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A Paz Como Direito Humano: Possibilidades E Alternativas Da Fórmula Estado De Direito

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A Paz Como Direito Humano: Possibilidades E Alternativas Da Fórmula Estado De Direito UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ (CURSO DE MESTRADO) HÉLIO GOIS FERREIRA NETO A PAZ COMO DIREITO HUMANO: POSSIBILIDADES E ALTERNATIVAS DA FÓRMULA ESTADO DE DIREITO. FORTALEZA 2014 HÉLIO GOIS FERREIRA NETO A PAZ COMO DIREITO HUMANO: POSSIBILIDADES E ALTERNATIVAS DA FÓRMULA ESTADO DE DIREITO. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito Constitucional da Faculdade de Direito Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Direito. Área de concentração: Teoria da constituição; e, Fundamentação racional dos direitos humanos. Orientador: Professor Doutor Glauco Barreira Magalhães Filho. FORTALEZA 2014 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará Biblioteca Setorial da Faculdade de Direito F383p Ferreira Neto, Hélio Gois. A paz como direito humano: possibilidades e alternativas da fórmula Estado de Direito / Hélio Gois Ferreira Neto. – 2014. 140 f. : enc. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Fortaleza, 2014. Área de Concentração: Teoria da Constituição e Fundamentação Racional dos Direitos Humanos. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Glauco Barreira Magalhães Filho. 1. Direitos humanos. 2. Paz. 3. Estado de direito. 4. Poder (Ciências sociais). 5. Valores. 6. Civilização. 7. Relações internacionais. I. Magalhães Filho, Glauco Barreira (orient.). II. Universidade Federal do Ceará – Mestrado em Direito. III. Título. CDD 341.48 HÉLIO GOIS FERREIRA NETO A PAZ COMO DIREITO HUMANO: POSSIBILIDADES E ALTERNATIVAS DA FÓRMULA ESTADO DE DIREITO. Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Direito Constitucional, da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Mestre em Direito Constitucional. Área de concentração: Teoria da constituição; e, Fundamentação racional dos direitos humanos. Aprovada em: 30/06/2014. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Glauco Barreira Magalhães Filho (Orientador) Universidade Federal do Ceará(UFC) ___________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexandre Carneiro de Sousa Faculdade Farias Brito (FFB) __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Régis Frota Araújo Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) A Deus. A Hélio Goes Ferreira (in memorian), Hélio Gois Ferreira Filho (in memoriam) e a Rita das Graças de Gois Ferreira. Ao meu filho William, Ao meu irmão Paulo Gois, a Rachel, Tia Lia e Tia Natércia Feijó Jereissati, e ao meu amigo- irmão Vitor Jereissati. AGRADECIMENTOS A CAPES pelo apoio financeiro com a manutenção da bolsa de auxílio. Ao prof. Dr. Glauco Barreira Magalhães Filho, pela excelente orientação. Ao Professor Doutor Alexandre Carneiro de Souza e ao Professor Doutor Francisco Régis Frota de Araújo, participantes da Banca examinadora, pelo tempo e pelas valiosas considerações e sugestões. Aos meus grandes amigos Emanuel Pessoa, Felipe Assolan e Jothe Frota; e, também, à Professora Vanessa Moraes Pacheco, pelas valorosas críticas e contribuições. Aos colegas da turma de mestrado, pelas reflexões, críticas, e sugestões recebidas. RESUMO A ONU elegeu a fórmula Rule of law, combinada com direitos humanos, democracia e desenvolvimento, como algoritmo político que supostamente entregaria a promessa de paz à humanidade. Neste contexto, o direito humano à paz foi estabelecido normativamente sem oferecer um fundamento teórico que suportasse essa proposta. Para discutir essa noção, na primeira parte de caráter eminentemente propedêutico, são expostos os paradigmas de operação: a Teoria do Processo Civilizatório e a Teoria Simbólica de Norbert Elias; a Teoria da Verdade de Susan Haack; a Teoria do Poder de John K. Galbraith; e a Teoria dos Valores, sob um prisma filosófico. Esses parâmetros tanto desafiaram posições neo-hobbesianas, que sustentam uma tendência humana à violência, quanto serviram para a análise das razões fáticas que levaram à ONU ao algoritmo político que prega; mas, também, sugeriram que virtualmente a paz se apresenta como uma possibilidade. Na segunda parte, se investiga as razões que levaram à ONU a essas escolhas e a identificação dos arcabouços teóricos que a influenciaram, expondo as semelhanças existentes com o pensamento jusnaturalista de Gustav Radbruch; mas, também, se considera a insuficiência do paradigma kantiano para a análise das questões que ultrapassam o paradigma da modernidade vincado pela liberdade ou mesmo pela paz como