International

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

International Communist international Anniversary Edition The DAILY WORKER Join the Workers (Commun- I Raises the Standard for ist) Party During the a Workers* and Farm- Seventh Year! THE ■stored as Second-class matter September 21, I*2l, at the (Mice at Chicago, Illinois under the Aot of March 3, 1871. Forward to ers* Government DAILY Mat WORKER. Communism! In Chicago, hy mall, SB.OO per year. 290 Published daily except Sunday by THE DAILY WOHKER Vol. 11. No. 45. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Outside Chicago, by mall, $6.00 per year. THURSDAY, MARCH 1925 PUBLISHING CO., 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, lIL Price 3 Cents FORIpD TO WORLD VICTORY! Respond to Call of Communist 1 1— ■■ i ' International '<■» ■ GALL FOR FIRST WORLD ‘ MANKIND IS THROWING CONGRESS OF COMMUNIST Russian Workers and Peasants Take One-Sixth of the Earth OFF g I __ SLAVERY IN ITS INTERNATIONAL ISSUED .. LAST SURVIVING FORM .-(From the Call for the First By VLADIMIR ILYTCH World Congress of the Communist LENIN Intrenatlonal.) Third (Communist) Intern* THEtlonal has garnered • • • the fruN of the labors of the (toolaL "T"HE undersigned parties or or- Seoond let) International, casting off the r* * ganizations are of the opinion fuse of Ita opportunist, tooial-oha* that the first congress of the new vlnlstlc, bourgeois and lower middle* Revolutionary International must class tendencies, and haa set eus to be convened without achieve the dictatorship of Mm fall. In the proletariat. period of war and revolution it has not only become evident The International union of parttag that the directing the old socialist and social-democratic most movement In the world, nomoly, parties, and with them the Second the movement of the proletariat to (socialist) International, are bank- throw off yoke rupt and that the Intermediate ele- the pf capitalism, has the ments of the old social-democracy Inestimable advantage of resting upon basis of unprecedent- (the so-called “center”) are totally a ed solidity; on a number unfit for revolutionary actions, but of Soviet Republics position the idea of a truly revolutionary who are In a to bring about on an International assumed concrete international scale, the dictatorship prol- form. The rapid progress of world of the victory oapltollsm. revolution, with its problems, etariat and over new The Importance the danger threatening this revolu- of tho Third (Communist) tion from the capitalist states, International In the history Is, which organize themselves against world’s that It was the put the revolution under the hypocritic- first to Into life the greatest of all Marx's principles, the principle al device “people’s union,” the at- summarising the process tempts of the parties of the social of the de- velopment traitors to come to an understand- of socialism and the la- bor movement, and expressed In the ing, and having “amnestied” each words, dictatorship prol- other, to help their governments the of the and bourgeoisies to deceive once etariat more the working class, and finally, These words have now been trans- lated Into all tho languages of mo- the accumulated revolutionary ex* dern Europe, nay, Into every Isng perience and internationalization of uage under the A new in the trend of revolution induce us to sun. era history begun. take upon ourselves the initiative the world’s has Man- kind Is throwing off slavery In ita for placing upon the agenda the Surviving form: the slavery of discussion of the convocation of an last wage under capitalism. international congrr*' revolution- earners Mankind to throwing off Its yoke, ary proletarian parties. , and It to, for the first time in Its i v existence, achieving real freedom. was in spirit and under the guidance of Vladimir llytch Lenin, the world’s land surface away from capitalist rule, and inaugurating the IT founder of the Communist International, that the Russian workers Proletarian Dictatorship that is bridging the transition period leading to and peasants seized power on November 7, 1917, taking one-sixth of the Communism. Russia is building for the Communist society* FIRST SHOTS OF WORLD Soviet Rule—A Pillar of Power WAR ALSO HERALDS OF “A World to Gain” THIRDJNTERNATIONAL By GREGORY ZINOVIEV President, Communist International Is known as early as 1914, when ITthe first shots were fired in the fields of the imperialist war, the central committee of our (Russian Bolshevik) Party, inspired by Le- nin, advanced the watchword of creating a Third International. The five years from 1914-1919 may prop- erly be called the embryonic period of the Communist International. These five years saw the first groups of Communist adherents gathering together. During the Zimmerwald conference, a Zlmmer- wald left was formed, which was .the first organized nucleus of the future Communist International. Finally, there broke out the great proletar- ian revolution In our country. When In May, 1918, the Bolshevik Party in Russia, having already possession of the state power, decided to change its name to the Russian Communist Party, and a>few months later when the German Bpartaciats also changed their name to the Communist Party of Germany, It became evident to every revolu- tionary that the Third (Communist) International had been born. Communist Parties have been born in the majority of countries. This is the greatest event In recent political history. The preamble of the Comintern's hlstoryl