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Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation
Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Title Bangladesh War of Liberation Author(s) Linton, S Citation Criminal Law Forum, 2010, Volume 21, Number 2, p. 191-311 Issued Date 2010 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/124770 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License Criminal Law Forum Ó Springer 2010 DOI 10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 SUZANNAH LINTON* COMPLETING THE CIRCLE: ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE CRIMES OF THE 1971 BANGLADESH WAR OF LIBERATION I INTRODUCTION There are many policy issues that need to be considered when a country and its people start to deal with horrors that are 39 years old. The trial process is a critical part of that, but it is not the only issue to deal with. It is essential for Bangladesh to develop a comprehensive, coherent and principled strategy for dealing with its past. It has not done that yet. The country is at a critical juncture, and it falls on the government to seize the opportunity to make the most of a process of accountability. Any trial process, especially of such a charged matter as the crimes of the liberation war, must meet international standards in order to have any legitimacy, honour the victims and provide some kind of redress to survivors. But that is not enough. After 38 years, the damage to the fabric of society is immense, and a properly conducted trial process opens a window of opportunity to repair some of the harm. The gov- ernment must respond appropriately. My purpose in this paper is not to address the important wider issues of how Bangladesh should deal with the legacies of its past. -
JCC: East Pakistan Crisis Indian Cabinet Chair: Prateek Swain Crisis Director: Alex Fager
asdf JCC: East Pakistan Crisis Indian Cabinet Chair: Prateek Swain Crisis Director: Alex Fager JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 Contents Letter from the Chair…….………………………...……………………...…..3 Introduction………..…….………………………...……………………...…..5 The Situation in the Indian Subcontinent……............……………..……..……7 Setting the Stage…...………………………..……………………….……….…………7 A Brief History of Modern India..…………..……………………….……….…………9 Indo-Pakistani Relations………...…………..………………...….….……….………...10 Domestic Affairs………………………………………………………………….…...12 Current Situation……………………………………….……………………………...13 Committee Positions………..…….………………………...………………..16 2 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 Letter from the Chair Dear Delegates, Namaste! I welcome you to the magnum opus of this year’s PMUNC, The JCC: East Pakistan Crisis. My name is Prateek Swain and I will be your chair for the India committee. First, I’ll introduce myself; I will be starting my sophomore year at Princeton and will be majoring in Economics or Woodrow Wilson School of Public Policy (depending on my mood when I have to declare) with a certificate in computer science. I have been debating as well as participating/chairing MUNs since my sophomore year of high school, and have carried on with these endeavors in college. Last year I was the Director for the Korean Reunification Committee at PMUNC, so I’m naturally extremely excited to be chairing this committee and have full faith that it will be a great experience for both you and me. This is certainly not my first crisis, but perhaps the one closest to my heart. Last semester, I took one of those eye opening classes at Princeton on Human Rights with Rebecca (Chair of the Pakistan committee) which set the foundation for this JCC to come into existence. -
SP's Landforces December 2011-January 2012
December 2011 -January 2012 Volume 8 No 6 R `100.00 (India-based Buyer Only) SP’s AN SP GUIDE PUBLICATION indian aRMY special TREASURE /6<:, Turn to page 17 WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ROUNDUP IN THIS ISSUE The ONLY journal in Asia dedicated to Land Forces PAGE 6 Pick Up the Pace Minister of Defence The emerging threats and challenges man - India date that India should be prepared to fight hybrid wars in the future. I am glad to know that SP Guide Publications, New Delhi is bringing out special editions separately for Indian Air Force, Indian Navy and Indian Army. Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor Since Shri Sukhdeo Prasad Baranwal founded SP Guide Publications in 1964, it has come a PAGE 9 long way in publishing monthly journals and magazines of repute on defence and strategic matters. In this context, its flagship publication SP’s Military Yearbook deserves a special mention. Raging Debate on AFSPA Act in J&K I send my best wishes for the successful publication of these special editions on Indian Armed Forces. A.K. Antony >> INDO-PAK WAR 1971 PHOTOGRAPH : Indian Army General (Retd) V.P. Malik PAGE 11 Offensive in the Mountains The decision on the Mountain Strike Corps (MSC) is not only about the capability and the implications. It is also about the mes - sage that India is, by its raisings, sending to China. The message is one of deterrence and resolve. It is not an aggressive one, but the second prong of India’s strategy. Colonel (Retd) Ali Ahmed PAGE 13 Exercise Sudarshan Shakti The exercise aims to test and confirm fresh concepts, manoeuvres and structures that will finally allow one of the world’s largest land forces to fight its next war more nimbly, with drastically less response time and much greater lethality. -
Indo-Pakistan War
WAR OF 1971 INDO-PAKISTAN WAR Sonam Pawar Purushottum Walawalkar higher secondary school 1 Goa naval unit • The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971was a military confrontation between India‘s forces and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to 16 December 1971. The war began with Operation Chengiz Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. Lasting just 13 days, it is one of the shortest warsin history. In the process, it also become part of the nine-month long Bangladesh Liberation War. • During the war, Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western fronts. The war ended after the Eastern Command of the Pakistan mIlitary signed the Instrument of Surrenderon 16December 1971in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Approximately 90,000to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators. • It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh. -
“History of BANGLADESH” Victory Day (বিজ붼 বিিস - Bijoy Dibos), 16Th December 1971 Declaration of Independence, March 26, 1971
Research Paper “History of BANGLADESH” Victory Day (বিজ붼 বিিস - Bijoy Dibos), 16th December 1971 Declaration of Independence, March 26, 1971 Submitted by: Radwan Chowdhury www.RadwanChowdhury.info | [email protected] Phone: +1-904-759-6644 | +88-0183-149-3878 | +971-50-296-1628 Social Media: FB.com/RadwanChowdhury | Twitter.com/RadwanChowdhury Submitted To: Our Youth Supporting Organization (s): UDiON Foundation Web: www.udionfoundation.org | E-mail: [email protected] Social Media: FB.com/UdionFoundation | US Phone: 1-347-70-UDiON Submission Date: November, 5, 2013 Tags: Developing Countries | Government-NGO Relations | Non-Governmental | Policy Advocacy Groups | Public Health | Activists | Gender InEquality | Women’s Empowerment | Education | Poverty | Children’s | Diversity | Organizations | Press and Media. Read it Forward * Out Innovate * Out Educate * Out Build © Copy Right | RADWAN CHOWDHURY | All Rights Reserved Page 1 of 10 Victory Day (বিজ붼 বিিস - Bijoy Dibos): is a national holiday in Bangladesh celebrated on December 16 to commemorate the victory of the Allied forces High Command over the Pakistani forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Commanding officer of the Pakistani Forces General AAK Niazi surrendered his forces to the Allied forces commander Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora, which marked ending the 9 month-long[1] Bangladesh Liberation War and 1971 Bangladesh genocide and officially secession of East Pakistan into Bangladesh. History: The Bangladesh Liberation War (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was a South Asian war of independence in 1971 which established the sovereign nation of Bangladesh. The war pitted East Pakistan and India against West Pakistan, and lasted over a duration of nine months. -
Gauri Gill 1984, a Bibliography a Adam Jones, Genocide: A
Gauri Gill 1984, A Bibliography A Adam Jones, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, Routledge Press (ISBN 9781317533856), 2016 Aatish Taseer, The Way Things Were,Pan Macmillan (ISBN 9789382616337), 2014 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: Supreme Court and Punjab Crisis, EPW magazine, September 22, 1984 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: Rule of Law and Terrorism in Punjab and Northern Ireland, EPW magazine, October 20, 1984 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: Ill-Treatment of Political Detenus, EPW magazine, April 20, 1985 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: The Terrorist Act, EPW magazine, June 1, 1985 A.G. Noorani, Misra commission under fire, Sikh Review, 35 (401), May 1987 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: Repressive Laws in Punjab, EPW magazine, September 12, 1987 A.G. Noorani, CIVIL LIBERTIES: Ill-Treatment of Political Detenus, EPW magazine, January 23, 1988 A.G. Noorani, Crisis in Judiciary, Frontline, May 11, 2018 Ajaz Ashraf, 1984 