Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge Edited by C

Cambridge University Press 0521840465 - Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge Edited by C. A. Fletcher and T. Spencer Index More information

Index

Italicised page numbers indicate an illustration.

Accademia 110–111 Agropyron repens 578 ARPAV 518–19, 526, 527, 675 accelerator mass spectrometry see AMS algae monitoring network 520, 521, 523 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling see intertidal zone 36, 129, 131–9, 200 Osservatorio Alto Adriatico 524 ADCP lagoon 461, 573 Array for Real-Time Geostrophic acoustic surveys, Venice Lagoon subsoil biomass reduction 494, 495, Oceanography see ARGO 118–19, 120 562–3 Arsenale embankments 152–4 acqua alta see floods blooms 279, 489, 493–4, 507, arsenic (As) Acqua Alta platform, Adriatic Sea 19, 558 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, 86, 90–1, 94, 272, 273, 434 effects of tidal flat capping 470 610, 612, 613 ADCP 104–5, 395, 432, 434 levels 279 drainage basin tributaries 587–8, ADEOS-II satellite 54, 57 modelling growth of 530–2 589, 590 Adige river 445, 470 removal 251 lagoon 496, 508, 585 Adriatic Sea 41 Algarotti, Francesco 130 art works bathymetry 18 Alps 17, 21 data collection and cataloguing forecasting system 41, 45, 49 geodynamics 22–3 229–31 heat budget 44 aluminium 596, 597 as evidence of sea-level change northern basin 17 ammonium 129–37, 138–9 scatterometer wind observations 53–8 canal water 620, 622, 623 artesian wells tides 71–3, 87, 148 drainage basin tributaries 520, 521, CNR network 32, 39 vibration frequency 71 588, 589 historical piezometric levels 32, 33 water fluxes with the lagoon 431–44 lagoon 279, 280, 489, 507, 585 water pressure 34 water quality monitoring 524, 525 AMS 111 ARTISTA 505, 509–10, 512–13, 525, Adriatic Sea Integrated Coastal Areas Anas platyrhynchos 575, 577 527 and River Basin Management APAT 99–105, 676 Atlas of the Venetian Environment 225 System see ADRICOSM Apennines 17, 21 atrazine 490, 585 Adriatic tectonic plate 17, 21 geodynamics 22–3 Atriplex portulacoides 573, 578, 579 subduction 22–3, 24–5, 29, 30 APV 263–5, 676 Autorità Portuale de Venezia see APV ADRICOSM 41, 45, 49–50 views on mobile barriers and AVHRR 54 Advanced Very High Resolution associated works 264–5 avocet see Recurvirostra avosetta Radiometry see AVHRR aquifer aedificatio 159 seawater injection 145 Balkan mountains 53, 55 aerosols, fluxes to the Venice Lagoon water extraction 17, 32, 33, 124–5 Barbaro, Daniel 129 593–6 archaeology barene see salt marshes, lagoon Agenzia per la Protezione urban Venice 109–12, 123–4 Bella, Gabriele 130 dell’Ambiente e per i Servici Venice Lagoon 117–21 Bellotto, Bernardo, paintings as Tecnici see APAT Archivio di stato di Venezia 175, 193 evidence of sea-level changes Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Ardea cinerea 574 129–37, 138–9 protezione Ambientale del ARGO 46 Bianco, Giuseppe 149 Veneto see ARPAV aroclor 585 Biblioteca Marciana 189

Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge, ed. C. A. Fletcher and T. Spencer. Published by Cambridge University Press, © Cambridge University Press 2005.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521840465 - Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge Edited by C. A. Fletcher and T. Spencer Index More information

