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Refer to Notes. a Abdurrahman Wahid, 163 Acculturation Degree Of, 126

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Refer to Notes. a Abdurrahman Wahid, 163 Acculturation Degree Of, 126 INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes. A Alliance Direct Membership Abdurrahman Wahid, 163 Organization (ADMO), 220 acculturation Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN), 103, degree of, 126 104 during Dutch period, 85–86 investment opportunity, 109 factors facilitating, 8–13, 83–88 ancestor-worship, 150n25 colonial decline, dislocation and Anjuman Himayathul Association, dispersion, 44–49 13 hybrid origins of people, 43–44 Annam people, 127 intermarriage and, 83–84 anti-colonial political exiles, 11 manifestations of Arabic loan words, 93 Catholicism, 91–92 artistic culture, in Portuguese cuisine and dress, 94–96 Eurasians, 96–98 eclectic family heritage and assimilation names, 88–91 during Dutch period, 85–86 Kristang Creole, 93–94 factors facilitating, 8–13 performing arts, 96–98 preconditions for, 203 B in Terengganu Bahasa Malaysia, 20 embracing Malay language and development of, 19–20 cultural life, 135–37 baju kurung, 55 Malay-style attire and cuisine, Bangsa Malaysia, 210 137–39 Bangsawan theatre, 20–21 religion and identity, 139–41 banian, 95 traditional Malay housing and Bart, Balthazar, 86 architecture, 139 Baweanese, 202n2 agricultural pioneers, 46 acculturation and assimilation agricultural villages, 128 creating symbiotic ties with Allah, 214–15 Malays, 171–73 15-00404 10 Yearning to Belong.indd 245 25/9/15 8:43 am 246 Yearning to Belong geographical and ethnic British colonial period, 153 rerouting via Riau, 166–68 British era language, ethnicity and inter- classes and chasms, 86–88 marriage, 168–69 market economy in, 86 and cultural reproduction of Malay Brothers of the Church, 113 ethnicity, 152–54 buah buton, 139 immigration to Malaya, 158–60 bumiputeras, 43, 67, 68 “invasion” of Singapore, 157–58 benefits of, 108 land and houses, 171 expectations of, 107 life-histories, 183–200 and Portuguese routes, 98–109 marginalization and merantau status of, 64–65, 204–205 among, 160–61 Bygone Eurasia: The Life Story of the place and its people, 156–57 Eurasians of Malaya, 103 Baweanese Association of Singapore, 158 C Baweanese community in Kaska, cakes, 94–95 172–73 Cannosian Convent, 86 Baweanese-dominated settlement, Catholic Church in Malaysia, 112 154 Catholic missionary schools, Baweanese immigration, 152, 154, establishment of, 86–87 156 Catholicism factors facilitating permeable identity marker, 91–92 foreign labour demand in prohibition of, 86 Malaysia, 161–63 Chau Chu Fei, 124 Islam and Baweanese migration Chau Ju-Kua, 123–24 tradition, 163–66 cheng beng, 90, 126, 127, 138, 140 marginalization and merantau Cheng Ho, Admiral, 123–25, 129, 130, among Baweanese, 160–61 141, 147 to Malaya, 158–60 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, 45, 51 nationality status, 173 Chia Ban Hock, 133, 142–43 Baweanese population in Singapore, Chinese 159 acculturation and identity, factors Baxter, Alan, 83 influencing, 127–30 belacan, 117n4 Cheng Ho, 123–25 boria theatre, 20–21 immigration cohorts, dialect branyo, 96 groups and length of stay, British 126–27 dispersed by, 46–47 Malay Muslim state, minority land policy, 61 in, 123 British colonialism, 47, 86–88, 98, 112 annals, 124 British colonial market economy, 46 community, 119, 125 15-00404 10 Yearning to Belong.indd 246 25/9/15 8:43 am Index 247 in Kampung Tirok, 130 Christian community, 79, 91 in Tirok, 131 Christianity, 91, 112–13 education in, 134 Christmas, at Portuguese Settlement, identities of, 125 92 immigrants in Kemasek, 127 Chulias, 9–11 migration, diversity and church-based events, 92 complexity of, 126 Cina-Kampung operas, 136 harnessing multiple identities posters, 139 between, 141 settlement in Terengganu, 120 interstate and overseas emigrants, Chinese-educated school 144 backgrounds, 142 rural Peranakan-type Chinese, Ching Dynasty, 126 141–42 Chitty community, 67, 68 urban localized Chinese, 142–44 ancestor worship, 69–70 cincalo, 117n4 communal property, 45 citizenship cuisine, 54 Indian, 25 culture, 53 of Indonesian-born children, 173 emigrants, 61 Civil Rights Act, 218 heritage, 50 colonial Baweanese immigration interviews of, 71–75 “invasion” of Singapore, 157–58 multi-lingual skills, 57 to Malaya, 158–60 Chitty creole, 49, 51, 52 place and its people, 156–57 Chitty of Malacca colonial categories, 21–22 bumiputera status, 64–65 colonial immigration, 9–13 culture and identity colonial market economy, 66 arts, performing, 55–56 colonial migration to peninsula, cuisine and dress, 54–55 155–56 language, 52–54 colonial trading port, 9 religion, 49–52 colonialism, Indian Muslim traders, 16 ethnic space commercialization, 92 creating, 57–61 community perpetuating, 61–63 dispersion of, 79 shrinking community, 56–57 hybrid nature of, 