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Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Course Code: 6491 Unit: 1–9 B. ED. (4 YEARS) PAKISTAN STUDIES PROGRAM Dr. BadshahSardar CourseDevelopment Coordinator DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD i (Copyright © 2019 AIOU Islamabad) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under AIOU copyright ACT. 1st Edition ...................................... 2019 Quantity ........................................ ---------- Typeset by ..................................... M. Asad Faheem Printer............................................ Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Publisher ....................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. ii COURSE TEAM Chairperson: Dr. Samina Awan Course Development Coordinator: Dr. BadshahSardar Writers: 1. Dr. BadshahSardar 2. Ms.Waqar-Un-Nisa 3. Dr. Shakil Ahmad Awan 4. Dr. Tahir Saeed 5. Mr. Kashif Raza 6. Mr. Ghani ur Rahman 7. Mr.AzharLiyaqat 8. Mr.Muhammad Haroon 9. Prof. Dr.AmanullahMemon Reviewers: 1. Dr. BadshahSardar 2. Ms. Waqar-Un-Nisa 3. Dr. Rizwan Ahmed Satti 4. Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan Course Coordinator: Dr. BadshahSardar iii CONTENTS Unit-1 Physical Features of Pakistan 01 1.1 Definition of Physical Features 06 1.2 Mountains 08 1.3 Plains 14 1.4 Plateaus 18 1.5 Deserts 22 1.6 Rivers and other Sources of Water 25 Unit-2 Natural Resources 29 2.1 Definition and types 33 2.2 Mineral Resources 34 2.3 Forests Resources 39 2.4 Power Resources 42 2.5 Agricultural Resources 46 2.6 Livestock Resources 51 Unit-3 Human Resources 55 3.1 Definition of Human Resources 59 3.2 Indicators of Human Development 61 3.3 Importance of Human Resources 62 3.4 Role of Education in The Development of Human Resources 64 3.5 Role of Human Resources Management in Education 65 3.6 Problems in The Usages of Human Resources 71 Unit-4 Urban and Rural Problems 75 4.1 Problems of Urban Areas 79 4.2 Problems of Ruler Areas 81 4.3 Need for Special Measures to Solve Rural Areas’ Problems 83 4.4 Reasons of Migration from Rural to Urban Areas 85 Unit-5 Population and Employment 89 5.1 Population of Pakistan 93 5.2 Distribution of Population 96 5.3 Major Populated Cities of Pakistan 101 5.4 Reasons of Increase in Population and Steps to Overcome It 106 5.5 Employed Population 113 Unit- 6 Society and Culture 121 6.1 Definition of Culture 124 iv 6.2 Types of Culture 125 6.3 Ancient Cultures of Pakistan 127 6.4 Architecture 130 6.5 Handicrafts 133 6.6 Traditions and Customs 135 Unit-7 Important Industries of Pakistan 141 7.1 Definition of Industry 145 7.2 Cloth Industry 146 7.3 Sugar Industry 148 7.4 Cement Industry 150 7.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 155 7.6 Iron Industry 159 7.7 Industry of Vegetable Oil 162 7.8 Sports and Surgical Instruments 166 Unit-8 Five Year Plan 171 8.1 Definition and Importance of Economic Planning 174 8.2 1stFive Year Plan of Pakistan 174 8.3 2ndFive Year Plan of Pakistan 177 8.4 3rdFive Year Plan of Pakistan 178 8.5 4thFive Year Plan of Pakistan 180 8.6 Policy of Nationalization in Pakistan 182 8.7 Policy of Privatization in Pakistan 183 Unit-9 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 187 9.1 An Overview of Pakistan-China Friendship 191 9.2 Karakoram Highway 193 9.3 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 196 9.4 Importance of Corridor in Future 197 9.5 Impacts on Pakistan’s Economy 201 9.6 Regional Corporation and New Ways of Development 204 Recommended Books; 1. B. L. C. Johnson, (2000), PAKISTAN, rep. NBF., Islamabad. 2. Khalid Nazir Ahmad (2010), PAKISTAN A Study Of Geographical Environment Economy & Human Resources, Azeem Academy, Lahore, Pakistan. v Suggested Readings: i. Khalid Nazir Ahmad, (2010), PAKISTAN A Study of Geographical Environment Economy & Human Resources, Azeem Academy, Lahore, Pakistan. ii. Khan, F. K. (1984) Pakistan: An Economic Geography, Sir Sayyed Academy Karachi. iii. Spate, O. H. K. & Learmonth, A. T. A. (1972), India &Pakistan Land, People and Economy, Methuen & Co Ltd London. iv. Spate, O. H. K. (1957), India and Pakistan: a general and regional geography with a chapter on Ceylon, Methuen & Co Ltd London. v. East, W. G. & Spate, O. H. K. (1961), The Changing Map of Asia, Methuen& Co Ltd London. vi. Stamp, L. D. (1957), India, Pakistan, Cyclone (Sri Lanka), Methuen & Co Ltd London. vii. Dobby, E. H. G. (1962), Monsoon Asia, University of London Press, London. viii. Khan, M. H. (1981), The underdevelopment and Agrarian Structure in Pakistan, Vanguard publication, Ltd. Lahore. ix. Akhtar, S. M. (1967), Pakistan—A Developing Economy, Vol. II, United Publishers Lahore. x. Kureshy, K. U. (1978), A Geography of Pakistan, Oxford University press Karachi. xi. Kureshy, K. U. (1986), Geography of Pakistan, National Book Service, Lahore. xii. Azam, I. (1992), Geopolitics, political geography and Pakistan, Progressive Publication Lahor. xiii. Johnson B. L. C. (1981), South