682 Index

bird populations cadmium (Cd) sea-level forecasting 85–97 Oosterschelde 326–7 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, centuriatio 446 salt marshes 573–7 610 Cerastoderma edule 327 Venice Lagoon 491, 573–7 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589, Chaetomorpha 573 Bison, Giuseppe Bernardino 130 590 Charadrius alexandrinus 574, 575, 577 black-headed gull see Larus ridibundus hazard quotient (risk) map for chiari see marsh ponds black-winged stilt see Himantopus bioaccumulation in clams 500 Chioggia 102, 355, 432, 448 himantopus lagoon 496, 497, 508, 523, 585, 596, circulation at 44 boat traffic 597, 599, 600 hydrodynamics 383–5 damage due to 143 Calamagrostis epigejos 578 influence of configuration on resuspension of canal sediments calcium, in brickwork exposed to sea sediment loss 419–30 617, 618, 619–22 tides 200, 201, 202 jetty construction 359–60, 369 wake effects 199, 219, 220, 232 Calidris alpina 574 mobile barriers 241, 254, 257 BOD 537 CAM see Comune Marino morphodynamics 373–6, 385–8 bonifica per colmata 448 camera obscura 129–30 modelling 379–89 bora 72 Campalto 476, 478, 593, 595 water flux variations 431–44 analysis 54, 55, 56 Canal, Bernardo 130 chromium (Cr) lagoon water level 18, 269, 270, Canale Malamocco–Marghera (Canale canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, 355 dei Petroli) 356, 360, 474, 480 610 lagoon water movement 355 Canale Montalbano 448 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 mobile barrier closure simulation Canale Vittorio Emanuele 356, 360 lagoon 496, 508, 585, 586 271, 272 Canaletto (Antonio Canal), paintings as churches and tides 102 evidence of sea-level changes data collection and mapping 226–9 Brenta Nova 13 129–37, 139 floor artefacts catalogue 227, 229 Brenta Novissima 13 canals Cipelli, Giovan Battista 8–9 Brenta river 445, 461, 581, 588 damage to walls 231–4 city knowledge delta 13, 448, 450 humic substance analysis 626–8 importance of 219–36 diversion 359, 446, 448, 449, 462, hydrodynamics 604–5, 611 systems 237–8 480, 581 maintenance 162–3, 603–4 clams see Tapes philippinarum future diversion 11–12, 470 navigability 161–2 climate brick masonry port 263 extreme events in the Veneto 81–2 damage and disintegration 144 salinity 605 modelling 19 exposure to sea tides 199–203 sediments 143, 161–2, 219 observed trends in the Veneto St Mark’s Basilica 178, 179, 180, characteristics 608–9 79–81, 82 181–8 modelling 232 climate change 19, 79 variability in 195 pollutant contamination 490, consequence for the Veneto 83 bridges 603–15, 618, 619–22 and sea level rise 37–9, 112–14, 127, increases in height 149 removal and disposal of sludge 288, 650–2 mapping and data collection 220, 162, 163, 164, 263 and storm surges 66–8 221, 223, 224 resuspension by boat traffic 617, see also Intergovernmental Panel on repair and restoration 164, 169, 170, 618, 619–22 Climate Change 171–4 water quality 617–30 coastal lagoons Brundtland Report 288 caranto 17, 30–1, 32, 193 features 545–7 buildings Cardiff Bay barrage 242, 295–8, 299–309 pressures on, due to human quantification of damage to 225–6 cargo delivery systems 144–5, 232–4 activities 545–55 stability 165, 167, 168 Carlevarjis, Luca 130 coastal protection 248–9 Burano 102, 166 Casse di Colmata 474, 479, 480, 483 cocciopesto 178, 194, 196, 197 business Caulerpa prolifera 548–50 cockle fisheries, Oosterschelde 327–8, activities 207–8 Cavallino 248–9 329 economic impact of flooding 205–17 Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree Codazzi, Viviano 130 see also CPSM colloidal gel injections, mortar and Cabras Lagoon, application of SHYFEM activities 86–7 lime-based 153–4 model 411–12 monitoring network 86 Comitatone 673–4

Index 683

Commissione di Salvaguardia 226, Dese river 283, 450, 478, 521, 583, 584 Egnatius 8–9 673 pollutant load 263, 284, 587, 588, Egretta garzetta 574 common tern see Sterna hirundo 589 electrokinetic anti-dampness system Completo model 88, 89 water quality trends 520 181–8 Comune di Venezia 675 desethylatrazine 585 embankments 147, 160 Comune Marino (C) 36, 131–2 Deterministic Venice Acqua Alta archival analysis 156 Consorzio per la Ricerca e la Forecast System see DVAAFS Arsenale 152–4 Formazione 207, 677 development of Venice 159–60 constraints on alterations to 151 Consorzio Venezia Nuova (CVN) 3–4, diatoms 559 intervention 144 241, 247, 250, 674 difese locali 144, 147–58, 189–92, 252–3 use analysis 155 control and monitoring of Venice Dinaric Alps 17 vegetation analysis 157 Lagoon 505, 506–13, 518, 519, dioxins 495, 496, 497, 526 Venice Lagoon 154, 155–7, 158, 446, 522–4 DO 537 448, 462 conterminazione 11, 448 docks, mapping and data collection raising and consolidation 190, 191 convents, data collection and mapping 220, 222, 223 Emilia-Romagna Regional Meteo 226–9 domus magnae 160 Service 273 Conyza canadensis 578 Dorsoduro, architectural survey of EMT 43 copper (Cu) island district of 150 endocrine disrupting compounds canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, DPSIR 498 (EDCs) see EDCs 610, 611, 612, 613 DRAIN project 490, 495, 496, 506, Environmental Impact Assessment canal water 620, 621 581–92, 593 Fusina Integrated Project 631–4 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 dredging 164, 263, 464, 469, 603, 613 mobile barriers 264 lagoon 508, 523, 585, 586, 597, 599, Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts- St Petersburg Flood Protection 600 Response scheme see DPSIR Barrier 343, 344–50 CORILA 4, 517, 540, 593, 676 Ducal Palace 189 Esperto model 96 CORMIX model 633 dunlin see Calidris alpina Esteso model 18, 88–90 Cornaro, Alvise 148 DVAAFS 274–5, 276, 277 estrogenic substances see EDCs Corona Bridge 172 Euganean Hills 594 COSES 207, 677 Eastern Adriatic Current (EAC) 18, 44 European Centre for Medium-Range CPSM 676–7 Eastern Mediterranean Transient 43 Weather Forecasts see ECMWF Crassostrea gigas 328, 329 Eastern Scheldt 285, 317–34 European Space Agency, MetOp Cretan Deep Waters 43 Ebro Delta 452, 456 satellites 54 CROP Project, M-18 seismic reflection ECHOS Project 119, 120 European Water Framework Directive profile 24, 25 echosounding, Venice Lagoon 119 493, 523 CRUP model 510, 633 ECMWF 54, 273 eustasy see sea level Cuore Canal 588, 589 wind fields 54–7, 90, 91, 92 eutrophication curlew see Numenius arquata ecological engineering, application to EUTRO model 403–4 CVN see Consorzio Venezia Nuova Po Delta and Venice Lagoon Mar Menor 551–3 Cymodocea nodosa 461, 490–1, 524, 558, 453–4 Venice Lagoon 456, 462, 489, 493–4 573 economic impact of flooding on modelling 529–43 distribution 567–8, 569, 572 business 205–17 EXCO2 model 273–4, 277 economic structure of Venice 653–4 external plasterwork, cataloguing for Dalmatian coast 55 ECOPATH model 510, 534 conservation 193–8 deglaciation, subsidence related to 25 ecosystems dehumidification techniques 181 self-design 453–4 FIP 491, 631–9 Delft, canal sediment pollution 610–11 self-organization 453, 454 fish farms, Venice Lagoon 251, 370, 445, Delft 3-D Flow model 392 ecotechnology 453 456, 477 della Porta, Giovanni Battista 129 ecotones 474 fishing Delta Project (Netherlands) 285, 311, ECOTOX 509–10, 512–13 traditional 8 317, 318, 319, 322 EDCs Venice Lagoon 456 demography of Venice 652–3 canal water 622–3, 624 flood barriers Denaix, lagoon survey of Capt. A. 419, lagoon 490, 500–1 effective life 114 421, 422 monitoring of effects 624–5 see also mobile barriers

