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EthicalMUN II

Dear Delegates: Welcome to Ethical MUN II! First a little about your chairs! All three of us are sophomores at Fieldston, Lily has been involved in Model UN since 7th grade, and this will be her second time chairing at EMUNC. Besides Model UN, she enjoys coaching sailing in the summer, playing softball, and spending time with her friends. Theo Dassin Alex has been involved in Model UN since freshman year and this will be his Co-Secretary second time chairing at EMUNC. Alex loves playing tennis...asdjf;. Besides Model UN Sam enjoys playing lacrosse, skiing, and spending time with his family. Iva Knezevic Back to work! We are incredibly excited to be chairing this this three way Co-Secretary General Joint Crisis Committee on the Indo-Pakistani War. Your background guide has been carefully written so as to include information essential and beneficial to your Alex Keswani understanding of this complex issue, and urge you to read thoroughly, but also Chief of suggest you read the background guides of the other two rooms as well as some thorough outside research. In order to navigate this committee successfully, you Jacob Greene must be well versed in your own perspective, but more importantly be well versed in Chief of Staff the perspectives of others. In this committee, we want to see solutions that are creative and unique. We know how imaginative your young minds can be, so as long Ryan Kelly as you are realistic anything is plausible. We hope to see collaborations both in and out of the room, as this will only strengthen your solutions and ideas. Our main goal Vice-Secretary of as your committee chairs is to have all of you work together and engage in Committees meaningful and substantive structured debate while strengthening your crisis

management skills. We anticipate providing a novel experience that will allow all of Olivia Becker you to become better delegates while learning, and having fun. Vice-Secretary of We know that for some of you this may be your first Model UN experience, Administration so we hope that our committee will provide a safe and fun space for you to learn the “ins and outs” of a JCC committee. For those of you who are more experienced, we Halle Friedman hope this will be an enjoyable experience where you can let your debate and Vice-Secretary of international policy skills shine. As continues to battle , the citizens Outreach and soldiers alike who call this great nation their home turn to you, the Indian cabinet, to see what will happen next. Leilani Elkaslasy Please feel free to contact us at [email protected], Community Service [email protected], or [email protected] with any questions! We look Director forward to meeting you all in May.

Good Luck! Best Regards, Lily Josephson, Alex Zlotchenko, and Sam Gold

JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

Committee Description: with that despot Yayha Khan of Pakistan. Thus, a direct confrontation with Pakistan It’s 1971. Led Zeppelin’s about to provoked by us may lead to quick escalation release their best album, microprocessors are and unpleasant scenarios one does not yet fast catching on, John Lennon is still alive, wish to imagine. Furthermore, a partition and oh! Revolution is in the air comrades. could again lead to a massive influx of India’s got its fair share of problems, but our refugees to India and instability in the pesky neighbors in the west have trouble already disturbed region of . brewing in their backyard. , the And since India is a land of so many better half of Pakistan (otherwise known as cultures, helping a country divide on the ,) has been causing trouble for basis of different cultures could massively the leaders sitting in Islamabad with backfire on us. We won’t be currying favor secessionist ideas that have been floating with the international community either if around in Dacca and other parts of their we are caught openly as playing territory. East & are the troublemaker. much-touted two-state solution founded on the basis that a country with a unified religion will be more stable. Its creation led to much bloodshed and a messy partition of the glorious landmass of what was once a unified India. The leaders of India sense opportunity. This is a golden chance to divide Pakistan and make our enemies weaker, establish ourselves as the leaders of the South Asian region, and help democracy in the process. However, we have a long and treacherous path ahead of us. We’re still licking our wounds from our defeat by China in our first war as an independent country. Furthermore, the United States of But we cannot ignore the pleas and protests America under the (gloriously disastrous) of our fellow men who so desperately crave rule of Nixon have sided themselves firmly

