Secular Democratic Fear
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1 During the Opening Months of 2011, the World Witnessed a Series Of
FREEDOM HOUSE Freedom on the Net 2012 1 EGYPT 2011 2012 Partly Partly POPULATION: 82 million INTERNET FREEDOM STATUS Free Free INTERNET PENETRATION 2011: 36 percent Obstacles to Access (0-25) 12 14 WEB 2.0 APPLICATIONS BLOCKED: Yes NOTABLE POLITICAL CENSORSHIP: No Limits on Content (0-35) 14 12 BLOGGERS/ ICT USERS ARRESTED: Yes Violations of User Rights (0-40) 28 33 PRESS FREEDOM STATUS: Partly Free Total (0-100) 54 59 * 0=most free, 100=least free NTRODUCTION I During the opening months of 2011, the world witnessed a series of demonstrations that soon toppled Hosni Mubarak’s 30-year presidency. The Egyptian revolution received widespread media coverage during the Arab Spring not only because of Egypt’s position as a main political hub in the Middle East and North Africa, but also because activists were using different forms of media to communicate the events of the movement to the world. While the Egyptian government employed numerous tactics to suppress the uprising’s roots online—including by shutting down internet connectivity, cutting off mobile communications, imprisoning dissenters, blocking media websites, confiscating newspapers, and disrupting satellite signals in a desperate measure to limit media coverage—online dissidents were able to evade government pressure and spread their cause through social- networking websites. This led many to label the Egyptian revolution the Facebook or Twitter Revolution. Since the introduction of the internet in 1993, the Egyptian government has invested in internet infrastructure as part of its strategy to boost the economy and create job opportunities. The Telecommunication Act was passed in 2003 to liberalize the private sector while keeping government supervision and control over information and communication technologies (ICTs) in place. -
Master Thesis the Revolutionary Subject in the Egyptian Revolution
Master thesis The revolutionary subject in the Egyptian revolution Global studies Student: Rawan Hamid (51929) Supervisor: Sune Haugbølle Key strokes: 191.660 Date: 03/01/2019 Roskilde University 1 . Abstract Formålet med dette speciale er at undersøge det revolutionære subjekt, der har eksisteret under de Egyptiske opstande. Igennem undersøgelsen identificeres de diskurser der har hersket blandt de væsentligste revolutionære grupperinger, der deltog under opstandene. Disse undersøgelser eksekveres for at etablere typologier, der kan skabe en dybere forståelse af den pludselige masse mobilisering og dens drivkræfter. Dette studie har taget udgangspunkt i teoretiske koncepter omkring politiske forestillinger og ideologier, der er med til at analysere det revolutionære subjekts selvopfattelse. Udefra analysen kan der konkluderes, at udviklingen fra en ’’revolution’’ til en ’’modrevolution’’ kan forklares på baggrund af en indviklet politisk scene, ideologier og differentierede værdier blandt den Egyptiske befolkning. Analysen indikerer, at denne udvikling først og fremmest skyldes at de revolutionæres indre konflikt af modsigende værdier er præget af religion på den ene side og liberalisme på den anden side, samt den fase af usikkerhed, der har præget den politiske scene i Egypten efter Hosni Mubaraks fald. Dette har fået det revolutionære subjekt til at søge imod en stabilitet og religiøse værdier for at kreere en mening i en meningsløs og usikker tilværelse. 2 . TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ -
Cyber Dissidents: the Potentials and Limitations of Using Social Media for Political Activism
American University Cyber Dissidents: The Potentials and Limitations of Using Social Media for Political Activism Dr. Loubna Skalli-Hanna Senior Honors Capstone University Honors in International Studies By Jacqueline Baumgartner Washington, D.C. Spring 2013 Baumgartner 2 Abstract The phenomenon of the “cyber dissident” is a relatively new concept brought about through the modern age of technology. The Arab Spring in 2011 brought this concept to the forefront and social media began to be seen as a tool for protest and even mobilization against oppressive state power. This article examines how citizens use social media such as Twitter and Facebook to dissent against their authoritarian regimes. It will also examine how these governments use censorship to counter online political activism. Ai Weiwei in China and Ahmed Maher in Egypt provide two case studies that demonstrate the complex power relations between cyber dissidents and their respective governments. How did Ahmed Maher during the April 6th Movement and Ai Weiwei in the wake of the Sichuan earthquake controversy in 2008 use social media to challenge the regimes in Egypt and China? Keywords: cyber dissidents, social media, censorship, political movements, collective action I. Introduction In 2008, both the Chinese and Egyptian government drew intense scrutiny from activists as events in their countries led to public outcry. On May 12, 2008, China experienced a horrible earthquake in the Sichuan province that left thousands of people dead. The Chinese government tried to cover up the details of the casualties, especially the death toll of the children who died in poorly constructed schools. This angered many Chinese citizens and spurred them into action launching a Citizens Investigation soon after. -
No to Military Contracts with the Egyptian Dictatorship!
