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Sectioning INFORMATION TO USERS This dlsssrtatlon was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been ussd, the quality is heavily dependent upon tha quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparentiy lacking from the document photographed Is "Missing Page(s)". If It was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or ssctlon, they are spliced Into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an Imago and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an Image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, It is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred Image. 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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 A Xerox Eduoallon Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73-16,607 I'IDLAM, Fruzsma llarsanyi, 1942- PROLBTARI.AN INI'BRNATIONALI!i-1: 'lHB POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA. The American University, Ph.D., 1972 Political Science, general University Microfilms, A )(J:R())( Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan · © 1973 F~UZSINA HARSANYl FEDLAM ALL RIGHI'S RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM: THE POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF AN IDEA Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Phl.losophy: Government Fruzsina Harsanyi Fedlam December, 1972 Deanh/ld~ Date: fJ<'!.c.. ;?../ /972.. I THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY FEB 271973 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have Indistinct print. Ft lmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My work on this dissertation was guided by Professors Eric Willenz, Samuel L, Sharp and Diane s. Rothberg. I am grateful to them for advising me, for giving me an awareness of the subtleties of political life, and especially for nurturing in me a sense of creative doubt. My gratitude goes also to the Harsanyi family for their love and support over the years. But most of all, I thank Andrew J. Fedlam--my energetic partner in a much larger enterprise--for being a constant friend during this project, ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii Chapter l. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SOCIALIST INTERNATION~ISM 11 LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM 13 MARXIST INTERNATIONALISM 1B MARXIST INTERNATIONALISM: AMBIGUITIES AND QUESTIONS • • • • • 33 INTERNATIONALISM AND THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT TO 1914 40 3. THE REASSURANCE FUNCTION: PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM AS SYMBOLIC CONTINUITY 56 THE REASSURANCE FUNCTION 57 LENINIST INTERNATIONALISM 1914-1917 64 THE PEACE OF BREST-LITOVSK: CHANGING POLICY, SYMBOLIC CONTINUITY •.•• 77 4. THE LEGITIMIZING FUNCTION: PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM AS A SOURCE OF DIFFUSE SUPPORT ••••••••• 98 THE LEGITIMIZING FUNCTION 99 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv Chapter Page SOVIET AUTHORITY IN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT: THE EVOLUTION OF STALINIST INTERNATIONALISM • • • • • • • 106 STALINIST INTERNATIONALISM AFTER WORLD WAR II: EARLY CHALLENGES 143 LEGITIMACY IN A FRACTIONALIZED MOVEMENT: THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE 159 5. PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM: A POSTULATE OF INTER-STATE RELATIONS • 170 STALINIST INTERNATIONALISM APPLIED TO INTER-STATE RELATIONS: THE SOVIET- YUGOSLAV DISPUTE • • • • 172 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF A NEW TYPE? 181 THE "BREZHNEV DOCTRINE": A REASSERT ION OF PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM AS A POSTULATE OF INTER-STATE RELATIONS 199 6. PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM: THE RATIONALIZING FUNCTION • • • 211 INTERVENTION AND THE RATIONALIZING FUNCTION OF IDEAS 212 INTERVENTION IN HUNGARY, 1956 221 THE JUSTIFICATION 230 INTERVENTION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1968 241 THE JUSTIFICATION 251 COMPARISON AND COMMENT 261 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. v Chapter Paqe 7, PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM: NON-SOVIET PERSPECTIVES , , 271 RULING COMMUNIST PARTIES 277 Hunqary 277 Yugoslavia 2BB China 305 NON-RULING COMMUNIST PARTIES 319 Italy 319 France 332 B. CONCLUSION 341 BIBLIOGRAPHY , , , 357 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The idea of working-class or proletarian inter­ nationalism has been invoked in various forms, for vastly different purposes, by Socialists and Communists, in and out of power, for more than a century. The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the evolution of this particular usage of internationalism from its origin as a cardinal tenet in Marxist theory to its present position as a postulate of Soviet policy and as the professed principle of relations in the international Communist movement. The primary problem to be examined here is the historical interaction between the Soviet application of proletarian internationalism and those conditions in the international subsystem of Communist parties and party-states which at times were supportive of a Soviet-imposed internationalism and at other times resisted its use as an instrument of Soviet policy. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 This statement of the problem subsumes two inter­ related themes. The first theme deals with the variant functions of proletarian internationalism as an instrument of Soviet policy set against the background of its historical persistence as an idea of revolutionary appeal. The second theme takes up the problem of the changing conditions in the Communist movement and in the international environment which have imposed strains on the continued Soviet use of proletarian internationalism and the Soviet response to those conditions. In connection with this theme, a secondary purpose of the dissertation is to survey selected non-Soviet, but Communist, interpretations of proletarian internationalism and to analyze the extent to which they reflect integrative and disintegrative trends in the Communist movement in the post-Stalin era. Two hypotheses have been formulated to guide the investigation of these problems: 1) Proletarian interna­ tionalism is the Soviet variant of conservationist and justificatory doctrines which states have used traditionally to preserve their power and to explain in universalist terms actions undertaken in pursuit of national interests. 2) With the diffusion of power in the international Communist Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. movement, conditions seem to arise favoring the universal!- zation of proletarian internationalism and thereby imposing strains on its continued application as an instrument of system conservation for the Soviet Union. The time frame for the study is 1848 to 1968, The year 1848 was chosen because the Communist Manifesto, which contains the most famous Marxist references to inter- nationalism, was published at that time. The year 1968 represents the most recent, somewhat more formalized, use of proletarian irlternationalism in the form of the 11 Brezhnev Doctrine" which was the Soviet justification for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The methodology used in this study is comparative historical analysis. 1 The writer recognizes that historical and comparative analyses may be mutually exclusive approaches, but this is a meaningful distinction only if one posits the uniqueness of historical events. Comparative history rests on the assumption that explanations are based on general!- zations derived from the observation of similarities and 1c. E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization; A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), ch. 2. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 differences in human experience, History, in this sense, is a source of data and a record of changes and continuities in behavior. In this study, the
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