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FREE CONCLAVE PDF Robert Harris | 484 pages | 04 May 2017 | Cornerstone | 9781784751845 | English | London, United Kingdom Conclave | Roman Catholic Church | Britannica A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Romealso known as the pope. The pope is considered by Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Catholic Church. Concerns around political interference led to reforms Conclave the interregnum of — Conclave Pope Gregory X 's decree during the Conclave Council of Lyons in that the cardinal electors should be locked in Conclave cum clave Latin for 'with a key' and not permitted Conclave leave until a new pope had been elected. Since the Apostolic Age Conclave, the bishop of Rome, like other bishops, was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese. InPope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age in Ingravescentem aetatem. The procedures Conclave the election of the pope developed over almost two millennia. Until the College of Cardinals Conclave created in Conclave, the bishops of Rome, like those in other areas, were elected by acclamation of the local clergy and people. Procedures similar to the present system were Conclave in when Gregory X promulgated Ubi periculum following the action of the magistrates of Viterbo Conclave the interregnum of — Conclave process was further refined by Gregory XV with his bull Aeterni Patris Filiuswhich established the Conclave of a two-thirds majority of cardinal electors to elect a pope. Conclave Patris Filius prohibited this practice and established two-thirds as the standard needed for election. As early Christian communities emerged, they elected bishops, chosen by the clergy and laity with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring dioceses. Cyprian died says that Pope Cornelius Conclave office — was chosen as Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by Conclave testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops [ sacerdotum ], and of Conclave men". Instead of casting votes, the bishop was selected by general consensus Conclave by acclamation. The candidate would then be submitted to the people for their Conclave approval or disapproval. This lack of precision in the election procedures occasionally gave rise to rival Conclave or antipopes. The right of the laity to reject Conclave person elected was abolished by a Synod Conclave in the Lateran inbut restored Conclave Roman noblemen by Pope Nicholas Conclave during a Synod of Rome in The cardinal bishops were to meet first and discuss the Conclave before summoning the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons for the actual vote. The small electorate magnified the significance of each vote and made it all but impossible Conclave displace familial or political allegiances. Conclaves lasted months and even years. In his decree requiring the electors be locked in seclusion, Gregory X also limited each cardinal elector to Conclave servants and rationed their food progressively when a conclave reached its fourth Conclave ninth days. In Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, following the precedent of Moses who was assisted by 70 elders in governing the Children of Israel : six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal Conclave, and 14 cardinal deacons. In Paul VI ruled that cardinals who reach the age of eighty before the start of a conclave are ineligible to participate. He also changed the age limit slightly, so that cardinals who Conclave 80 before a papal vacancy not before conclave Conclave can not serve as electors; [3] this eliminated the idea of scheduling the conclave to include or exclude a cardinal who is very close to the age limit and inCardinal Walter Kasper79 when the papacy became vacant, participated in the conclave at age Originally, lay status did not bar election to the See of Rome. Bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected while still catechumenssuch as the case of St. Ambrose[26] who became Bishop of Milan in In the wake of the violent dispute over the election of Antipope Conclave IIPope Stephen III held the synod ofConclave decreed that only a cardinal priest or Conclave deacon could be elected, specifically excluding those that are already bishops. As of [update]the three most recent Conclave have elected a Polea German Conclave, and an Argentinian A simple majority vote sufficed until Conclave, when the Third Council of the Lateran Conclave the required majority to two-thirds. InJohn Paul II's constitution allowed election by absolute majority if deadlock prevailed after thirty-three or thirty-four Conclave [3] thirty-four ballots if a ballot took place on the first Conclave of the conclave. Electors formerly Conclave choices by accessusacclamation per inspirationemadoration, compromise per Conclave or scrutiny per scrutinium. The last election by compromise is considered [ by whom? For a significant part of the Church's history, powerful monarchs and governments influenced Conclave choice of its leaders. For example, the Roman emperors once held considerable sway in the elections of popes. On the request of Boniface I, Honorius ordered that in Conclave cases, any disputed election Conclave be settled by a fresh election. By the Ostrogothic monarchy had been overthrown, and power passed to the Byzantine emperors. A procedure was Conclave [ by whom? Travel to and Conclave Constantinople caused lengthy delays. Thereafter, the Emperor was only required to be notified. In the Conclave century, the Holy Roman Empire came to exert control Conclave papal elections. While Charlemagne Emperor from to and Louis the Pious Emperor from Conclave did not interfere with the Church, Conclave I Emperor from to claimed that Conclave election could only take place in the presence of imperial ambassadors. In the Conclave papal bull that restricted suffrage to Conclave cardinals also recognised the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor at the time Henry IVbut only as a concession made by the pope, declaring that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements. The breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the Investiture Controversy led to the abolition of the Emperor's role. From aboutcertain Catholic monarchs claimed a jus exclusivae right of exclusioni. By an informal convention, each state claiming the veto Conclave exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not Conclave his veto until the very last moment when Conclave candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. No vetoes could be employed after an election. The last exercise of the veto occurred inwhen Prince Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko informed the College of Cardinals that Austria opposed the election of Mariano Rampolla. Consequently, the College elected Giuseppe Sarto as Pope Pius Xwho issued the Constitution Commissum nobis six months later, declaring that any cardinal who communicated his government's veto in the future would suffer excommunication latae sententiae. To resolve prolonged deadlocks Conclave papal elections in the earlier years, local authorities often resorted to the forced seclusion of the cardinal electors, such as first in the city of Rome inConclave possibly before that in Perugia in When even this failed to produce a result, the townspeople removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi in their attempt to speed up the election. Conclave an attempt to avoid future lengthy Conclave, Gregory X introduced stringent rules with the promulgation of Ubi periculum. Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area and not accorded individual rooms. No cardinal Conclave allowed, unless ill, to be attended by more than two servants. Food was supplied through a window to Conclave outside contact. During the conclave, no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue. Adrian V abolished Gregory X's Conclave regulations inbut Celestine Velected Conclave following a two-year vacancy, restored them. In Conclave IV issued a papal bull that introduced regulations Conclave to the enclosure of the conclave and other procedures. Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election; the first, inconcerned electoral processes, while the Conclave, infixed the Conclave to be observed. In December Pope Pius X Conclave an apostolic constitution consolidating almost Conclave the previous rules, making some changes, Vacante sede apostolica. The location of the conclaves Conclave fixed only in the fourteenth century. Since the end of the Western Schism inhowever, elections have Conclave taken place in Rome except in —, when French Conclave occupying Rome forced the election to be held in Veniceand normally in what, since Conclave Lateran Treaties ofhas become the independent Vatican City State. Sincewhen the Quirinal Palace was used, the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican has served as the location of the election. InJohn Paul II promulgated a new apostolic constitutionUniversi Dominici gregiswhich with slight modifications by Pope Benedict XVI now governs the election of the pope, abolishing all previous constitutions on the matter, but preserving many procedures that date to much earlier times. Under Universi Conclave gregisthe cardinals are to Conclave lodged in a purpose-built edifice in Vatican City, the Domus Sanctae Marthaebut are to continue to vote in the Sistine Chapel. Several duties are performed by the dean of the College of Cardinals Conclave, who is Conclave a cardinal bishop. If the dean is Conclave entitled to participate in the conclave owing to age, his place is taken by the sub-dean, who is also always a cardinal bishop. If the sub-dean also cannot participate, Conclave senior cardinal bishop participating performs the Conclave. Since the College of Cardinals is a small body, there have been proposals that the electorate should be expanded. Proposed reforms include a plan Conclave replace the Conclave of Cardinals as the electoral body with the Synod of Bishopswhich includes many more members.