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Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember

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Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember University of Kentucky UKnowledge Law Faculty Popular Media Law Faculty Publications 11-2010 Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember Diane B. Kraft University of Kentucky College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub_pop Part of the Legal Writing and Research Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Repository Citation Kraft, Diane B., "Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember" (2010). Law Faculty Popular Media. 8. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub_pop/8 This Commentary is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Faculty Publications at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Faculty Popular Media by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember Notes/Citation Information Diane B. Kraft, Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember, B&B - Bench & Bar Magazine 30 (November 2010). This commentary is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub_pop/8 ,II EFFECTIVE LEGAL WR ITI NG Commas and Colons and Semicolons - Oh My! 10 Rules to Remember by Diane Kraft University of Kentucky College of Law omeone once said, "Commas are Corollary rule: Do Ill!t use corn- 3: (Usually)4 use commas after S personal things." In other words, mas to join independent clauses introductory and transitional some of us use a lot of commas, and not joined by a coordinating con- phrases. some of us use them sparingly. As long junction. Instead, separate the Correct: Now that I have your as we use them consistently, however, independent clauses with a semi- attention, I'd like to tell we're using them correctly. colon or period. you a little story. Incorrect: Now that I have your But what about this sentence ... Correct: Lucy was happy to be attention I'd like to tell Cora claimed Frank planned the going on vacation; she you a little story. murder. hadn't taken a day off in as opposed to this sentence ... two years. 4. Use commas to set off non-essen- Cora, claimed Frank, planned Correct: Lucy was happy to be tial or additional information. the murder. I going on vacation. She hadn't taken a day off in Correct: Her plan, as the detective If I'm Cora or Frank, I'm pretty sure tlvo years. soon discovered, was to there's a bright-line comma rule out Incorrect: Lucy was happy to be steal the money and move there, and I hope my attorney knows it. going on vacation, she to Canada. So, this month I am expanding on the hadn't taken a day off in Incorrect: Her plan as the detective theme started earlier this year by two years. soon discovered was to Helane Davis: when si>ettI<l must an steal the money and move attentive writer use commas, as well as Note: The corollary rule applies to Canada. colons and semicolons. Here are ten to sentences with the word basic rules (and a few corollaries) to "however." Corollary rule: Use commas to set remember: off a which clause.i Correct: It's late; however, we still Correct: My car, which is 12 years Commas have a lot of work to do. old, is on its last legs. Correct: lt's late. However, we still Incorrect: My car which is 12 years 1. Use commas to separate indepen- have a lot of work to do. old it is on its last legs. dent clauses- joined by a Incorrect: It's late, however, we still coordinating conjunction (and, have a lot of work to do. Second corollary rule: Don't nse but, or, nor.yet, so). commas with essential 2. Use commas after a subordinate information. Correct: Simon still hadn't finished clause' that precedes an indepen- writing the brief, and his dent clause. Correct: The novelist Jose supervising attorney was Saramago died earlier this starting to get annoyed. Correct: If you help me weed the year. Incorrect: Simon still hadn't finished garden, I'll bake you Incorrect: The novelist, Jose writing the brief and his cookies. Saramago, died earlier this supervising attorney was Incorrect: If you help me weed the year. starting to get annoyed. garden l'll bake you cookies. 30 Bench & Bar November 2010 q 5. Use commas to set off a direct Correct: I've lived in San Antonio, It is always embarrassing for a quote ... Texas; Syracuse, New York; lower court to say whether the and London, England. time has come to disregard Correct: Justice Frankfurter said, Incorrect: I've lived in San Antonio, decisions of a higher court, not "If facts are changing, law Texas, Syracuse, New York, yet explicitly overruled, cannot be static. " and London, England. because they parallel others in Incorrect: Justice Frankfurter said which the higher court has "Iff acts are changing, law Colons expressed a contrary view .... 7 cannot be static. " 9. Use a colon to introduce a list if This is not intended to be an exhaus- ... unless the quote is part of the what comes before the colon tive treatment of comma, semicolon, and syntax of the main sentence. could be a small sentence in itself. colon use. However, if you follow these basic rules, you should be well on your Correct: Justice Brandeis reminded Correct: The dog show included all way to perfect punctuation. (j) us that "government is not my favorite breeds: collies, an exact science." beagles, and pugs. ENDNOTES Incorrect: Justice Brandeis Incorrect: The dog show included I. Example from Patricia T. reminded us that, "gov- all my favorite breeds, col- O'Connor, Woe is I: The ernment is not an exact lies, beagles, and pugs. Grammarphobe's Guide to Better science." English in Plain English 136 Corollary rule: Don't use a colon (2003). 6. Do not use a comma between a to introduce a quotation or list 2. Independent clauses are clauses that snbject and its verb. that blends into your sentence. can stand alone as separate sen- tences. The two independent Correct: In lny experience, people Correct: My favorite breeds are col- clauses in the example are who like to snowboard are lies, beagles, and pugs. (I) Simon still hadn't finished writ- almost always daredevils. Incorrect: My favorite breeds are: ing the brief, Incorrect: In my experience. people collies, beagles, and pugs. (2) his supervising attorney was who like to snowboard, are starting to get annoyed. almost always daredevils. 10. Use a colon to introduce a wholly 3. Where an independent clause can self-contained quotation. stand alone as a separate sentence, Semlculnns" a subordinate clause cannot stand Correct: Although some believe that alone as a separate sentence. The 7. Use a semicolon to separate inde- lower courts are strictly subordinate clause in the example pendent clauses when there's no bound by precedent, no is: If you help me weed the garden. and in between (this is the same as matter how ill-fitting the 4. Bryan Garner notes, "At the the corollary to rule number 1). result, Judge Learned writer's discretion, a very short Hand opposed this view: introductory phrase, usually no Correct: Lucy was happy to be more than three words, may appear going on vacation; she It is always embarrassing for a without a comma .... Whether to hadn't taken a day off in lower court to say whether the use the comma depends on how the two years. time has come to disregard writer would want the sentence to Correct: Lucy was happy to be decisions of a higher court, not sound if it were read aloud." Bryan going on vacation. She yet explicitly overruled, A. Garner, The Redbook: A Manual hadn't taken a day off in because they parallel others in on Legal Style 5-6 (2d ed. 2006). two years. which the higher court has 5. Used correctly, which indicates Incorrect: Lucy was happy to be expressed Q contrary view .... non-essential information. going on vacation, she 6. "The semicolon, long the subject of hadn't taken a day off in Incorrect: Although some believe neglect and ridicule, may be mak- two years. that lower courts are ing a comeback," predicts Roy strictly bound by precedent, Peter Clark in The Glamour of 8. Use a semicolon to separate items no matter how ill-fitting the Grammar 76 (2010). in a list when any single element result, Judge Learned 7. Example from Bryan A. Garner, contains an internal comma. Hand opposed this view, Legal Writing in Plain English lSI-52 (2001). November 2010 Bench & Bar 31.
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