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Combating Political Violence Movements with Third-Force Options Doron Zimmermann ∗
Between Minimum Force and Maximum Violence: Combating Political Violence Movements with Third-Force Options Doron Zimmermann ∗ Introduction: Balancing the Tools of Counter-Terrorism In most liberal democratic states it is the responsibility of the police forces to cope with “internal” threats, including terrorism, since in such states terrorism is invariably defined as a criminal act rather than a manifestation of insurgent political violence. In many such instances, the resultant quantitative and qualitative overtaxing of law en- forcement capabilities to keep the peace has led to calls by sections of the public, as well as by the legislative and executive branches of government, to expand both the le- gal and operational means available to combat terrorism, and to boost civilian agen- cies’ capacity to deal with terrorism in proportion to the perceived threat. The deterio- rating situation in Ulster in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1972 and beyond is an illustrative case in point.1 Although there have been cases of successfully transmogrifying police forces into military-like formations, the best-known and arguably most frequent example of aug- mented state responses to the threat posed by insurgent political violence movements is the use of the military in the fight against terrorism and in the maintenance of internal security. While it is imperative that the threat of a collapse of national cohesion due to the overextension of internal civil security forces be averted, the deployment of all branches of the armed forces against a terrorist threat is not without its own pitfalls. Paul Wilkinson has enunciated some of the problems posed by the use of counter-ter- rorism military task forces, not the least of which is that [a] fully militarized response implies the complete suspension of the civilian legal system and its replacement by martial law, summary punishments, the imposition of curfews, military censorship and extensive infringements of normal civil liberties in the name of the exigencies of war. -
A Security System for the Two-State Solution
MAY 2016 ADVANCING THE DIALOGUE A Security System for the Two-State Solution Ilan Goldenberg, Major General (Res.) Gadi Shamni, Nimrod Novik, and Colonel Kris Bauman About the Authors Acknowledgements Ilan Goldenberg is a Senior Fellow and This report was the product of numerous consultations Director of the Middle East Security and workshops with former and current Israeli, Palestinian, Program at the Center for a New American Jordanian, and American security officials and negotiators. Security (CNAS). Prior to CNAS, he served We are deeply grateful to all of them for their time, insights, at the U.S. Department of State as Chief and creativity. A special thank you goes to our colleagues of Staff for the small team supporting at Commanders for Israel’s Security and the Amman Center Secretary John Kerry’s initiative to for Peace and Development for their close collaboration on conduct permanent status negotiations between Israelis this effort, as well as our colleagues at Israel Policy Forum, and Palestinians. Goldenberg previously served as a Special whose advice and support have been invaluable. We thank Advisor on the Middle East and then as the Iran Team Chief Loren Dejonge Schulman for her thoughtful inputs, Nicholas in the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. A. Heras and Peter Kirechu for their research support, and Maura McCarthy and Melody Cook for assistance with Major General (Res.) Gadi Shamni is editing and design. Finally, we would like to thank the Smith Vice President for Land Systems at Richardson Foundation, Peter A. Joseph, Gideon Argov, Israel Aerospace Industries. He served in the Goldman Sonnenfeldt Foundation, and the Morningstar the Israel Defense Forces for 36 years, Foundation for their generous support of this project. -
Israel's Struggle Against Hamas
Università degli Studi “Roma Tre” Scuola Dottorale in Scienze Politiche XXV Ciclo Israel’s Struggle Against Hamas Supervisore Dottorando Prof. Leopoldo Nuti Niccolò Petrelli Coordinatore della Sezione Prof. Leopoldo Nuti Introduction The PhD research, ‘Israel’s Struggle against Hamas: Strategic Culture, Adaptation and War’, studies the impact of cultural factors on the Israeli counter-insurgency vis-à-vis Hamas in the period comprised between 1987 and 2005, analyzing to what extent the peculiar traits of the Israeli approach to security and military affairs account for the shaping of a distinct ‘way of war’ and for the successes and failures of the Jewish state in countering the Islamic Resistance Movement’s insurgency. The concept of ‘counter-insurgency’ is logically contingent on that of ‘insurgency’, to which it applies. Being insurgency a protracted struggle to control a contested political space conducted by one or more popularly based non-state challengers1, ‘counter-insurgency’ could be defined as all those measures through which elements of national power are applied for the purpose of suppressing an insurgency. From this definition it appears clear how the concept constitutes an analytical paradigm through which scholars and practitioners approach asymmetric warfare (or war against ‘irregulars’, ‘partisans’ or ‘guerrillas’), that is struggles between non-state and state actors.2 Although old as human civilization, asymmetric warfare rose to prominence after 1945, coming to represent the norm, rather than the exception, of war.3 The end of the Cold War and the last two decades seemed to confirm the ascendancy of this specific kind of warfare over ‘conventional’ or ‘symmetric warfare’ and the setting of a pattern that will probably continue for some time.4 Counter-insurgency represents therefore a topic worth to study not only by virtue of its prominence in the history of warfare, but also in light of the nature of the conflicts confronting the international community, either currently and possibly also in the near future. -
Terrorism in Israel Learning from the Very Best!!
