Marxist Leninist Position on Death Penalty
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The Case of Albania During the Enver Hoxha Era
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 40 Issue 6 Article 8 8-2020 State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era İbrahim Karataş Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons, Religion Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karataş, İbrahim (2020) "State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 40 : Iss. 6 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss6/8 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATE-SPONSORED ATHEISM: THE CASE OF ALBANIA DURING THE ENVER HOXHA ERA By İbrahim Karataş İbrahim Karataş graduated from the Department of International Relations at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara in 2001. He took his master’s degree from the Istanbul Sababattin Zaim University in the Political Science and International Relations Department in 2017. He subsequently finished his Ph.D. program from the same department and the same university in 2020. Karataş also worked in an aviation company before switching to academia. He is also a professional journalist in Turkey. His areas of study are the Middle East, security, and migration. ORCID: 0000-0002-2125-1840. -
The Rise and Fall of World Communism 1917–Present
The Rise and Fall of World Communism 1917–Present CHAPTER OVERVIEW CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To examine the nature of the Russian and Chinese revolutions and how the differences between those revolutions affected the introduction of communist regimes in those countries • To consider how communist states developed, especially in the USSR and the People’s Republic of China • To consider the benefits of a communist state • To consider the harm caused by the two great communist states of the twentieth century • To introduce students to the cold war and its major issues • To explore the reasons why communism collapsed in the USSR and China • To consider how we might assess the communist experience . and to inquire if historians should be asking such questions about moral judgment CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Opening Vignette A. The Berlin Wall was breached on November 9, 1989. 1. built in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from West Berlin 2. became a major symbol of communist tyranny B. Communism had originally been greeted by many as a promise of liberation. 1. communist regimes had transformed their societies 2. provided a major political/ideological threat to the Western world a. the cold war (1946–1991) b. scramble for influence in the third world between the United States and the USSR c. massive nuclear arms race 3. and then it collapsed II. Global Communism A. Communism had its roots in nineteenth-century socialism, inspired by Karl Marx. 1. most European socialists came to believe that they could achieve their goals through the democratic process 2. those who defined themselves as “communists” in the twentieth century advocated revolution 3. -
Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer
Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) MUNUC 33 ONLINE 1 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTERS………………………….….………………………….……..….3 ROOM MECHANICS…………………………………………………………… 6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………….……………..…………......9 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….16 ROSTER……………………………………………………….………………………..23 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…………….. 46 2 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTERS ____________________________________________________ My Fellow Russians, We stand today on the edge of a great crisis. Our nation has never been more divided, more war- stricken, more fearful of the future. Yet, the promise and the greatness of Russia remains undaunted. The Russian Provisional Government can and will overcome these challenges and lead our Motherland into the dawn of a new day. Out of character. To introduce myself, I’m a fourth-year Economics and History double major, currently writing a BA thesis on World War II rationing in the United States. I compete on UChicago’s travel team and I additionally am a CD for our college conference. Besides that, I am the VP of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, previously a member of an all-men a cappella group and a proud procrastinator. This letter, for example, is about a month late. We decided to run this committee for a multitude of reasons, but I personally think that Russian in 1917 represents such a critical point in history. In an unlikely way, the most autocratic regime on Earth became replaced with a socialist state. The story of this dramatic shift in government and ideology represents, to me, one of the most interesting parts of history: that sometimes facts can be stranger than fiction. -
Discerning the Global 1989 Through the Lens of 1989 As World-Historical
www.ssoar.info Discerning the global in the European revolutions of 1989 Armbruster, Chris Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Armbruster, C. (2008). Discerning the global in the European revolutions of 1989. (Working Paper Series of the Research Network 1989, 12). Berlin. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-27092 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Working Paper Series of the Research Network 1989 Working Paper 12/2008 ISSN 1867-2833 Discerning the Global in the European Revolutions of 1989 Chris Armbruster Executive Director, Research Network 1989 www.cee-socialscience.net/1989 Research Associate, Max Planck Digital Library, Max Planck Society www.mpdl.mpg.d Abstract With the benefit of hindsight it becomes easier to appraise the historical significance and impact of the European revolutions of 1989. By a privileging a global point of view, it becomes possible to leave behind the prevalent perspective of 1989 as a regional transition of Central Europe only. This essay does not substitute the stultifying regional perspective for a globalist -