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to liberate themselves from such a draconian landmass of India. The last act of British nation’s constraints. While we risk looking rule left the subcontinent in shambles after like the villains nosing for selfish reasons an extremely messy partition of our country (which granted, do exist), we must act for a on the basis of religion that has had severe higher cause. It is our moral obligation and ramifications to this day. India and Pakistan our duty to help them achieve it. India do not enjoy the warmest bilateral relations stands for the principles of human rights, with each other. India, under the Congress freedom and democracy, the very antithesis Party (popular Indian Party fighting for of the Pakistani administration. And to Independence) leader and future Prime ensure our principles and values triumph Minsiter Jawahar Lal Nehru pleaded with will be the best damn victory we will ever Viceroy Mountbatten (the British Head of achieve. Colonial India) and other Imperial Officials to not divide the country upon Background Information: Independence. However, on the insistence of Muhammed Ali Jinhah, the founder of The Situation in the Indian Pakistan and leader of All-India Muslim Subcontinent: League, the country went through a partition General , the right before it tasted Independence. This magnificently incompetent dictator of partition was based on the underlying Pakistan, recently announced he would be principle of religion, with India (called stepping down. Thus Pakistan, in a rare and Hindustan in ) being the land of surprising win for the suffrage supporters, Hindus and East and West Pakistan being held an open and fair election. However, the country of Muslims. The idea was that there was one problem that Yahya, and the countries with a unifying religion would be main front-runner political heavyweight of inherently more stable (if only they knew West Pakistan , did not what it looks like today) On India’s west, anticipate: the elections were won by a bordering the states of Punjab, Jammu & Bengali activist sitting thousands of miles , Rajasthan and is West away from them in East Pakistan, Mujibur Pakistan. And to India’s east, bordering Rahman. East Pakistan is the other half of West Bengal, is East Pakistan. While the West Pakistan, separated only by the religion most prolifically practiced in East

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Pakistan is Islam, the population shares us? Because the geo-political power struggle more in common with their counterparts in in South Asia has been largely missing a West Bengal than their countrymen in West single dominating power due to a lack of Pakistan. They speak the same regional precedence of might by Pakistan or India. dialect Bengali, and have a plethora of The current situation is ripe for exploitation. cultural similarities while West Pakistan has Creation of Pakistan had always been various subsets of people and a native considered the worst mistake of the British language of . East Pakistan also had a (and believe me they have a huge list of Hindu minority unlike West Pakistan. But mistakes) by us Indians and helping East why does this pose a problem? Because East Pakistan secede would be the perfect stage Pakistan never wanted to exist under the to prove how Pakistan’s “two state” solution shadow of West Pakistan. The Bengalis is fundamentally flawed, weaken our biggest there always wanted to secede, and threat to national security, and help us autonomy was their top priority. The emerge as the victor of this geo-political government in the west had long neglected struggle: a perfect trifecta. However, history them and their differences were more than has proven that nothing is truer than the enough reason to provide weight to their proverb ‘no pain no gain’. Yahya and independence argument. However, the USA Pakistan won’t let such ideas of carving up was firmly for an undivided Pakistan. their country float around without Here’s where the plot thickens: repercussions, and India could be caught in Mujibur Rahman, the populist leader of East the crossfire of this independence struggle. Pakistan and his Party won India’s partition in 1947 rendered millions 141 seats in the elections, losing only 2 in of families homeless, which led to mass the East. This makes Mujibur Rahman set to migration movements, uprooting households become the Prime Minister of all of that had existed for centuries. It also led to Pakistan. Rumors are afoot that he wants to both Pakistan and India being forced to use his current position to secede and create accommodate these refugees when they an independent “desh” (Country), which weren’t capable of supporting them. Not to obviously does not sit well with the western forget the thousands who lost their lives in Pakistan population or align with the the bloody religion based riots that erupted country’s aspirations. Why does this help in various regions of both countries. Another

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JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