www.laboursolidarity.org No to military contracts with the Egyptian dictatorship! The Egyptian people had given a lesson to the world with their peaceful revolution of Tahrir Square which had overthrown the dictator Hosni Mubarak in 2011. Unsatisfied with his reforms, it had also overthrown President Mohamed Morsi in 2013… Today, we are back to dictatorship, with Marshal Abdel Fattah al Sissi, who ensured his own international impunity by choosing to ally with the United States of Donald Trump, but also by buying military equipment from France. The International Labour Network of Solidarity and Struggles remembers the campaign against the presence of the telephone company Orange in Israel. This campaign was successful in 2015 thanks to the BDS campaign in Egypt and the natural and massive solidarity of the Egyptian people with the Palestinian people. Today, such a campaign would no longer be possible. After nearly closing the Gaza-Egypt crossing, Sissi threw several BDS Egypt leaders, Ramy Shaath and Mohamed El-Massry, into prison, a strong message of submission to the new world order of Trump and Netanyahu. Back to a military, autocratic and corrupt power. Back to censorship of public expression. Back to arrests, expulsions and political assassinations. Any opposition is punished. Heroes and heroines of the 2011 revolution are in prison: Alaa Abdel Fattah, Mahienour El-Massry, Israa Abdel Fattah, Hossam el-Sayed, Solafa Magdy, Mohamed Salah, Zyad El-Elaimy. Thousands of supporters of Mohamed Morsi have been hunted down, imprisoned or murdered, including the former president and his son. Even today, Sissi tracks all opposition, whether it comes from independent journalists, like Lina Attalah, the editor-in-chief of Mada Masr, or even from musicians like Galal El-Behairy or from filmmakers like Shady Habash, because they participated in the clip of a song that made fun of him. -
Background Paper
SAHWA BP/07-2014 Background Paper POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS OF EGYPT AND ITS YOUTH GROUPS Bahgat Korany, American University in Cairo Forum October 2014 SAHWA Background Paper 07-2014, Bahgat Korany Introduction As I understand the objective of a background paper, it is primarily to help guide data- collection and research in the case at hand. Focusing specifically on the topic assigned to the AUC Forum, Political Participation and International Cooperation, I suggest to zoom in directly on the issues at hand. These issues concern data-collection (either through surveys and/or interviews) and especially data-analysis, including the crucial aspects of the policy- making process and its dynamics. At heart of political participation and international cooperation is Public Policy Analysis (PPA) which is -par excellence- problem-oriented, in our case focusing on youth aspects. Other aspects will be treated in as far as they are related to this primary focus. This paper is divided into four parts and includes four annexes. The first part makes explicit the focus on youth. The second part assesses briefly the public policy literature and presents he framework used in the paper. The third part- the largest- deals with youth groups and youth policy-making in Egypt. The last part four concludes with what is going at the very moment concerning youth policy-making. Since this is really a process very much in the making, it is suggested that interviews should be conducted with principal actors: government, other institutions and youth groups. The four annexes are part and parcel of the paper. -
To Political Detainees
0 / 123 Detainees’ Registry Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International 38 April 2021 41 7-2 1 / 123 45 7-3 45 7-4 Note The Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF) issues the "Detainees Register" as a contribution to record its solidarity with them and their families and to provide information about their situation available to those interested in the issue of political detainees in Egypt, hoping to serve as a witness and a reference that sheds some light on their situation in the darkness of their cells and bring some warmth into the hearts of their families, until a day comes when the desired justice brings them together. 