684 Index

floods Grevelingenmeer 321–2 iron 585, 586, 596, 597, 598–9, 600 1966 3, 62, 71, 72, 73 grey heron see Ardea cinerea ISIS Flow 300 St Mark’s Basilica 175, 177 Grimani Palace 131 Isola Verde 248–9 early warning system 71, 85, 87, 102 ground level elevation Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed economic valuation of on-site current programme 162, 165, 226 Arti 677 damages 205–17 historical 107–15, 123–4, 148–50 Istrian stone 143, 160, 196, 199 and ground level 112 limits to 150–1 historical perspective of defence Guardi, Francesco 130 Jesolo 248–9 measures 148 Gulf of Lyon gyre 44 Juncus maritimus 573, 578 importance of seiches 73 Gulf of Venice, extreme storm surges incidence and frequency 3, 59, 175 59–69 Kentish plover see Charadrius large-scale engineering defence alexandrinus systems 241–3, 253–5, 257–62 Haematopus ostralegus 574, 575, 577 Kepler, Johan 129 local protection methods 144, Hartel Barrier 313 Kircher, Athanasius 129 147–58, 189–92, 252–3 HCB 495, 496, 585, 588, 589, 590 mapping 222, 223 hexachlorobenzene 495, 496, 585, 588, Lago dei Teneri 483 and meteorological conditions 589, 590 Lago di Ravaggio 483 17–18 high tide level 36, 131–2 laguna viva 421, 422 mitigation costs 208, 210 Himantopus himantopus 574, 575, 577 LAMI 273 off-site damages 206 humic substances in canals 626–8 Larus michahellis 574, 576, 577 quantification of damage to Hyalinea balthica 23 Larus ridibundus 574 buildings 225–6 hydrocarbons, in canal sediments 605, lead (Pb) records 148, 175 606, 607, 609, 610, 611, 613 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, remediation costs 208–9 Hydrostatic Padua Sea Elevation Model 610–11, 613 St Mark’s Basilica 175–6, 177, 185–6 (HYPSE) model 19, 91, 94, 95 canal water 620 St Mark’s Square drainage basin tributaries 587–8, incidence 3 ICARO 619 589 protection measures 189–92 ICZM 545 lagoon 496, 497, 508, 523, 585, 596, social damages 206–7 Insula S.p.A. 112, 114, 144, 163–4, 619, 597 urban 143–5 677 legislation 3, 162–3, 164, 246–7 frescoes 194, 195–6 information systems 224–5 Leningrad see St Petersburg fulvic acids in canal water 626–8 maintenance programme 164–6, Leonardo da Vinci 129 fuosa 366 167–70 Levantine Intermediate Waters see LIW Fusina Integrated Project 491, 631–9 insulae 159, 160 Lido, island 248–9 Integrated Canal Project 162–4 Lido, sea-walls 10 gabions, in salt marsh protection and area involved 163 Lido inlet 103, 355, 432 restoration 465, 466–7 Integrated Coastal Zone Management circulation at 44 Generalized Extreme Values (ICZM) 545 depth of sea bed 264 distribution see GEV Integrated Intervention Programme hydrodynamics 383–5 geoarchaeology, Venice Lagoon 117–21 Plan 163, 164 influence of configuration on geodynamics, Alps–Po Plain–Apennine Intergovernmental Panel on Climate sediment loss 419–30 system 22–3 Change see IPCC jetty construction 359–60, 369, 423 geographical information systems, International Private Committees for measurement of currents at 104–5 UNESCO 237–8 the safeguarding of Venice 678 mobile barriers 254, 257 geology 17 intertidal zone, algae belt 36, 129, morphodynamics 373–6, 385–8 Northern Italy 22, 29–34 131–9, 200 modelling 379–89 geostrophy 74 Ionian Sea, circulation 44 morphological evolution 398, 399 GEV 61–2 IPCC 19 water flux variations 431–44 ghebi see tidal creeks activities 662–3 Liguro–Provencal current 44 Gibraltar Strait 41, 44 Assessment Reports 37, 39, 114, Limonium narbonense 573, 578 GIS, UNESCO 237–8 661–9 little egret see Egretta garzetta glaciation 17 mission 661 Little Ice Age 139 global warming see climate change organizational structure 661–2 little tern see Sterna albifrons