Independence movement in its • Bengali independence was taken neighborhood could prove costly for us, off the table something we wish to dearly avoid. It is in large part due to the last provision of this plan that we find ourselves A Brief History of Modern India: in this current predicament. Following the Following our nation’s liberation disastrous partition, however, we had from British colonial rule and the great established our glorious state, free from the Gandhi’s efforts and the movement he yoke of colonial rule and free to chart our spawned, the subcontinent was wracked by own course. Although we have only one of the most gruesome events in our discussed our nation until 1947, you will history. The , by the time it soon see that much of our history for the reached its conclusion in 1948, had claimed purposes of our debate will primarily be some 2 million casualties with over 15 dictated by relations with our neighbors to million uprooted from their homes and the west. thrust into perilous conditions at the hands of sectarian violence. The plan that Lord Indo-Pakistani Relations: Francis Mountbatten, then Governor- Almost immediately after the General of India, drew up for the partition independence war with Pakistan broke out set forth the following proposals; over the disputed region of the formerly • That the Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim princely states of Jammu and Kashmir; populations of Punjab and Bengal following a formal declaration of war on 22 would vote in referenda within each October 1947, Indian and Pakistani forces group; if any wanted partition, then fought over the disputed Kashmir Valley. India would be partitioned into Initially sparked by tribesmen from Hindu and Muslim states Waziristan and the North-West Frontier • The provinces of Sind and armed by the Pakistani government, Baluchistan would independently decide incursions into Jammu and Kashmir their own status provoked a military response by the Nehru • India would gain its independence government. The conflict raged until 1 by 15 August 1947 January, 1949, when a ceasefire brokered by the newly-established United Nations went

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JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

into effect. The conflict largely ended in a found themselves well-outnumbered “nearly stalemate, with Pakistan gaining some 5:1” by our far-superior air force. The territories including Azad Kashmir, but with diagram below shows the current (1965) the Republic of India retaining the Kashmir boundaries of the Line of Control separating Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh. Following the Azad Kashmir and IHK. cease-fire, relations stabilized for a period of time, peppered of course by border skirmishes and the like. Indeed, instability continued to plague the Pakistani nation, but the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir did not boil over until the summer of 1965. In what has come to be known as “Operation Gibraltar,” Pakistan began launching clandestine military incursions into Indian- Held Kashmir (IHK) with the hopes of sparking an insurgency within Jammu and Ladakh. However, this proved to be quite Domestic Affairs: the ill-advised misadventure on behalf of the Currently, the Prime Minister of Pakistani forces. On 5 August 1965, India, , of the Indian National between 20-30,000 Pakistani soldiers Congress Party is leading our nation. masquerading as Kashmiri locals breached Daughter of , Indira the Line of Control dividing Azad Kashmir became a member of Lal Bansur Shashtri’s with IHK; mobilizing rapidly our armies cabinet in 1964 following her father’s death. retaliated. However, our aerial might Running on a platform of “Garibi Hatao,” coupled with our generals’ strategic prowess (or Eradicating Poverty), the Congress Party successfully held the Pakistani offensive at sought to bolster a weak showing in the bay. Finally, a ceasefire was reached on 23 polls by appealing to a broader swath of the September 1965, with both the United States population with social programs. Indeed, the and the USSR pressuring our nation as well program proved to be quite an effective as Pakistan to halt hostilities. Or, indeed, it mechanism for direct access to local and could have been that the Pakistani forces rural communities, bypassing the mire of