88 threats to, 63–64 Malay roots of, 102–3 history, 43–49 performing arts, 96–98 introduction, 42–43 community-based church Chitty village, 49, 52, 59, 61 celebrations, 114–16 layout of, 60 Community Mediation Council, 217 Chowrasta Lines, 11 conflicts, between Muslims and non- Chowrasta Market, 11 Muslims, 212 15-00404 10 Yearning to Belong.indd 247 25/9/15 8:43 am 248 Yearning to Belong Constitution, 212–14 dress contract workers, Indonesia, 181 cross-cultural influences, epitome Coromandel traders, 9 of, 54–55 Cosmopolitan creole, 93–94 Malaysia, 94–96 creolization, 84 Portuguese Eurasian, 94–96 cuisine dual identities, dilemma of, 27 Chitty community, 54 Dutch cross-cultural influences, epitome dislocated by, 45–46 of, 54–55 intermarriages with, 88 Malaysia, 94–96 preference for Batavia, 45 Portuguese Eurasian, 94–96 Dutch colonialism, 47 cultural intermediaries, Peranakan Dutch Occupation, 85–86, 88 Chinese, role of, 49 Dutch period cultural resurgence, 125 Azmi, life history, 199 culture dispersion and dislocation, Chitty community, 53 acculturation and assimilation, and identity, 49–56 85–86 influences on Malaysia, 17–21 Dutch Reformed Church services, 112 Bahasa Malaysia, enriching, 19–20 E Malaysian food, spicing up, education system 17–19 in British era, 86 Malaysian theatre and music, lack of, 87 20–21 unity, 219 in Portuguese Eurasians, artistic, entrepreneurship, 16–17 96–98 Equality Act, 218 reproduction of Malay ethnicity, ethnic-based political system, 66, 204, 152–54 205, 209 ethnic groups, interaction with, 79 D ethnic identity, 95 Darah Keturunan Kling, 30 ethnic minorities, 153 de Albuquerque, Alfonso, 83 acculturation experiences of, 203 deity worship, 140 multiple identities of, 205 de Silva, Patrick, 93 ethnic polarization, 206–8 Dhoraisingam, Samuel S., 53 ethnic rerouting process, 204 dialect groups, 126–27 ethnic route, identity crisis, 30–31 dislocation, during Dutch period, ethnic space, cross-cultural influences 85–86 creating, 57–61 dispersion, during Dutch period, perpetuating, 61–63 85–86 shrinking community, 56–57 dondang sayang, 55, 56 threats to, 63–64 15-00404 10 Yearning to Belong.indd 248 25/9/15 8:43 am Index 249 Eurasian community, 83 Hinduism, 49, 50 European control of Tamil ports, 16 Hirschman, Charles, 206 European Renaissance theatre, 21 historical monuments, Portuguese extremism, 214 Square, 104–7 Hokkien Association of Terengganu, F 125, 147 fado, 104, 105 Hokkiens, 126, 127 Farish Noor, 207 farmers, 125 Fazal Mohd Bros, 37 immigrants, 132 Feast of Saint Peter, 114 Hokkien words, 135–36 Feast of St John the Baptist, 114 Holy Infant Jesus Convent, 86 Feast of the Assumption, 116 Holy Week, 116 Federal Constitution, 31 home-coming event, 92 Federal Government policies, 29 housing Federated Malay States (FMS), 182 Chitty, 61–63 Fei Xin, 124 in Bumiquest, 79 Fernandis, Gerard, 107 Hungry Ghost Festival, 150n25 Festa San Pedro, 114 Hussein Onn, 100 fishing villages, 128 hybrid Chitty trading community, 44 fluid identities, coalescing, 31–32 hybrid groups, 203–4 foreign labour demand in Malaysia, hybridization, 78 161–63 fried shrimp patties, 95 I identity, 43, 61–63 G culture and, 49–55 Gagasan Rakyat, 32 identity crisis Ghulam Kadir Navalar, 16 dual identities, dilemma of, 27 Goh Chok Tong, 152 ethnic, political and social routes, Guan Yin, 129 30–33 negative stereotyping, 29–30 H social discrimination, perceived, Haja, A.V.M., 28, 33 27–29 Haja Mohideen, 36 Idris, S.M., 31 Hanapi Dollah, 32 immigration Hassan, Fatimah, 20, 23, 40n11 Baweanese, 152, 154, 156 hate speech, 219–20 factors facilitating, 160–66 Hidayathul Islam Association, 13 to Malaya, 158–60 Hindu calendar, spiritual events in, nationality status, 173 51 colonial, 9–13 Hindu Panchayat system, 58 colonial Baweanese Hindu religious rituals, 48 “invasion” of Singapore, 157–58 15-00404 10 Yearning to Belong.indd 249 25/9/15 8:43 am 250 Yearning to Belong to Malaya, 158–60 identity crisis, 27–30 place and its people, 156–57 dual identities, dilemma of, 27 Indian immigration in Penang, ethnic, political and social routes, 40n5 30–33 Indonesia, 156, 170 negative stereotyping, 29–30 colonial period 1850–1957, social discrimination, perceived, 181–82 27–29 farmers, 156 immigrants, 6, 9, 14 to Peninsula, pre-colonial and impact and influence colonial, 154 popular Malaysian culture, in 1980s, 162 influences on, 17–21 Kampung Tirok, 130–31 religion, leadership, trade, independent migrants via Singapore historical impact on, 13–17 pilgrim brokers, 181 Malay Muslim citizens, 22–25 India memorial, 11 citizenship, 25 merchants, 11, 34 community, 8 mosques, 20 in Malacca, 8–9 organizations, 25 traders, 43–44 permanent residents, 25–26 in early fifteenth century, 155 petty traders, 142 Indian ancestry, 24 quest for identity, 33–35 Malays of, 23 in Sarawak, 33 Indian descent, 26 trade and traders, 9, 17 Indian Hindu community, 53 and missionaries,
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