The Great Impact of Lenin's Return to Russia in April 1917
Research Article A Revolution without Lenin? The Great Impact of Lenin’s Return to Russia in April 1917 Will Chamberlain University of Essex Abstract Much has been written on the significance of Lenin as a party leader, revolutionary, and later statesman, with much of this research primarily focusing on his words, actions, and impact. Little work, in comparison, has considered what may have happened if Lenin did not, or was not able to, return to Russia in April 1917. The consideration of what may have happened without Lenin not only further develops an analysis of his importance, but also allows an examination of other key figures who may have stepped forward in his absence, as well as the significance of events that would likely have occurred regardless of his presence. This work makes use of a variety of studies that have focused on Lenin himself, the Bolshevik party, and the revolution as a whole, as well as Sean McMeekin’s alternative study of a revolution without Lenin. Through these works an analysis of Lenin’s considerable impact in 1917 is offered, as well as an examination of the likelihood of a democratic soviet government led by the Socialist Revolutionary party and a plausible separate peace had Lenin not returned to Russia. Keywords: Lenin, Revolution, Russia, 1900s 1 This article is CC BY Will Chamberlain Essex Student Journal, 2017, Vol 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5526/esj22 A Revolution without Lenin? The Great Impact of Lenin’s Return to Russia in April 1917 Article Lenin, along with a number of other political dissidents, was residing in Switzerland when news broke of the fall of the Tsar. -
Chinese Communist Law: Its Background and Development
Michigan Law Review Volume 60 Issue 4 1962 Chinese Communist Law: Its Background and Development Luke T. Lee Research Fellow in Chinese Law at Harvard University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Philosophy Commons, Legal Education Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons Recommended Citation Luke T. Lee, Chinese Communist Law: Its Background and Development, 60 MICH. L. REV. 439 (1962). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol60/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHINESE COMMUNIST LAW: ITS BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENTt Luke T. Lee* I. INTRODUCTION T is perhaps axiomatic to state that law is more than an instru I ment for the settlement of disputes and punishment of wrong doers; it is, more importantly, a reflection of the way of life and the philosophy of the people that live under it. Self-evident though the above may be, it bears repeating here, for there is a much greater need for understanding Chinese law now than ever before. China's growing ideological, political, economic, and military impact on the rest of the world would alone serve as a powerful motivation for the study of its law. Certainly, we could not even begin to understand China's foreign policies, its future role in international organizations, its treatment of foreign rights and interests in China, and, above all, the acceptability of the Com munist regime to the Chinese people, without some knowledge of its legal system and its concepts of justice and law, both domestic and international. -
Women and Communist China Under Mao Zedong: Seeds of Gender Equality Michael Wielink
WOMEN AND COMMUNIST CHINA UNDER MAO ZEDONG: SEEDS OF GENDER EQUALITY MICHAEL WIELINK The mid twentieth century was a tumultuous and transformative period in the history of China. Following over two decades of civil and international war, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party seized control and established the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong’s famed political slogan “Women Hold Up Half The Sky”1 was powerful rhetoric, with the apparent emphasis on gender equality and inferred concepts of equality and sameness. Women did not achieve equality with men, nor did they attain egalitarian self- determination or social autonomy. Mao envisaged “women’s equality” as a dynamic force with an indelible power to help build a Chinese Communist State. An in-depth investigation into the social, cultural, and economic roles of women, both rural and urban, illustrates how women inextricably worked within Mao’s Communist nation-building efforts to slowly erode gender inequalities. While full gender equality never came to fruition, this era allowed women to experience a broad range of experiences, which ultimately contained the seeds of change toward breaking down gender stratification. Viewed through this lens, a window of understanding opens up about gender dynamics in Mao’s China and how the first cracks in gender inequality appeared in China. Perhaps the best starting point is to understand the social status of women in China prior to the Communist Revolution. Chinese women, not unlike women in most cultures, have historically suffered as a result of their comparatively low status. The Confucian philosophy (551-479 B.C.E) of “filial piety” produced a deep rooted and systematic gender inequality for women in China. -
The Thirst for Power
