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La Traduzione Giornalistica: Il Problema Della Manipolazione Nelle Traduzioni Del Sito Russo Inosmi

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La Traduzione Giornalistica: Il Problema Della Manipolazione Nelle Traduzioni Del Sito Russo Inosmi Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna SCUOLA DI LINGUE E LETTERATURE, TRADUZIONE E INTERPRETAZIONE Sede di Forlì Corso di Laurea magistrale in Traduzione specializzata (classe LM - 94) TESI DI LAUREA in Traduzione editoriale dal russo in italiano La traduzione giornalistica: il problema della manipolazione nelle traduzioni del sito russo Inosmi CANDIDATO: RELATORE: Martina Saggioro Francesca Biagini CORRELATORE: John Patrick Leech Anno Accademico 2016/2017 Terzo Appello Indice Introduzione…………………………………………………………………………………….1 1. Il linguaggio giornalistico…………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Definizione di linguaggio giornalistico……..………………………. …………….5 1.2 Le fonti dell’informazione: le notizie.………………………………… ………….10 1.2.1 Da dove arrivano le notizie: le agenzie di stampa……………….... ...............11 1.3 Giornalismo e deontologia professionale………………………………………….14 1.4 Lo stile del linguaggio giornalistico……………………………………… ………17 1.4.1 Principali caratteristiche dello stile giornalistico…………………………….20 1.5 Struttura dell’articolo………………………………………….…………………..22 1.6 La traduzione in ambito giornalistico…………………………………………......25 2. La lingua del giornalismo in inglese e in russo.………………………………………...32 2.1 Lo stile giornalistico inglese………………………………….………….…..........33 2.1.1 Gli headlines…………………………………………………...…......................33 2.1.2 Il lead……………………………………………………………………………34 2.1.3 Story proper: il corpo dell’articolo……………………………………………...36 2.1.4 Mezzi linguistici per esprimere una valutazione personale………….………….42 2.2 Lo stile giornalistico russo….……………………………..……………...…….....44 2.2.1 Publicističeskij е gazetnij stil’ a confronto……………………….……………..44 2.2.2 Principali caratteristiche lessicali e sintattiche……………………….……...46 2.2.3 Mezzi linguistici per esprimere una valutazione personale……………….…….53 2.2.4 Composizione dell’articolo: titolo, lead, svolgimento………………………..56 3. La situazione dei media nella Russia contemporanea………..……..………….…….59 3.1 La stampa nell’Unione Sovietica in breve…....…………………………....….....61 3.2 Le riforme degli anni Novanta e l’avvio del processo di privatizzazione....….....65 3.3 La classificazione della censura secondo Richter……………………….....…....70 3.4 L’avvento di Internet e del giornalismo online…...…………..………….....…...73 3.4.1 La diffusione di Internet in Russia..…………………………......…................75 3.4.2 I tentativi di controllo da parte del governo……………………..…….….…..79 3.4.3 Estremismo e terrorismo………………………………………………….…..80 3.4.4 Il ruolo del Roskomnadzor………………………………………….…...82 3.5 Introduzione a Inosmi……………………………………………………….…..84 3.5.1 Studi precedenti su Inosmi………………………………………........87 4. Le sanzioni occidentali nelle traduzioni di Inosmi: un caso di manipolazione?....90 4.1 Definizione della metodologia di analisi……………………………….……....91 4.2 Le sanzioni economiche contro la Russia……………………………………...94 4.2.1 Le sanzioni nella stampa russa e occidentale…………………………….96 4.3 La selezione delle fonti………………………………………………...……..100 4.4 Esempi di manipolazione nelle traduzioni di Inosmi……………………...….105 4.4.1 La traduzione dei titoli……………………………………………………..107 4.4.2 Frame economico: la crisi in Russia…………………………………….…111 4.4.3 Frame militare: la situazione in Ucraina…………………………..............114 4.4.4 Frame politico: il ruolo dell’Occidente…………………………..........117 Conclusioni…………………………………………………………………….…121 Bibliografia………………………………………………………………...….….124 Appendice…………………………………………………………….…………..135 Summary...………………………………………..………….………….………..340 Резюме……………………………………………………………………….…...342 Introduzione Oggetto di studio della presente ricerca è il portale di informazione online Inosmi.ru, che si occupa di tradurre in russo e pubblicare quotidianamente articoli selezionati dalla stampa estera. Il progetto è nato per avvicinare al mondo del giornalismo internazionale un ampio numero di lettori, compresi quelli che non hanno una padronanza delle lingue straniere sufficiente da consentire loro la lettura di quotidiani e riviste in originale. In questo modo, il sito in questione diventa un importante mediatore tra realtà spesso lontane, e in quanto tale ha anche la responsabilità di restituire un’immagine veritiera e rappresentativa della stampa straniera. Fine ultimo dello studio che segue, articolato in quattro capitoli, è appunto quello di decretare se la redazione assolve con successo a questo compito, o se al contrario le traduzioni pubblicate presentano differenze siginificative rispetto agli articoli occidentali, che si possono spiegare solo in un contesto di manipolazione del contenuto durante il processo traduttivo. Una risposta è stata ricercata nei testi stessi: quaranta traduzioni russe di