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Ihvan-I Müslimin Hareketi Ve Mısır Siyasetine Etkisi (1928 – 2015)

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Ihvan-I Müslimin Hareketi Ve Mısır Siyasetine Etkisi (1928 – 2015) T.C. SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ İHVAN-I MÜSL İMİN HAREKET İ VE MISIR S İYASET İNE ETK İSİ (1928 – 2015) DOKTORA TEZ İ Özcan KAYALI Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Tez Danı şmanı: Doç. Dr. Zeynel Abidin KILINÇ NİSAN – 2016 ÖNSÖZ Tarihi derinliği ile güçlü medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yapan Mısır, Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasıyla daha da önem kazanarak Batılı devletlerin hedefi hâline gelmiştir. Sömürgeciliğe ve Hilafet’in kaldırılmasına tepki olarak Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı kurulmuştur. ‘Ümmüd Dünya’ olarak tanımlanan Mısır’ın son dönemlerinde Müslüman Kardeşler, önemli bir aktör olarak öne çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın I. Bölüm’ünde, Müslüman Kardeşler Hareketi’nin kurucusu olan Hasan el-Benna ve onun fikri alt yapısını oluşturan İbn -i Teymiyye, Cemaleddin Afgani, Muhammed Abduh ve Reşit Rıza gibi düşünürlerin Hareke t’e olan katkısı incelenmiştir. II. Bölüm’ünde Müslüman Kardeşlerin kuruluşu, örgütsel yapısı ve faaliyetleri üzerinde durulmuştur. III. Bölüm’ünde, Arap Baharı süreci ve Müslüman Kardeşlerin bu süreçte oynadığı rol , ayrıntıları ile ifade edilmiştir . IV. Bölüm’ünde ise , Muhammed Mursi’nin Cumhurbaşkanlığı süreci incelenmiş; Abdulfettah Sisi yönetimindeki Mısır ordusunun Hareket’e müdahalesi ve Teşkilat’ın son durumu analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma alanının belirlenmesinden tezin oluşumuna kadar geçen sürecin her aşamasında yol gösteren ve desteğini esirgemeyen tez danışmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Zeynel Abidin Kılınç’a çok teşekkür ederim. Bununla beraber yazım sürecinde fikirleriyle destek olan ve beni yönlendiren Sayın Doç. Dr. İrfan Haşlak ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yıldırım Turan hocalarıma teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Özcan KAYALI 27.04.2016 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ……………………………………………………………………… iv TABLO LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………………v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ………………………………………………………………………. vi ÖZET…… .. …… .………………………………………...……………………….. …..vii SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………..viii GİRİŞ…………………….. ..................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE .......................................................................... 12 1. 1 Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu (STK) .................................................................................. 13 1.2 Toplumsal Hareketler ................................................................................................ 16 1.3 Siyasal Hareketler ..................................................................................................... 20 BÖLÜM 2:MÜSLÜMAN KARDEŞLER HAREKETİ’NİN FİKRİ ÖNCÜLERİ …………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 26 2.1. İbn -i Teymiyye (1263-1328) .................................................................................... 27 2.2 Cemaleddin Afganî (1838 -1897) .............................................................................. 34 2.3 Muhammed Abduh (1849-1905) .............................................................................. 39 2.4 Reşit Rıza (1865 -1935) ............................................................................................. 41 2.5 Hasan el-Benna (1906-1949) .................................................................................... 44 BÖLÜM 3: MÜSLÜMAN KARDEŞLER HAREKETİ VE YAPISI ....................... 50 3.1 Müslüman Kardeşler Hareketi Öncesi Mısır ............................................................ 50 3.2 Müslüman Kardeşler Hareketi’nin Kuruluşu ............................................................ 55 3.3 Müslüman Kardeşlerin Sosyal Faaliyetleri ............................................................... 62 3.4 Müslüman Kardeşlerin Siyasallaşması ..................................................................... 64 3.5 Müslüman Kardeşlerin Organizasyon Yapısı ........................................................... 80 3.6 Müslüman Kardeşler ve Müslüman Kardeşlerin Dış Dünyayla İlişkileri ................. 85 3.7 Müslüman Kardeşlerin İdeolojisi .............................................................................. 88 3.8 Müslüman Kardeşler ve Demokrasi .......................................................................... 89 3.9 Cemal Abdün Nasır ve Hür Subaylar Darbesi .......................................................... 95 3.10 Müslüman Kardeşler ve Seyyid Kutup ................................................................. 101 i 3.10.1 Hasan el-Bennâ ile Seyyid Kutup Arasındaki Farklar ................................ 115 3.11 Enver Sedat Dönemi’nde Müslüman Kardeşler (1970 -1981) ............................... 118 3.12 Müslüman Kardeşler ve Hüsnü Mübarek ............................................................. 