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Interliminal Tongues: Self-Translation in Contemporary Transatlantic INTERLIMINAL TONGUES: SELF-TRANSLATION IN CONTEMPORARY TRANSATLANTIC BILINGUAL POETRY by MICHAEL BRANDON RIGBY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Romance Languages and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Michael Brandon Rigby Title: Interliminal Tongues: Self-translation in Contemporary Transatlantic Bilingual Poetry This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Romance Languages by: Cecilia Enjuto Rangel Chairperson Amalia Gladhart Core Member Pedro García-Caro Core Member Monique Balbuena Institutional Representative and Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2017 ii © 2017 Michael Brandon Rigby iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Michael Brandon Rigby Doctor of Philosophy Department of Romance Languages June 2017 Title: Interliminal Tongues: Self-translation in Contemporary Transatlantic Bilingual Poetry In this dissertation, I argue that self-translators embody a borderline sense of hybridity, both linguistically and culturally, and that the act of translation, along with its innate in-betweenness, is the context in which self-translators negotiate their fragmented identities and cultures. I use the poetry of Urayoán Noel, Juan Gelman, and Yolanda Castaño to demonstrate that they each uniquely use the process of self- translation, in conjunction with a bilingual presentation, to articulate their modern, hybrid identities. In addition, I argue that as a result, the act of self-translation establishes an interliminal space of enunciation that not only reflects an intercultural exchange consistent with hybridity, but fosters further cultural and linguistic interaction. As a manifestation of their hybrid sensibilities, each of these three poets employs the process of self-translation as an extension of their poetic themes, including a critique and parody of postmodern globalization, reappropriation of language to combat forces of oppression and deterritorialization, or a socio-linguistic representation of bilingual life in a stateless nation from the perspective of a minority language. iv Self-translation highlights the interliminality between languages, establishing a “third space” of communication that transcends the incomplete communicative ability of each of the two languages. When presented bilingually, self-translation foregrounds the act of translation; the presence of both languages not only encourages interaction between the two languages, but also draws attention to the act of translation, instead of obscuring it in a layer of transparency. This brings the reader to ponder the act of translation and the relationship between languages, ultimately enabling the reader to more fully appreciate the generative qualities of translation. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Michael Brandon Rigby GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene, OR Weber State University, Ogden, UT DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Romance Languages, 2017, University of Oregon Master of Nonprofit Management, 2014, University of Oregon Master of Arts, Spanish, 2010, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Spanish, 2006, Weber State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Translation Theory Poetry Transatlantic Studies Postcolonial Studies Study Abroad PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Assistant for Iberian Peninsula and Latin America Study-Abroad Programs, Global Education Oregon, September 2016-June 2017 Instructor of Spanish, University of Oregon, September 2008-June 2016 vi Managing Editor of Book Reviews and Associate Editor, Spanish and Portuguese Review , June 2016-June 2017 Resident Director for Querétaro, Mexico Study-abroad program, Oregon University System Study, May 2012-August 2012 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Dissertation Fellow, Oregon Humanities Center, 2015-2016 Summer Translation Award, Oregon Translation Studies Working Group, 2015 Graduate Research Support Fellowship, Oregon Humanities Center, 2014 Research Assistance Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2014 Stickels Summer Research Scholarship, Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, 2013 and 2009 Graduate Student Summer Research Grant, Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies, University of Oregon, 2013 PUBLICATIONS: Rigby, Brandon. “Self-translation and Linguistic Reappropriation: Juan Gelman’s dibaxu .” Self‐translation and Power: Negotiating Identities in Multilingual European Contexts , edited by Olga Castro, Sergi Mainer, and Svetlana Skomorokhova, Palgrave- Macmillan, 2017, forthcoming. Rigby, Brandon. “Review of Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice by Lawrence Venuti.” Spanish and Portuguese Review 1, 2015, pp. 158-59. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would have been impossible without support and encouragement from many people, including my committee members and all the other faculty and staff from the Department of Romance Languages. However, I am particularly grateful to: Ceci, who was both my toughest critic and biggest supporter; Marci, who has unfailingly stood by me throughout this long journey and believed in me even when I didn’t believe in myself; my parents and in-laws for always thinking that I am better than I really am; and my children, who, while never particularly helpful throughout the writing process, have reminded me through their joy for life of how lucky I am to study something that I love. This dissertation was supported in part by fellowships and awards from the Oregon Humanities Center, the University of Oregon Translation Studies Working Group, the Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies at the University of Oregon, and the Department of Romance Languages. viii For Marci, eris mi única avla ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 II. BUSCANDO LA IDENTIDAD‐HOLOGRAMA : SELF-TRANSLATION AS A METAPHOR OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE BILINGUAL POETRY OF URAYOÁN NOEL .................................... 29 Lost Between the Suburbs and Los Suburbios .................................................................. 39 Late Capitalism in the Global Shantytown ........................................................................ 56 The Silencing of the Postmodern Hybrid City ................................................................... 71 Interstitial Immigrants between the Lands of Many and Few .......................................... 87 III. NILA CAZA DIL TIEMPU : USING LANGUAGE, TIME, AND THE WORD TO CRAFT A SPACE OF REUNION IN DIBAXU .................................................................................................... 103 Trembling Across Time and Languages ............................................................................. 113 The Spatialization of Time and Word for a Reunion with the Beloved ............................ 136 Echoed Images and Intertextual Discourse in Gelman’s Exilic Poetry .............................. 163 IV. NA PUNTA DA LINGUA : POSTNATIONAL GALICIAN IDENTITY FORMATION THROUGH SELF-TRANSLATION ........................................................................................................... 186 Upholding Intertextual Traditions through Fragmentation, Transformation, and Multiplication of the Self .................................................................................................. 200 Personal and National Identity through Split Tongues ..................................................... 229 The Tongue as Galician Geography and Absence ............................................................. 249 V. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 274 x Chapter Page APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 285 A. APPENDIX 1: POETRY OF URAYOÁN NOEL .................................................................... 285 B. APPENDIX 2: POETRY OF YOLANDA CASTAÑO ............................................................. 293 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................................. 300 xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Edith Grossman (2010) contends that a translator’s primary responsibility is not to reproduce a semantically identical replica of an original text, but rather to focus on the context, “the implications and echoes of the first author’s tone, intention, and level of discourse. Good translations are good because they are faithful to this contextual significance” (70-71). This idea directly contrasts to Lawrence Venuti’s (2013) claim that “translation is radically decontextualizing: it dismantles the context that is constitutive of that text” (35). For a panel titled “Translation: Out of Context, Into the Wild” at the Association of Writers and Writing Programs 2017 Annual Convention, a group of translators and translation studies scholars convened by Professor Amalia Gladhart met to discuss Grossman’s argument that translators translate context, reflecting on their own scholarship and practice as they navigated these seemingly contradictory
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