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Actes Du Quatrième Colloque Mega-Tchad : 2. Les Relations

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Actes Du Quatrième Colloque Mega-Tchad : 2. Les Relations Actes du IV" colloque Méga-Tchad CNRS / ORSTOM Paris, du 14 au 16 septembre 1988 Volume JI LES RELATIONS HONIIMES-FEMMES DANS LE BASSIN DU LAC TCHAD Actes du IV" colloque Méga-Tchad CNRS / ORSTOM Paris, du 14 au 16 septembre 1988 Volume II LES RELATIONS HOMMES-FEMMES DANS LE BASSIN DU LAC TCHAD Textes réuniset présentés par Nicole ECHARD Editions de I'ORSTOM INSTITUT FRANçAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE D$VELOPPEMENT ENCOOPtRATION Collection COLLOQUES et SÉMINAIRES PARIS 1991 La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part, que les ctcopies ou reproductions strictement réservées l'usage privé du copiste et non desti- nées B une utilisation collecthe~~et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, crtoute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l'auteurou de ses ayants droit ayants cause, est illicites (alinéa1 er del'article 40). Cette representation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefa~onsanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. ISSN : 0767-2896 8 ORSTOM 1991 ISBN : 2-70991 O1 7-9 (Edition complbte) ISBN : 2-7099-1019-5 Nolume II) SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Daniel BARRETEAU etHenry TOURNEUX ......................... 7 Introduction Nicole ECHARD ...................................................................... 1 1 Tendancesactuelles dela recherche en anthropologie des sexes Nicole-Claude MATHIEU ..................................................... 13 Aman and a woman, or gender marking in a nominal system ZygmuntFRAJZYNGIER ..................................................... 3 5 "Femme"et"homme" en tchadique, en comparaison avecles autres langues chamito-sémitiques Dymitr IBRISZIMOW ........................................................... 47 Le sort des femmesdans les contes duTchad HerrmaM JUNGRAITHMAYR ........................................... 5 9 Lemariage heureux et le mariagemalheureux traversquatre contes peuls duCameroun Ursula . BAUMGARDT ........................................................... 7 1 Women in the Borno State Civil Service : Dividends orlosses in investment inhuman capital P. CHIKE DlKE ...................................................................... 123 Bodydecorations, male-female relations and group identityamongst the hi11 dwelling Koma people of Nigeria Joseph EBOREIME ............................................................... 159 Le soro ourituel d'initiation du couple chez les Foulb6 du Diamaré(Nord-Cameroun) ABDOULAYE OUMAROU DALE ......................................... 203 "Les homes meurenttoujours A cause des femmes". Lesrelationsentre les sexes chez les Masadu Tchad ......................................... 225 Un pour trente, tontes pour un : Lagrande polygamie des princes montagnards mofu-Diamar6 Jeanne-Françoise VINCENT ............................................. 249 "Mariages de la maison" et "mariages de labrousse" dans les ssciBt6s peule, WoDaaBe et Kanuriautour du lac Tchad etee BBVW ......................................................................... 265 AVANT-PROPOS Daniel BARRETEAU Henry TOURNEUX ORSTOM, LATAH CNRS, LACITO Lequatrième colloque du Réseau interna- tionalrecherchesde pluridisciplinaires sur l'histoireet lapréhistoire dans le bassindu lac Tchad (Méga-Tchad) étaitorganisé autour detrois thèmes majeurs : 1. Laforge et les forgerons(responsable : Yves MOAINO) 2. Lesrelations hommes/femmes (respon- sable : Nicole ECHARD) 3. Histoireéconomique (responsable : Jean B OUTRAIS). Les articlesrésultant de ce colloque ont été répartis en trois volumes. Lors du colloque, une exposition,dirigée par Charlotte von GRAFFENRIEDet Louis PERROIS, montraitdivers aspects de lapoterie dans cette région,reprenant un thèmedéveloppé lors des colloques précédents. Sept films ont étévisionnés surlapoterie, lamétallurgie etles relations hommes/femmes. Lecolloque était organisé conjointement par le Laboratoire darchéologie Tropicale et d'Anthro- pologie Historique (LATAH) de l'ORSTOM, et par le Laboratoire de Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale (LACITO) du CNRS. 8 Les personnessuivantes ontparticip6 B l'organisation du colloque : - Daniel ]E3ARRETEAU (ORSTOM, LATAH) - JGBI BOUTRAIS (ORSTOM, DCp. MAA) - Nicole EC M[AR D (CNRS, Laboratoirede sociologie et geographie africaines) - Charlottevon GRAFFENRIED (MusCe d'histoire de Berne) lain MARLIA@ (ORSTOM, LATAH) - Yves MORINO (CNRS, LACITB) - Louis PEWROIS WSTOM, LATAH) - Henry TOURNE (CNRS, EACITB). Les trois pr6cCdent.s colloquesont d6jB fait l'objet de publications dans la collection "Colloques et Seminaires" de I'ORSTOM : 1. Langues et culturesdans le bassin drr lac Tchad, 1977 ; 2. Le milieu el les hommes : recherches comparatives et historiquesdans le bassindu lac Tchad, 1988 ; 3. Relationsinteredhniques cultureset matirielles dans le bassin du lac Tchad, 1990. Environ 138 personnesont particip6 B ce colloque,manifestant un r6el interze pour les th6mesabordes comme pour activitesles g6nCrales du reseau. 