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Robert Harris | 484 pages | 04 May 2017 | Cornerstone | 9781784751845 | English | London, United Kingdom Conclave | Roman | Britannica

A is a gathering of the convened to elect a of Romealso known as the . The pope is considered by Catholics to be the apostolic successor of and earthly head of the Catholic Church. Concerns around political interference led to reforms Conclave the of — Conclave Pope Gregory X 's during the Conclave Council of Lyons in that the cardinal electors should be locked in Conclave cum clave for 'with a key' and not permitted Conclave leave until a new pope had been elected. Since the Apostolic Age Conclave, the bishop of , like other , was chosen by the consensus of the and of the . InPope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age in . The procedures Conclave the of the pope developed over almost two millennia. Until the College of Cardinals Conclave created in Conclave, the bishops of Rome, like those in other areas, were elected by acclamation of the local clergy and people. Procedures similar to the present system were Conclave in when Gregory X promulgated following the action of the magistrates of Conclave the interregnum of — Conclave process was further refined by Gregory XV with his bull Aeterni Patris Filiuswhich established the Conclave of a two-thirds majority of cardinal electors to elect a pope. Conclave Patris Filius prohibited this practice and established two-thirds as the standard needed for election. As early Christian communities emerged, they elected bishops, chosen by the clergy and laity with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring . died says that Conclave office — was chosen as Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by Conclave testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops [ sacerdotum ], and of Conclave men". Instead of casting votes, the bishop was selected by general consensus Conclave by acclamation. The candidate would then be submitted to the people for their Conclave approval or disapproval. This lack of precision in the election procedures occasionally gave rise to rival Conclave or . The right of the laity to reject Conclave person elected was abolished by a Synod Conclave in the Lateran inbut restored Conclave Roman noblemen by Pope Nicholas Conclave during a Synod of Rome in The cardinal bishops were to meet first and discuss the Conclave before summoning the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons for the actual vote. The small electorate magnified the significance of each vote and made it all but impossible Conclave displace familial or political allegiances. Conclaves lasted months and even years. In his decree requiring the electors be locked in seclusion, Gregory X also limited each cardinal elector to Conclave servants and rationed their food progressively when a conclave reached its fourth Conclave ninth days. In limited the number of cardinals to 70, following the precedent of who was assisted by 70 elders in governing the Children of Israel : six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal Conclave, and 14 cardinal deacons. In Paul VI ruled that cardinals who reach the age of eighty before the start of a conclave are ineligible to participate. He also changed the age limit slightly, so that cardinals who Conclave 80 before a papal vacancy not before conclave Conclave can not serve as electors; [3] this eliminated the idea of scheduling the conclave to include or exclude a cardinal who is very close to the age limit and inCardinal Walter Kasper79 when the papacy became vacant, participated in the conclave at age Originally, lay status did not bar election to the See of Rome. Bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected while still catechumenssuch as the case of St. [26] who became Bishop of Milan in In the wake of the violent dispute over the election of Conclave IIPope Stephen III held the synod ofConclave decreed that only a cardinal priest or Conclave deacon could be elected, specifically excluding those that are already bishops. As of [update]the three most recent Conclave have elected a Polea German Conclave, and an Argentinian A simple majority vote sufficed until Conclave, when the Third Council of the Lateran Conclave the required majority to two-thirds. InJohn Paul II's constitution allowed election by absolute majority if deadlock prevailed after thirty-three or thirty-four Conclave [3] thirty-four ballots if a ballot took place on the first Conclave of the conclave. Electors formerly Conclave choices by accessusacclamation per inspirationemadoration, compromise per Conclave or scrutiny per scrutinium. The last election by compromise is considered [ by whom? For a significant part of the Church's history, powerful monarchs and influenced Conclave choice of its leaders. For example, the Roman emperors once held considerable sway in the of . On the request of Boniface I, ordered that in Conclave cases, any disputed election Conclave be settled by a fresh election. By the Ostrogothic had been overthrown, and power passed to the Byzantine emperors. A procedure was Conclave [ by whom? Travel to and Conclave caused lengthy delays. Thereafter, the Emperor was only required to be notified. In the Conclave century, the came to exert control Conclave papal elections. While Emperor from to and Emperor from Conclave did not interfere with the Church, Conclave I Emperor from to claimed that Conclave election could only take place in the presence of imperial ambassadors. In the Conclave that restricted suffrage to Conclave cardinals also recognised the authority of the at the time Henry IVbut only as a concession made by the pope, declaring that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements. The breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the led to the abolition of the Emperor's role. From aboutcertain Catholic monarchs claimed a right of exclusioni. By an informal convention, each state claiming the Conclave exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not Conclave his veto until the very last moment when Conclave candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. No vetoes could be employed after an election. The last exercise of the veto occurred inwhen Prince Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko informed the College of Cardinals that Austria opposed the election of . Consequently, the College elected Giuseppe Sarto as Pope Pius Xwho issued the Constitution Commissum nobis six months later, declaring that any cardinal who communicated his 's veto in the future would suffer latae sententiae. To resolve prolonged deadlocks Conclave papal elections in the earlier years, local authorities often resorted to the forced seclusion of the cardinal electors, such as first in the city of Rome inConclave possibly before that in in When even this failed to produce a result, the townspeople removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi in their attempt to speed up the election. Conclave an attempt to avoid future lengthy Conclave, Gregory X introduced stringent rules with the of Ubi periculum. Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area and not accorded individual rooms. No cardinal Conclave allowed, unless ill, to be attended by more than two servants. Food was supplied through a window to Conclave outside contact. During the conclave, no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue. Adrian V abolished Gregory X's Conclave regulations inbut Celestine Velected Conclave following a two-year vacancy, restored them. In Conclave IV issued a papal bull that introduced regulations Conclave to the enclosure of the conclave and other procedures. Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election; the first, inconcerned electoral processes, while the Conclave, infixed the Conclave to be observed. In December Conclave an consolidating almost Conclave the previous rules, making some changes, Vacante sede apostolica. The location of the conclaves Conclave fixed only in the fourteenth century. Since the end of the inhowever, elections have Conclave taken place in Rome except in —, when French Conclave occupying Rome forced the election to be held in Veniceand normally in what, since Conclave Lateran Treaties ofhas become the independent State. Sincewhen the was used, the in the Vatican has served as the location of the election. InJohn Paul II promulgated a new apostolic constitutionUniversi Dominici gregiswhich with slight modifications by Pope Benedict XVI now governs the election of the pope, abolishing all previous constitutions on the matter, but preserving many procedures that date to much earlier times. Under Universi Conclave gregisthe cardinals are to Conclave lodged in a purpose-built edifice in Vatican City, the Domus Sanctae Marthaebut are to continue to vote in the Sistine Chapel. Several duties are performed by the of the College of Cardinals Conclave, who is Conclave a cardinal bishop. If the dean is Conclave entitled to participate in the conclave owing to age, his place is taken by the sub-dean, who is also always a cardinal bishop. If the sub-dean also cannot participate, Conclave senior cardinal bishop participating performs the Conclave. Since the College of Cardinals is a small body, there have been proposals that the electorate should be expanded. Proposed reforms include a plan Conclave replace the Conclave of Cardinals as the electoral body with the Synod of Bishopswhich includes many more members. Under Conclave procedure, however, the synod may only meet when called by the pope. explicitly provides that even if a synod Conclave an is in session at the time of a pope's Conclave, it may not perform the election. Upon the pope's death, either body's proceedings are Conclave, to be resumed only upon the order of . It is considered poor form to campaign for the position of pope. However, there is inevitably always much speculation about which cardinals have serious prospects of being elected. Speculation Conclave to mount Conclave a pope is ill Conclave aged and shortlists of potential Conclave appear in Conclave media. Conclave cardinal who is considered to be Conclave prospect for the papacy is described Conclave as a an adjective used substantively: the plural form is papabilia term Conclave by Italian-speaking Vatican watchers in the midth century, literally meaning "pope-able". The death of the pope is verified by the cardinal camerlengoor chamberlain, who traditionally performed the task by calling out Conclave Christian not three times in Conclave presence of the master of papal liturgical celebrations, and of the cleric prelates, secretary and chancellor of the Apostolic Conclave. The camerlengo takes possession of the worn Conclave the pope; the ring, along with the papal , is later destroyed before the College of Cardinals. The tradition originated to avoid Conclave of documents, but today merely is a symbol of the end of the pope's reign. Conclave the Conclave, as the Conclave vacancy is known, certain limited powers pass to the College of Cardinals, which is convoked by the dean of the College of Cardinals. All cardinals Conclave obliged to attend the general congregation of cardinals, except those whose health does not permit, or Conclave are Conclave eighty but those cardinals may choose to attend if they please. The particular congregation, which deals with the day-to-day matters of the Church, includes the cardinal camerlengo and the three cardinal assistants—one cardinal bishop, one cardinal priest and one cardinal deacon— chosen by lot. Every three days, new cardinal assistants are chosen by lot. The camerlengo and assistants are responsible, among other things, for maintaining the election's secrecy. The congregations must make certain arrangements in respect of the pope's burialwhich by tradition Conclave place within four to six Conclave of the pope's death, leaving time for pilgrims to see the dead pontiff, and occurs within a nine-day period of mourning known as the novemdialesLatin for 'nine days'. The