revisited: The guilty men of Delhi, Sikh Review, 41 (11), November 1993 Ajeet Caur, November Churasi (Short story collection), Navyug Publishers, 1995 Ajmer Singh, Etmad A. Khan, Carnage 84, The Ambushing Of Witnesses, Tehelka magazine Special Issue October 8, 2005 Amandeep Sandhu, Roll of Honour, Rupa Publications, (ISBN 9788129120236), 2013 Amarjit Chandan, Jugni (Essay), Likhat Parhat, Navyug Publishers, 2013 Amarjit Chandan, Punjab de QatilãN' nu and O jo huNdey sann (Poems), JarhãN, 1995, 1999, 2005 Amarjit Chandan, The Camera and 1984, https://sikhchic.com/1984/the_camera_1984, 2012 Amitav Ghosh, The Ghosts of Mrs Gandhi, The New Yorker magazine, July 1995 Amiya Rao, When Delhi Burnt, EPW magazine, December 8, 1984 Amiya Rao, The Delhi massacre and censoring the Sikhs. -
Mohaiemen the Ginger Merchant of History Standing in the Shadows Of
516 WDw review — sedimentS 517 1971 A photograph of a ceremony encapsulates the dilemma of a partic- The Ginger Merchant of ular, linear, and preordained war narrative: the arc of the 1971 Ban- gladeshi liberation war that has focused primarily on the role of the Bengali guerrilla army fighting the Pakistani army. The photograph History (Standing in the troubles that story, while also containing its own occlusions. The image is of the signing of a cease-fire agreement on 16 December Shadows of ‘Giants’) 1971.1 Signing for the Pakistani army, humiliatingly defeated after a BY NaEEM MOHAIEMEN full-force Indian offensive, is Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan DECEMBER 2016 Niazi. The signatory for the Indian army is Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora. In a telltale sign of the adjacency of the British partition of India, both Niazi and Arora had graduated from the British-era Indian Military Academy. Both went on to fight on behalf of the British Empire in the Burma campaign of World War II, where Niazi was a decorated soldier, earning the nickname “Tiger.” After 1947, the two men found themselves serving the opposed armies of Pakistan (Niazi) and India (Arora). This new ‘enemy’ status led them to be on warring sides during the 1965 India–Pakistan war, and finally in direct conflict in 1971, climaxing in this seated cease-fire ceremony. Newspaper reports at the time used the framing of a ‘house divid- ed’, underlining that the two generals came from the Punjab province that had been bifurcated in 1947. But there was something else dis- turbing the photo of two former classmates. -
Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation
Criminal Law Forum Ó Springer 2010 DOI 10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 SUZANNAH LINTON* COMPLETING THE CIRCLE: ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE CRIMES OF THE 1971 BANGLADESH WAR OF LIBERATION I INTRODUCTION There are many policy issues that need to be considered when a country and its people start to deal with horrors that are 39 years old. The trial process is a critical part of that, but it is not the only issue to deal with. It is essential for Bangladesh to develop a comprehensive, coherent and principled strategy for dealing with its past. It has not done that yet. The country is at a critical juncture, and it falls on the government to seize the opportunity to make the most of a process of accountability. Any trial process, especially of such a charged matter as the crimes of the liberation war, must meet international standards in order to have any legitimacy, honour the victims and provide some kind of redress to survivors. But that is not enough. After 38 years, the damage to the fabric of society is immense, and a properly conducted trial process opens a window of opportunity to repair some of the harm. The gov- ernment must respond appropriately. My purpose in this paper is not to address the important wider issues of how Bangladesh should deal with the legacies of its past. I wish to focus on the key legal issues arising out of the Awami League government’s avowed determination to investigate, prosecute and punish alleged criminals under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973 As Amended. -
16-17 Ministers Likely to Be Sworn in with Nitish