125 3.12.1 21. Yüzyılda Müslüman Kardeşler ............................................................. 137 3.12.2 Wasat Partisi ve Müslüman Kardeşlerin Vizyonu ...................................... 141 3.12.3 Arap Baharı’na Doğru Müslüman Kardeşler .............................................. 144 BÖLÜM 4: MISIR’DA ARAP BAHARI VE MÜSLÜMA N KARDEŞLERİN ROLÜ ………………………………......………………………………………….……………………….. 161 4.1 Arap Baharı Sürecinde Hüsnü Mübarek Politikaları .............................................. 161 4.2Mısır’da Arap Baharı’nı Tetikleyen Etkenler .......................................................... 162 4.2.1 Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkenler ............................................................................ 162 4.2.2 Sosyo-Politik Etkenler .................................................................................. 165 4.2.3 Süreci Hızlandıran Faktörler ......................................................................... 166 4.3Mısır Devrimi’ne Giden Süreç ................................................................................. 168 4.3.1 Kullanılan Stratejiler ve Aktörler .................................................................. 168 4.3.1.1 Yeni Nesil Muhalefet ve Sosyal Medya ......................................... 168 4.3.1.2 6 Nisan Gençlik Hareketi ............................................................... 172 4.4Müslüman Kardeşlerin Yaklaşımı ve Sürece Etkisi ................................................. 175 4.5 Mısır Ordusunun Tavrı ve Sürece Etkisi ................................................................. 176 4.6 Müslüman Kardeşlerin Siyasi Parti Kurması .......................................................... 188 4.7 Mısır’da Türk Örneği ve Müslüman Kardeşler ....................................................... 203 4.8 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi ....................................................................................... 214 4.9 Müslüman Kardeşlerin Kaybetme Sebepleri .......................................................... 232 4.9.1 Bir Önceki İktidarın Temsilcilerinin Yargılanması ...................................... 233 4.9.2 Ülke Genelinde Güvenliğin Sağlanması ....................................................... 234 4.9.3 Birçok Konuda Tutarsız Olma Durumu ........................................................ 235 4.9.4 Ekonomik Nedenler ...................................................................................... 238 4.9.5 Toplumsal Mutabakatın Sağlanamaması ...................................................... 241 4.10 Abdulfettah Sisi Dönemi’nde Mısır ...................................................................... 245 4.10.1 Abdulfettah Sisi’nin Cumhurbaşkanlığı ..................................................... 248 4.10.2 Sisi Dönemi Mısır Ekonomisi ..................................................................... 255 ii 4.10.3 Sisi Dönemi Müslüman Kardeşler .............................................................. 258 4.10.4 Sisi Yönetimine Uluslararası Bakış ............................................................ 260 KAYNAKÇA …………………..………………………………………………………..………… .......277 iii KISALTMALAR AB : Avrupa Birliği AGİT : Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı AK PARTİ : Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi BM : Birleşmiş Milletler CIA :Merkeziİstihbarat Teşkilatı FJP : Özgürlük ve Adalet Partisi IMF : Uluslararası Para Fonu İİT : İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı LDH : Fransa İnsan Hakları Birliği MC : Milletler Cemiyeti MÜSİAD : Müstakil Sanayici ve İş Adamları Derneği NATO : Kuzey Atlantik Teşkilatı Örgütü OECD : Avrupa Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü SCAF : Yüksek Askeri Konsey SSCB : Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği STK :Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu iv TABLO LİSTESİ Tablo 1 : İlim, Kültür ve Ezberleme Dairesi ................................................................... 72 Tablo 2 : Tekvin Çizelgesi .............................................................................................. 74 v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ Şekil 1 : Müslüman Kardeşlerin Organizasyon Yapısı ................................................... 81 Şekil 2 : 1940 Yılında Müslüman Kardeşlerin Merkez Örgütü ....................................... 82 Şekil 3 : 1940 Yılında Müslüman Kardeşlerin Saha Örgütlenmesi ................................. 83 vi Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tez Özeti Tezin Başlığı: İhvan -ı Müslimin Hareketi ve Mısır Siyasetine Etkisi (1928-2015) Tezi nYazarı:Özcan KAYALI Danışman:Doç. Dr. Zeynel Abidin KILINÇ KabulTarihi: 27.04.2016 SayfaSayısı:vii(ön kısım)+317 (tez) Anabilimdalı:Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilimdalı:Uluslar arası İlişkiler Akdeniz, Afrika ve dünya enerji yataklarının önemli bir kısmının yer aldığı Mezopotamya jeopolitiğine yakınlığı ile birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış Mısır, gerek küresel güçlerin etkisi gerekse de iç siyasi
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