Lenin As a Development Economist: a Study in Application of Marx's Theory
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Tugan-Baranowsky and Effective Demand
Science & Society, Vol. 71, No. 2, April 2007, 227-242 Tugan-Baranowsky and Effective Demand JOHN MIUOS and DIMITRIS SOTIROPOULOS ABSTRACT: Tugan-Baranowsky criticized underconsuption cri- sis theories on the hasis of Marx's reproduction schemes in Vol. II of Capital. However, he incorporated in his analysis the "ahsolute immiseration thesis," and claimed that "proportional- ity" between production sectors would exclude any possibility of crisis, despite the supposedly continuous fall in mass consump- tion. This approach allows for a Keynesian interpretation of Marx's theory of expanded reproduction of social capital, accord- ing to which a constantly increasing investment demand may always compensate for the lacking demand for consumer goods. In contrast to Keynesian approaches, the ultimate "cause" of an economic crisis is found to be not "lack of demand" but "lack of surplus value," in the sense that the totality of capitalist contra- dictions renders capital unable to exploit labor at the level of exploitation that is required for sustaining profitability rates. HE UKRAINIAN ECONOMIST Professor Mikhail von Tugan- Baranowsky (1865-1919) is mainly known as a critical expo- Tnent of Marx's theory and method, who first formulated a radical critique of underconsumption theories (Milios, 1994; Milios, et at, 2002) and also laid the foundation of what is nowadays known as the Surplus Approach School (Ramos-Martinez, 2000). In this paper we are going to critically discuss the Keynesian interpretation and use of Tugan-Baranowsky's arguments and theoretical contra- dictions, which aims at turning him into an early formulator of the "effective demand principle" and thus an (immature) exponent of modern (Keynesian) underconsumptionism. -
Marx and History: the Russian Road and the Myth of Historical Determinism
Ciências Sociais Unisinos 57(1):78-86, janeiro/abril 2021 Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/csu.2021.57.1.07 Marx and history: the Russian road and the myth of historical determinism Marx e a história: a via russa e o mito do determinismo histórico Guilherme Nunes Pires1 [email protected] Abstract This paper aims to point out the limits of the historical determinism thesis in Marx’s thought by analyzing his writings on the Russian issue and the possibility of a “Russian road” to socialism. The perspective of historical determinism implies that Marx’s thought is supported by a unilinear view of social evolution, i.e. history is understood as a succes- sion of modes of production and their internal relations inexorably leading to a classless society. We argue that in letters and drafts on the Russian issue, Marx opposes to any attempt associate his thought with a deterministic conception of history. It is pointed out that Marx’s contact with the Russian populists in the 1880s provides textual ele- ments allowing to impose limits on the idea of historical determinism and the unilinear perspective in the historical process. Keywords: Marx. Historical Determinism. Unilinearity. Russian Road. Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é apontar os limites da tese do determinismo histórico no pensamento de Marx, através da análise dos escritos sobre a questão russa e a possibilidade da “via russa” para o socialismo. A perspectiva do determinismo histórico compreende que o pensamento de Marx estaria amparado por uma visão unilinear da evolução social, ou seja, a história seria compreendida por uma sucessão de modos de produção e suas relações internas que inexoravelmente rumaria a uma sociedade sem classes sociais. -
666 Slavic Review
666 Slavic Review STRUVE: LIBERAL ON THE LEFT, 1870-1905. By Richard Pipes. Russian Research Center Studies, 64. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. xiii, 415 pp. $10.00. Few figures in Russian intellectual history present more tantalizing problems to a biographer than Peter Struve. In the 1890s he was the best-known domestic pro tagonist of Marxism; early in the new century he played a seminal role in the movement for constitutional democracy; and after the 1905 revolution he became a leading advocate of Russian state interest. Contemporaries, not surprisingly, wondered how anyone, least of all a man of unquestioned integrity, could reconcile such contradictory beliefs. On the far left he was distrusted by many as a renegade, and Lenin in particular developed for his former colleague a personal antipathy that left a lasting imprint upon the Bolshevik political credo. Richard Pipes's magisterial study is the first work in any language to give this brilliant and paradoxical character his due. We are given a convincing portrait of a man smitten by "intellectual schizophrenia," beholden only to the dictates of his conscience: "his mind worked so quickly, and on so many different levels, that even his most devoted admirers could never tell where he stood on any particular issue"; yet he possessed such penetrating insight into the problems of his age that he was usually a leap ahead of everyone else. Ordinary mortals, alas, do not take kindly to such paragons, and even today his personality will probably command more respect than affection. Struve was a remarkably reticent man, by the standards of the old Russian intelligentsia, and for several key periods of his life the information available is regrettably sparse. -
The Discontents of Marxism
