DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Course Code: 6491 Unit: 1–9 B. ED. (4 YEARS) PAKISTAN STUDIES PROGRAM Dr. BadshahSardar CourseDevelopment Coordinator DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD i (Copyright © 2019 AIOU Islamabad) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under AIOU copyright ACT. 1st Edition ...................................... 2019 Quantity ........................................ ---------- Typeset by ..................................... M. Asad Faheem Printer............................................ Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Publisher ....................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. ii COURSE TEAM Chairperson: Dr. Samina Awan Course Development Coordinator: Dr. BadshahSardar Writers: 1. Dr. BadshahSardar 2. Ms.Waqar-Un-Nisa 3. Dr. Shakil Ahmad Awan 4. Dr. Tahir Saeed 5. Mr. Kashif Raza 6. Mr. Ghani ur Rahman 7. Mr.AzharLiyaqat 8. Mr.Muhammad Haroon 9. Prof. Dr.AmanullahMemon Reviewers: 1. Dr. BadshahSardar 2. Ms. Waqar-Un-Nisa 3. Dr. Rizwan Ahmed Satti 4. Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan Course Coordinator: Dr. BadshahSardar iii CONTENTS Unit-1 Physical Features of Pakistan 01 1.1 Definition of Physical Features 06 1.2 Mountains 08 1.3 Plains 14 1.4 Plateaus 18 1.5 Deserts 22 1.6 Rivers and other Sources of Water 25 Unit-2 Natural Resources 29 2.1 Definition and types 33 2.2 Mineral Resources 34 2.3 Forests Resources 39 2.4 Power Resources 42 2.5 Agricultural Resources 46 2.6 Livestock Resources 51 Unit-3 Human Resources 55 3.1 Definition of Human Resources 59 3.2 Indicators of Human Development 61 3.3 Importance of Human Resources 62 3.4 Role of Education in The Development of Human Resources 64 3.5 Role of Human Resources Management in Education 65 3.6 Problems in The Usages of Human Resources 71 Unit-4 Urban and Rural Problems 75 4.1 Problems of Urban Areas 79 4.2 Problems of Ruler Areas 81 4.3 Need for Special Measures to Solve Rural Areas’ Problems 83 4.4 Reasons of Migration from Rural to Urban Areas 85 Unit-5 Population and Employment 89 5.1 Population of Pakistan 93 5.2 Distribution of Population 96 5.3 Major Populated Cities of Pakistan 101 5.4 Reasons of Increase in Population and Steps to Overcome It 106 5.5 Employed Population 113 Unit- 6 Society and Culture 121 6.1 Definition of Culture 124 iv 6.2 Types of Culture 125 6.3 Ancient Cultures of Pakistan 127 6.4 Architecture 130 6.5 Handicrafts 133 6.6 Traditions and Customs 135 Unit-7 Important Industries of Pakistan 141 7.1 Definition of Industry 145 7.2 Cloth Industry 146 7.3 Sugar Industry 148 7.4 Cement Industry 150 7.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 155 7.6 Iron Industry 159 7.7 Industry of Vegetable Oil 162 7.8 Sports and Surgical Instruments 166 Unit-8 Five Year Plan 171 8.1 Definition and Importance of Economic Planning 174 8.2 1stFive Year Plan of Pakistan 174 8.3 2ndFive Year Plan of Pakistan 177 8.4 3rdFive Year Plan of Pakistan 178 8.5 4thFive Year Plan of Pakistan 180 8.6 Policy of Nationalization in Pakistan 182 8.7 Policy of Privatization in Pakistan 183 Unit-9 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 187 9.1 An Overview of Pakistan-China Friendship 191 9.2 Karakoram Highway 193 9.3 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 196 9.4 Importance of Corridor in Future 197 9.5 Impacts on Pakistan’s Economy 201 9.6 Regional Corporation and New Ways of Development 204 Recommended Books; 1. B. L. C. Johnson, (2000), PAKISTAN, rep. NBF., Islamabad. 2. Khalid Nazir Ahmad (2010), PAKISTAN A Study Of Geographical Environment Economy & Human Resources, Azeem Academy, Lahore, Pakistan. v Suggested Readings: i. Khalid Nazir Ahmad, (2010), PAKISTAN A Study of Geographical Environment Economy & Human Resources, Azeem Academy, Lahore, Pakistan. ii. Khan, F. K. (1984) Pakistan: An Economic Geography, Sir Sayyed Academy Karachi. iii. Spate, O. H. K. & Learmonth, A. T. A. (1972), India &Pakistan Land, People and Economy, Methuen & Co Ltd London. iv. Spate, O. H. K. (1957), India and Pakistan: a general and regional geography with a chapter on Ceylon, Methuen & Co Ltd London. v. East, W. G. & Spate, O. H. K. (1961), The Changing Map of Asia, Methuen& Co Ltd London. vi. Stamp, L. D. (1957), India, Pakistan, Cyclone (Sri Lanka), Methuen & Co Ltd London. vii. Dobby, E. H. G. (1962), Monsoon Asia, University of London Press, London. viii. Khan, M. H. (1981), The underdevelopment and Agrarian Structure in Pakistan, Vanguard publication, Ltd. Lahore. ix. Akhtar, S. M. (1967), Pakistan—A Developing Economy, Vol. II, United Publishers Lahore. x. Kureshy, K. U. (1978), A Geography of Pakistan, Oxford University press Karachi. xi. Kureshy, K. U. (1986), Geography of Pakistan, National Book Service, Lahore. xii. Azam, I. (1992), Geopolitics, political geography and Pakistan, Progressive Publication Lahor. xiii. Johnson B. L. C. (1981), South Asia: selective studies of