Annette Zimmer, Patrick Hoemke, Joachim Benedikt Pahl and Christina Rentzsch (eds.) RESILIENT ORGANIZATIONS IN THE THIRD SECTOR PROFESSIONALIZED MEMBERSHIP ASSOCIATIONS SOCIAL ENTERPRISES MODERN HYBRIDS Resilient Organizations in the Third Sector. Professionalized Membership Associations, Social Enter- prises, Modern Hybrids / edited by Annette Zimmer, Patrick Hoemke, Joachim Benedikt Pahl and Christina Rentzsch (eds.) Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Politikwissenschaft 2018 © Photos: Various authors Design and layout: Boris Covic, Patrick Hoemke, Jana Bernhardt This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 613034. ISBN 978-3-00-061440-8 Herewith we thank Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) Bologna Center, Universi- ty of Kent, School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Department of Political Science, Third Sector Research Centre - The University of Birming- ham, Rad¬boud University Nijmegen, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, EMES European Research Network, Aix-Mar¬seille University- The Institute of Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology (LEST- CNRS), The University of Valencia, University of Zagreb, Institute for Social Policy, Warsaw University, SPES – Associazione Promozione e Solidarietà for their continuing support. TSI E-BOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 PART I - INTRODUCTION 8 PART II - CASE STUDIES 44 PROFESSIONALIZED MEMBERSHIP ASSOCIATIONS 44 Humanitas (NL) 45 Federation of Musical Societies of the Valencian Community (ES) 65 TSG Bergedorf (DE) 71 Royal National Institute for Blind People (GB) 90 Society for Psychological Assistance (HR) 101 Shared Lives Plus (GB) 108 SOCIAL ENTERPRISES 116 DEŠA Dubrovnik (HR) 117 Fundación Santa María la Real del Patrimonio Histórico (ES) 132 La Varappe (FR) 142 Gureak (ES) 151 Salus (GB) 157 Lauba (HR) 167 Sportunion Favoriten (AT) 175 MODERN HYBRIDS 180 Gängeviertel (DE) 181 Un goût d’illusion-Macadam (FR) 202 Les têtes de l’art (FR) 209 EDUCULT (AT) 218 Bioparadeis (AT) 226 PERSPECTIVES FROM POLAND: THIRD SECTOR 234 ORGANIZATIONS IN TURBULENT ENVIRONMENTS: TWO CASE STUDIES FROM THE POLICY FIELDS OF SOCIAL HOUSING AND SPORTS LIST OF AUTHORS 242 4 TSI E-BOOK FOREWORD FOREWORD TSI E-BOOK FOREWORD 5 ENGAGED STAKEHOLDERS AS A CENTRAL PIECE IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH COMMUNICATION: THE SUCCESSFUL CASE OF THE TSI PROJECT Communicating the result of interna- sector vs. social economy demands tionalcomparative research should be compromise in proposing a viable Euro- at the core of any new consortium form- pean definition; most partners need to ing around any newly EU-funded initia- work and discuss in a foreign language; tive. And yet, it is seldom truly achieved. there is geographical distance between There are numerous barriers to dissem- in the face of time pressure; and there inating research; some are endogenous is always the question of “what comes (e.g. lack of appropriate planning, limit- after this initial effort”? It is fair to say ed stakeholder participation, no exper- that the TSI project, apart from the ac- tise in science communication, insuf- ademic contributions, has been suc- ficient commitment from consortium cessful in building a timebound active members) and some exogenous (e.g. re- community, amongst the core group duced flexibility, little understanding in of research partners, but also with the terms of needs, lack of time). The truth many stakeholders who contributed is that there are few social science proj- valuable insights, participated in events, ects that continue to be discussed by and stayed in touch beyond the scope of concerned stakeholders even just a few the project. We had excellent meetings months after its ending date. with consortium members in the great cities of Aixen- Provence, Dubrovnik, This is not the case of the Third Sector Rome, and Stockholm that created ties Impact project (TSI), which ended in Feb- beyond research interests. Pictures and ruary 2017 and yet continues to be talk- articles on the TSI website, as well as the ed about by the stakeholders it success- humorous tone of the TSI film (https:// fully engaged over three years. The TSI thirdsectorimpact.eu/) bear witness to project was carried out by a consortium that. Meetings with EU-networks and bringing together researchers and ex- policy makers in Brussels, but also with perts from 12 European countries, work- national stakeholders from different ing together to deliver insights on the countries in Rome and during our final specific contributions of the third sector event, provided a sense of being mem- to well-being and socio-economic