Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Ginsburg Ingerman Overseas Students Program

THE IMPACT OF SECURITY FACTORS AND THE SEARCH FOR DIPLOMATIC SOLUTIONS IN ISRAEL’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 13-5-620

Fall Semester 2017 Dr. Natan Aridan [email protected]

Sunday 14:15-15:45 & Wednesday 14:15-15:45

[Office Hours Building 72 Room 632: Wednesdays, 10:00-12:00 + by arrangement]

Course Description & Objectives: The course focuses on Israel’s international relations, which have been influenced by global security and diplomatic factors. It explores and traces the dilemmas and tensions affecting existentialist issues facing Israel from its inception through to 2017 with regard to its foreign and security policy in the domestic and international arena. Students will be presented with a broad perspective on critical issues facing Israel and will benefit from unique primary resource materials many hitherto unpublished and designed for them to arrive at their own understanding. We journey through an exciting, complex winding path that will take us into the minds and actions of Israeli and international leaders. By the end of the course students will also gain skills on writing papers and presenting arguments on different and contrasting multifaceted aspects of the subjects. This course is suitable for students in all fields in not only understanding the complex and often contentious issues in depth, but also in enriching their perspectives on their own countries’ developments & in their studies back home. Israel is a hotly discussed subject –while I encourage debate and discussions in class, these must be grounded in an academic discourse and respect of the opinions of all classmates, even if one disagrees with them.

Field of Education and Discipline(s): International Relations, Political Science, Israel Studies.

Course Structure: Lectures: 26 Total # of Credits: 4 ECTS (European Credit Transfer System – will be calculated by the OSP): 6

Teaching Method: The course is conducted through a combination of formal lectures and class discussion. The lectures are based on weekly reading assignments and course texts. Students are required to write a research paper on a subject agreed upon between with the lecturer.

Course Requirements: Compulsory attendance. Students will have their final grade lowered an entire grade level if they miss more than two class meetings unexcused.

Structure of Final Course Grades: Active Participation, 15%; Midterm research paper, 30%; Final Exam, 55% = 100%

Note: Work handed in late, will not be graded.

Language of instruction is English.

Time required for individual work: 2 hours of reading each week; 8 hours of preparation of midterm research paper; 2 hours of work on the presentation; 8 hours of the final exam

CLASSES & SELECTED READINGS Please note that the following materials (all on the class website on Moodle) are not compulsory BUT suggested readings designed to provide deeper background reading on issues taught in class.

EXPECTATIONS, EXPLANATIONS, POTTED BACKGROUND HISTORY WHAT IS DIPLOMACY AND SECURITY POLICY?

 Helpful background reading

- .1 1. Bernard Reich and David H. Goldberg, Historical Dictionary of Israel – Chronology (Lanham,

1 9

- 0 MD, 2008), xxi-xlvii.

1 2. Ronald Barston, “Diplomatic Methods”, Modern Diplomacy (London, 1993), 36-37. 3. What is Diplomatic History? History Today 35.7 (1985): 33-42.

13.9.2017 (There will not be a class – this will be made up during the semester)

DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO REACH AN AGREEMENT WITH THE LOCAL ARAB NATIONAL MOVEMENT & SECURE A JEWISH HOME IN PALESTINE, 1897-1934  Helpful background reading

1. Negib Azouri, ‘Program of the League of the Arab Fatherland (1905)’ (1 page)

2 9.1

- 2. Alan Dowty, “"A Question That Outweighs All Others": Yitzhak Epstein and Zionist

7. 1 Recognition of the Arab Issue,” Israel Studies 6.1 (2001): 34-54. 3. Differing accounts of Ben-Gurion’s meetings with Arab leaders in 1934 – Neil Caplan, Futile Diplomacy -Arab-Zionist Negotiations and the End of the British Mandate (London, 1986), 188-202.

DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO STRENGTHEN THE JEWISH NATIONAL HOME & REACH AN AGREEMENT WITH THE LOCAL ARAB NATIONAL MOVEMENT, 1935-1947  Helpful background reading

1. The Peel Commission Report Conclusions, 7 July 1936; George Antonius, The Arab Awakening,

.9.1 - 1938 in, Itamar Rabinovich and Jehuda Reinharz, ed., Israel in the Middle East – Documents and

24 Readings (Lebanon, NH, 2008), 44-48. 2. Itzhak Galnoor, “The Zionist Debates on Partition (1919–1947),” Israel Studies 14.2 (2009): 74-87. 3. Golda Meir, Negotiations with King Abdullah, My Life (London, 1975), 176-181.