the essential of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Nepal, 2nd edition, London. xiv. Israr-ud-Din (1998), Studies in Pakistan Geography, Department of geography, applied geography, urban and regional planning University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P. xv. NazirAhmed Khalid, (2003), Geography of Pakistan, Career Book Publishers Lahore. vi xvi. 1998 Census Report of Pakistan, Islamabad Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan, 2001. Preface On demand of Faculty of Education, Department of Pakistan Studies developed outlines of Five New Courses of Pakistan Studies. The volume in hand is entitled 'Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan’ (code 6491) is 4th of the five book series for B. Ed program, with specialization in Pakistan Studies. Outlines of these courses have been conceived by the members of the Committee of Courses, Department of Pakistan Studies and been approved by all the Statutory Bodies of AIOU. This volume contains the following units; Physical Features of Pakistan Natural Resources Human Resources Urban and Rural Problems Population and Employment Society And Culture Important Industries Of Pakistan Five Year Plan China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) All the above mentioned units have been designed and written on Open Distance Learning mode and according to the level of the course. The offering of this book will hopefully facilitate all the four Academic Faculties as well as B. Ed. students of the AIOU. Dr. BadshahSardar Course Coordinator vii Acknowledgement It is my great pleasure to record my gratified to all the unit writers/authors, whose expertise and insight in subject has encouraged and enabled me to undertake this publication. I am thankful to all reviewers/resource persons of the units for their kind review and provided me their suggestions. I am also indebted to my junior colleague Waqar-Un-Nisa, Lecturer Department of Pakistan Studies of AIOU, who took it upon herself to proof and edit the manuscript on time. My thanks are also due to the Academic Faculty and Staff of the Department of Pakistan Studies who in one way or in the other encouraged me to develop this course. My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Samina Awan, Chairperson/Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, for her constant support, cooperation and encouragement. DrBadshahSardar Associate Professor/Course Coordinator viii Introduction The course entitled 'Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan’ (code 6491), covers diverse subjects, ranging from physical features of Pakistan, natural resources, human resources, urban and rural problems, population and employment, society and culture, important industries of Pakistan, five-year plan and the most updated topic like China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It is the blessing of Allah Almighty that Pakistan has beautiful physical features which create the beauty of the country in the world. On the basis of physical features, Pakistan is divided into numerous regions i.e., mountains, plains, potwar plateau and sandy deserts. In the Northern Area of Pakistan found the mountains which are covered with snowfall all over the years. The Potwar plateau has covered the 18,000 sq. miles in the Punjab. Desert is found the north-western side of Baluchistan has dry climate because it receive little rainfall. The Indus plain of Pakistan is the most prosperous agriculture region in Pakistan due to its fertile and alluvial soil deposits by its tributaries. Five rivers flow in this region which is the backbone of agriculture in Pakistan. Natural resources as defined by the social scientists are, all that are found naturally as a reward by God for human beings included i.e.,water, soil, air, mountains, rocks, forest, animals, energy produce sources, minerals, animals, and also fossil fuels are known as natural resources. These are found on earth naturally and are basis of life. Human used them for their survival and as raw material for different function in industries. Some natural resources reproduced as animal, plants, agriculture things, fertile soil, and also fresh water but some naturally resources cannot reproduce as minerals resources. Next topic of the said course is ‘human resources’, in this regard the basic principles of the human development model are to improve the capabilities and expand the opportunities of all people, irrespective of class, caste, gender, and ethnicity. The concept of human governance takes this model forward by asserting that governance if it is to promote human development, has to be not just pro-people or people centered, it has to be owned by people. ix Urbanization is a word for becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. This is called urbanization. An urban area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
Recommended publications
  • Kurram Tangi Dam Consultants