2 / 123 3 / 123 / 3 121 120 (10-4) 118 (9-4) 113 (8-4) 106 (7-4) 98 (6-4) 92 (5-4) 82 (4-4) 68 (3-4) 51 (2-4) 43 (1-4) 11 10 8 6 4 ﻗﺎﺋـــﻤﺔ اﺤﺘﻮﻳـــﺎت Table of contents of Table 1 To political Detainees: 1 إﱃ اﻌﺘﻘﻠﲔ Dedicationاﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ: إﻫﺪاء companions إﱃ To theاﻟﺰﻣﺎﻳﻞ out of hardships ﻧﺒﺖ Grownاﳍﻮاﻳﻞ The unfortunate just ones اﻟﻌﺎدﻟﲔ واﻟﺒﺨﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ Who are driven by love And nothing lessﺑﺎﳊﺐ ﻏﻴﺔ omen for the cause ﻣﺶ goodأي ﻧﻴﺔOur ”justice, Egypt free for you and me ﺑﴩﺗﻮا ﻓﻴﻨﺎ ,is “bread ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔAnd the cause "with action واﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ beautiful "ﻋﻴﺶ، more ﻋﺪاﻟﺔ، ﻣﴫ,Egypt ﺣﺮة ﻟﻴﻚ وﻟﻴﺎ the companions ﻣﴫ forgot أﺣﲆ Egypt, yeﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﻳﻞ ,squeezed in prison ﻣﴫ ﻳﺎ heart ﻧﺎﺳﻴﺔ For everyاﻟﺰﻣﺎﻳﻞ ,the oppression of prison ﻛﻞ by ﻗﻠﺐ squeezed ﺑﻴﻌﴫوه are ﰲ hearts اﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻋﴫA thousand A thousand hearts, a thousand persons, ﻓﻴﻪ ,prison وراه outside 100 ﻗﻠﺐ prisonﺗﺎﱐ In aﺑﻴﻌﴫوه ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻗﻬﺮ and friends أﻟﻒ families ﻗﻠﺐ ,lovers وأﻟﻒ Forﺣﺪ and the homeland ،ﺑﺮة ﺳﻮر innocence اﻟﺴﺠﻦ ,comradesﺳﺠﻦ For of the، free by prison ﻟﻠﺤﺒﺎﻳﺐ deprived واﻟﻘﺮاﻳﺐ For eachواﻟﺼﺤﺎب during a visit ﻟﻠﺮﻓﺎﻗﺔ the letter واﻟﱪاءة Forوﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ bitternessﻟﻜﻞ of ﻣﻦ full ﺧﺪ hug ﻣﻨﻪFor aﺳﺠﻦ ﺑﻼدﻧﺎ ﺣﺮ time more bitter ﻟﻠﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ every ﰲ Andاﻟﺰﻳﺎرة Proudly, for each of us ﳊﻀﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎن ﺑﺎ¦ﺮارة Those in prison for the love of Egypt of the companions وﻛﻞ careﻣﺮة ا¦ﺮ Takeﻣﺮ every woman ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ...man اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ Everyﻓﺨﺮ who are still aliveﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﻮﻧﲔ Allﻷﺟﻠﻚ ﻳﺎﻣﴫ by death وﺧﲇ surrounded ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ع Despiteاﻟﺰﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ. -
Ihvan-I Müslimin Hareketi Ve Mısır Siyasetine Etkisi (1928 – 2015)
T.C. SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ İHVAN-I MÜSL İMİN HAREKET İ VE MISIR S İYASET İNE ETK İSİ (1928 – 2015) DOKTORA TEZ İ Özcan KAYALI Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Tez Danı şmanı: Doç. Dr. Zeynel Abidin KILINÇ NİSAN – 2016 ÖNSÖZ Tarihi derinliği ile güçlü medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yapan Mısır, Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasıyla daha da önem kazanarak Batılı devletlerin hedefi hâline gelmiştir. Sömürgeciliğe ve Hilafet’in kaldırılmasına tepki olarak Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı kurulmuştur. ‘Ümmüd Dünya’ olarak tanımlanan Mısır’ın son dönemlerinde Müslüman Kardeşler, önemli bir aktör olarak öne çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın I. Bölüm’ünde, Müslüman Kardeşler Hareketi’nin kurucusu olan Hasan el-Benna ve onun fikri alt yapısını oluşturan İbn -i Teymiyye, Cemaleddin Afgani, Muhammed Abduh ve Reşit Rıza gibi düşünürlerin Hareke t’e olan katkısı incelenmiştir. II. Bölüm’ünde Müslüman Kardeşlerin kuruluşu, örgütsel yapısı ve faaliyetleri üzerinde durulmuştur. III. Bölüm’ünde, Arap Baharı süreci ve Müslüman Kardeşlerin bu süreçte oynadığı rol , ayrıntıları ile ifade edilmiştir . IV. Bölüm’ünde ise , Muhammed Mursi’nin Cumhurbaşkanlığı süreci incelenmiş; Abdulfettah Sisi yönetimindeki Mısır ordusunun Hareket’e müdahalesi ve Teşkilat’ın son durumu analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma alanının belirlenmesinden tezin oluşumuna kadar geçen sürecin her aşamasında yol gösteren ve desteğini esirgemeyen tez danışmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Zeynel Abidin Kılınç’a çok teşekkür ederim. Bununla beraber yazım sürecinde fikirleriyle destek olan ve beni yönlendiren Sayın Doç. Dr. İrfan Haşlak ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıldırım Turan hocalarıma teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Özcan KAYALI 27.04.2016 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ……………………………………………………………………… iv TABLO LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………………v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………………. -
Social Media and Democratic Revolution; the Impact of New Forms of Communication Democracy
