PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT CHAPTER LEARNINGOBJECTIVES CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1917–Present The RiseandFallofWorld Communism II. GlobalCommunism I. OpeningVignette CHAPTER OUTLINE B. At communism’s heightin the1970s,almostone-thirdofworld’s population A. Communismhaditsrootsinnineteenth-century socialism,inspiredbyKarl B. Communismhadoriginallybeengreetedbymanyasapromiseofliberation. A. The BerlinWall wasbreachedonNovember9,1989. • • • • • • • historians shouldbeaskingsuchquestionsaboutmoraljudgment To. . considerhowwemightassessthecommunistexperience . if and to inquire To explorethereasonswhycommunismcollapsedinUSSRand China To introducestudentstothecoldwaranditsmajorissues century To considertheharmcausedbytwogreatcommuniststatesoftwentieth To considerthebenefitsofacommuniststate People’s RepublicofChina To considerhowcommuniststatesdeveloped,especiallyintheUSSRand regimes inthosecountries differences betweenthoserevolutionsaffectedtheintroductionofcommunist To examinethenatureofRussianandChineserevolutionshow 2. communism alsocametoEastern Europe,NorthKorea, Vietnam, Laos, 1. themostimportant communist societiesbyfarweretheUSSRand China was governedbycommunist regimes. 3. “communism”inMarxisttheoryisthefinal stageofhistoricaldevelopment, 2. thosewhodefinedthemselvesas“communists” inthetwentiethcentury 1. mostEuropeansocialistscametobelieve thattheycouldachievetheirgoals Marx. 3. andthenitcollapsed 2. providedamajorpolitical/ideologicalthreattotheWestern world 1. communistregimeshadtransformedtheirsocieties 2. becameamajorsymbolofcommunisttyranny 1. builtin1961tosealoffEastBerlinfrom West Berlin Cambodia, Cuba, Afghanistan with fulldevelopmentof socialequalityandcollectiveliving advocated revolution through thedemocraticprocess c. massivenucleararmsrace b. scrambleforinfluenceinthethirdworldbetweenUnitedStatesand a. thecoldwar(1946–1991) the USSR PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT III. ComparingRevolutionsasaPathtoCommunism C. The variousexpressionsofcommunismsharedcommonground B. Russia:RevolutioninaSingle Year A. CommunistrevolutionsdrewonthemystiqueofFrenchRevolution. 4. communistpartiestookrootinmanyotherareas 3. noneofthesecountrieshadtheindustrialcapitalismthatMarxthought 5. for25years, thenewUSSRwas theonlycommunist country 4. duringthecivilwar, theBolsheviks: 3. Bolsheviksseizedpowerinacoup(October 1917) 2. deep-seatedsocialrevolutionsoonshowedtheinadequacyof 1. Russia’s revolution(1917)wassudden,explosive 4. buttherewereimportantdifferences: 3. French,Russian,andChineserevolutionsalllookedtoamodernizingfuture, 2. involvedpeasantupheavalsinthecountryside;educatedleadership 1. gotridoflandedaristocraciesandtheoldrulingclasses 4. butrelationsbetweencommunistcountrieswerealsomarkedbyrivalryand 3. duringthecoldwar, the Warsaw Pactcreatedamilitary alliance ofEastern 2. inspirationofthe1917RussianRevolution 1. acommonideology, basedonMarxism necessary forasocialistrevolution f. strengthened theirtendencytoward authoritarianism e. claimedtodefendRussia fromimperialistsaswellinternal d. integratedmanylower-class menintotheRed Army andintolocal c. committedatrocities(asdidtheirenemies) b. suppressednationalistrebellions a. regimentedtheeconomy c. by1921,Bolsheviks(nowcallingtheirparty “communist”)hadwon b. three-yearcivilwarfollowed:Bolsheviksvs. avarietyofenemies a. claimedtoactonbehalfofthe“soviets” d. mosteffectiveoppositiongroupwastheBolsheviks,ledbyVladimir c. leftopeningfortheriseofmoreradicalgroups b. refusedtowithdrawfromWWI a. itwouldnot/couldnotmeetthedemandsofrevolutionarymasses Provisional Government b. massivesocialupheaval a. Tsar NicholasIIwasforcedtoabdicatethethroneinFebruary1917 b. themiddleclasseswereamongvictimsofcommunistupheavals, a. communistrevolutionsweremadebyhighlyorganizedpartiesguided eschewed anynostalgiaforthepast cities hostility, sometimeswar b. Treaty ofFriendshipbetweentheUSSRandChina(1950) a. CouncilonMutualEconomic Assistance tiedEasternEuropean European statesandtheUSSR exploiters governments Ulyanov (Lenin) whereas middleclasseswerechiefbeneficiariesofFrenchRevolution a Marxistideology economies totheUSSR’s PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT IV. BuildingSocialismin Two Countries B. CommunistFeminism A. JosephStalinbuiltasocialistsocietyintheUSSR1920sand1930s;Mao C. China: A ProlongedRevolutionaryStruggle 3. communistChinaalso workedforwomen’s equality 2. 