devel- ber of a larger community in Europe opment in Europe, to propose new sta- that is facing many similar obstacles. tistical measures to capture this impact, It is by pointing out those similarities and to point out the barriers that Third that make third sector research such Sector Organisations (TSO) are facing an important task, in terms of building today. During this process partners met knowledge, connecting multiple stake- with 80 stakeholders representing third holders, and making recommendations sector and policy community at national for policy. levels, and consulted and debated with 17 umbrella organisations actively lob- Guaranteeing good communication bying on behalf of diverse communities flows in such a diverse community wit at European level. Doing such work en- such different time frames and even tails several challenges: interdisciplinary languages is always a challenge. Indeed, work provokes discussions on method- ensuring that stock is taken from pre- ologies and language; different national vious research and that impact is main- traditions and public definitions of third tained beyond the formal closing of the 6 TSI E-BOOK FOREWORD project constitutes an obstacle for con- ect. As a matter of fact, the TSI website solidating the impact of research within (https://thirdsectorimpact. eu/) contin- the European Research Area. It seems ues to be accessible thanks to the com- to not be enough to have ad hoc mul- mitment of EMES as a way to ensure tidisciplinary consortia coming together that the huge engagement effort out- if no forum exists afterward where proj- lined above on the part of researchers ect participants can meet and build on and various stakeholders continues to initial impetus and learned lessons. Dis- be relevant. Hosting this e-book on the cipline-based fora are certainly needed EMES website underlines what we stand but real spaces where real communities for: bringing together researchers and can meet should not be limited to three other critical stakeholders to carry out or four-year contracts. This is the gap and promote research on third sector, that the EMES Network (www.emes. social and solidarity economy and so- net) aims to fill with regard to research cial enterprise, and making sure that related to third sector, social and soli- research results do reach active com- darity economy and social enterprise. munities over time. This contribution to In the framework of TSI, EMES had the a bidirectional transmission of knowl- pleasure to design and implement the edge sustained over time is our commit- stakeholders’ engagement strategy ment and the only way whereby we can with a solid combination of methods, state that research has the potential of channels and participants that went benefitting society at large. beyond the formal duration of the proj- Madrid/Berlin, 14th September 2018 Rocío Nogales is the director of the EMES International Research Network on social en- terprise and a former member of the Experts’ Group on Social Entrepreneurship from the European Commission (GECES). Jennifer Eschweiler is an assistant professor of social entrepreneurship at Roskilde University in Denmark and a former collaborator with EMES International Research Network’s Coordination Unit. TSI E-BOOK FOREWORD 7 8 TSI E-BOOK INTRODUCTION THIRD SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE COPING WITH CHANGED ENVIRONMENTS TSI E-BOOK INTRODUCTION 9 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What‘s it All About? How do nonprofit organizations manage vate, self-governed, non-compulsory Author: to survive? How are they able to adapt to and totally or significantly limited from Annette changed environments without losing distributing any surplus they earn to Zimmer their distinctiveness? Fifteen case stud- investors, members, or others” (Salam- ies of nonprofit organizations operating on/Sokolowski 2016, 2014). Moreover, across Europe tell us a story of how to TSOs are characterized as “hybrids” in make ends meet. The cases presented, the sense that they have never exclu- identified and analyzed in the frame- sively followed just one “logic of ac- work of the European Union-funded re- tion” (Evers 2007; Brandsen 2005, 2011; search project Third Sector Impact (TSI) Seibel 2015); instead they have always (Enjolras et al. 2018)1, are organizations been intertwined with the community that are confronted with an increasing- (solidarity), the market (competition) ly hostile environment in terms of the and the state (utilitarianism), each of availability of resources and co-opera- which stands for a particular mode of tion with government. Some of them, governance and legitimacy (Thornton et particularly