s; Superrossids - Saxifragaceae (1) Huachera sp.; Rosids -Fabaceae (1) Pisum sativum; Geraniaceae (1) Pelargonium sp.; Malvaceae (1) Fremontodendron sp.; Myrtaceae (2) Eucalyptus sp., Eucalyptus tereticornis; Rosaceae (3 ) Fragaria sp., Malus sylvestris , Rosa sp.; Rutaceae (2) Citrus sinensis , Citrus sp.; Vitaceae (1) Vitis vinifera ; Superasterids -Amaranthaceae (1) Beta vulgaris ; Cactaceae (1) Cactaceae sp.; Caryophyllaceae (2) Dianthus barbatus, Dianthus caryophyllus ;Asterids - Adoxaceae (1) Viburnum carlesi i; Apiaceae (1) Daucus carota ; Aquifoliaceae (1) Ilex crenata ; Asteraceae (4) Bellis sp., Dahlia sp., Scorzonera hispanica, Senec io sp.; Cornaceae (1) Cornus
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