Saint Leo University, in partnership with Security Solutions International, is proud to announce the course: Terrorism in Israel Learning from the Very Best!! May 15-May 23, 2020-Summer Session Saint Leo Students will earn either 3 undergraduate credits, or 3 graduate credits Saint Leo is the only University that attends this trip! By attending this training course, we will obtain an inside look at the way Israel’s ports, airports, shopping malls, government buildings, critical infrastructure, schools and stadiums are protected. We will be meeting some of the people that are responsible for keeping Israel safe. We will also be learning about Suicide Terror, about VBIEDs, about protecting VIP’s and other high profile targets. The aim of this program is to take away ideas on how to harden targets in our own areas by observing Israeli techniques and translating them to fit our own vulnerabilities, thus better protecting our country from these violent actions. Because the face of terrorism changes more easily than conventional forces, we must always be learning. This is the only way to stay ahead of the threat. Israel is a very small, young country that has accomplished a tremendous amount in a very short time against a background of either full-scale war or protracted low-intensity conflicts throughout most of its existence. Over the last two years, they have managed to stop nearly 95% of the terrorist attacks against them. Through a total of 60 study hours, our students will benefit from their knowledge, and will apply it in areas like Public Safety, School Safety, Port and Airport Security, Aviation Security, Critical Infrastructure and Government Building Security and Dignitary Protection. -
Fighting Terror Effectively: an Assessment of Israel’S Experience on the Home Front
FIGHTING TERROR EFFECTIVELY: AN ASSESSMENT OF ISRAEL’S EXPERIENCE ON THE HOME FRONT HIGH LEVEL HOME FRONT GROUP NOVEMBER 2016 FIGHTING TERROR EFFECTIVELY: AN ASSESSMENT OF ISRAEL’S EXPERIENCE ON THE HOME FRONT Copyright © 2016 by Friends of Israel Initiative All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. 2 FIGHTING TERROR EFFECTIVELY: AN ASSESSMENT OF ISRAEL’S EXPERIENCE ON THE HOME FRONT TABLE OF CONTENTS HIGH LEVEL HOME FRONT GROUP BIOGRAPHIES 6 FOREWORD 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 THE HIGH LEVEL HOME FRONT GROUP 19 SECTION A: ISRAEL’S EXPERIENCE OF TERRORISM AGAINST ITS HOME FRONT 21 ISRAEL’S HISTORIC EXPERIENCE OF TERRORISM 22 1 1.1 Background 22 1.1.1 A Potentially Existential Threat 22 1.2 The History of Terrorism Against Israel 22 1.2.1 Pre-Statehood Violence and Conventional Warfare 22 1.2.2 Cross-Border Terror Raids 23 1.2.3 The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Globalization of Terror Against Israel 23 1.2.4 The Rise of the Terror-Army Hybrid 23 1.2.5 The First Intifada and the First Gulf War 23 1.2.6 Suicide Bombings and The Second Intifada 24 1.2.7 Rocket Attacks from Gaza and Lebanon 25 1.2.8 Terror at Home and Abroad 26 TERRORISM AGAINST ISRAEL TODAY: 2 THE SMALL-SCALE TERROR CAMPAIGN -
Israel's War on Terrorism
Israel Studies: An Anthology - Israel's War on Terrorism Israel's War on Terrorism: A Historical and Political Perspective By Arie Perliger (April 2009) Introduction March 2002 was a devastating month for the citizens of Israel. The country was in the midst of the Al-Aqsa intifada and the suicide attack campaigns of the Palestinian organizations had reached their peak. Eleven times during this month, suicide bombers blew themselves up in the streets of Israel’s cities, causing more than 579 casualties including 81 fatalities. [1] On another six occasions that same month, the Israeli security forces thwarted attacks before the suicide bombers were able to complete their missions. The Israeli political leadership, however, was not ready to increase its response to the Palestinian attacks. The Israel Defense Forces were instructed to continue limited raids on the infrastructure of the Palestinian organizations in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, actions which included mainly arrests and intelligence gathering operations. This policy of restraint changed after the night of March 27. In the evening hours of that day, 250 guests were sitting in the festive Park Hotel dining room, cheerfully celebrating the Passover holiday seder. Around 8:00 pm the celebration was halted. A Hamas operative by the name of Abd al-Basset Muhammad Odeh walked into the room and detonated an explosive device that was attached to his upper body. The aftermath was appalling. Twenty-nine Jews were killed and another 144 were injured. [2] The particular horrors of the attack and the fact that it was carried out on the Jewish holiday that celebrates the freedom of the People of Israel created a public and political environment that essentially left Israeli policy makers with no option but to respond with force. -
