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An Analysis of the Politics Surrounding the Lenin Mausoleum As a Symbol of Power Throughout History Marty Rogachefsky SUNY Geneseo

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An Analysis of the Politics Surrounding the Lenin Mausoleum As a Symbol of Power Throughout History Marty Rogachefsky SUNY Geneseo Proceedings of GREAT Day Volume 2013 Article 1 2014 Lenin’s Life after Death: An Analysis of the Politics Surrounding the Lenin Mausoleum as a Symbol of Power throughout History Marty Rogachefsky SUNY Geneseo Follow this and additional works at: https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Rogachefsky, Marty (2014) "Lenin’s Life after Death: An Analysis of the Politics Surrounding the Lenin Mausoleum as a Symbol of Power throughout History," Proceedings of GREAT Day: Vol. 2013 , Article 1. Available at: https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2013/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the GREAT Day at KnightScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of GREAT Day by an authorized editor of KnightScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rogachefsky: Lenin’s Life After Death Lenin’s Life After Death: An Analysis of the Politics Surrounding the Lenin Mausoleum as a Symbol of Power Throughout History Marty Rogachefsky ABT S RACT ing hushed when speaking too loudly or shoved on This essay will cover the history of politics surround- by the guards when walking too slowly. Lenin lies ing the Mausoleum of Vladimir Lenin, which sits in a small room, under a glass case, lit only by a red below the Kremlin wall in the Red Square of Mos- light in the center. About.com guide and travel ex- cow, Russia. In it, I explore the question of whether pert Kerry Kubilius describes the body as, “a poor Lenin’s death, embalmment, and placement within substitution for Sleeping Beauty, appearing less real 2 the mausoleum was used for political gain by leaders and more like a wax-cast replica.” Nevertheless, in the Soviet and post-Soviet era of Russian history. thousands of tourists and Lenin enthusiasts visit the I also note that the mausoleum started as and con- tomb each day to pay their respects to the founder tinues to be seen as a symbol of power in accord- of the Soviet Union. ance with Marxist-Leninist ideology and the Soviet As a symbol of power, the mausoleum is a vivid Union as a whole. The paper covers contemporary representation of the wistfulness Russians contin- debates about Lenin’s final burial as well. ue to feel for the days of the USSR. The mauso- leum’s location in Red Square, the heart and center of Moscow, symbolizes the importance of Lenin to IN TRODUCTION the Russian people. In addition, directly underneath ladimir Ilich Ulyanov was born on April the Kremlin is a sign that the current Russian gov- 22, 1870 into a well-educated family, which ernment endorses Lenin’s ideas and reveres him as Vhelped him to excel in school, where he a national hero. Washington Times writer Jeffrey Kuh- eventually went on to study law. In 1891, he was ex- ner describes Lenin’s embalmed body as “the shin- pelled from his university for revolutionary think- ing symbol of Soviet communism—a martyr to the ing and later exiled to Siberia, where he adopted the utopian cause of the socialist revolution.” He goes pseudonym “Lenin.” During World War One, Lenin on to write, “Lenin’s tomb has become a shrine for led a successful coup d’etat with the Bolshevik Party in many Russians still nostalgic about the Soviet em- 1917, which came to be known as the October Rev- pire.”3 olution. After the Revolution, he helped to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) under The shrine stands today as an epitome of Lenin’s the banner of communism and worked to transform cult of personality. During the troubled times of the Russia into a socialist state. Lenin died on January early Soviet period, Russians needed a leader to turn 24, 1924, reportedly of complications from a stroke to. They needed someone who was looking out for he suffered two years earlier.1 their well-being. His body now rests in a mausoleum made of black Slobodan Stankovic writes in Pravda that Lenin was and red high-polished stone in Moscow’s Red responsible for elevating himself to the level of Square. The body is open for viewing by the pub- demigod. He served to attach a face to an ideology lic, but heavily guarded by Kremlin security. When that was so new and confusing to the Russian peo- tourists enter the dark and cold crypt, they risk be- ple. Without Lenin, chaos would ensue. Stankovic writes, 1 Published by KnightScholar, 2014 1 Proceedings of GREAT Day, Vol. 2013 [2014], Art. 1 In such a county, with no revolutionary letters came from people all over the USSR asking cadres available to construct socialism for Lenin’s body to