is nearing its end. We are about to witness the real history of the Communist proletarian struggle for the over- throw of capitalism jid the set- ting up of an Internejnoal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The great work is waiting for Its doers, for all of us. To work then in the spirit of Lenin’s precede. THE light of the New Day—COMMUNlSM—shines resplendant over all the Union of Soviet * Republics. The growing power of the Communist International is loosening the capital- ist chains on the limbs of the THE Bolshevik triumph ih Sovhst oppressed masses everywhere. Under the banners of the Com- Russia established the Soviet power that daily grows in munist International the workers will win 1 strength. The guiding in of tho world their final emancipation. That is the \ hand Soviet Russia today it the Russian Communist Party, the challenge of World Communism to World Capitalism. That is the Russian section of the Communist challenge of the Communist International. International that it *lll make good with the World Proletarian .Victory!.
Recommended publications
  • The Rise and Fall of World Communism 1917–Present
    The Rise and Fall of World Communism 1917–Present CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To examine the nature of the Russian and Chinese revolutions and how the differences between those revolutions affected the introduction of communist regimes in those countries • To consider how communist states developed, especially in the USSR and the People’s Republic of China • To consider the benefits of a communist state • To consider the harm caused by the two great communist states of the twentieth century • To introduce students to the cold war and its major issues • To explore the reasons why communism collapsed in the USSR and China • To consider how we might assess the communist experience . and to inquire if historians should be asking such questions about moral judgment CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Opening Vignette A. The Berlin Wall was breached on November 9, 1989. 1. built in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from West Berlin 2. became a major symbol of communist tyranny B. Communism had originally been greeted by many as a promise of liberation. 1. communist regimes had transformed their societies 2. provided a major political/ideological threat to the Western world a. the cold war (1946–1991) b. scramble for influence in the third world between the United States and the USSR c. massive nuclear arms race 3. and then it collapsed II. Global Communism A. Communism had its roots in nineteenth-century socialism, inspired by Karl Marx. 1. most European socialists came to believe that they could achieve their goals through the democratic process 2. those who defined themselves as “communists” in the twentieth century advocated revolution 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Sectioning" the Material
    INFORMATION TO USERS This dlsssrtatlon was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been ussd, the quality is heavily dependent upon tha quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparentiy lacking from the document photographed Is "Missing Page(s)". If It was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or ssctlon, they are spliced Into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an Imago and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an Image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, It is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred Image. You will find a good Image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continua photoing from left to right In equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on ·until complete. 4. The majority of users Indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction the Vietnamese Revolution in World History
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15402-5 — Vietnam's Communist Revolution Tuong Vu Excerpt More Information Introduction The Vietnamese Revolution in World History The odds are stacked against revolutionaries in any society. Most have never had a chance to wield state power because even weak govern- ments command sufi cient forces to defeat them. Even if revolutions suc- cessfully overthrow the ancien régime , young revolutionary states from France to Russia have often faced powerful foreign enemies that make their survival even more remarkable. This book focuses on Vietnam as one of those rare exceptions in modern world history when revolution succeeded and endured. In this study, I trace the worldview of Vietnamese revolutionaries over an eighty- year period, starting from the 1920s when they were a band of outlaws who dreamed of building a communist paradise; through the decades in between, when they struggled to seize power, build a new society, and defeat foreign interventions; and to the late 1980s when they attempted in vain to save socialism at home and abroad. The revolu- tion effectively ended then, but its legacies are surprisingly resilient: the communist regime is under tremendous pressure for change but has stubbornly refused to abandon its widely discredited ideology. Thus, this book places ideology at the center of nearly a century of modern Vietnamese history. I argue that ideology helped Vietnamese communists persevere against great odds, but did not lead them to success and left behind dismal legacies. In the popular image, Vietnamese revolutionaries appear as pragmatic nationalists who inherited strong patriotic traditions and whose heroism deserves great admiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism Since the Communist Manifesto