    Kurram Tangi Dam Consultants

    Satpara Dam Project Initial Environmental Examination CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Satpara dam multipurpose project with an installed capacity of 13.2 MW is proposed, in Northern Areas, 6 km south of Skardu city. It is located 16 km north of Deosai planes and about 3 km downstream of Satpara village. It is a natural lake formed by the glaciers having a surface area of 689 Acres. The dam has a dead storage of 38,500 acre-ft and live storage of 54,122 acre-ft. The project will generate 4.86 MW electricity from with one powerhouse and 13.2 MW with two powerhouses. The project will irrigate about 4,600 acres of land on right side of Satpara nullah and 10,400 acres of land on left side of Skardu city. The land on left side of the nullah is spread up to Hoto village just upstream of Ayub Bridge. To deliver power from the proposed powerhouse new transmission lines and improvement of existing transmission system will be required. Northern Areas of Pakistan is a land locked area with a population of 1.20 million(Census report 1998). At present more than 50% of the population (This figure is less for rural areas.) has access to electricity in their homes and many of those experience frequent load shedding, blackouts on daily basis through out the year. Economic growth in the country has severely been affected inadequate supply of power. Present domestic demand is increasing by a rate of 6 % per annum. The power demand of WAPDA system is forecast to increase at an annual average compound growth rate of 5.2 percent and 6.7 percent in case of low growth scenario and normal growth scenario respectively.
  • Final GCR Combined Copy May 2013

    Final GCR Combined Copy May 2013

    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY REPORT (Subject Code: 2830003) ON “PAKISTAN WITH RESPECT TO LEATHER INDUSTRY” SUBMITTED TO MBA-732: SEMESTER-III & IV LDRP-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, GANDHINAGAR. [In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the award for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)] By Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Year: 2013 Semester III & IV Guided By: Name of Guides email Id Contact Designation No. Mr. Vinit M. Mistri [email protected] 09998873083 Lecturer Ms. Hemali G. Broker [email protected] 09099012233 Lecturer Dr. Pooja M. Sharma [email protected] 09726480698 Assistant professor Ms. Sejal C. Acharya [email protected] 07698029293 Lecturer Mr. Anand Nagrecha [email protected] 09824090958 Lecturer Student’s Declaration We hereby declare that the Global/ Country Study Report titled “GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY REPORT (Subject Code: 2830003) ON“PAKISTAN WITH RESPECT TO LEATHER INDUSTRY” in ( PAKISTAN ) is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. If I/we are found guilty of copying any other report or published information and showing as my/our original work, or extending plagiarism limit, I understand that I/we shall be liable and punishable by GTU, which may include ‘Fail’ in examination, ‘Repeat study & re Submission of report’ or any other punishment that GTU may decide. Place: Gandhinagar Date: All Students undersigned below. Enrollment Number NAME OF THE STUDENT
  • Author: Ali JAMSHED Matriculation No. 2846835 Submission Date: 05