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caste politics in many of India’s agrarian neighborhood could spell trouble for our and underdeveloped states. However, since administration and give the some partition many issues have plagued India. dangerous ideas. And while it is logically Food shortages caused by the refugee crisis extremely lucrative to support East Pakistan after partition led to significant strain on our to finally put Pakistan’s two-state theory to then-nascent economy. Following an bed and prove a point, it can put us in a very essentially forced liberalization of the rupee precarious situation. Furthermore, East at the insistence of foreign aid organizations Pakistan is a land of 67 million people. such as the World Bank, the GDP per capita When India was partitioned, it led to the grew nearly 35% in the 1960’s. In addition, uprooting of millions of families and large investments in industries such as migration movements, not to forget bloody manufacturing, agriculture, and riots in which millions were massacred and transportation have all proven to be valuable butchered mercilessly. Tensions from the for our nation’s economic well-being. religion-based riots are still felt to date. Following the 1965 war, however, defense History tends to repeat itself, and such a expenditures made up nearly 25% of total repeat situation won’t be pretty. India is government spending. certainly not in a position right not to accept many refugees as we struggle to provide Current Crisis: enough for our current denizens. While it’s too early in history to pronounce Nixon and It is March of 1971. While it is a Kissinger as the villains who occupied the great opportunity to raise a toast to halls of power in the West, they are the men Pakistan’s trouble, we should not be in charge of United States of America. And presumptuous in celebrating a victory. The it’s no secret that Nixon is an admirer of state of West Bengal (that borders East General Yahya Khan (and they say Pakistan) has been facing a lot of Marxist Watergate couldn’t be predicted). Nixon and and Maoist insurgency in recent times. Kissinger, according to many sources, have Maoist extremists called Naxalites (named been using Pakistan for backroom dealing after a village in West Bengal called with China and thus that puts them in a Naxalbari) have been wreaking havoc, position where they would be more inclined painting the entire eastern coast as red as to support Pakistan. This puts India in a they can. Secessionist movements in their

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risky position. However, it still is 1971, and would take that lying down. So the course of the Cold War is alive and well. An enemy of action depends on you. Freedom, democracy an enemy is a friend, and thus there is solace and many other fundamental pillars of to be found in the halls of the Kremlin. The society dangle on the scales, along with the USSR is a superpower more or less on par lives of millions of humans. Your decisions with America and this is your chance to will dictate how history writes itself, and rewrite history in a different way. While the how India and our committee are more comfortable and safer route is to remembered many years later. support this movement from the shadows and pull the strings without any direct Delegate Views: involvement as logic would dictate, this Sardar , Minister of current situation also provides an External Affairs, . opportunity to rebalance the power equation The External Affairs Ministry is in of the region. This could also mean direct charge of all foreign relations, which means confrontation with Pakistan in the least, and that Mr. Singh is in charge of India’s perhaps World War III at worst with USA, diplomacy. Mr. Singh was a member of the USSR and other countries getting involved. Sikh party, the in the Such a risky situation must be carefully 1940’s before becoming the first Home analyzed and steps taken must be thought Minister of Punjab after Independence. He out carefully with a strategy in place. It has served in the central cabinet since 1952. would be foolish to not exploit the current He worked in various capacities, but has situation to help East Pakistan to secede. worked with both China and Pakistan during And dividing Pakistan could also potentially sensitive negotiations, establishing a be an opportunity to make East Pakistan a friendly dialogue with his fellow diplomats. strong ally, or maybe even annex both He is supportive of the Bangladeshi rebels halves of Pakistan and fulfill a lifelong and has argued passionately in the past dream of having a United India, and reverse about the humanitarian situation in East an irreversible mistake made by colonizers. Pakistan. But it would also be foolish to think our

immediate neighbors from the Orient and

less than friendly hegemonies in the West

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JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