9 Cartegénérale I I I / / NIGER / H / /- P/ .. Ati..:.:.:.:...:.:,:.:.:. ............ ._.. ................ ........................ .......-:.*.*’.Mongo CAMEROUN 11 INTRODUCTION Nicole ECHARD CNRS, Paris Ladiversité des communications présentées lorsjournéelade consacrée auxrelations hommes-femmesrend compte dela richesse des recherchesmenées surun thèmedont l'important développement,ces vingt dernières années, est dû aurenouveau des mouvements defemmes. Le caractèrerécent des études dans ce domaine a conduit à faireprécéder les contributions d'un texte gCnéral surles tendances actuelles de la recherche en anthropologiedes sexes qui met en perspectivechacune des contributions présentées. Deuxtextes relèvent de la linguistiqueet deuxcontributions empruntent à littératurela oralede quoi alimenter leur propos. Les autres étudesrendent compte derecherches anthropo- logiques, la plupartd'entre elles portant sur les différentesquestions posées par le mariage,lieu socialpar excellence du traitementet de la mise en formedes rapports entre les femmes etles hommes. L'ensembledes textes, qui tous rendent comptederecherches originales, apporte des Cléments d'informationet decomparaison indis- pensables à la compréhensiondes rapports sociaux de sexe,contribuant ainsi audéveloppement autonome de ce champ d'étude. 13 TENDANCESACTUELLESDELA RECHERCHE EN ANTHROPOLOGIE DES SEXES * Nicole-ClaudeMATHIEU E.H.E.S.S.,Paris Qu'unejournée colloquecede soit spécialementconsacrée à l'analysedes relations hommes-femmesatteste légitimitélade que commence à acquérir ce sujet en tant que domaine derecherche autonome. Il faut en porterle crédit à l'existence depuis vingt ans ensciences sociales de ce qu'on appelle les "Wornen's Studies" (études sur/parles femmes)dont l'impulsion de départ estobjectivement liée à (re)naissancela des mouvementsféministes en Occident, mais aussi, il faut le souligner,dans Tiersle Monde.Non qu'avant on neparlait pas des femmes, mais en annexediscoursdu central, commeou un "problème". De même que les mouvementsNoirs ont fait comprendre que le"problème noir" était un problème blanc, on commence à saisir que le "problème des femmes'' estcréé par les hommes - comme il apparaîtra ici à travers la communication * Cette communication introductive h la journée sur "les relations hommes-femmes" du . 4ème Colloque Méga-Tchad reprend quelques points des entrées "Différenciationdes sexes" et "Etudes féministes et anthropologie" h paraître dans le Dictionnairede l'ethnologie etde l'anthropologie (A.I.D.A.,ed.) auxPresses Universitaires de France. de P. CHIKE DZKEsur les femmes dans le Civil Service de 1'Etat de Dans toutes les disciplines, I'Ctape premihe des wowi@~psStledies a éte une critique mCtlho- dologique de l'id6ologie sexiste de la "science" et sa mise en rapport avec les structuresd'oppression desfemmes dans les sociCtCs, principalement occidentales, qui la produisent : les $tades Eministes sont aussi une des barmchca, mGcomue, de la sociologie de la connaissanace. En ce qui concerne l'anthropologie, en &idence de l'androcentrisme (male bi pensGe scientifique y etait d'autant pluscruciale que, discours produit par un certaintype de sociCtCs, elle est aussi un discours sur des ssciCtCs certes 'tautres" maissouvent elles-m2mes androcenrxiques - ce qui pose un problbxede mkthode par le risque de renforcement entre I'idCologie des chercheurs et cellede la sociCtC Ctudi6e. Nombre d'6tndes ont montre que - quels que soient lesdomaines trait& (6conomie, parent6, sexualit6,politique, symbolisme, etc.) et quelles que soientles orientations theoriques des auteurs(marxistes, structuralistes, ou autres) - des mCcimismes dti~vi~ibili~~~i~~des femmes sont B I'BEuvre, tant dans recueille des donnCes (descriptions incomplgtes ou .hadequatesdes activit6s fhinines) que dans la formalisation (pr6sentationdes "faits" , langage , concepts , IP. CWKE BME, "Women in the Borno State Civil Service - - dividends or losses in investment in human capital"; dans ce volume, pp. 00-00. 15 théorisation). On amontré que les femmes sont invisibilisées à deux niveaux : . a) entant qu'actrices sociales (et même en tantqu'êtres humains) ; b) en tant 'que groupe socialement construit, cequi est corollaire de leur survisibilisation commeêtres pensés plus ''naturels" que les hommes(notamment dans leur rapport à la procréation). En analysantEn ambiguïtésles leset contradictionsdans les textes ethnologiques, on constateuneasymétrie danstraitement
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