    Author: Ali JAMSHED Matriculation No. 2846835 Submission Date: 05

    International Master’s Program in Infrastructure Planning UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART, GERMANY Master’s Thesis ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY OF FLOOD AFFECTED COMMUNITIES IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN CASE STUDY: DISTRICT JHANG AND MUZAFFARGARH Author: Ali JAMSHED Matriculation No. 2846835 Submission date: 05 November 2015 First supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Jörn Birkmann Institute for Regional Development and Spatial Planning (IREUS) University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Germany. Email: [email protected] Photographs: Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. Obaidullah Nadeem Left - Department of City and Regional Planning De Souza,Carl Right 2014; (DCRP) University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Pakistan. Email: [email protected] - Mirza Hassan, 2014. Hassan, Mirza 1 Abstract ABSTRACT In Punjab, the continuous floods in the last six years especially in 2010 and 2014, due to climatic and non-climatic reasons, have exposed physical, socio-economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. The flood disaster management in Punjab is primarily focused on rescue, relief, and dependence of structural measures. The assessment of vulnerability is limited to district level (in form of mapping) which is incapable of identifying essential socio-economic drivers of vulnerability and local ability to cope and adapt. The mega flood of 2010 inflicted several changes in government structure and within communities. This research study assessed the vulnerability and capacity of flood affected communities as well as fluctuation in their vulnerability and capacity by analyzing planned and unplanned post flood responses. The study also determined the role of spatial planning in reducing flood vulnerabilities. To conduct the study, a vulnerability assessment framework was modified from sustainable livelihood and BBC framework.
  • Public Sector Development Program

    Public Sector Development Program

    2011-12 Public Sector Development Program Planning and Development Department Government of Balochistan Government of Balochistan Planning & Development Department Public Sector Development Programme 2011-12 (Original) June, 2011 PREFACE The PSDP 2010 – 11 has seen its completion in a satisfactory manner. Out of 961 schemes, 405 schemes have successfully been completed at an aggregated expenditure of Rs. Rs.10.180 billion. Resultantly, communications links will get more strengthened in addition to increase in the employment rate in the province. More specifically, 60 schemes of water sector will definitely reinforce other sectors attached to it such as livestock and forestry. The PSDP 2011-12 has a total outlay of Rs.31.35 billion having 1084 schemes. Of this Rs.31.35 billion, 47.4% has been allocated to 590 ongoing schemes. The strategy adopted in preparation of the PSDP 2011-12 focuses chiefly on infrastructural sectors. Education, health and potable safe drinking water have been paid due attention with a view to bring about positive increase in their representation in social indicators. Worth mentioning is the fact that involvement of the Elected Members of the Provincial Assembly has excessively been helpful in identification of schemes in the constituencies having followed a well thought criteria. This has ensured that no sector has remained dormant as far its development and allocation of funds is concerned. Feasibility studies will be undertaken during FY 2011-12, especially for construction of mega dams to utilize 6.00 MAF flood water, which goes unutilized each year. Besides, feasibility studies for exploration and exploitation of viable minerals in the province will also be carried out.
  • A Comparative Study on the Populations and Habitats of the Grey Francolin Francolinus Pondicerianus and the Black Francolin Fran

    A Comparative Study on the Populations and Habitats of the Grey Francolin Francolinus Pondicerianus and the Black Francolin Fran