Index 685

LIW 43 Mass Transfer and Ecosystem Response operation 267–73 Lusore 588, 589, 590, 591 see MATER operational procedures 272–3 MATER 41 prediction of frequency 280–2 Maeslant Barrier 285, 311–15 Maximum Permissible Loads (MPLs) simulations 271, 272 Magistrato ai Lidi 517 535–6 concrete caisson Magistrato alle Acque 36, 263, 517, 674 Mazzoni, Proto 149 durability 259 control and monitoring of Venice Mediterranean Forecasting System see placement 261–2 Lagoon 505, 506–13, 518–19, MFS construction method 259 522–4 Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot cost 255 data output 527 Project see MFSPP effects of construction on navigation integrated data processing 524–5 Mediterranean Forecasting System 265 Ufficio Idrografico/Hydrographic Toward Environmental Environmental Impact Assessment Office 99, 101, 110 Predictions see MFSTEP 264 magnesium, in brickwork exposed to Mediterranean Sea and erosion in the lagoon 451–2, sea tides 200, 201, 202 circulation 41, 44 456 maintenance, urban 159–70 heat flux anomaly 42 installation 259–61 Malamocco inlet 75, 241, 248, 249, 355, ocean climate variability 41–52 job creation 255 432 Ocean General Circulation Model and lagoon flushing 279–85 circulation at 44 47–9 nature and operation 253, 254, 255 depth of sea bed 264 pressures on coastal lagoons due to objectives 253 hydrodynamics 383–5 human activities 545–55 supplementary works 265 influence of configuration on scatterometer wind observations 54 time scale 255 sediment loss 419–30 sea level 19 views of Venice Port Authority jetty construction 359–60, 369, 423 changes in 139 264–5 mobile barriers 254, 257, 261 wind stress curl anomaly 42, 43 and water quality 282–5, 491, 536–7 morphodynamics 373–6, 385–8 MELa programmes 490, 505, 506–13, Modulo Sperimentale modelling 379–89 522–4 Elecctromeccanico see MOSE navigation lock 265, 285 MELa1 508–11 Monitoraggio dell’Ecosystema water flux variations 431–44 MELa2 511, 567 Lagunare see MELa programmes malaria 11 mercury (Hg) mortar mallard see Anas platyrhynchos canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, consolidation 178 manganese (Mn) 585, 586, 596, 597, 610, 612–13 St Mark’s Basilica 178 598–9, 600 lagoon 496, 508, 585 mosaics, St Mark’s Basilica 178–9 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 Mestre 279, 557 Moscatelli, Alfonso 11 Manila clam see Tapes philippinarum MetOp satellites 54 MOSE 4, 112, 205, 241, 255 MAP project 495 MFS 41, 44–5 see also mobile barriers mapping basin scale assimilation and moto ondoso 199, 219, 220, 232 above-ground infrastructure 220–4 forecasting 47–8 moto ondoso index 232 bridges 220, 221, 223, 224 data collection 45–6 murazzi 356 churches 226–9 data management 46, 47 Mytilus galloprovincialis convents 226–9 Pilot Project 45, 57 effects of endocrine disrupting docks 220, 222, 223 regional and shelf models 48–9 compounds 624–5 floods 222, 223 shelf scale 49–50 monitoring effects of pollution on palaces 226–7, 229 Toward Environmental Predictions 625–6 seagrass 567–72 45, 48–9 wellheads 229–31 MFSPP 45 Nador Lagoon, application of SHYFEM Mar Menor 490, 545, 546, 547–54 MFSTEP 45, 48–9 model 413, 414 MARCO model 88 Mississippi Delta 452–3, 455, 456 NAO index see North Atlantic marginamenti see embankments mitigation costs of floods 208, 210 Oscillation (NAO) index Marieschi, Michele 130 mobile barriers 3–4, 241–3, 252, 257–9 NASA, Ocean Vector Winds Mission 54 marmorino 194, 196–7 closure National Agency for Environmental marsh ponds 468, 478 criteria 268–70 Protection and Technical Martinelli, Agostino 11 initiation 270–2 Services see APAT