    University of Central Florida STARS PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements 1-1-1961 Marxism since the Communist manifesto Alfred G. Meyers Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Book is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Meyers, Alfred G., "Marxism since the Communist manifesto" (1961). PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements. 22. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/22 MARXISM SINCE THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO Ihe A4mcrim Httorlcal As¶datim, haguae at a eontiriw the teaching of history in the schd d the UzkiW esW&hcd the Wet Center for T&m cif Risary to offa qmWtive dtmce in m1ving some of the ptddum which tala7 beset ,the classraom teacher. me of the p- bdng sponsored by the Service Cmter is the prepiwaticb d a series of pampS1;1tts, each containing a eon& summary d pubkatio~~.@ectbg rt9:etwt research and new inte][prctatirms in a particular fidd d history. Prompted by an awarmea of the fact that the avaage 9condsry ~dmo1teacher has neither the time nor the opportunity to keep up with monographic litera- these pamphlets are specifically dt- dgnd to make available to the cl-m instructor a summary of pertinent trends aqd devdopments in historical study. Our aim is, in short, to help the teachem Up ems selves by keeping up to date in thdr fields d hiterest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Communist International, the Soviet Union,And Their Impact on the Latin America Workers’ Movement
    The Communist International, the Soviet Union,and their impact on the Latin America Workers’ Movement DAN LA BOTZ Abstract: The Soviet Union and A L the Communist International had an adverse influence on the Latin CONTRA American workers’ movement, ), 1957-1964. continually diverting it fighting for UCIÓN L a democratic socialist society. They ALHE T REVO A DE subordinated the workers’ movements L ( to the interests of the Soviet . Union’s ruling class, the Communist IQUEIROS PORFIRIANA bureaucracy. At one moment, they led S the workers’ movement in disastrous ARO F L uprisings, while in a subsequent era A they encouraged it to build alliances DICTADURA AVID with capitalist and imperialist power. D Keywords: Soviet Union. Communist International. Communist Parties. Cuba. Workers Movement. A Internacional Comunista, a União Soviética e seu impacto no movimento de trabalhadores da América Latina Resumo: A União Soviética e a Internacional Comunista tiveram uma influência adversa no movimento latino-americano de trabalhadores, frequentemente, distraindo-o de sua luta por uma sociedade socialista democrática. Ambas subordinaram os movimentos de trabalhadores aos interesses da classe dominante na União Soviética, a burocracia comunista. Em um momento, dirigiram o movimento de trabalhadores para levantes desastrosos, DAN LA BOTZ enquanto em um período subsequente encorajaram-no a fazer alianças com Ph.D in American history and poderes capitalistas e imperialistas. professor at the Murphy Institute, the Palavras-chaves: União Soviética. labor school of the City University Internacional Comunista. Partidos of New York. He is the author of ten Comunistas. Cuba. Movimento de books on labor, social movements, Trabalhadores. and politics in the United States, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Yugoslavia's Return to Leninism
    SOUTHEAST EUROPE SERIES Vol. XXI No. 1 (Yugoslavia) YUGOSLAVIA'S RETURN TO LENINISM Notes on the Tenth Congress of the Yugoslav League of Communists by Dennison I. Rusinow June 1974 After more than two years of major and often the Second World War. It also marks the end of a dramatic changes in leaderships and policies, a clearly definable historic chapter, coincident in Congress of the League of Communists of duration with socialist Yugoslavia's third decade, Yugoslavia assembled in Belgrade May 27-30, which began with a series of bold experiments in 1974. Its object was to survey and endorse the re- further economic and political liberalization and sults and to declare urbi et orbi that what a ended with serious economic problems and a Belgrade newspaper in 1971 called "Yugoslavia's political crisis. most serious postwar political crisis" is over and The basic outline of the new that the regime and system are stable and back on course is clear both in the of their still different but course-corrected enough, proclamations the Congress again high- and in a new state road to socialism. Constitution adopted three months earlier. Personally initiated by President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia is to return to stricter control by a re- himself in December 1971,1 the purges and policy centralized and once again disciplined Party. The changes which have now been approved by the Party's right to "intervene" in decision-making and Party in Congress are tantamount to a Titoist coup selection of officers by enterprise and communities, against the system which the Western world calls which was denied and called outdated and "Titoism" but which had lately evolved in direc- pernicious by many of those purged since 1971, has tions that seemed to him and others of its guard- been explicitly reaffirmed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Freedom Forum Presentation: What Is Communism?
    Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Stone-Campbell Books Stone-Campbell Resources 1950 A Freedom Forum Presentation: What Is Communism? J. D. Bales Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, and the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Bales, J. D., "A Freedom Forum Presentation: What Is Communism?" (1950). Stone-Campbell Books. 487. https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/487 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Stone-Campbell Resources at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Stone-Campbell Books by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. A gKeedomgoKum PRESENTATION ... WltatJs 6P1111111111is111? by Dr. J. D. Bales, Professor of Christian Doctrine Harding College, Searcy, Arkansas Presented to Freedom Forum Searcy, Arkansas Distributed By THE NATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM American Heritage Center Harding College Campus SEARCY, ARKANSAS WltatJs eo1111111111is111? by Dr. J . D. Bales , Professor of Christian Doctrine Harding College , Searcy, Arkansas Presented lo Freedom Forum Searcy, Arkansas What is communism? Communism is many things. It is a philosophy and way of life which embraces atheism; dialectical materialism; class morality; class warfare; the vision of world conquest; the strategy and the tactics deemed essential to turn this vision into a reality; and the vision of the creation of a new social order and a new man. It is a philosophy which is embodied in an international movement organized into various Communist parties which seeks to establish a dictatorship, then a socialistic and finally a communistic social order.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    MAOISM-ITS ORIGINS, BACKGROUND, AND OUTLOOK Isaac Deutscher WHAT does Maoism stand for? What does it represent as a political idea and as a current in contemporary communism? The need to clarify these questions has become all the more urgent because Maoism is now openly competing with other communist schools of thought for inter- national recognition. Yet before entering this competition Maoism had existed as a current, and then as the dominant trend, of Chinese communism for thirty to thirty-five years. It is under its banner that the main forces of the Chinese revolution waged the most protracted civil war in modern history; and that they won their victory in 1949, making the greatest single breach in world capitalism since the October Revolu- tion, and freeing the Soviet Union from isolation. It is hardly surprising that Maoism should at last advance politically beyond its national . boundaries and claim world-wide attention to its ideas. What is surprising is that it has not done so earlier and that it has for so long remained closed within the confines of its national experience. Maoism presents in this respect a striking contrast with Leninism. The latter also existed at first as a purely Russian school of thought; but not for long. In 1915, after the collapse of the Second International, Lenin was already the central figure in the movement for the Third International, its initiator and inspirer-Bolshevism, as a faction in the Russian Social Democratic Party, was not much older then than a decade. Before that the Bolsheviks, like other Russian socialists, had lived intensely with all the problems of international Marxism, absorbed all its experience, participated in all its controversies, and felt bound to it with unbreakable ties of intellectual, moral, and political solidarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: an Analysis
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1967 Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis Christine Deichsel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Deichsel, Christine, "Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis" (1967). Master's Theses. 3240. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YUGOSLAV IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE SOVIET BLOC: AN ANALYSIS by Christine Deichsel A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo., Michigan April 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis I have benefited from the advice and encouragement of Professors George Klein and William A. Ritchie. My thanks go to them and the other members of my Committee, namely Professors Richard J. Richardson and Alan Isaak. Furthermore, I wish to ex­ press my appreciation to all the others at Western Michi­ gan University who have given me much needed help and encouragement. The award of an assistantship and the intellectual guidance and stimulation from the faculty of the Department of Political Science have made my graduate work both a valuable experience and a pleasure.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicolae Ceauᅤ゚escu and the Origins of Eurocommunism