    Populations and habitats of Grey and Black Francolins in Pakistan – S. Mahmood et al. A Comparative Study on the Populations and Habitats of the Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus and the Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus in Lehri Nature Park, Punjab, Pakistan SAJID MAHMOOD1, TARIQ MAHMOOD1*, MUHAMMAD RAIS1, IRFAN ZIA 2 3 QURESHI & MUHAMMAD SAJID NADEEM 1. Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi 46300, PAKISTAN. 2. Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, PAKISTAN 3. Department of Zoology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, PAKISTAN. * Correspondence Author. Email: [email protected] Received 28 April 2010; accepted 7 September 2010 Abstract: The population and habitat preferences of the Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus and Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus were studied in three different habitats in Lehri Nature Park, Jhelum, Pakistan. The populations of the two species were estimated using direct (Line transect method) and indirect methods (“calls” of the two species). Data were collected monthly from September 2008 to July 2009. The results showed average population densities of 0.47±0.09/ha and 0.06±0.01/ha for Grey and Black Francolin, respectively. A noticeably higher population was found in the morning compared to that of the evening. Maximum densities at both morning and evening were found in October 2008 with significant differences (P<0.01). Maximum seasonal populations were recorded during autumn 2008 - 0.76±0.26/ha and 0.07±0.02/ha for Grey and Black Francolins, respectively. For an assessment of the habitat preferences of the two species, relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance were calculated for trees, shrubs and herbs species in the three selected habitats.
  • Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan

    Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan

    Water and Power Resources PAKISTAN "& of WEST I1158 Public Disclosure Authorized A Study in Sector Planning g' c - J) A N D e XJ ~~~~~~~ S >>)~~~~~TM RHELA AS H M I R Public Disclosure Authorized VISLAMABA > 2 t \ . Public Disclosure Authorized C ,,'_ o / z 'N ~~VOLUME g,_ -THE MAIN REPORT \ < ,pre~lppared by a World Bank Study Group Headed by X f .,/ ~~~PIETER LIEFTINCK t i '_z ~~~A. ROBERT SADOVE Public Disclosure Authorized tt I ~~~~~~~~~Deputy Hlead S n THOMAS-4 C.CREYKE ~~~~< < /r~~~~~~~~~~~trigation and Agr-icultut-e WATER AND POWER RESOURCES OF WEST PAKISTAN A Study in Sector Planning Volume I: The Main Report $10.00 Volume II: The Development of Irrigation and Agriculture $12.50 Volume III: Background and Methodology $ 12.50 $28.50 the set Prepared by a World Bank Study Group Headed by Pieter Lieftinck; A. Robert Sadove, Deputy Head; Thomas C. Creyke, Irrigation and Agriculture. Without doubt, the greatest single co- ordinated development operation in which the World Bank has been involved is the massive program for development of the Indus Basin. This pioneering study is an integral part of that project and is unique both in its conceptualization and its compre- hensiveness. It demonstrates the feasibility of a new and more rigorous approach to resource planning and development and will serve as an indispensible model for engi- neers, economists, and planners for years to come. Focal points of the Study are the Indus River, which runs the length of west Paki- stan, several of its tributaries, and a huge natural underground reservoir.
  • Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project, Loan No

    Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project, Loan No

    Social Due Diligence Report Document stage: Final Date: 23 October 2016 PAK: Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project, Loan No. 3264 Social Due Diligence Report of Left Marginal Bund (LMB) of Qadirabad Headwords. Reviewed by: Abdul Hameed, TA Resettlement Specialist for Project Implementation Unit, Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Government of Punjab, Lahore. This due diligence report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Due Diligence Report of Left Marginal Bund, Qadirabad Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB Loan 3264: PAK - FLOOD EMERGENCY RECONSTRUCTION AND RESILIENCE PROJECT (FERRP) DUE DILIGENCE REPORT OF LEFT MARGINAL BUND OF Qadirabad HEADWORKS October 2016 Prepared by: Project Implementation Unit, Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Lahore 2 Due Diligence Report of Left Marginal Bund, Qadirabad Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Abbreviations I. INTRODUCTION 5-7 Background 5-5 Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project (FERRP) 5-5 Irrigation Component 5-5 Qadirabad Head works Left Marginal Bund (LMB) 5-5 Scope of Work 5-5 Project Design and Design Cross-section 6-8 CHAPTER 2 II. DUE DILIGENCE REVIEW 9-10 Purpose of DDR 9-9 Methodology 9-9 Desk Review of Project Documents 9-9 Consultations with ADB, PIU and Consultant 9-9 Field Visits 9-9 Community Consultations 9-9 Key Findings 9-9 LAR Impacts and Project Categorization 9-9 LAR and IPs Impacts 9-9 Socioeconomic and Impact Assessment Survey and Community Consultations 10-10 Institutions and Roles and Responsibilities 10-10 Grievance Redress Mechanism 10-10 Project Selection Criterion 10-10 Unanticipated Impacts 10-10 CHAPTER 3 III.
  • Newsletter Oct-Dec 2011