1919:USSR’s CommunistPartysetupZhenotdel(Women’s Department) 1. communistcountriespioneered“women’s liberation” 4. China’s conversiontocommunismwasamucheasierprocessthanthat 3. bothcreatedpoliticalsystemsdominatedbytheCommunistParty 2. seriousattackonclassandgenderinequalities 1. firststep:modernizationandindustrialization Zedong didthesameinChina1950sand1960s. 5. theCCP addressedbothforeignimperialismandpeasantexploitation 4. theCCP wasdrivenfromthecities,developedanewstrategy 3. hadaformidableenemyintheGuomindang(NationalistParty),whichruled 2. overthenext28years,CCP grewimmenselyandtransformedits 1. communismwoninChina1949,afteralongstruggle b. Stalinsoughtabufferof“friendly”governmentsinEasternEurope; a. expansionintoEasternEuropethankstoSovietoccupationattheendof a. Marriage Lawof1950ordered freechoiceinmarriage, easierdivorce, c. Stalinabolisheditin 1930 b. malecommunistofficials andordinarypeopleoftenopposedit a. pushedafeministagenda c. divorce,abortion,pregnancyleave,women’s workwereallenabledor b. theUSSRalmostimmediatelydeclaredfull legalandpoliticalequalityfor a. largelydirectedbythestate c. butChinahadmoreeconomicproblemsto resolve b. Chinesecommunistswonthesupportofruralmasses a. theUSSRhadalreadypavedway experienced bytheUSSR c. thestatecontrolledalmostentireeconomy b. allotherpartieswereforbidden a. high-rankingpartymemberswereexpectedtoexemplifysocialism b. gainedareputationforhonesty, unliketheGuomindang a. expressedChinesenationalismanddemandforsocialchange c. givenaboostbyJapan’s invasionofChina b. onlygraduallywonrespectandsupportofpeasants a. lookedtothepeasantsforsupport,notcityworkers c. thecountrysideremainedimpoverished b. theGuomindangpromotedmoderndevelopment,atleastincities a. ChiangKai-shekledtheGuomindang China after1928 strategy underMaoZedong b. theChineseCommunistParty(CCP)wasnotfoundeduntil1921 a. theChineseimperialsystemhadcollapsedin1911 imposed communismfromoutside WWII the endofconcubinage andchild marriage,andequalproperty rightsfor encouraged women PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT E. The SearchforEnemies D. CommunismandIndustrialDevelopment C. SocialismintheCountryside 4. limitationsoncommunistwomen’s liberation 3. China:the searchforenemies was amorepublicprocess 2. USSR:the Terror (GreatPurges)ofthelate 1930s 1. theUSSRandChinaunderStalinMao wererifewithparanoia 4. ChinaunderMaoZedongtriedtocombatthesocialeffectsof 3. theUSSRleadershiplargelyacceptedsocialoutcomesof 2. ChinalargelyfollowedthemodelestablishedbyUSSR 1. bothstatesregardedindustrializationasfundamental 2. secondstageofruralreform:efforttoendprivatepropertyinlandby 1. inbothstates,thecommuniststooklandedestatesandredistributedland c. womenbecamemuchmoreactiveintheworkforce b. theCCP triedtoimplementpro-femalechangesagainststrongopposition c. nearlya million peoplewereexecuted between1936 and1941 b. manyweresentenced toharshlaborcamps(thegulag) a. envelopedmillionsof Russians,includingtensofthousandsprominent b. fearofavastconspiracybyclassenemies andforeignimperialiststo a. fearthatimportantcommunistswerecorrupted bybourgeoisideas; b. theGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution (mid-1960s) a. theGreatLeapForward(1958–1960)promoted small-scale industrialization industrialization f. bothcountriesexperiencedmajoreconomicgrowth e. intrusivepartycontrolofthewholeprocess d. massivemobilizationofresources c. prioritygiventoheavyindustry b. centralizedplanning(five-yearplans) a. stateownershipofproperty b. desiretocreatemilitarystrengthsurviveinahostileworld a. needtoendhumiliatingbackwardnessandpoverty c. China’s