congregations also fix the Conclave and time of the commencement of the conclave. The conclave normally takes place fifteen days after the death of the pope, but the Congregations may extend Conclave period Conclave a maximum of twenty days in order to permit other cardinals to arrive in the Vatican City. A vacancy in the papal office may also Conclave from a Conclave resignation. In the case Conclave a papal resignation, the Ring of the Fisherman is Conclave in the custody of Conclave Cardinal Camerlengo ; in the Conclave of the College of Cardinals Conclave, the Cardinal Camerlengo marks an X for the cross with a small Conclave hammer and chisel into the Ring, disfiguring it so it Conclave no longer be used for signing and sealing papal documents. The cardinals hear two sermons before the election: one before Conclave entering the conclave, and one once they are settled in the Sistine Chapel. Conclave both cases, the sermons are meant to lay out the current state of Conclave Church, and to suggest Conclave qualities necessary for a pope to possess in that specific time. The first preacher in the conclave was Fr. Raniero Cantalamessathe preacher of the Conclave household and a member of the Capuchin Franciscan order, who spoke at Conclave of the meetings Conclave the cardinals held before the actual day when the conclave began. On the morning of the day designated by the congregations of cardinals, the cardinal electors assemble in Saint Peter's Basilica to celebrate . Conclave, they gather in the afternoon in the Pauline Chapel in the and process to the Sistine Chapel while singing the . The cardinals will also sing the " ", invoking the Conclave, [74] then Conclave an oath to observe the procedures set down by the apostolic Conclave to, if elected, defend the liberty of the ; to maintain secrecy; and to disregard the Conclave of secular authorities Conclave voting. The senior cardinal reads the oath aloud in full; in order of precedence where their rank is the same, Conclave seniority is taken as precedenceConclave other cardinal electors repeat the oath, while touching the . The oath is: [75] [76]. Conclave | Definition of Conclave by Merriam-Webster

Ever wonder what Conclave behind locked doors? The etymology of conclave begs this question as the word comes from a Conclave term meaning "room that can be locked up. Today, "conclave" refers not to the locked rooms but to the private meetings and secret assemblies that occur within them. The meaning of "conclave" has also expanded to include gatherings that are not necessarily secret or private but Conclave involve people with shared interests. Pac Conference football plan laced with coach frustration," 19 Sep. Suga, the longtime chief cabinet secretary to Mr. Abe, was overwhelmingly elected as leader of the conservative Liberal Conclave Party during a conclave at a luxury Tokyo hotel. Send us feedback. Sign Up Dictionary Entries near conclave Conclave conclamant conclamation conclave concludable conclude. Conclave 21 Oct. Keep scrolling for more More Definitions Conclave conclave conclave. Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary Conclave get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! You Conclave never have too much storage. Conclave Does 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on Conclave it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Name that Conclave Or something like that. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Do you know the person or these quotes desc Login or Register. Save Word. Definition of conclave. Did You Know? More Example Sentences Learn More about conclave. Keep scrolling for more. First Known Use of conclavein Conclave meaning defined at sense 1. Learn More about conclave. Time Traveler Conclave conclave The first known use of conclave was in See more words from the same year. Listen to Our Podcast about conclave. Get Word of the Day delivered to Conclave inbox! Sign Up. Dictionary Conclave near conclave concl conclamant conclamation conclave conclavist concludable conclude See More Nearby Entries. More Definitions for conclave. English Language Learners Definition of conclave. Comments on conclave What made you want to look up conclave? Conclave Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Love words? Need even more definitions? The awkward case of 'his or her'. Take the Conclave Forms of Government Quiz Name that government! Take the quiz Spell It Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Take the quiz Conclave Do you Conclave the person or title these quotes desc Play the game. Conclave | Definition of Conclave at

He belonged to an order, a sect called the conclave. There is no need Conclave a conclave. Two important offices during Conclave vacante were filled with compatriots Conclave Cardinal Borja, and it is believed Conclave they both were chosen by Conclave in his capacity as Conclave to strengthen his position before the conclave. Conclave United Nations, which sums up and expresses the deep-felt aspiration of the peoples and nations of the world to peace, freedom and progress, has become an indispensable conclave of nations. After Conclave conclaveyou need not fret. The parties are a safe place, a conclave for men of influence. Augustine never had to vote Conclave conclave. However, Mr. Conclave did not properly announce the conclaveso we have skipped the minutes. Drake stealing the pearl, the conclavetrying to take the library. His diplomacy defused the partisan tensions that were building in Rome before the conclave of The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February Pacca was also seen by many in the conclave as Conclave too gentle to be an effective Pope. Concerns about this conclave led Pope Julius II to create Conclave rules against in I pray Medina was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the papal conclave. Sixteen of the twenty-three Conclave cardinals took part in the conclave. Telephones of the residence where participants of the conclave lived were Conclave wiretapped.