The Israeli Secret Services & the Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami
Journal of Strategic Security Volume 5 Article 1 Number 1 Volume 5, No. 1: Spring 2012 The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010) Yehuda J. Lev Israel National Police (Retired) Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss pp. 85-88 Recommended Citation Lev, Yehuda J.. "The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)." Journal of Strategic Security 5, no. 1 (2012): 85-88. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.5.1.6 Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol5/iss1/1 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the USF Libraries at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lev: The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by A Book Reviews The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism. By Ami Pedahzur. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-231-14043-0. Notes. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Pp. 232. $22.50. Having read quite a few books on security and terrorism, topics that fasci- nated me during my civil service career with the Government of Israel, I was looking with interest for an Israeli author with an impressive security background that would for once provide balanced criticism of the Israeli counterterrorism struggle. I believe that Mr. Pedahzur has done justice to this topic in his book, The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism, despite the fact that his service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) was much like mine: he was a medic. -
Israelizing the American Police Palestinianizing the American People
The Link www.ameu.org Page 1 Published by Americans for The Link Middle East Understanding, Inc. Volume 53, Issue 5 Link Archives: www.ameu.org December 2020 Israelizing the American Police Palestinianizing the American People by Jeff Halper vol 53.5 10.20.indd 1 10/14/2020 1:20:08 PM The Link www.ameu.org Page 2 AMEU Israelizing the American Police, Board of Directors Palestinianizing the American People Jane Adas, President by Elizabeth D. Barlow Edward Dillon Jeff Halper Henrietta Goelet John Goelet et’s begin with a cautionary tale. When suicide Richard Hobson, Treasurer bombers connected to the Islamic State of Iraq Anne R. Joyce, and Syria (ISIS) set off bombs in the Brussels Vice President L Janet McMahon airport in March 2016, the Israeli government did not John F. Mahoney, Executive Director convey its condolences as most other governments did. Darrel D. Meyers Brian Mulligan Instead, Israel Katz, the Minister of Intelligence, issued Daniel Norton Thomas Suárez a scolding. “If in Belgium they continue to eat chocolate, President-Emeritus enjoy life and parade as great liberals and democrats Robert L. Norberg while not taking account of the fact that some of the AMEU Muslims who are there are organizing acts of terror, they National Council Kathleen Christison will not be able to fight against them.” Henry Clifford Moorhead Kennedy You should not be criticizing us, say Katz and his Nancy Lapp Mary Norton cohorts, you should be imitating us. For look at what Don W. Wagner James M. Wall we have done. We have created a country from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River that provides its citizens with personal security, a vibrant democracy and AMEU (ISSN 0024-4007) grants permission to reproduce material a flourishing economy – even though half the population from The Link in part or in whole. -
Military and Strategic Affairs, Vol 1, No 3