collectivizationwentfurtherthantheUSSR’s b. intheUSSR,collectivizationwasimposedbyviolence(1928–1933) a. inChina,collectivizationwaslargelypeaceful(1950s) collectivizing agriculture b. China:landreformteamsmobilizedpoorpeasantstoconfrontlandlords a. Russia:peasantstookandredistributedthelandthemselves to peasants d. fewwomenmadeitintotoppoliticalleadership c. womenretainedburdenofhouseworkandchildcareaswellpaid b. nodirectattackineitherstateonmaledominationwithinthefamily a. Stalindeclaredthewomen’s question“solved”in1930 women communists restore capitalism became classenemies industrialization inruralareas and wealthierpeasants employment PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT V. EastversusWest: A GlobalDivideandaColdWar C. The UnitedStates: Superpowerofthe West, 1945–1975 B. NuclearStandoffand Third World Rivalry A. MilitaryConflictandtheCold War 5. boththeUnitedStatesandUSSRcourted thirdworldcountries 4. bothsidesknewhowserioustheirdestructive powerwas 3. 1949–1989:fearofmassivenucleardestruction andeventhepossible 2. massivearmsrace:by1989,theworldhadnearly60,000nuclearwarheads, 1. theUSSRsucceededincreatinganuclearweapon1949 5. thebattlethatneverhappened:Cuba 4. majorcoldwar–eraconflictin Afghanistan 3. communismspreadinto Asia (China,Korea,Vietnam), causedconflict 2. creationofrivalmilitaryalliances(NATO andtheWarsaw Pact) firstarena 1. Europewasthecoldwar’s 4. boththe Terror andtheCulturalRevolutiondiscreditedsocialism c. purgeofmillionssupposedcapitalistsympathizers b. MaohadcalledforrebellionagainsttheCommunistPartyitself a. theCulturalRevolution(1966–1969)escapedcontrolofcommunist e. sometried toplayoffthesuperpowers againsteach other d. somecountries(e.g., India)claimed“nonalignment”statusinthe coldwar c. manythirdworldcountries resistedbeingusedaspawns b. theUnitedStatesoften supportedcorrupt,authoritarianregimes a. UnitedStatesintervenedinIran,thePhilippines, Guatemala,ElSalvador b. avoidanceofanydirectmilitaryconfrontation, sinceitmightturnintoa a. carefulavoidanceofnuclearprovocation, especiallyafter1962 extinction ofhumankind with complexdeliverysystems d. Cubanmissilecrisis(October1962) c. CastrograduallyalignedhimselfwiththeUSSR b. nationalizationofU.S.assetsprovokedhostility a. FidelCastrocametopowerin1959 c. USSRwithdrewin1989underinternationalpressure;communistruleof b. Sovietmilitaryintervention(1979–1989)metwithlittlesuccess a. aMarxistpartytookpowerin1978butsoonalienatedmuchofthe b. Vietnam: massiveU.S.interventioninthe1960s a. NorthKoreainvadedSouthin1950 c. the“IronCurtain”dividedtwospheres b. Sovietsphere(EasternEurope)wasimposed a. American sphereofinfluence(Western Europe) waslargelyvoluntary b. American andBritishdesireforopensocietieslinkedtothecapitalist a. SovietconcernforsecurityandcontrolinEasternEurope contributed toeventualcollapseofcommunistexperiment d. Maohadtocallinthearmyavertcivilwar leadership penetration Chile, theCongo,andelsewherebecauseof fearofcommunist nuclear war Afghanistan collapsed population world economy , PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT VI. ComparingPathstotheEndofCommunism A. The communisteraendedrapidly andpeacefullybetweenthelate1970s D. The Communist World, 1950s–1970s 1. theUnitedStatesbecameleaderofWest againstcommunism 4. bothcasesshowthe moralfailureofcommunism 3. bothcasesshowtheeconomicfailureofcommunism 2. Europe:popularmovementsoverthrewcommunist governmentsin1989 1. China:MaoZedongdiedin1976 1991. 