be preserved. Historian Chris- after the successful Bolshevik , it was the topher Binns recalls the, “unending crowds waiting ‘system of command’ and ‘uncondition- in the bitter cold” to get a glimpse of Lenin’s coffin al obedience’ which were extolled as the during his funeral.7 By following through with the characters of a socialist county.4 Lenin’s people’s requests, the new leadership would not only cult of personality and precedent for an be seen as subscribing to Lenin’s ideas, but would orderly society served as a source of sta- appear democratic and responsive to the citizenry. bility in a country torn by ideological and They would be assured greater legitimacy at a time political disarray. His mausoleum served when the Soviet Union was in search of a legitimate as a source of stability for subsequent successor. Soviet leaders and a reassurance that they were fulfilling the ideals of Lenin. As previously mentioned, the people’s inclination to Today, the mausoleum not only remains stick with Russian Orthodox traditions also played a as a symbol of power for those who are role in the decision to embalm Lenin’s body. Natural sympathetic to Lenin and nostalgic of mummification was considered proof of sainthood. the communist era, but it is also a relic Russians believed that a divine body would not de- of the past that gives modern-day com- teriorate. In effect, the formaldehyde preservative munist sympathizers hope for the future. served as a coding of sainthood that could win over those who were unsympathetic to the Bolshevik at- tack on religion.8 THE DECI SION TO EMBALM Lenin’s embalmment was also a symbol of Rus- LENIN’S BODY sia’s oriental tendencies. The embalmment process On December 20, 1923, Lenin fell severely sick was modeled off Egyptian mummification, which from complications with his stroke. Joseph Stalin was considered repugnant to the West. In addition, unofficially met with three other Politburo mem- mummification indicated that Lenin was an oth- bers, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin, to decide erworldly leader (similar to the pharaohs) and that what should be done when the leader of the revolu- the Soviet Union was an empire that could compete tion passed away. Stalin suggested that Lenin’s body with the greatness of the ancient Egyptians. The be embalmed under the banner of Russian tradition. construction of the mausoleum also came at a time The other three members objected to the idea how- when the Russian capital was being moved from St. ever, saying the only tradition they had heard of that Petersburg back to Moscow, indicating a physical re- bore a slight resemblance to this was worship of the treat from the West.9 skeletal remains of saints in the Russian Orthodox Lastly, many believed that science would one day be Church. Stalin was attempting to draw on the reli- able to return people from the dead. By preserving gious zeal still embedded within the Russian people Lenin’s body, it was rumored that he would be able in order to perpetuate Lenin’s cult of personality.5 to once again serve the Soviet Union if only scien- On the day of his death, Lenin fetched his cook and tists could figure out how to revive him. This belief wrote her a note, reading, “Gavrilushka, I have been gives truth to the rallying cry, “Lenin lived, Lenin poisoned…Go fetch Nadia [Krupskaya] at once… lives, Lenin will live!”10 In fact, Foreign Trade Min- Tell Trotsky…Tell everyone you can.”6 An embalm- ister Leonid Krasin was a follower of Moscow phi- ment process would rid Lenin’s body of any signs of losopher Nikolai Fyodorov, who was convinced that poison if an autopsy should occur, which may have science would one day conquer death. Krasin argued been one of the reasons that Stalin was so eager to for Lenin to be preserved for science in the state-run preserve the leader’s remains. Izvestia newspaper, in which he said that workers of the world “would not be reconciled” and would not Embalmment of Lenin was also popular among rest until Soviet scientists resurrected Lenin.11 the Russian people. More than 1,000 telegrams and 2 https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2013/iss1/1 2 Rogachefsky: Lenin’s Life After Death Those against embalming Lenin and placing his founder of the revolution was removed from the body in a mausoleum included his family and close picture.It was clear that after Lenin’s death, Len- friends. After his death, Lenin’s wife, Nadya Krups- inism needed an interpreter that was to be found kaya, told the Russian people, in Stalin. According to historian Nina Tumarkin, the ruling troika in the Politburo (Stalin included), Do not allow your mourning for Ilich to “acted consciously at the time to create a cult of take the form of external reverence for Lenin” which was intended to: his person.
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