“Thirst for Power” A short chapter written for a book. January 3, 1937. by Leon Trotsky Basic Translation by A.L. Preston (1970). Corrected in accord with the Russian original published in the book Prestupleniia Stalina. Basic translation copyright © 1978 by Pathfinder Press, New York. Introduction and footnotes copyright © 2002 by Tim Davenport. 1 2 Introduction This pamphlet, “Thirst for Power,” was originally one of 26 small com- ponent chapters of one of Leon Trotsky’s most interesting books, Prestupleniia Stalina [The Crimes of Stalin]. This little-known work was written on board the ship which carried Trotsky and his wife from de facto house arrest in Norway to political asylum in Mexico late in December of 1936. Along with commentary about his troubled personal situation, Trotsky’s book addressed various aspects of the first of the “Great Purge Tr ials” held in Moscow that August and marked a first formal response to the charges against him emerging from that proceeding.1 Although grand plans were announced in Biulleten’ oppozitsii, the central journal of the Trotskyists, for Prestupleniia Stalina to appear “in a short time. .in all the European languages,” the rapid pace of events in the USSR and the strategic decision of Trotsky to organize a “counter- trial” seems to have rendered this project impractical. Only two versions of the book saw print in Trotsky’s lifetime: a French edition which appeared in Paris in 1937 and a Spanish edition released in Santiago, Chile in 1938. While an Italian edition was released in 1966, it was not until the 1970 first edition of Writings of Leon Trotsky that the material was finally trans- lated into English, the language of the largest national segment of the Trotskyist movement. -
The Communist Propagandistic Model: Towards a Cultural Genealogy Cioflâncă, Adrian
www.ssoar.info The communist propagandistic model: towards a cultural genealogy Cioflâncă, Adrian Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Cioflâncă, A. (2010). The communist propagandistic model: towards a cultural genealogy. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 10(3), 447-482. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-446622 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de The Communist Propagandistic Model 447 The Communist Propagandistic Model Towards A Cultural Genealogy∗ ADRIAN CIOFLÂNCĂ The communist state is often labeled by scholars a ”propaganda-state”1. The explanation for this stays with the prevailing role of mass communication and indoctrination, which constantly defined the relation between the regime and the society at large. The communist regime granted propaganda a central position, thus turning it into a valuable mean to achieve radical ends: the total transformation of the society and the creation of a ”new man”. Consequently, massive, baroque, arborescent propaganda outfits were institutionally developed. Furthermore, the verbalization of ideology became a free-standing profession for millions of people all over Eastern Europe2. In other words, the communist political culture turned the propaganda effort consubstantial with the act of governing, with the results of the latest being often judged from the standpoint of the propagandistic performances. -
Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization Due to the Communist Regime’S Legacy
Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume 2 Issue 1 Article 2 11-25-2014 Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy Klevisa Kovaci Fairfield University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc Recommended Citation Kovaci, Klevisa (2014) "Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy," Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/vol2/iss1/2 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy Cover Page Footnote The author gives a special acknowledgement to Dr. Terry-Ann Jones and Dr. David McFadden of Fairfield University, and to Ms. Elena Shomos for their insights. This article is available in Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/ vol2/iss1/2 Kovaci: Democracy in Albania II. -
A Companion to Andrei Platonov's the Foundation
A Companion to Andrei Platonov’s The Foundation Pit Studies in Russian and Slavic Literatures, Cultures and History Series Editor: Lazar Fleishman A Companion to Andrei Platonov’s The Foundation Pit Thomas Seifrid University of Southern California Boston 2009 Copyright © 2009 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-934843-57-4 Book design by Ivan Grave Published by Academic Studies Press in 2009 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com iv Effective December 12th, 2017, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law. The open access publication of this volume is made possible by: This open access publication is part of a project supported by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book initiative, which includes the open access release of several Academic Studies Press volumes. To view more titles available as free ebooks and to learn more about this project, please visit borderlinesfoundation.org/open. Published by Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE Platonov’s Life . 1 CHAPTER TWO Intellectual Influences on Platonov . 33 CHAPTER THREE The Literary Context of The Foundation Pit . 59 CHAPTER FOUR The Political Context of The Foundation Pit . 81 CHAPTER FIVE The Foundation Pit Itself . -
Zinoviev (Biography + Primary Sources)
Gregory Zinoviev was born in Yelizavetgrad, Ukraine, Russia on 23rd September, 1883. The son of a Jewish diary farmers, Zinoviev received no formal schooling and was educated at home. At the age of fourteen he found work as a clerk. Zinoviev joined the Social Democratic Party in 1901. He became involved in trade union activities and as a result of police persecution he left Russia and went to live in Berlin before moving on to Paris. In 1903 Zinoviev met Vladimir Lenin and George Plekhanov in Switzerland. At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Jules Martov, two of the party's main leaders. Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with alarge fringe of non-party sympathisers and supporters. Martov disagreed believing it was better to have a large party of activists. Martov won the vote 28-23 but Lenin was unwilling to accept the result and formed a faction known as the Bolsheviks. Those who remained loyal to Martov became known as Mensheviks. Leon Trotsky, who got to know him during this period compared him to Lev Kamenev: "Zinoviev and Kamenev are two profoundly different types. Zinoviev is an agitator. Kamenev a propagandist. Zinoviev was guided in the main by a subtle political instinct. Kamenev was given to reasoning and analyzing. Zinoviev was always inclined to fly off at a tangent. Kamenev, on the contrary, erred on the side of excessive caution. Zinoviev was entirely absorbed by politics, cultivating no other interests and appetites.