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2014 Social Media and Democratic Revolution; The Impact of New Forms of Communication Democracy Christina Ruby CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/308 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Social Media and Democratic Revolution: The Impact of New Forms of Communication Democracy By: Christina Ruby Graduation Fall, 2014 Advisor: Professor Braveboy-Wagner Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Table of Contents Ch. 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………….Page 1 Ch. 2: Research Design…………………………………………………………………………..Page 6 Ch. 3: Historical Background: How Revolutions Make Use of Technology….Page 15 Ch. 4: Case Study of the Tunisian Revolution…………………………………………Page 29 Ch. 5: Case Study of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution………………………………..Page 46 Ch. 6: Case Study: How Social Media is Opening the Door to Democratic Changes in China…………………………………………………………………………Page 66 Ch. 7: Conclusion………………………………………………………………...Page 79 2 Abstract Communication has been critical for the success of revolutions throughout history. My intent in this thesis is to support the contention that new media technology has become a vital communication tool for today’s democratic revolutions. I begin my research by studying communications tools and their roles in revolutions throughout history. I then conduct three case studies, examining two nations that played a crucial role in the so-called “Arab Spring” democratic revolutions of 2011, Tunisia where the rebellions began and Egypt, one of the central countries in the Middle East/North Africa. -
For Human Rights Information (ANHRI) "Lawyers for Democracy” Initiative
The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) "Lawyers for Democracy” Initiative The Democratic Path in Egypt during the Second Quarter of 2020 Before we begin: The Democratic Path is a report that is launched by the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) every three months, i.e. quarterly, as part of the “Lawyers for Democracy” initiative which was launched in 2014 to monitor the democratic process in Egypt. In addition to the reports periodically issued to monitor the state of democracy, ANHRI issued annual periodic reports to monitor the democratic path from 2014 till 2019. You can be accessed them through the “Reports and Studies” section on ANHRI’s website by clicking on the following link: https://www.anhri.info/?cat=14&lang=en Introduction The 2nd Quarter 2020 Democratic Path report covers a number of manifold issues and incidents, including the first death anniversary of Egypt's former President Mohamed Morsi, who died in court while standing trial in the case publicly known as "spying for Hamas'. The report also tackles the Supreme Judicial Council's decision to suspend court proceedings and the transfer of defendants from their jail to the courthouse or the competent prosecutions due to the spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a move that has led to the postponement of all cases considered before the judiciary in the country. The coronavirus outbreak didn’t prevent the authorities from proceeding with their crackdown on activists, human rights defenders and opinion holders. During the last month of the second quarter of the year, journalists Mohamed Monir and Awni Nafea were arrested and taken to the Supreme State Security Prosecution for investigation, after they posted comments on their Facebook pages criticizing the Egyptian government in dealing with the coronavirus crisis. -
Social Media- a New Virtual Civil Society in Egypt? Abdulaziz Sharbatly
Social Media- a new Virtual Civil Society in Egypt? Abdulaziz Sharbatly This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. • Social Media - a new virtual civil society in Egypt? UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE 1 Social Media: a new virtual civil society in Egypt? by Abdulaziz Sharbatly A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Research Institute for Media, Arts & Performance Journalism & Communications Department 2 AbstractAbstractAbstract This project seeks to trace the power of social media in serving as a virtual civil society in the Arab world, focusing on Egypt as a case study. This study aims to explore the role of social media in mobilising Egyptian activists across generations, and particularly in reaching out to people under the age of 35 who constitute around 50 per cent of the population. Studies preceding the 2011 uprising reported that young Egyptians were politically apathetic and were perceived as incapable of bringing about genuine