4. worldcommunismreacheditsgreatestextentinthe1970s 3. growingconflictamongthecommunistcountries 2. thecoldwarjustifiedacontinuingSovietemphasisonmilitaryanddefense 1. NikitaKhrushchevtookpowerintheUSSR1953;1956,hedenounced 3. American popularculturealsospreadaroundtheworld 2. U.S.militaryeffortwassustainedbyaflourishingeconomyandan b. powerwasgiventodefenseandintelligenceagencies,creatinga a. ledtothecreationofan“imperial”presidencyinUnitedStates d. allhappened inaglobalclimate thatembraceddemocracy andhuman c. near-genocideinCambodia b. Mao’s CulturalRevolution a. Stalin’s Terror and thegulag d. economicfailurelimitedmilitarycapacity c. failureswereknownaroundtheworld b. theSovieteconomywasstagnant a. communiststatescouldn’tcatchupeconomically f. ChinawenttowaragainstacommunistVietnam in1979 e. sharpoppositionbetweentheUSSRandChina d. brutalsuppressionofreformtarnishedtheimageSovietcommunism, c. early1980s:Polandwasalsothreatenedwithinvasion b. SovietinvasionsofHungary(1956–1957)andCzechoslovakia(1968)to a. Yugoslavia rejectedSovietdomination industries Stalin asacriminal c. around20,000McDonald’s restaurantsin100countries b. bythe1990s, American moviestookabout70percentoftheEuropean a. jazz,rock-and-roll,andrapfoundforeignaudiences c. growingpaceofU.S.investmentabroad b. Americans werea“peopleofplenty” a. U.S.industryhadn’tbeenharmedbyWorld War II,unlikeeveryother increasingly middle-classsociety e. strengthenedtheinfluenceof“military-industrialcomplex” d. anticommunistwitch-hunts(1950s)narrowedtherangeofpoliticaldebate c. fearthatdemocracywasbeingundermined “national securitystate” rights tyranny andfreedom gave credencetoWestern viewsofthecoldwarasastrugglebetween crush reformmovements market major industrialsociety PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT VII. Reflections: To JudgeorNot to Judge: The AmbiguousLegacy ofCommunism B. China: Abandoning CommunismandMaintainingtheParty A. Manythink thatscholarsshouldn’t makemoraljudgments. D. By2000,thecommunistworldhadshrunk considerably. C. The SovietUnion: The CollapseofCommunismandCountry 1. DengXiaopingcametopowerin1976 6. internationaltensions remainonlyinEast Asia andtheCaribbean 5. NorthKoreaisthemost unreformedandStalinistcommuniststate left 4. Cuba:economiccrisis inthe1990s,begantoallowsmallbusinesses and 3. Vietnam andLaosremainedofficiallycommunistbutpursuedChinese-style 2. Chinahadmostlyabandonedcommunist economic policies 1. communismhadlostitsdominancecompletely intheUSSRandEastern 8. fifteennewandindependentstatesemerged fromthebreakupofUSSR 7. conservativesattemptedacoup(August1991) 6. EasternEuropeanstatesbrokefreefrom USSR-sponsored communism 5. butGorbachev’s reforms ledtocollapseoftheUSSR 4. movetoendthecoldwarbymakingunilateralmilitarycuts,negotiatingarms 3. democratization—freeelectionsin1989 2. glasnostrevealedwhatamesstheUSSRwas(crime,prostitution,suicide, 1. MikhailGorbachevbecamegeneralsecretaryinmid-1980s 4. Chinaisnowa“strangeandtroubledhybrid”thatcombinesnationalism, 3. theChineseCommunistPartyhaskeptitspoliticalmonopoly 2. Chinaopeneditselftotheworldeconomy b. releasedsome100,000politicalprisoners a. relaxedcensorship private foodmarkets reforms Europe d. Gorbachevrefusedtouseforcecrushtheprotesters c. subordinatestatesdemandedgreaterautonomyorindependence b. newfreedomsledtomorestridentdemands a. theplannedeconomywasdismantledbeforeamarket-basedsystem control withUnitedStates c. endingofgovernmentcensorshipculture b. newopennesstoreligiousexpression a. theextentofStalin’s atrocitieswasuncovered corruption, etc.) c. Gorbachevrespondedwithglasnost(“openness”)togreaterculturaland b. wasmetwithheavyresistance a. launchedeconomicreformprogram(perestroika,or“restructuring”)in consumerism, andnewrespectforancienttraditions b. Tiananmen Squaremassacre a. brutalcrushingofdemocracymovementinlate1980s b. alsogeneratedmassivecorruptionamongofficials,urbaninequality a. result:stunningeconomicgrowthandnewprosperity c. dismantledcollectivizedfarmingsystem could develop intellectual freedoms 1987 pollution, andinequalitybetweencoastinterior , PERIOD 6: ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS, c. 1900 TO THE PRESENT C. Isitpossibletoacknowledgesuchambiguity? B. ManycontinuetodebatewhethertheRussianandChineserevolutionswere 3. judgmentsareawayofconnectingwiththepast 2. it’s morevaluabletoacknowledgethelimitsofculturalconditioningthan 1. butwecan’thelpbeingaffectedbyourowntimeandculture 2. communismkilledandimprisonedmillions 1. communismbroughthopetomillions beneficial andwhetherthelatetwentieth-centuryreformsweregoodorbad. pretend toadreamofobjectivity