686 Index

National Oceanographic and lagoon 495, 496, 497, 508 plasterwork, external Atmospheric Administration, Organism Sediment Index 470 cataloguing for conservation satellites 54 organochlorine pesticides in canal 193–8 NAUSICAA 117 sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, categories 194–7 Naviglio Brenta 448, 583–4, 588, 589, 590 610, 611 function 194 Netherlands, flood protection in 285, Orizzonte 2023 project 495, 496, 506 Pleistocene 311–15, 317–34 Osellino Canal 587, 588, 589, 590, 591 base 23 Neva Bay, Flood Protection Barrier Osservatorio Alto Adriatico 524 sediments 24 242–3, 337–8, 341–51 Otranto Strait 18, 43, 44, 274 Pleistocene–Pliocene boundary 24 nickel (Ni) oystercatcher see Haematopus ostralegus Pliocene–Quaternary boundary 23 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, Po river 446 610 Pacific oyster see Crassostrea gigas diversion 10, 455, 462 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 PAGES 37 Po Basin lagoon 585, 586 PAHs see polycyclic aromatic geological cross-section 30 nitrates hydrocarbons seismic reflection profiles 24 coastal area 525 PAR 46 Po Delta 21, 462 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589, paintings development 446–8 590 as evidence of sea-level change sustainable management 445–59 legally accepted load 631 129–37, 138–9 Po di Venezia 446 Mar Menor 551 testing for accuracy 133–6 Po Plain 448 River Dese 520, 521 palaces, data collection and mapping geodynamics 22–3 Veneto Region watershed 521, 557 226–7, 229 magnitude and causes of long-term Venice Lagoon 279, 280, 489, 494, palaeochannels, Venice Lagoon 119, 120 subsidence 21–8 496, 497, 506–7, 525, 585, 586 paratia 143, 207, 208, 210 PODAAC 54 NOAA satellites 54 pavement elevation see ground level POEM 41 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index elevation polders 317 18 PCBs see polychlorinated biphenyls pollution and Mediterranean Sea climate peat deposits 25 canal sediments 490, 603–15, 618, variability 44 Pellestrina 248–9 619–22 and sea level 19 phosphates/phosphorus Fusina Integrated Project 631–9 and storm surges 65–6 canal water 620, 622, 623 monitoring biological effects Northern Adriatic Observation Centre drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 625–6 524 lagoon 489, 494, 496, 497, 506–7, Venice Lagoon Northern Italy, geology 22, 29–34 585, 586 abatement 250–1 Numenius arquata 574 legally accepted load 631 data collection and processing nutrient levels, Venice Lagoon 279, 280, watershed load 557 525 557–65 photography as evidence of sea-level environmental/ecological risk change 137–8 assessment 497–501 OAA 524 Photosynthetically Active Radiation see historical trends 494–7, 506–7 ocean climate variability, Mediterranean PAR inputs 489–90 Sea 41–52 Phragmites australis 446 load from drainage basin 581–92 Ocean General Circulation Model 47–9 phreatic water levels 34 Maximum Permissible Loads OCs in canal sediments 605, 606, 607, Physical Oceanography Distributed (MPLs) 535–6 609, 610, 611 Active Archive Center see monitoring programme 505–15, Oenothera biennis 578 PODAAC 517–28 oestrogenic substances see EDCs Physical Oceanography of the Eastern sediments 507–8 oil tanker traffic, Venice Lagoon 251 Mediterranean see POEM trace elements 593–601 Oosterschelde 285, 317–34 phytoplankton 559 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Orbetello Lagoon, application of Piave river 445, 466 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, SHYFEM model 412–13 diversion 359, 446, 462, 470, 581 610, 613 organic pollutants Pionca Canal 584, 590 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589, canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, Pisani-Gritti Palace 134, 135–6 590 611 plankton, Venice Lagoon 403–4, 557–65 lagoon 495, 496, 497, 585