Military Military and Military and Strategic Affairs Strategic Strategic Affairs Volume 1 | No. 3 | December 2009 Volume 1 Volume Hizbollah’s Force Buildup of 2006-2009: Foundations and Future Trends Guy Aviad | No. 3 No. Intelligence and the Challenges of High Trajectory Fire | December 2009 Amir Kulick War and Victory Gabriel Siboni The IDF and the Road to a More Professional Military Yuval Bazak The US Military in Iraq and the IDF in Judea and Samaria Giora Segal Warfare against Insurgencies: 1 The Theory behind the Practice Tal Tovy ÈÓ‡φÔÂÁËÈ·†È¯˜ÁÓφÔÂÎÓ‰ THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES AT TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY ·È·‡≠Ï˙†˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ÈÓ‡φÔÂÁËÈ·†È¯˜ÁÓφÔÂÎÓ‰ THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES AT TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY ·È·‡≠Ï˙†˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡· Military and Strategic Affairs Volume 1 | No. 3 | December 2009 CONTENTS Hizbollah’s Force Buildup of 2006-2009: Foundations and Future Trends | 3 Guy Aviad Intelligence and the Challenges of High Trajectory Fire | 23 Amir Kulick War and Victory | 39 Gabriel Siboni The IDF and the Road to a More Professional Military | 51 Yuval Bazak The US Military in Iraq and the IDF in Judea and Samaria | 69 Giora Segal Warfare against Insurgencies: The Theory behind the Practice | 83 Tal Tovy Military and The purpose of Military and Strategic Affairs is to stimulate Strategic Affairs and enrich the public debate on military issues relating to Israel’s national security. Military and Strategic Affairs is published three times a year within the framework of the Military and Strategic Affairs Program at the Institute for National Security Studies. -
“Law-Train” Project Why a Partnership with the Israeli Police Is Indefensible
The “Law-Train” Project Why A Partnership With The Israeli Police Is Indefensible BACBI-Dossier Nr 2 Herman De Ley 2017 LAW-TRAIN Dossier (EN), June 6, 2017 2 Table of Contents Prologue: p. 3 1. “Law-Train” and International Law: p. 4 2. “Ethics Checks”: p. 9 Addendum: UGhent Human Rights Policy: p. 14 3. “Bar-Ilan is all security”: p. 16 4. Arrest and Detention: p. 22 5. Prison Regime and Interrogation: p. 35 Addendum: the PA Security Policy: p. 43 Conclusions: p. 44 Human Rights Organizations: Reports: p. 46 International Conventions: p. 51 _________________________ Letter to Federica Mogherini and Carlos Moedas (March 8, 2017): http://www.bacbi.be/pdf/lawtrain_letter_mogherini.pdf Dutch version of the Dossier: http://www.bacbi.be/pdf/lawtraindossier_NL.pdf French version : http://www.bacbi.be/pdf/lawtraindossier_FR.pdf Contact: [email protected] http://www.bacbi.be/pdf/lawtraindossier_EN.pdf LAW-TRAIN Dossier (EN), June 6, 2017 3 Prologue In conformity with the EU-Israel Association Agreement1 Israeli institutions and companies enjoy a privileged entry to European long-range programs for research and innovation (R&D). The current program, Horizon 2020, is funding projects for 77 billion euro. On the Israeli side collaboration with it is coordinated by the “Israel- Europe R&D Directorate” (ISERD), the Israeli Ministry of Science and Technology being politically responsible. Israel is participating in 310 signed agreements involving 369 participations for which they will receive a total of €203,875 million.2 The Israeli authorities -
The Israeli Secret Services & the Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur
Journal of Strategic Security Volume 5 Number 1 Volume 5, No. 1: Spring 2012 Article 1 The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010) Yehuda J. Lev Israel National Police (Retired) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss pp. 85-88 Recommended Citation Lev, Yehuda J.. "The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)." Journal of Strategic Security 5, no. 1 (2012) : 85-88. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.5.1.6 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol5/iss1/1 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by Ami Pedahzur. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010) This book review is available in Journal of Strategic Security: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/ vol5/iss1/1 Lev: The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism by A Book Reviews The Israeli Secret Services & The Struggle Against Terrorism. By Ami Pedahzur. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-231-14043-0. Notes. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Pp. 232. $22.50. Having read quite a few books on security and terrorism, topics that fasci- nated me during my civil service career with the Government of Israel, I was looking with interest for an Israeli author with an impressive security background that would for once provide balanced criticism of the Israeli counterterrorism struggle. -
Hard Fighting: Israel in Lebanon and Gaza
ARROYO CENTER and PROJECT AIR FORCE CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Arroyo Center RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Hard Fighting Israel in Lebanon and Gaza David E.