SECURITY & DIPLOMACY FACTORS DURING THE 1948 WAR  Helpful background reading 1. Draft Position of the United States with respect to Palestine, February 17, 1948 2. Benny Morris, “Revisiting the Palestinian Exodus of 1948,” The War for Palestine – Rewriting

the History of 1948 ed., Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge, 2007), 37-59.

- 3. Avraham Sela and Alon Kadish, “Israeli and Palestinian Memories and Historical Narratives of

.9.1

- 7 the 1948 War – An Overview,” Israel Studies 21.1 (2016): 1-26.

2 4. Alon Confino, “Miracles and Snow in Palestine and Israel: Tantura, a History of 1948,” Israel Studies 17.2: 25-61. 5. Maoz Azaryahu and Arnon Golan, “Photography, Memory and Ethnic Cleansing: The Fate of the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, 1948 ‒ John Phillips’ Pictorial Record,” Israel Studies 17.2: 62-76.

SECURITY FACTORS IN RESPONDING TO DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE FOR THE RETURN OF ARAB REFUGEES TO ISRAEL & THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF JERUSALEM  Helpful background reading

1. Document: Statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett, 15.6.1949.

- .1 2. Document: US Criticism of Israel (Lausanne) 27.5.1949

10 . 3. Mordechai Gazit, “The Israel-Jordan Peace Negotiations (1941-51): King Abdallah’s Lonely

1 Effort,” Journal of Contemporary History 23.3 (1988): 409-424. 4. Gadi Heimann, “The Struggle Between the United States and Israel over Recognition for Jerusalem as Israel's Capital,1952–67,” The International History Review 37.4 (2015): 790-808.

DILEMMAS ON FOREIGN POLICY ORIENTATION & COOPERATION ON DEFENSE WITH THE WESTERN POWERS IN ISRAEL’S NASCENT YEARS

7  Helpful background reading

.1 - 1. Uri Bialer, “Facts and Pacts - Ben-Gurion and Israel's International Orientation 1948-1956,” Ron

- . Zweig, ed., David Ben-Gurion: Politics and Leadership in Israel (London, 1991), 216-235. 15 2. Document: Discussions in Israel’s Ministry of Affairs on the Korean Crisis, 1950. 3. Document: US National Security Council Objectives & Policies with Respect to the US and Israel, 7.4.52.

ISRAELI DIPLOMATS ON THE DEFENSIVE ‒ BETWEEN ARAB TERRORIST ATTACKS & ISRAELI RETALIATION RAIDS  Helpful background reading 1. Zaki Shalom, “Strategy in Debate: Arab Infiltration and Israeli Retaliation Policy in the Early

- 1950s,” Israel Affairs 8.3 (2002): 104-117.

7 - 2. “The 1953 Qibya Raid Revisited: Excerpts from Moshe Sharett’s Diaries,” Introduced by Walid 18.10.17 Khalidi and Annotated by Neil Caplan, Journal of Palestine Studies 31.4 (2002): 81-98. 3. Benny Morris, “The Israeli Press and the Qibya Operation, 1953,” Journal of Palestine Studies 25.4 (1996): 40-52.

US & BRITISH COERCIVE DIPLOMACY TO IMPOSE A ‘SETTLEMENT’ ON ISRAEL

 Helpful background reading

1. Shimon Shamir, “The Collapse of Project Alpha,” in Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences

- ed., Wm. Roger Louis and Roger Owen (Oxford, 1989), 73-100.

22.10.17 2. Michael B. Oren, “Secret Egypt-Israel Peace Initiatives Prior to the Suez Campaign,” Middle Eastern Studies 26.3 (1990): 351-370

THE ROAD TO THE 1956 SINAI WAR AS AN EXTENSION OF DIPLOMACY  Helpful background reading

1. Ben-Gurion’s Diary, the Suez-Sinai Campaign,” ed. & introduced by S. I. Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis

1956 – Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. S. Ilan Troen & Moshe Shemesh (London, 1990), 305-317.

- 2. Motti Golani, “Chief of Staff in Quest of a War: Moshe Dayan Leads Israel Into War,” Journal

25.10.17 of Strategic Studies 24.1 (2001): 49-70. 3. Pnina Lahav “A Small Nation Goes to War: Israel’s Cabinet Authorization of the 1956 War,” Israel Studies 15.3 (2010): 61-86.

INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ON ISRAEL TO WITHDRAW FROM THE SINAI & GAZA  Helpful background reading 1. Isaac Alteras, “Israel's Withdrawal from the Sinai and Gaza – The Diplomatic Struggle,”

Eisenhower And Israel – U.S.-Israel Relations, 1953-1960 (Gainsville, FL, 1993), 246-286.

- 2. Avraham Ben-Zvi, “The Sinai Crisis, October 1956-March 1957,” The United States and Israel:

10 - The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 49-76. 2910.17 3. Pnina Lahav, “The Suez Crisis of 1956 and Its Aftermath: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Use of Force, Diplomacy and International Relations,” (Israel) Boston University Law Review 95 (2015): 1326-1338.

DID THE US TURN A BLIND EYE TO THE BUILDUP OF ISRAEL’S NUCLEAR OPTION?  Helpful background reading 1. Zaki Shalom, “Kennedy, Ben-Gurion and the Dimona Project, 1962-1963,” Israel Studies 1.1

(1996): 3-33.

- 2. Arnon Gutfeld, “Israel Approaches the Nuclear Threshold: The Controversies in the American

- .11.1 Administration Surrounding the Israeli Nuclear Bomb 1968–1969,” Middle Eastern Studies 52:5

1 (2016): 715-736. 3. Avner Cohen and William Burr, “Israel Crosses the Threshold,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 63.3 (2006): 23-30.

DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO PREVENT A MIDDLE EAST WAR IN MAY-JUNE 1967

-  Helpful background reading

12 1. “Lyndon Johnson's Meeting with Abba Eban, 26 May 1967,” Israel Studies 4.2 (1999): 221-236.

5.11.17 2. Israeli & US Diplomatic and Strategic Assessment Documents [on Moodle].

UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242  Helpful background reading 1. Gideon Rafael, “Emergency Session” & “242,” Destination Peace: Three Decades of Israeli

- Foreign Policy: A Personal Memoir (New York, 1981), 173-190.

13 2. Ruth Lapidot, Security Council Resolution 242: An Analysis of its Main Provisions (Jerusalem,

8.11.17 2002), 13-27. 3. Meir Rosenne & Nabil Elarby, Legal Interpretations, The Block of Peacemaking on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of UN Resolution 242 (Washington, 1993), 29-44.

ISRAEL’S SECURITY & DIPLOMATIC OPTIONS FOLLOWING THE 1967 WAR: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR A SETTLEMENT OR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1968-1973?  Helpful background reading 1. Mordechai Gazit, “Egypt and Israel - Was There a Peace Opportunity Missed in 1971?” Journal of Contemporary History 32.1 (1997): 97-115. 2. Moshe Shemesh, “On Two Parallel Tracks – The Secret Jordanian-Israeli Talks (July 1967–

4 September 1973)” Israel Studies 15.3 (2010): 86-120.

1 - 3. Moshe Gat, “Military Power and Foreign Policy Inaction: Israel, 1967‒1973,” Israel Affairs 22.1: 12.11.17 69-95. 4. David Tal, “Who Needed the October 1973 War,” Middle Eastern Studies 52.5 (2016): 735-53. 5. Elie Podeh, “The Rogers Plan, 1969”; “The Jarring Mission and the Sadat Initiative, 1971”, Chances for Peace: Missed Opportunities in the Arab-Israel Conflict (Austin, TX, 2015), 93- 121. THE LIMITATIONS OF ISRAEL’S SECURITY AND DIPLOMATIC OPTIONS IN WAKE OF THE 1973 YOM KIPPUR WAR  Helpful background reading

1. David Tal, “A Tested Alliance - The American Airlift to Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War,” Israel Studies 19.3 (2014): 29-54

5 2. Uri Bar-Joseph, “Main Trends in the Historiography of the Yom Kippur War - A Thirty-Year

1 - Perspective,” Journal of Israeli History 24.2 (2005): 251-266. 3. Louise Fisher, “Turning Point on the Road to Peace: The Government of Yitzhak Rabin and the

MAKEUP CLASS MAKEUP Interim Agreement with Egypt (Sinai II),” Israel Studies 19.3 (2014): 55-73. 4. UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 – Zionism is Racism and Chaim Herzog Speech at the UN, November 10, 1975 in Rabinovich and Reinharz, Israel in the Middle East – Documents and Readings, 348-352.