Yashwantrao Chavan, Minister of also fiercely opposing British rule in Bihar, Finance, Government of India. he went on after independence to serve in The Ministry of Finance controls the the central government. Among many allocation of funding from the central positions, he served as Minister of Labor government with the budget, as well as helping to guarantee Dalit rights as well as control of both revenue collection and Minister of Food and Agriculture. financial regulation. Chavan, born in Maharashtra, has a long history of service as Lt. Gen , General a member of Congress, including Minister Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in- of Defense during the 1965 war. Leaning C), , . towards a socialist bent common among the Born in Punjab, Aurora served in party members, Chavan is the most popular Burma during World War II under the politician from Maharashtra. Although he is British after graduating from the Raj’s unable to entirely alter the budget on his Military Academy. Since then serving as a own, his ability to control the allocation of distinguished military officer, he was monetary resources will be critical to any appointed to his current position in 1969. military operations. Being in charge of Eastern Command, he has control of all units in eastern , Minister of Defense India. This includes the 8th, 23rd, and 57th As he is charge of the Ministry of divisions near East Pakistan as well as three Defense, Ram has the ultimate authority to divisions spread out on India’s borders with authorize the distribution of military China in the east (Arunachal Pradesh and resources logistically, as well as deciding Assam).Besides these divisions, being an which units will be authorized to participate entire command, Aurora also controls in which military theaters. This means that engineering and military tactical units. Ram, while not controlling the on-the- ground situations or specific theaters of operation, has the strongest authority by which he can ensure units are supported or in which geographies they will be fighting. Famed for fighting for Dalit rights while

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JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

Lt. Gen Kunhiraman Palat Candeth, Indian Naval units for offensive maneuvers General Officer Commanding-in-Chief instead of defensive ones. The (GOC-in-C), , Indian operates out of Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Army. Bengal and out of Cochin on the Arabian Born in Kerala, Candeth served as Sea. Western command includes 2 new the commanding officer during India’s missile ships, as well as 12 destroyers and 2 annexation of Goa as well as the submarines. In the East, the Indian Navy has commanding officer against Naga insurgents one aircraft carrier, one new missile ship, 4 in Northeastern India. Controlling the destroyers, and one submarine. He also has Western Command, Candeth has to battle the authority to authorize marine operations. concerns about Chinese forces as well tough mountain warfare in Kashmir and tank Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal, battles in the vast dusty plains of Rajasthan Head of the and Punjab. Western Command controls 5 Lal served as a reconnaissance pilot divisions in Kashmir and Ladakh, 3 in in Burma during World War II, and is Jammu, and 5 divisions in Punjab. Western considered an expert in providing aerial command also controls engineering corps support to ground operations. In the Western and tactical units, as well as accompanying Command, the Indian Air Force has 6 armored divisions. Candeth must balance the squadrons of MiG-21s commanded from operations of his forces by cooperating with Jodhpur and in the east, 3, commanded from both the diplomatically tense situation with Shillong. The air force has received China as well as the absolutely critical considerable training and support from the support of the Air Force. USSR, which gives them strength against forces supported by the US such as Pakistan, Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda, but the forces of China also use similar Head of the Indian Navy equipment and may be more evenly Known as a bold commander, Nanda matched. Besides the control of these is a strong advocate for a more aggressive conventional air forces, Lal also commands posturing of the Indian Navy. He has been a the use of missiles and the use of big supporter of purchasing naval equipment paratrooper units. from the USSR, as well as for upgrading

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JCC: India EthicalMUN II Crisis

K Sankaran Nair, Head of West Pakistan and set up networks of informants in East Desk, Research & Analysis Wing Pakistan. He is the sole point of contact for In Charge of all espionage related the Indian Government with the opposition activities in Pakistan by India. leaders in East Pakistan. In fact, rumors (miscommunication, etc, but he needs to set suggest he may have a close personal up all of these type of these things, there is relationship with Mujib, given his an existing group obviously but more operational history of meetings with needed) Serving for decades first in the opposition leaders in countries near India’s British Indian Imperial Police and in the Eastern periphery. Although his operators Intelligence Bureau, Nair has experience are not equipped yet for the sophisticated setting up intelligence networks in Africa sabotage efforts that the West Pakistan desk, after the departure of the Europeans, as well they do have an extensive network of as working on the numerous issues that have Bengalis committed to an independent cropped up since the 1965 war in terms of Bangladesh. India’s intelligence services. Although there are several deep agents in Pakistan, he must MBK Nair, Head of technical still work on setting up networks of , Research & Analysis Wing. information that are more relevant to Nair is in charge of RAW’s immediate operations. Also, the current operations for training new operators and model of espionage is focused on supplying supplying them with the equipment to information. Although Nair has worked hard accomplish their tasks. His division is to train a different model of operations that equipped with enough to arm small militias, is more aggressive, it remains to be seen if as well as launch sabotage missions that this pays off in any operational capacity. may destabilize political situations. He is in contact with Soviet technology experts as PN Banerjee, Head of East Pakistan Desk, well, which gives him the credibility to Research & Analysis Wing. introduce new tactics in the field. His Banerjee runs the operations in expertise is crucial to any operations within Eastern India for RAW. With the foresight other nations outside India, as well as to the of the founders of RAW, his officers have training of new operators.Born into one of already prepared for the training of militias the most prominent families in all of Bengal,