    Newsletter Oct-Dec 2011

    T h e P a k i s t a n W e t l a n d s P r o g r a m m e Vol. 5 No. 51 w w w . p a k i s t a n w e t l a n d s . o r g Oct-Dec.2011 “Nothing Slips By” Articles in this Edition: Comparative analysis of biogas plants and its ecological and social impacts in Soon Valley Also Lurking Inside: Programme Updates Public Events Trainings Intern’s Corner Production Staff: Pakistan Wet Notes is compiled and edited by Nasir Iqbal Malik, Programme updates Coordinator, National Awareness-raising and “Controlling Illegal Wildlife ports and exit points in Pakistan. Illegal wildlife trade is not only causing huge loss Communications, PWP, Trade in Pakistan” of revenue to national exchequer but also Irfan Raza, Naila Azhar disturbing the ecosystem in the country Communication Assistant, leading to climatic change, various Graphic Design by deadly diseases and socio-economic Basharat Hussain. problems, said Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) Chairman Dr. Manzoor Soomro. Dr Ghulam Akbar from WWF Unless specifically credited, all Pakistan emphasized on the urgent need photographs have been taken to control illegal trade of wildlife that has by members of the PWP Team endangered many species. It involves live and may be used, with proper animals and plants or a diverse range of Pakistan Wetlands Programme WWF acknowledgment, for any bona products needed or prized by Pakistan and PMNH arranged a 2-days fide conservation purpose. humans—including skins, medicinal training workshop titled “Controlling ingredients, tourist curios, timber, fish and Illegal Wildlife Trade” on Nov 23rd, 2011 at other food products, he added.
  • Diversity and Abundance of Medicinal Plants Among Different Forest-Use Types of the Pakistani Himalaya

    Diversity and Abundance of Medicinal Plants Among Different Forest-Use Types of the Pakistani Himalaya

    DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AMONG DIFFERENT FOREST-USE TYPES OF THE PAKISTANI HIMALAYA Muhammad Adnan (Born in Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Academic Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology of the Georg-August-University of Göttingen Supervisor Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Göttingen, November 2011 Reviewers Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer Examiners Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier ii SUMMARY Medicinal plants collected in the Himalayan forests are receiving increasing attention at the international level for a number of reasons and they play an important role in securing rural livelihoods. However, these forests have been heavily transformed over the years by logging, grazing and agriculture. This thesis examines the extent to which the diversity and abundance of medicinal plants are affected between forest-use types as a result of such transformations. In northwestern Pakistan we studied old-growth forest, degraded forests (forests degraded by logging, derived woodland, agroforest and degraded sites) and restored forests (re-growth forests and reforestation sites). An approximate map was initially established covering an area of 90 km2 of the studied forest-use types and fifteen and five plots were allocated to five and two forest-use types respectively at altitudes ranging from 2,200 m to 2,400 m asl. The abundance and diversity of medicinal plants were then assessed therein. Of the fifty-nine medicinal plant species (herbs and ferns) studied, old-growth forest contained the highest number thereof with fifty-five species, followed by re-growth forest with forty-nine species and finally, forest degraded by logging with only forty species.
  • Annual Plan 2010-2011