Index 687

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Rotterdam New Waterway, storm surge San Giorgio in Alga 9, 10 (PAHs) barrier 285, 311–15 San Lorenzo di Castello 110 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, Ruga Bella Bridge 173, 174 San Marco see St Mark’s Basilica; 610 Ruppia maritima 578 St Mark’s Square lagoon 495, 496 Ruskin, John 178 San Samuele 110–11 POM 49–50 Russia, integrated water management San Toma 626 population of Venice 652–3 and flood protection 335–40, sand hunger 364 port of Venice 263 341–51 sandbar creation 467 special legislation 263–4 sandwich tern see Sterna sandvicensis Porto Marghera 17, 113, 125, 250–1, Sabbadino, Cristoforo 11, 148 Sant’Agostino 110–11 581 Sahel 18 Sant’Erasmo 11 Potassium, in brickwork exposed to sea Salicornia spp. 465, 476, 573, 578 SAR interferometry 21 tides 200, 201, 202 salinity, Venice Lagoon 476, 511–12 Sarcocornia fruticosa 573, 578, 579 Poveglia 145 salt marshes Savii ed esecutori alle acque 13 Princeton Ocean Model see POM lagoon (barene) 117, 355, 461, 473–4, scatterometer observation 19, 45, 53–8, Procuratie Nuove 189 506 90, 93 Procuratie Vecchie 189 balance 462, 463 characteristics 54 Provincia di Venezia 674–5 breeding birds 573–7 and storm surge modelling 57 Puccinellia palustris 573, 578, 579 coastal transgression 480 scuci-cuci method 154, 193 Punta della Salute tide gauge 59, 101, comparison between natural and sculpture, data collection and 102, 110, 206, 268 artificial 480–3 cataloguing 229–31 creation and sea level Quaternary, subsidence rates 23–4 reconstruction/restoration eustasy 29 QuikSCAT satellite 19, 53, 54–7, 90, 96 250, 357, 464–6, 470–1, evidence of changes from early 480–5, 573–9, 605 photography 137–8 radiocarbon dating 111 deposition of organic material evidence of changes from paintings rainfall 469 129–37, 138–9 observed trends in the Veneto 81, 82 lagoon canal/tidal delta 478 extreme trends 59–62 observed trends in the Venice loss of 356–7, 360, 450–2, 462, forecasting 18–19, 57, 71–8, 85–97, Lagoon 83, 84 463, 480 410 Ramsar Convention 355, 462 margin protection 466–7, 485–6 global and regional eustatic Ravenna 21 monitoring programme 463–4 variations 37–9 REA project 264 nature and structure 476, 477, mean 59 Recurvirostra avosetta 574, 575, 577 478 measurement 17, 36, 86–7 REDOX 513 nourishment/jet-spraying Mediterranean 19 redshank see Tringa totanus 468–9 modelling 18–19, 57, 73–5, 87–94, regalzieri 194–5, 197 ponding/fragmentation 468, 95, 273–7 Regione Veneto see Veneto Region 478 hydrodynamic/deterministic remediation costs of floods 208–9 salinity 476 18–19, 74–5, 90–4, 95, 96, research, collaborative programme 4–5 stimulation of accretion 455–6 274–5, 410 restoration ecology, application to Po tidal-creek networks 476, 478 statistical 18–19, 73–4, 88–90, Delta and Venice Lagoon 453–4 typology 478, 479, 480 273–4 Rhine Delta, flood control measures vegetation and NAO index 19 285 in restored/created areas oscillation curve 117, 118 Rhone Delta 452, 456 578–9 present variability 59–62 Rialto, island district of transplantation 469 relative archaeology of market 110–111 Oosterschelde 326 consistent interpretation of architectural survey 150 salts changes in 123–7 and city history 160 efflorescence on brick masonry 180 relation to ground level 107, and seawater injection into deep St Mark’s Basilica brick masonry 109, 111–12, 123–4 aquifer 145 178, 179, 180 rise 29–40, 111–12 Riequilibrio e Ambiente project 264 saltwater lakes 321–2 variations in Venice during last Ronchi-Costa Decrees 495, 496, 521 San Francesco del Deserto 17, 110 century 36–7, 38

688 Index

sea level (continued) retention 250, 455–6, 467–9 forecasting 77 rise 29–40, 111–12, 650–2 sea–lagoon exchange 424–8 and storm surges 18, 37, 65–6, 75–6, analyses of rates and transport 360–3, 404–5 77 components 35, 36–7 and water quality 490 Sottomarina 248–9 deglaciation-related 25 water flow through 32, 33, 34 Space geodesy 21 estimates from tide gauges 38, seiches 18, 71, 73, 74, 85, 101 Spartina maritima 469, 476, 573, 578, 39, 125, 126 and mobile barrier operation 241 579 future projections 112–13 overestimation 90 Spartina x townsendii 578 rates of 17, 29 self-design, ecosystems 453–4 Special Laws for Venice 3, 162–3, 164, related to climate change 37–9, self-organization, ecosystems 453, 454 246–7, 263, 463, 517, 671–2 112–14, 127, 288, 650–2 self-polarization anti-dampness system SSC, data collection 45 sea level anomaly, data collection 45 181–8 SSH, data collection 45 sea surface chlorophyll, data collection Semplificato model 18, 88, 89 SST, data collection 45 45 Serraglio Canal 584, 590 St Mark’s Basilica 189 sea surface height, data collection 45 sewage system anti-dampness measures 181–8 sea surface temperature, data collection effects of sedimentation on 219 brick masonry 178, 179, 180, 181–8 45 Fusina Integrated Project 631–9 crypt 143, 176, 177, 179 seagrass see Cymodocea nodosa; Zostera and pollution in canals 604, 611, 613 floods 175–6, 177, 185–6 marina; Zostera noltii system maintenance 166, 168 foundation structure 175 seawalls see murazzi Shallow Water Hydrodynamic Finite history 176–7 seawater injection into the aquifer 145 Element Model see SHYFEM mosaics 178–9 sediment fences 455, 468 shelduck see Tadorna tadorna narthex 177, 181–8 sediments shoals see tidal flats restoration 178–9 canals 143, 161–2, 219 SHYFEM 19, 90–1, 92–4, 356, 401–17 structure 178 characteristics 608–9 applications 406–14 subsidence 175–6, 177 modelling 232 ecological module 403–4 and tides 177 pollutant contamination 490, hydrodynamic module 402–3 St Mark’s Square 603–15, 618, 619–22 sediment transport module 404–5 floods 3, 189–92 removal and disposal of sludge transport and diffusion module 403 location 189 162, 163, 164, 263 wave module 403 St Petersburg resuspension by boat traffic 617, Sicily Strait 43 Flood Protection Barrier 242–3, 618, 619–22 Sile river 466, 581, 583, 588 337–8, 341–51 lagoon base 17 diversion 462, 581 integrated management for support Pleistocene 24 silica, in brickwork exposed to sea tides of sustainable development profile imaging 470 200, 202, 203 335–40 sequence and character 30–1, 32 Silone Canal 583, 584, 588, 589 stabiliture 194 Venice Lagoon 17, 356 simazine 585 Sterna albifrons 574, 576, 577 balance 359–68 sirocco 62, 72 Sterna hirundo 574 channels 371–3 analysis 54, 55, 56, 57 Sterna sandvicensis 491, 574 effects of jetty construction 359–60 lagoon water level 18, 269, 270 Stockholm, canal sediment pollution effects of mobile barriers 451–2 lagoon water movement 355 610–11 equilibrium/quasi-equilibrium mobile barrier closure simulation storm surges 85 condition 364–5 271, 272 classification 268–9 influence of inlet configuration on and storm surges 85, 102 and climate change 66–8 loss 419–30 Sistema Informativo Ambientale (SIA) contribution to flooding 72–3 and inlet morphodynamics 373–6, 225 data analysis 102–3, 104 379–89 SmartInsula 224 data collection 101–2, 103, 104, 273 input 461 sodium, in brickwork exposed to sea duration 268–9 introduction 455–6 tides 200, 201, 202 extreme events 59–69, 268–9, 272 loss of 450–2, 461 sodium chloride, St Mark’s Basilica forecasting 267, 273–7 pollution 507–8 brick masonry 178 frequent events 268–9 problems with modelling 369–78 solar activity hindcasting 55, 57 resuspension 495, 558, 563 and climate change 37 meteorology 17–18, 62–6