political changes. Drawing on a range of methods and data collected from focus groups of young people under the age of 35, interviews with activists (across generations and gender), and via a descriptive web feature analysis, it is argued that online action has not been translated into offline activism. The role of trust in forming online networks is demonstrated, and how strong ties can play a pivotal role in spreading messages via social media sites. Activists relied on social media as a medium of visibility; for those who were not active in the political sphere, social media have been instrumental in raising their awareness about diverse political movements and educating them about the political process, after decades of political apathy under Mubarak’s regime. -
Cyber- Activism and the Egyptian Revolution (2011)
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 9, September 2016 96 ISSN 2250-3153 Cyber- activism and the Egyptian Revolution (2011) Neipechaii Mepfhuo Abstract- In this new era of digital revolution, the Information popular social media sites are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are transforming many YouTube, Pinterest, Flickr, Tumblr etc. Social media is aspects of modern society. The power of ICTs as a means of characterized by three important factors namely, anonymity, passing information to heterogeneous audiences makes it a many-to- many communication and cheap cost of veritable tool in mass mobilization. Owing due to these ICTs a communication. In comparison to the other modes of new form of activism has emerged known as cyber- activism. communication like television, radio or even print media, social The Egyptian Revolution can be perhaps regarded as the best media possesses an important advantage; it increases the flow of example of this new interaction between civil society movements information. Sharing of information on social media is faster as and the new media. Through social media the Egyptian activists information does not usually go through the filtering process like were able to carve out a virtual public sphere where they could most of the other modes of communication. These factors have create political awareness without the interference of the state helped in creating an alternative platform for the citizens of the security. authoritarian regimes where freedom of speech and expression is greatly limited. Index Terms- Social media, cyber- activism, Kefaya Movement, Egypt’s political system prior the Egyptian Revolution of April 6 Movement, ElBaradei Facebook groups, We Are All 2011 was a hybrid type, it consisted of democratic institutions Khaled Sa’id. -
Reviewing the Role of Facebook in Egyptian Revolution in February 2011
ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print アシエン ヅロナル オホ ソセアル サイネセズ アナド ヒウメニテズ Vol. 1. No. 1. February 2012 REVIEWING THE ROLE OF FACEBOOK IN EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION IN FEBRUARY 2011 Behrouz Mazloumi Far, Maryam Salimi Faculty of Communication Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN. [email protected] , [email protected] ABSTRACT The Main purpose of this study is to review the role of social media, Facebook in particular, in the Egyptian revolution in February. The main questions include: Has the development of social media, such as Facebook, been effective in the success of this revolution? Can this development lead to other changes or revolutions? Is it true that information technology had an effective role in this revolution? Reuters calls it "Revolution caused by Facebook" and Alec Ross, Hillary Clinton's chief advisor, calls Internet "the 21 st Century Che Guevara", to what extent, are these statements true? Adopting the library-document research method, in response to these questions we must say Facebook and other social media had an effective role in directing the revolution through three roles: calling for protests, managing the gathering and movements of participants, and distributing news and information. The effect was so high that some call it an example of "Internet Revolution" which is great change in culture stemming from social media. Furthermore, considering the rapid development of modern communication tools and their usage in sociopolitical changes, more changes and revolutions are very likely. In fact, the Egyptian Revolution can be called a Facebook Revolution and 21 st Century Che Guevara, because Facebook accelerated its developments.