Munich Personal RePEc Archive The discontents of Marxism Freeman, Alan London Metropolitan University 30 December 2007 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48635/ MPRA Paper No. 48635, posted 27 Jul 2013 14:16 UTC The discontents of Marxism Alan Freeman London Metropolitan University Abstract This is a pre-publication version of a full-length review of Kuhn, R. (2007) Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism. Urbana and U of Illinois. Please cite as Freeman, A. 2008. ‘The Discontents of Marxism’. Debatte, 16 (1), April 2008 pp. 122-131 Keywords: Economics, Marxism, Value Theory, Marxist political economy, Marxist Economics, Kondratieff, Grossman JEL Codes: B14, B31, B51 2008j Grossman Review for MPRA.doc Page 1 of 9 Alan Freeman The discontents of Marxism Review of Kuhn, R. (2007) Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism By Alan Freeman, London Metropolitan University In 1977, volumes 2 and 3 of Capital and Class, journal of the seven-year old Conference of Socialist Economists, carried Pete Burgess’s translation of Henryk Grossman’s 1941 review article Marx, Classical Political Economy and the Problem of Dynamics. Of this Kuhn (p190) justly remarks ‘It was and remains one of the most impressive critiques of the methodological underpinnings of the body of ideas known as economics in most universities and the media’. The second part of this article offers a devastating dissection of the approach known as ‘general equilibrium’, which now dominates not only orthodox but ‘Marxist’ economics. Had the participants in the next thirty years of debate around Marx’s economic theories treated this article with even normal professional diligence, most of what passes for ‘theory’ in this field would probably never have been written. -
Marx, Historical Materialism and the Asiatic Wde Of
MARX, HISTORICAL MATERIALISM AND THE ASIATIC WDE OF PRODUCTION BY Joseph Bensdict Huang Tan B.A. (Honors) Simon Fraser University 1994 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE SCHOOL OF COMMUN ICATION @Joseph B. Tan 2000 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY July 2000 Al1 rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. uisitions and Acguiiiet raphii Senrices senrices bibiiihiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Li'brary of Canada to BibIiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduceYloan, distriiute or sel1 reproduireyprêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microh, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous papa or electronic formats. la fome de micro fi ch el^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author tetains ownership of the L'auîeur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis*Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts iÏom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Historical materialism (HM), the theory of history originally developed by Marx and Engels is most comrnonly interpreted as a unilinear model, which dictates that al1 societies must pass through definite and universally similar stages on the route to communism. This simplistic interpretation existed long before Stalin and has persisted long after the process of de-Stalinization and into the present. -
Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
Theory of History in Which the Proletariat Inevitably End up the Dominant Order; This Has Proven Historically to Be False
9/24/07 Marxism • Marxism is many different kinds of theories at once: • theory of history in which the proletariat inevitably end up the dominant order; this has proven historically to be false. • a critique of capitalism. This body of theory can be relevant to literature, but we’re not going to get into it explicitly. Barry and Richter give some sense of this; for the midterm, I’ll have you learn some terms so that you’ll be at least somewhat conversant with this kind of thinking if you run into it again. • a sort-of-literary theory. I say “sort of” because what Marx and others theorize is larger than literature: “consciousness and its expressions,” which would include not only literature but all of the arts, religion, politics, law, and so on. This is the part of Marxist theory we’re going to center on, because it raises a really huge problem for post-NC Theory in general, or least for all political theories (and we know that, as Barry says, “politics is pervasive” in post-NC theory, so ALL Theory is political according to this view). • Starting point: 410: “In the social production…determines their consciousness.” Some things to point out: • base/superstructure. “Relations of production”--economic system, more or less. At the most fundamental level, people have to survive, and the way we do that as a species is to produce stuff. But we don’t do that on our own; we do it as part of some kind of economic system that we are born into. -
Volume 31, Issue 3
Volume 31, Issue 3 Ideas of Constructed Market in Late Imperial Russia: Constructivist Liberalism of Peter Struve (1870 – 1944) Anna Klimina University of Saskatchewan, St. Thomas More College Abstract This paper defines constructivist liberalism as based on the belief that disadvantageous initial conditions for a natural commencing of an unfettered market order can be overcome through new institutional arrangements, initiated and nurtured by the highest political authority, usually the state. Within this context, the present study examines the economic scholarship of Peter Struve (1870 – 1944), the only Russian academic economist who openly advocated deliberate construction of a free market economy in Imperial Russia, and situates his views on the nature of the liberal market order within the intellectual landscape of 20th century liberal economics. Currently, Struve's contribution to the liberal economic doctrine remains practically unknown not only in North America but also in Russia due to the lack of professional economic studies of his works. The paper presents the theoretical core of Struve's economic doctrine and then introduces Struve's concept of “constitutional” liberalism, which this study labels constructivist liberalism. This study concludes that Struve's views on the informational role of market price in an open-ended competitive economic system in many ways anticipated Hayekian analysis of the problem, while his concept of constructivist liberalism, despite having been presented in rather embryonic form, was similar to what in late 1940s became known as a neoliberal constructivism of the Mont Pelerin Society and post-WWII Chicago school of economics. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the History of Economics Society Annual Meeting, June 2010, Syracuse University, NY, USA. -
Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man
Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Spring 2019 Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man Sophie Y. Andarovna Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Intellectual History Commons, and the Russian Literature Commons Recommended Citation Andarovna, Sophie Y., "Blood, Water and Mars: Soviet Science and the Alchemy for a New Man" (2019). All Master's Theses. 1201. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1201 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLOOD, WATER AND MARS: SOVIET SCIENCE AND THE ALCHEMY FOR A NEW MAN __________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History ___________________________________ by Sophie Yennan Andarovna May 2019 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Sophie Yennan Andarovna Candidate for the degree of Master of Arts APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Roxanne Easley, Committee Chair ______________ -
Keywords—Marxism 101 Session 1 Bourgeoisie
Keywords—Marxism 101 Session 1 Bourgeoisie: the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour. Capital: an asset (including money) owned by an individual as wealth used to realize a fnancial proft, and to create additional wealth. Capital exists within the process of economic exchange and grows out of the process of circulation. Capital is the basis of the economic system of capitalism. Capitalism: a mode of production in which capital in its various forms is the principal means of production. Capital can take the form of money or credit for the purchase of labour power and materials of production; of physical machinery; or of stocks of fnished goods or work in progress. Whatever the form, it is the private ownership of capital in the hands of the class of capitalists to the exclusion of the mass of the population. Class: social stratifcation defned by a person's relationship to the means of production. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.png Class struggle: an antagonism that exists within a society, catalyzed by competing socioeconomic interests and central to revolutionary change. Communism: 1) a political movement of the working class in capitalist society, committed to the abolition of capitalism 2) a form of society which the working class, through its struggle, would bring into existence through abolition of classes and of the capitalist division of labor. Dictatorship of the Proletariat: the idea that the proletariat (the working class) has control over political power in the process of changing the ownership of the means of production from private to collective ownership as part of a socialist transition to communism. -
ETD Template
The Anniversaries of the October Revolution, 1918-1927: Politics and Imagery by Susan M. Corbesero B.A., Pennsylvania State University, 1985 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1988 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2005 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Susan Marie Corbesero It was defended on November 18, 2005 and approved by William J. Chase Seymour Drescher Helena Goscilo Gregor Thum William J. Chase Dissertation Director ii The Anniversary of the October Revolution, 1918-1927: Politics and Imagery Susan M. Corbesero, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2005 This dissertation explores the politics and imagery in the anniversary celebrations of the October Revolution in Moscow and Leningrad from 1918 to 1927. Central to Bolshevik efforts to take political and symbolic control of society, these early celebrations not only provided a vehicle for agitation on behalf of the Soviet regime, but also reflected changing popular and official perceptions of the meanings and goals of October. This study argues that politicians, cultural producers, and the urban public contributed to the design and meaning of the political anniversaries, engendering a negotiation of culture between the new Soviet state and its participants. Like the Revolution they sought to commemorate, the October celebrations unleashed and were shaped by both constructive and destructive forces. A combination of variable party and administrative controls, harsh economic realities, competing cultural strategies, and limitations of the existing mass media also influenced the Bolshevik commemorative projects. -
Karl Marx's Conception of International Relations
Knrl Marx's Conception of International nelations Karl Marx's Conception of International Relations Regina Buecker Even though Marx was not widely read during his own time and Marxism, as a political system may be outdated, at least from the present perspective, Karl Marx remains an iconic figure of the 19th century. One of its most influential and controversial philosophers, his thinking has influenced not only the ideology of former and present communist countries, but also the international system as a whole. His theories have had a deep impact on academic studies, and while he did not address the field of international relations directly, much may be derived from his writings on certain phenomena, such as colonialism and nationalism, which are crucial in international relations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of Marx's notions of international society. In the following essay, a short overview of Marx's world, concept of man, the state, class and international relations will be given. Finally, the relevance and contributions of Marx's thought to the theory and practice of international relations is analyzed. Historical Context Europe, during Marx's life, was a place "of tremendous social, political and economic change".1 Until Bismark declared on "18th January 187l...the foundation of the German Empire ... " Germany was divided into 38 states of different size and power, and was economically underdeveloped. Almost within one generation, Germany overtook Britain, with respect to 'dynamic development'. The Prussian government, the major political and military unit in Germany, in Marx's time, was conservative and opposed to most reforms.2 Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, a Prussian city near the French border.