    Annual Plan 2010-2011

    ANNUAL PLAN 2010-11 PLANNING COMMISISON PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN JUNE, 2010 CONTENTS Pages Foreword Executive Summary i Part-I Macroeconomic Framework 1 Chapter 1 Growth, Investment and Savings 3 2 Balance of Payments 11 3 Fiscal and Monetary Developments 21 4 Public Sector Development Programme 29 Part-II Overcoming Major Constraints 39 5 Water Resources Development 41 6 Energy Security 47 Part-III Human Resource Development 57 7 Education for Knowledge Society 59 7.1 School and College Education 59 7.2 Higher Education 62 7.3 Science and Technology 67 8 Employment 75 9 Population and Development 85 Part-IV Poverty Alleviation and Millennium Development Goals 91 10 Poverty Reduction 93 11 Health and Nutrition 101 11.1 Health 101 11.2 Nutrition 106 Part-V Main Features of Sectoral Programs 109 12 Agriculture Development 111 12.1 Agriculture Crops 111 12.2 Livestock, Poultry and Fisheries Development 119 13 Manufacturing and Minerals 125 14 Transport and Communication 133 15 Physical Planning and Housing 139 16 Information and Communication Technologies 147 16.1 Information Technology 147 16.2 Telecommunications 155 17 Women Empowerment and Social Welfare 159 17.1 Women Development and Empowerment 159 17.2 Social Welfare 162 18 Rural Development, Special Areas and Drought Recovery 165 Program 18.1 Rural Development 165 18.2 Special Areas 170 18.3 Drought Recovery Assistance Program 175 19 Environment and Sustainable Development 183 20 Mass Media, Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth 187 20.1 Mass Media 187 20.2 Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth 189 21 Good Governance 193 21.1 Reforms Programme 193 21.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 196 Foreword Foreword The National Economic Council (NEC) in its meeting held on 28th May, 2010 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, reviewed the performance of the economy during 2009-10 and approved the Annual Plan 2010-11.
  • New Business Opportunities in Pakistan

    New Business Opportunities in Pakistan

    NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTAN NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTAN AN INVESTOR’S GUIDEBOOK Consultants and authors of this report: Philippe Guitard Shahid Ahmed Khan Derk Bienen This report has been produced with the assistance of the European Union under the Asia-Invest programme. The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. New Business Opportunities in Pakistan TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. X LIST OF BOXES..................................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... XII INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................... 2 PART I: PAKISTAN GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................... 8 MAP OF THE COUNTRY.......................................................................................................................
  • Muchu Chhish, Attempts Via South Ridge of Batura VI Pakistan, Karakoram, Batura Muztagh the Batura Massif from the South

    Muchu Chhish, Attempts Via South Ridge of Batura VI Pakistan, Karakoram, Batura Muztagh the Batura Massif from the South

    AAC Publications Muchu Chhish, Attempts via South Ridge of Batura VI Pakistan, Karakoram, Batura Muztagh The Batura massif from the south. (G) is unclimbed Muchu Chhish (7,453 meters). See below for the complete caption. Photo by Jon Bowles Photography. Despite very few foreign expeditions reaching the Karakoram in 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions, two teams headed for Muchu Chhish (7,453m), generally considered to be the second-highest unclimbed peak in the world—and the highest for which it is possible to obtain a permit. (The highest unclimbed summit is Gangkar Punsum, 7,570m, in the Bhutan Himalaya.) Muchu Chhish lies almost 2km east along the main watershed (the Batura Wall) from Batura VI, in the direction of Pasu Sar (7,478m). All attempts to climb the mountain have followed a prominent ridge that extends to the south from the Batura Wall. This was the route followed in 1983 by a Polish-German team led by Wladyslw Wisz that made the first ascents of Batura V (7,531m) and Batura VI (7,462m), the two most easterly summits of the Batura Group (not Batura IV, as reported in AAJ 1984). The objective of Muchu Chhish suitors has been to repeat the 1983 route to the top of the Batura Wall and then make the committing ridge traverse to the east, all of it above 7,200m. The first expedition in 2020 to arrive at base camp on the Muchuhar Glacier was a three-member team from the Czech Republic: Pavel Ben (a former mayor of Prague and member of the Czech parliament), Jiri Janak, and Pavel Korinek.