valor supremo. Na terceira parte, se faz uma releitura de toda a problemática, com a intenção de explicar que a substituição da liberdade pela paz, como valor supremo dentro do sistema da ONU, não se apresenta como a melhor solução, exatamente, porque não garantirá a paz. O argumento é que a paz não pode ser considerada um valor supremo em qualquer cenário, principalmente quando já instaurado o conflito, na medida em que esse valor tende a ser substituído por outros que, nestes casos, são superiores, v.g. a sobrevivência. Também se mostrará que as razões pelas quais se verifica que a tábua axiológica sugerida pela ONU, informadora do Rule of law, se mostra anacrônica para o enfrentamento dos desafios do século XXI, tais como o fenômeno da globalização. Por último, se argumentará como essa visão vem afetando a estrutura das unidades formadoras da ONU: os Estados nacionais. Palavras-chave: ONU. Direitos humanos. Direito humano à paz. Rule of law. Processo civilizatório. Teoria simbólica. Poder. Valores. ABSTRACT The United Nations elected the Rule of Law, in combination with human rights, democracy and development as the political algorithm which supposedly would deliver the promise of Peace to mankind. Within this context, the human right to peace was normatively set by the UN, tough without a theoretical foundation to support it. The first part of this essay of mainly propaedeutic nature, it is exposed the paradigms of drudgery: the Civilization Process Theory and the Symbolic Theory of Norbert Elias; the Theory of Truth of Susan Haack; the Theory of Power of John K. Galbraith; and the Theory of Values, under a philosophical prism. Those parameters have as much defied neo-Hobbesian positions that defend a human tendency to violence as they serve for the analysis of the reasons de facto which brought the UN to the political algorithm it preaches about; but, also, they suggest the peace virtually displays itself as a possibility. In the second part, investigates the reasons that took the UN to such choices and the identification of the theoretical framework that influenced it, presenting the existing similitudes with the jusnaturalist thought of Gustav Radbruch; but, also, it considers the insufficiency of the Kantian paradigm for analyzing questions that go beyond the modernity paradigm marked by freedom or even by peace as supreme value. In the third part, there is a review of the whole question within a civilizatory context and the proposed parameters, showing that the replacement of freedom by peace as the supreme value with the UN system does not present itself as the best solution just because it will not assure peace; this is due because peace is not the supreme value in any scenario, remarkably when already established the conflict, as it is replaced by other values which are superior in those cases, e.g. survivorship. But, also, the reasons by which it is verified that the axiological compass suggested by the UN, as source of the Rule of Law displays itself out of date for facing the challenges of the XXI century, such as the phenomenon of globalization, and how this has been affecting the structure of the UN’s compounding parties, the national States. Keywords: UN. Human rights. Human right to peace. Rule of law. Civilizing process. Symbolic theory. Power. Values. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 11 2 A PAZ COMO ORIENTAÇÃO AXIOLÓGICA DO PODER ....................................... 16 2.1 A paz, os valores e o poder ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 O homem: ser gregário dotado de pensamento conceitual e capacidade de modificar seu proprio destino .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Paradigma de análise ................................................................................................................ 18 2.3 Propensão humana à violência: inconsistências ..................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Insuficiência da biologia ...................................................................................................... 27 3 O PODER E O VALOR ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1 O Poder nas Relações Internacionais. ..................................................................................... 32 3.2 Características e propriedades do poder. ............................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Para compreender o poder ................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Estados Nacionais e o sistema de equilíbrio de poder vs. Impérios ...................................
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