Asia: selective studies of the essential of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Nepal, 2nd edition, London. xiv. Israr-ud-Din (1998), Studies in Pakistan Geography, Department of geography, applied geography, urban and regional planning University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P. xv. NazirAhmed Khalid, (2003), Geography of Pakistan, Career Book Publishers Lahore. vi xvi. 1998 Census Report of Pakistan, Islamabad Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan, 2001. Preface On demand of Faculty of Education, Department of Pakistan Studies developed outlines of Five New Courses of Pakistan Studies. The volume in hand is entitled 'Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan’ (code 6491) is 4th of the five book series for B. Ed program, with specialization in Pakistan Studies. Outlines of these courses have been conceived by the members of the Committee of Courses, Department of Pakistan Studies and been approved by all the Statutory Bodies of AIOU. This volume contains the following units; Physical Features of Pakistan Natural Resources Human Resources Urban and Rural Problems Population and Employment Society And Culture Important Industries Of Pakistan Five Year Plan China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) All the above mentioned units have been designed and written on Open Distance Learning mode and according to the level of the course. The offering of this book will hopefully facilitate all the four Academic Faculties as well as B. Ed. students of the AIOU. Dr. BadshahSardar Course Coordinator vii Acknowledgement It is my great pleasure to record my gratified to all the unit writers/authors, whose expertise and insight in subject has encouraged and enabled me to undertake this publication. I am thankful to all reviewers/resource persons of the units for their kind review and provided me their suggestions. I am also indebted to my junior colleague Waqar-Un-Nisa, Lecturer Department of Pakistan Studies of AIOU, who took it upon herself to proof and edit the manuscript on time. My thanks are also due to the Academic Faculty and Staff of the Department of Pakistan Studies who in one way or in the other encouraged me to develop this course. My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Samina Awan, Chairperson/Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, for her constant support, cooperation and encouragement. DrBadshahSardar Associate Professor/Course Coordinator viii Introduction The course entitled 'Natural Resources and Economic Development in Pakistan’ (code 6491), covers diverse subjects, ranging from physical features of Pakistan, natural resources, human resources, urban and rural problems, population and employment, society and culture, important industries of Pakistan, five-year plan and the most updated topic like China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It is the blessing of Allah Almighty that Pakistan has beautiful physical features which create the beauty of the country in the world. On the basis of physical features, Pakistan is divided into numerous regions i.e., mountains, plains, potwar plateau and sandy deserts. In the Northern Area of Pakistan found the mountains which are covered with snowfall all over the years. The Potwar plateau has covered the 18,000 sq. miles in the Punjab. Desert is found the north-western side of Baluchistan has dry climate because it receive little rainfall. The Indus plain of Pakistan is the most prosperous agriculture region in Pakistan due to its fertile and alluvial soil deposits by its tributaries. Five rivers flow in this region which is the backbone of agriculture in Pakistan. Natural resources as defined by the social scientists are, all that are found naturally as a reward by God for human beings included i.e.,water, soil, air, mountains, rocks, forest, animals, energy produce sources, minerals, animals, and also fossil fuels are known as natural resources. These are found on earth naturally and are basis of life. Human used them for their survival and as raw material for different function in industries. Some natural resources reproduced as animal, plants, agriculture things, fertile soil, and also fresh water but some naturally resources cannot reproduce as minerals resources. Next topic of the said course is ‘human resources’, in this regard the basic principles of the human development model are to improve the capabilities and expand the opportunities of all people, irrespective of class, caste, gender, and ethnicity. The concept of human governance takes this model forward by asserting that governance if it is to promote human development, has to be not just pro-people or people centered, it has to be owned by people. ix Urbanization is a word for becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. This is called urbanization. An urban area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
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