    Communist and Post-Communist Studies 48 (2015) 83e95 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Communist and Post-Communist Studies journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/postcomstud Nicolae Ceaus¸ escu and the origins of Eurocommunism Cezar Stanciu Valahia University of Targoviste, Lt. Stancu Ion, Targoviste, Romania article info abstract Article history: After the Sino-Soviet dispute had considerably weakened Moscow's supremacy in world Available online 18 February 2015 communism, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev was keen on restoring control and unity. But he soon discovered that his meaning of unity did not exactly coincide with what others Keywords: had in mind. West European communists were striving to accommodate social principles Eurocommunism to domestic conditions so, as to be able to accede to government. They advocated for each Autonomy party's right to make their own decisions independently and also for an enlargement of Poly-centrism world communism beyond its initial sectarianism. Their cause was vulnerable though as Allargamento Active detente internationalism was still an important part of their political identity, apart from the fact World communism that Moscow did subsidize most of them. In the second half of the 1960s though, a new voice joined those asking for reform in world communism: Nicolae Ceaus¸ escu, a leader of the Romanian Communist Party. Interested to promote his country's autonomy in the Soviet bloc, Ceaus¸ escu had no reason to support Moscow's efforts to regain control. Instead, Ceaus¸ escu developed close relations with West European Communist parties and assumed some of their ideological tenets, trying to fend off Soviet domination. This way, although he never was a Eurocommunist, Ceaus¸ escu did play an important part in the ideological debates that were later to produce Eurocommunism, defending West European arguments in front of Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • Tito's Yugoslavia
    The Search for a Communist Legitimacy: Tito's Yugoslavia Author: Robert Edward Niebuhr Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1953 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2008 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of History THE SEARCH FOR A COMMUNIST LEGITIMACY: TITO’S YUGOSLAVIA a dissertation by ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . v NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND TERMS . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 1 A STRUGGLE FOR THE HEARTS AND MINDS: IDEOLOGY AND YUGOSLAVIA’S THIRD WAY TO PARADISE . 26 2 NONALIGNMENT: YUGOSLAVIA’S ANSWER TO BLOC POLITICS . 74 3 POLITICS OF FEAR AND TOTAL NATIONAL DEFENSE . 133 4 TITO’S TWILIGHT AND THE FEAR OF UNRAVELING . 180 5 CONCLUSION: YUGOSLAVIA AND THE LEGACY OF THE COLD WAR . 245 EPILOGUE: THE TRIUMPH OF FEAR. 254 APPENDIX A: LIST OF KEY LCY OFFICIALS, 1958 . 272 APPENDIX B: ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF JNA, 1963 . 274 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 275 INDEX . 289 © copyright by ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR 2008 iii ABSTRACT THE SEARCH FOR A COMMUNIST LEGITIMACY: TITO’S YUGOSLAVIA ROBERT EDWARD NIEBUHR Supervised by Larry Wolff Titoist Yugoslavia—the multiethnic state rising out of the chaos of World War II—is a particularly interesting setting to examine the integrity of the modern nation-state and, more specifically, the viability of a distinctly multi-ethnic nation-building project.
    [Show full text]
  • UPPSALA UNIVERSITY Department of Theology Master Program In
    UPPSALA UNIVERSITY Department of Theology Master Program in Religion in Peace and Conflict Master thesis, 30 credits Spring, 2020 Supervisor: Jens Borgland How have Confucian traditions and values influenced institutional power structures in Maoist ideology? A comparative discourse analysis of ideologies enforcing authoritarianism. Fredrik Larsson Keywords: China, Confucianism, Maoism, PRC, People’s Republic of China, Philosophy, Totalitarianism, Discourse Analysis, CCP, Wordcount: 20795. Abstract This master’s thesis will thoroughly analyze the discourse that is the transformation and interaction of the Maoist ideology with the previous Confucian traditions and its importance in institutional spheres of society in contemporary China. The thesis aims to analyze correlations and causations to the aspect of the rise of Maoism from a non-Communist Chinese society highly influenced by Confucian values and traditions to a Maoist dominated Chinese cultural, social, and political landscape. With a comparative discourse analysis and a theoretical framework based on the development and rise of authoritarian ideologies and the correlations ideologies and religions can have interchangeably, the thesis aims to shed light on the aspects of rising authoritarianism and how they influence contemporary Chinese institutions of power. This is indeed of utmost relevance and importance since the Chinese Communist Party under the rule of Xi Jinping now increases its cultural, social, and political influence within the country itself, the greater Chinese speaking world, and on the international stage. The CCP utilizes Confucian centers of learning around the world to strengthen the nation’s political, social, and ideological influence and power monopoly and to spread CCP propaganda through the Confucian centers. In other words, the Confucian philosophy and ideology has had an increasingly more important role in the Chinese political, social, and cultural landscape.
    [Show full text]