Index 689

mobile barrier closure strategies Tethys 22 underground infrastructure 267–77 Thames information systems 224–5 modelling 57, 103, 267, 273–7 estuary characteristics 289 see also utilities and solar activity 18, 37, 65–6, 75–6, future flood risk management UNESCO 220, 226, 227, 678 77 291–3 web-GIS system development vulnerability to 112 tidal defences 287, 289–91 237–8 street mapping 220, 221 Thames Barrier 242, 243, 287, 289, 291 World Heritage Sites 226 stucco 196 future of 292, 293 United Kingdom, flood protection in subsidence 161 tidal creeks (ghebi) 448, 478 242, 243, 287–94, 295–8, 299–309 anthropogenic 17, 32, 33, 39, 124–5 tidal flats (velme) 355, 448, 506, 573 Università Ca’Foscari di Venezia 677 buildings 17 capping 469–70 Università degli Studi di Padova 678 deglaciation-related 21, 25 morphodynamics 376–7 Università IUAV di Venezia 678 geodynamic 21–8, 29–31, 39 stabilization 464–6 urban archaeology of Venice 109–12, magnitude and causes in Po Plain stimulation of accretion 455–6, 123–4 and Venetian region 21–8 470–1 urban maintenance 159–70 regional rate 17 tide gauges 59, 86, 99–101, 111 utilities St Mark’s Basilica 175–6, 177 and estimates of sea level rise 38, maintenance and renewal 162, subsoil 39, 125, 126 165–6, 168, 170 compaction 31–2 and ground level measurement 110 St Mark’s Square 191 water flow through 32, 33, 34 records 113, 125, 126 utility companies, in the Integrated sunspots see solar activity tides Canal Project 164, 165–6 surge 72, 87 Adriatic Sea 71–3, 87, 148 see also storm surges benchmark 101, 102, 110, 206, 268 valli da pesca see fish farms sustainable development 649–57 daily bulletins 101 vanadium 596, 597 ecological 655–6 exceptional 18 vasca 143, 207, 208, 210 economic 654–5 extreme 18 Vaucheria 573 and flood defences 243, 287, 288 high tide level 36, 131–2 Vela 583 and integrated water management normal range 18 VELFEEM 401, 409, 533–4, 536–7, 540 335–40 and St Mark’s Basilica 177 velme see tidal flats social 654 sustained 18 Veneto sustainable management Torcello 11, 17, 110, 159 consequence of climate change 83 Po Delta 445–59 Santa Maria Assunta Basilica extreme events 81–2 Venice Lagoon 445–59, 497, 501–2 109–10 observed climatic trends 79–81, 82 Total Daily Maximum Load 535 Veneto Region 674 Tadorna tadorna 574, 575, 577 trace elements data output 527 Taglio Nuovissimo 583–4, 588, 589, 590 aerosol fluxes 593–4 integrated data processing 524–5 Tapes decussates 534 benthic fluxes 594, 595 water quality monitoring 518–21, Tapes philippinarum 480, 489, 495, 498 fluxes in the Venice Lagoon 593–601 523, 524, 525 management 534–5 see also specific elements Venice Lagoon 355–7, 461–2, 473–4 models applied to 532–3, 534 trachyte 160 acoustic surveys 118–19, 120 pollutant bioaccumulation 499–500 Tre Archi 626 bathymetry 393–5 Taranto Sea, application of SHYFEM Treporti 626 bird populations 491 model 410–11 tributilin 496 Central lagoon 474, 475, 512 TDM 533 Tringa totanus 491, 574, 576, 577 channels 356, 448, 506 temperature Trophic Diffusive Model 533 dredging 469 global increase in 37 tsunami 76, 77, 78 morphodynamics 371–3 observed trends in the Veneto 79–81 data collection 395, 398 observed trends in the Venice Ulva rigida 573 development and impact of human Lagoon 83–4 biomass reduction 494, 495, activities 7–14, 245, 445, 448, terbutylazine 490, 585, 588, 589, 590 562–3 449, 450 terrazzetto 196 blooms 279, 489, 493–4, 507, 558 drainage basin 451, 581–2 terrazzo 196 effects of tidal flat capping 470 pollution load from 581–92 Tessera 357 modelling growth of 530–2 during last glaciation 17