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Ray is close friends with , the highest ranking officer of the Indian the Chief Minister of West Bengal. A army. longtime member of Congress, he is a close ally of Indira Gandhi who has recently , Minister of appointed him Minister of Information and Information and Broadcasting Broadcasting in addition to his role as As the Minister of Information and Minister of Education. His Bengali Broadcasting, Gujral was in charge of all background and ministry powers mean he propaganda and advertising. He has the best ability to influence the people of managed what the people see in Bengal on both sides of the border. He advertisement, and this is how people controls all public dissemination of viewed the government and the war at that information by the central government in time. Inder Kumar Gujar at first was the India. He also is able to garner the support minister of Information and Broadcasting of businessmen in , his ancestral and later because India’s Third Prime home, and in Calcutta. Minister. This is important in the Indo- Pakistani War because he was in charge of Sam Manekshaw, Chief of Army Staff what the normal people saw from the war. Manekshaw was the first Indian Without people who were happy with the army officer to be promoted to field government, he couldn't get anything done. marshal, one of the most senior ranks in the In this crisis committee, Gujral is working Indian army. As a strong advocate for his hand in hand with the leaders of the Indian country, Manekshaw fought in five wars, government because whatever they do has to including the Indo-Pakistani war. be translated into different terms so the Throughout the war, Manekshaw was people can see. recognized for his victories leading to the creation of Bangladesh. He demonstrated his Indira Gandhi, ability to resist pressure from the opinions of Gandhi was the first and only female Prime Minister Gandhi in order to what was prime minister of India, and although best for his country. The Chief of Army staff bearing no relation to Mahatma Gandhi, she is the commander and generally considered was the daughter of the first Indian prime minister. As a politician she was renown for

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her ruthlessness in governing and belonged maintains their relationship and to the party. The negotiations, and represents India in all minister of home affairs directs the matters with Pakistan. This position is government's internal security, with the integral to the communication between large Indian police force under their Pakistan and India. management. Varahagiri Venkata Giri, President of Raj Bahadur, Minister of Parliamentary India Affairs The is a Bahadur served various positions in fascinating position in the Indian the Indian government, from Government, while he is the head of the telecommunications minister to leader of the armed forces and has all the powers of the Indian national congress. Along with that, executive, the president is bound by both his participation in Indian social work law and custom to act in accordance with the focused on welfare and campaigning against Prime Minister and their wishes. President forced labor. As minister of parliamentary Giri is a prime example of this, he even affairs, you head the parliamentary ministry, received the nickname, “The Prime the ministry designated with handling affairs Minister’s President” because of how relating to parliament, and the connection submissive he was to the wishes of the between the lower and upper houses of Cabinet and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Indian parliament. You are the That said the President acts in a vital representative in the cabinet for the political, governmental, and public role in parliament, and know and are connected to the Indian Cabinet. all information regarding the parliament.

B K Acharya, Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan Acharya was the link to Pakistan throughout the war, hosting mediations with Pakistan in order to potentially solve the conflict. The high commissioner to Pakistan

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