articoli inglesi (sia britannici che americani) sono state analizzate e messe a confronto con i rispettivi testi di partenza. Tuttavia l’analisi linguistica costituisce il momento finale di una ricerca più ampia, che ha voluto innanzitutto dare una definizione del fenomeno studiato, ovvero il linguaggio giornalistico. Il primo capitolo è dedicato ad approfondire le principali caratteristiche di questa particolare forma di comunicazione indiretta. Attingendo, tra gli altri, agli studi di Beccaria (1973), Faustini (1995), Lepri (2005), ma anche Van Dijk (1988) e Švejcer (2009), sono stati introdotti gli elementi distintivi dello stile giornalistico. È quindi emerso che la lingua della stampa aderisce a una serie di convenzioni linguistiche e formali, che incidono sul lessico, sulla sintassi, ma anche sulla struttura stessa dell’articolo. Poiché il giornalismo è prima di tutto trasmissione di una conoscenza, di un’idea o di un avvenimento, i paragrafi 1.2 e 1.2.1 sono dedicati allo studio del concetto di notizia. Si è visto che il giornalismo non fornisce la conoscenza di tutta la realtà, ma solo di quegli avvenimenti 1 ritenuti meritevoli di andare in stampa poiché rispondenti a una serie di criteri chiamati “valori-notizia”. A questo proposito viene inoltre introdotto il concetto di “manipolazione” in riferimento all’attività giornalistica. Il momento manipolativo interessa non solo la prima fase di selezione del materiale, ma anche lo stadio successivo di scrittura dell’articolo. Si tratta tuttavia di un fenomeno che può essere arginato e tenuto sotto controllo, tramite l’adesione da parte dei professionisti dell’informazione a un codice etico e a una deontologia professionale, che vengono illustrate al paragrafo 1.3. Il primo capitolo si conclude con la presentazione di alcuni degli studi più significativi condotti nell’ambito del Journalistic Translation Research (JTR). Nonostante la traduzione sia da sempre parte integrante dell’attività giornalistica, solo recentemente si è sviluppato un interesse per lo studio di questa pratica da un punto di vista teorico. Un ruolo cruciale in questo senso ha avuto il lavoro di Bielsa e Bassnett (2009), che ha sottolineato come, in questo particolare ambito, siano molto spesso le aspettative del lettore ipotetico della cultura di arrivo a influenzare le scelte traduttive. La perdita di centralità del testo di partenza ha portato Schaffner (2012) a ipotizzare un collegamento con le teorie cosiddette funzionaliste, che vengono brevemente illustrate al paragrafo 1.6. Visto che la traduzione giornalistica deve prima di tutto rispettare le convenzioni stilistiche della lingua di arrivo, il secondo capitolo è indirizzato all’approfondimento della scrittura giornalistica inglese e russa, al fine di evidenziarne eventuali caratteristiche comuni e soprattutto le maggiori differenze sul piano del lessico, della sintassi e della strutturazione dell’articolo. Grazie a questo confronto, emerge un quadro più chiaro e completo degli adattamenti che si rendono necessari durante il processo traduttivo intrapreso dalla redazione di Inosmi. Nei paragrafi 2.1.4 e 2.2.3 si analizzano i mezzi linguistici che permettono di ricavare l’atteggiamento dell’autore nei confronti dei fatti narrati. La scelta della diatesi attiva o passiva, l’ordine dei costituenti, l’utilizzo di figure retoriche quali l’eufemismo o ancora il ricorso a forme modali, tutti questi strumenti sono rivelatori della particolare posizione 2 ideologica del giornalista. Sarà pertanto particolarmente interessante osservare la loro resa durante il momento dell’analisi linguistica dei testi. Il terzo capitolo sposta invece il campo d’indagine dall’ambito linguistico a quello storico e sociale. Per comprendere al meglio le scelte di Inosmi, è necessario contestualizzarle facendo riferimento all’ambiente lavorativo in cui operano i suoi traduttori. Il sistema mediatico odierno è il risultato di una serie di sconvolgimenti sociali e politici che hanno interessato il Paese a partire dal crollo dell’Unione Sovietica. In realtà, una progressiva liberazione della stampa dal giogo della censura ha avuto inizio fin dalla perestrojka, quando per la prima volta è stato riconosciuto al giornalista un ruolo che non fosse unicamente quello di portavoce dell’ideologia del partito. Oggi, malgrado l’introduzione di importanti leggi sulla regolamentazione dei mezzi d’informazione di massa, la situazione lavorativa in molte redazioni rimane critica. Alla luce dello studio condotto da Richter (2007) sulle diverse classificazioni della censura, è emerso che il governo continua a esercitare forme di controllo più o meno invadenti. L’avvento di Internet è stato salutato con particolare entusiasmo in Russia soprattutto da chi intravedeva nella sua diffusione la possibilità di sviluppo di uno spazio democratico, che potesse sfuggire all’eterna sorveglianza dell’apparato statale. In realtà queste speranze
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