690 Index

Venice Lagoon (continued) north lagoon 474, 475, 512 system complexity 644–5 ecosystem 245, 489–91 nutrient levels 279, 280, 557–65 temperature trends 83–4 modelling 529–43 oil tanker traffic 251 trophic web model 510 embankments 154, 155–7, 158, 446, palaeochannels 119, 120 water fluxes with the Adriatic 448, 462 palaeoecology 118 431–44 raising and consolidation 190, plankton 403–4, 557–65 water quality 489–90 191 pollution development 493–7 engineering interventions 248 abatement 250–1 drainage basin 519–21 coastal protection 248–9 data collection and processing effects of mobile barriers 282–5, environmental 249–51 525 491, 536–7 flood protection 252–5 environmental/ecological risk history 279 legislation 246–7 assessment 497–501 modelling 529–43 research and studies 247–8 historical trends 494–7, 506–7 monitoring 505–15, 519, 522–4 environmental/ecological risk inputs 489–90 parameters measured in MELa assessment 497–501 load from drainage basin 581–92 509 and sustainable management Maximum Permissible Loads Venice Lagoon Finite Element 497 (MPLs) 535–6 Ecological Model 401, 409, eutrophication 456, 462, 489, 493–4 monitoring programme 505–15, 533–4, 536–7, 540 modelling 529–43 517–28 Venice Lagoon Service 99 fish farms 251, 456 sediments 507–8 Venice in Peril 3, 4 fishing 456 trace elements 593–601 Venice Port Authority see APV flushing 431–44 rainfall trends 83, 84 Venice Project Center, Worcester effects of mobile barriers 282–5 residence time 408–9, 432, 440–1, Polytechnic Institute 220 time 408–9, 432, 440–1 506 Venice Water Authority see Magistrato geoarchaeology 117–21 salinity 476, 511–12 alle Acque historical analysis of hydrodynamic sediments 17, 356 Vitellogenin (Vg) 624–5 behaviour 421–4, 425 balance 359–68 vongole filippine see Tapes philippinarum institutional monitoring 517–28 channels 371–3 modelling 355–6, 391–2 effects of jetty construction WACC 18, 44 0-D 391 359–60 Waste Water Treatment Plant 631–2, 1-D 391–2 effects of mobile barriers 451–2 634 2-D finite elements 391–2, 402–3 equilibrium/quasi-equilibrium water approaches 371 condition 364–5 extraction, subsidence related to 17, ecological 401 influence of inlet configuration 32, 33, 124–5 hydrodynamic 391–9, 401, on loss 419–30 flow through subsoil 32, 33, 34 402–3, 419–21 and inlet morphodynamics phreatic, decline in levels 34 mathematical 419–21 373–6, 379–89 water quality morphodynamic 359–68, input 461 Adriatic Sea 524, 525 369–78, 379–89 introduction 455–6 canals 617–30 problems 369–78 loss of 450–2, 461 evaluation 493 SHYFEM 19, 90–1, 92–4, 356, pollution 507–8 Fusina Integrated Project 631–9 401–17 problems with modelling Veneto Region 518–21 water quality and ecological 369–78 Venice Lagoon 489–90 processes 529–43 resuspension 495, 558, 563 development 493–7 monitoring programmes 463–4, retention 250, 455–6, 467–9 drainage basin 519–21 505–15, 517–28 sea–lagoon exchange 424–8 effects of mobile barriers 282–5, morphological characteristics and transport 360–3, 404–5 436–7, 491 diversity 474, 475, 476 and water quality 490 history 279 morphological evolution 363–4, South lagoon 474, 475, 476, 512 modelling 529–43 369–71, 398, 399, 462–3 sustainable management 445–59, monitoring 505–15, 519, 522–4 prediction 371 501–2 parameters measured in MELa morphological restoration 249–50, and environmental risk 509 365–7, 461–72, 480–5 assessment 497 weather stations 86–7, 99–101

Index 691

web-GIS system development, World Heritage Sites 226 ZMPS 101, 102, 110, 206, 268 UNESCO 237–8 WWTP 631–2, 634 zooplankton 559 wellhead data collection and mapping Zostera marina 461, 507, 524, 558, 573 229–31 yellow-legged gull see Larus michahellis distribution 490–1, 567–8, 570, 572 wells, protection against contamination models applied to 531 with seawater 149 Zahn, Johan 130 Zostera noltii 461, 469, 507, 524, 558, 573 Western Adriatic Coastal Current see Zero Mareografico di Punta della Salute distribution 490–1, 567–8, 571, 572 WACC see ZMPS in reconstructed salt marsh 578 Western Scheldt 285, 311 zinc (Zn) Zuiderzee Project 319 winds 18 canal sediments 605, 606, 607, 609, scatterometer observation 19, 45, 610, 611, 612, 613 53–8, 90, 93 canal water 620 surface 45 drainage basin tributaries 588, 589 Wollaston, William Hyde 130 lagoon 508, 523, 585, 586, 596, 599, 600