VVOLOL NNO.O. XXIIII IISSUESSUE NNO.O. 7788 PPAGES.AGES. 88+8+8 ` //-- 4 EENGLISHNGLISH DDAILYAILY THE16 MONDAY, NOVEMBER, SOUTH 2020 PUBLISHED FROM: HYDERABAD, CHENNAI INDIA & BANGALORE EDITOR INTIMES CHIEF: BUCHI BABU VUPPALA www.thesouthindiatimes.comw /facebook/thesouthindiatimes.yahoo.in / thesouthindiatimes.yahoo.in /@thesouthindiatimes PAGE-3 Kejriwal performs Diwali puja After slamming central probe at Akshardham bodies, Kerala CPI-M attacks CAG PAGE-4 SHORT TAKES UP girl child’s 16-17 Ministers likely to be sworn in with Nitish body found with Patna, Nov 15 (UNI) invited by Governor Ph- from the Sahani’s VIP and Defence Minister Rajnath ters to take oath in tomor- Around 16 to 17 minis- agu Chauhan to form the Jitan Ram Manjhi’s Hin- Singh, who was present in row’s (Monday) swearing organs missing ters are expected to be government, said that the dustani Awam Morcha- the meetings at the CM’s in ceremony.” According sworn-in along with Chief list of ministers will be de- Secular. “We will finalise residence as well as at the to sources, there will be Kanpur, Nov 15 (UNI) In Minister-designate Nitish cided by late Sunday eve- the names of ministers Raj Bhavan, not speaking seven ministers each from a ghastly incident, the Kumar in the oath-taking ning or early Monday. Ac- by late night or tomorrow on the issue. the Janata Dal-United butchered body of a six- ceremony on Monday, but cording to sources, there morning and submit it Vikassheel Insaan Party and the Bharatiya Janata year-old girl was found in it was not clear yet if Sushil will be seven ministers before the Governor,” he chief Mukesh Sahani, who Party, and one each from an Uttar Pradesh village in Kumar Modi will return each from the Janata Dal- said. -
A Realist Perspective Nitin Pai
The 1971 East Pakistan Genocide - A Realist Perspective Nitin Pai The genocide in East Pakistan was perhaps Pakistan 1971: Sturm und Drang among the few that did not come as a surprise, Tropical Cyclone Bhola, a category 3 not least to the victims. It accompanied the birth storm, made landfall on the East Pakistan of a new nation leaving horrible birthmarks that coastline on November 12, 1970. It claimed disfigure Bangladeshi society to this day. between 250,000 to 500,000 lives4. It also set off a Bangladesh in 1971 was the site of multiple chain of events that would result in a genocide, conflicts: a civil war between the the two wings another war between India and Pakistan, the of Pakistan, communal violence between birth of a new state and the death of an old Bengalis and non-Bengalis, a genocide, an theory. guerilla war, a conventional war and a counter- Unequal halves. By 1970, the uneasy genocide. In each of these conflicts perpetrators, relationship between Pakistan’s two victims and onlookers often exchanged roles. A geographically-separated wings was under total study of the conflict is beyond the scope of severe strain. The poorer, more populous, this essay. This essay examines the causes, Bengali-speaking East Pakistan came to realise course and results of one sub-conflict—the that it was effectively a colony of the richer, genocide against Bengalis by the West Pakistani Punjabi-dominated West Pakistan. The ruling army—and attempts to explain it through a civilian and military elite belonged to the West, Realist perspective. -
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Liberation War of Bangladesh: Place in the World Map Ali MS1,2*, James M1 1 School of Humanities and Sociology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
American Research Journal of History and Culture ISSN-2379-2914 Volume 6, Issue 1, 4 Pages Research Article Open Access Liberation War of Bangladesh: Place in the World Map Ali MS1,2*, James M1 1 School of Humanities and Sociology, Nottingham Trent University, UK. 2National University *[email protected] Abstract: nationalist and self-determination movement during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide in East Pakistan. This The Bangladesh Liberation War was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali junta launched Operation Searchlight on the night of 25 March 1971 against the citizens of East Pakistan. This soughtresulted the in systematicthe unification removal of Bangladesh’s of civilians, People’steachers, Republic. intelligentsia, The war religious began minorities,after the West and Pakistaniarmed personnel military from Bengali nationalism. The junta annulled the election results in 1970 and arrested Sheik Mujibur Rahman, Prime Minister-designate. The war ended on December 16, 1971, after the surrender of West Pakistan. Following nine months of war against the government of the Pakistani army, Bangladesh took its place in the world map as a sovereign country. Keywords: Bangladesh, liberation, language, election, Pakistan Introduction Owing to their faith, Islam, both East and West Pakistan remained united. West Pakistan had 97 percent of Muslims and 85 percent of Muslims in East Pakistan. There were, however, some important reasons why the people of East Pakistan struggled for their independence. There were four districts in West Pakistan: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. East Pakistan was the fourth province. Through regional regulation, the West has used more energy than the East.