FROM SADAT’S VISIT TO JERUSALEM TO THE ISRAEL-EGYPT PEACE AGREEMENT,

1977-1979

-  Helpful background reading

1 1. Kenneth W. Stein, Heroic Diplomacy ‒ Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for

15.11.17 Arab-Israel Peace (New York, 1999), 229-259. Midterm Due 2. The Camp David Accords, September 1978.

SECURITY FACTORS IN NEGOTIATING ISRAELI-ARAB PEACE: FROM THE FIRST LEBANON WAR TO THE BREAK UP OF THE SOVIET UNION THE 1982-1992  Helpful background reading

1. Abraham Ben-Zvi, ‘The Lebanon Crisis, June 1982-May 1983,’ The United States and Israel –

- The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 139-61.

.11.17 1 2. Laura Eisenberg & Neil Caplan, “Premature Peacemaking ‒ The 1987 Hussein-Peres London

- 19 Document,” Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities (Bloomington, IN, 2010), 72-91. 3. Eisenberg & Caplan, “Setting the Peace Table ‒ “The Madrid Conference and Washington Talks, 1991-1993,” Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace, 95-115.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ON THE ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN OSLO ACCORDS, 1993; ‘BUY ONE, GET ONE FREE’: THE ISRAEL-JORDANIAN PEACE AGREEMENT, 1994

 Helpful background reading

- 1. Yitzhak Rabin Speech to the Knesset on the 1992 Elections, July 13, 1992, in Rabinovich and

.11.17 1 Reinharz, Israel in the Middle East, 446-450.

2 2 2. Oslo Accords between Israel & the PLO, 13.9.1993, & Oslo II, 28.9.1995. 3. Laura Eisenberg & Neil Caplan, “Out of the Shadows and Into the Light – The Jordanian-Israel Peace Process, 1991-1994,” Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace, 116-134. 4. Eisenberg & Caplan, “Breakthrough ‒ The Oslo Accords,” Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace, 165-189.

JERUSALEM: THE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK, & THE PEACE PROCESS ON HOLD? ‒ 2000-2016

 Helpful background reading

1. Menachem Klein, “Jerusalem as an Israeli Problem – A Review of Forty Years of Israeli Rule

.11.17

2 Over Arab Jerusalem,” Israel Studies 13.2 (2008): 54-72. 2. Eisenberg & Caplan, “Broken Beyond Repair? – Camp David & The Second Intifada,” Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace, 222-252.

THE JEWISH FACTOR IN ISRAELI DIPLOMACY & SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  Helpful background reading 1. Abraham Harman to Abba Eban, Israel Embassy & AZPCA relations, 20.4.1955

0 2. Yossi Shain and Barry Bristman, “Diaspora, Kinship and Loyalty: The Renewal of Jewish

.12.17 - National Security,” International Affairs 78.1 (2002): 69-95. 29 3. Robert Lieberman, “The “Israel Lobby” and American Politics,” Perspectives on Politics 7.2 (2009): 235-252.

ISRAEL’S SECURITY & INTERNATIONAL LAW  Helpful background reading 1. Alan M. Dershowitz, “Countering Challenges to Israel’s Legitimacy.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2011.

2. Neve Gordon & Sharon Pardo, “The European Union and Israel’s Occupation: Using Technical

1 Customs Rules as Instruments of Foreign Policy,” The Middle East Journal 69.1 (2015): 74-90.

- .12.17 3. Matthew S. Cohen & Charles D. Freilich, “The Delegitimization of Israel: Diplomatic Warfare,

3 Sanctions and Lawfare,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 9.1 (2015): 29‒48. 4. Peter Berkowitz, “The Goldstone Report and International Law”, The Goldstone Report “Reconsidered” A Critical Analysis’ ed., Gerald Steinberg and Anne Herzberg (Jerusalem, 2011), 181-202.

ISRAEL’S RELATIONS WITH, US, RUSSIA, & CHINA & THE EUROPEAN UNION

2  Helpful background reading

- .12.17 Readings to be announced

- SIMULATION/PRESENTATIONS:

.12.17

- ISRAELI, PALESTINIAN & INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS AT THE UN

- SIMULATION/PRESENTATIONS:

- ISRAELI, PALESTINIAN & INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS AT THE UN

13.12.17

5 FINAL EXAM