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MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY, SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY and the STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM of STATES by Alexandre Grichine B

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MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY, SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY and the STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM of STATES by Alexandre Grichine B MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY, SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF STATES by Alexandre Grichine B.A., Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 1997. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA December 2004 Alexandre Grichine, 2004. Library and Bibliothèque et 1^1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-04633-3 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-04633-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce,Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve,sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform,et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Marxist-Leninist Ideology, Soviet Foreign Policy and the Structure of the International System of States Alexandre Grichine Abstract This work examines the relationship between Marxist-Leninist ideology and Soviet foreign policy in the context of the contemporary structure of the international system of states. To what degree does the ideology of a state shape the course of foreign policy pursued by that state? How does the structure of the international system influence a state’s international behaviour? What happens if the ideological “foreign policy blueprint” comes into conflict with the requirements dictated by the structure of the international system? This work will attempt to provide answers to these questions and to outline how structural constraints imposed on Soviet international behaviour during the 20* century diminished the role of Marxist-Leninist ideology as a determinant of Soviet foreign policy. It will demonstrate that, far 6om being “unorthodox" and “unique", Soviet foreign policy was governed by some of the same factors as were policies of other states- in the contemporary international system. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Table of Contents ii Acknowledgements iv INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I: THE CONCEPT OF IDEOLOGY AND THE REALIST PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Part 1: The Concept of Ideology .............................................................................................7 Part 2: The Realist Perspective on International Relations ..................................................15 CHAPTER II: IDEOLOGY AND FOREIGN POLICY Part 1: Soviet Ideology........................................................................................................... 24 Part 2: Ideology and Soviet Foreign Policy: The Arguments ............................................. 37 CHAPTER HI: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES Part 1: “Revolutionary” Foreign Policy................................................................................44 Part 2: From November to Brest-Litovsk.............................................................................48 Part 3: The Brest-Litovsk Dehate.............................................. 55 Part 4: The Trans&rmation of Soviet Perceptions ............................................................... 62 Part 5: Acquiring Necessary Attributes................................................................................ 66 Part 6: The Modification of the Official Doctrine ............................................................... 70 Part 7: The New Soviet Perspective on International Relations ......................................... 72 CHAPTER IV: CONTINUING PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Part 1 : Leninist Foreign Policy ..............................................................................................76 11 Part 2: Stalin's Foreign Policy ...............................................................................................81 Part 3: Khrushchev's Foreign Policy: The Final Stage of Evolution.................... 93 Part 4: Summary.................................................................................................................. 99 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION...........................................................................................101 EPILOGUE..........................................................................................................................113 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 115 ENDNOTES......................................................................................................................... 123 111 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic supervisor, Professor Don Munton, for his patient guidance and helpful suggestions. I also deeply value the academic skills that I acquired under his leadership, especially the skill of expressing an argument with clarity, accuracy and organization. This work would not be the same without his supervision. I would also like to express my gratitude to: Professor Paul Marantz of the University of British Columbia for sharing with me his works and ideas, which made an invaluable contribution to this research. Professor Gary Wilson of the University of Northern British Columbia for helpful suggestions. My mother and brother for believing in me. Alexandre Loukianov and Nadzeya Kniha for help and moral support. Oleg Drepin for help in the conduct of the research. IV Introduction "The Soviet ideological prism reflects an image of the world that that is virtually unrecognizable to a non-communist, yet it is on this image that Soviet foreign policy is based." V. Aspaturian.' "I've done a great deal of reading on Communist ideology. This resulted in my understanding of the aims of international Communism and produced a steadfast American policy in meeting that threat.” J. F. Dulles.^ “The unsubstantiated assumptions by governments that other governments’ behavior is strongly motivated by ideology (e.g. Washington assuming Moscow will pursue a communist foreign policy and Moscow assuming that Washington will pursue a capitalist foreign policy and both being surprised that neither does) has naturally led to ineffective foreign policies.” W. Levi.^ From the three statements above we can see the essence of a debate going on for several generations among foreign policy scholars with regard to the role of ideology in determining the course of Soviet foreign policy. This debate is part of the larger debate concerning the right perspective through which a state’s international behaviour should be analyzed. Many diSerent schools of thought - Realism, Liberalism, Historical Materialism and others - emphasize different approaches to the understanding of a state’s behaviour in the international arena. However, most foreign policy scholars can be divided into two basic schools or approaches. One group of scholars sees the subject mainly hom the perspective of decision-makers, whereas another group’s perspective emphasizes the environment or system in which states behave, or, in the words of Waltz, "reductionisf ’ 1 and "systemic" theorists/ Those who favour the first approach seek to explain state behaviour in terms of decision-makers and their perceptions. Many highlight the importance of ideological assumptions shared by statesmen for the explanation and prediction of the foreign policy of that state. With particular respect to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, they argue that "the official ideology of Marxism-Leninism plays a central role,"^ because "Soviet Marxism-Leninism influences and shapes the perceptual and conceptual world of Soviet leaders.”® Brzezinski, for example, argues that “the persisting and important role of ideological assumptions in the thinking and actions of Soviet leaders” is "essential to an understanding of their conduct of foreign policy.” ’ On the other hand, supporters of a "system” level approach^ argue that internal characteristics of a state, such as ideology, do not have any significant influence
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