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Sindhi-Jersey and Sindhi-Holstein Crosses

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Sindhi-Jersey and Sindhi-Holstein Crosses I.1;iW .2.8IIIiii 12.5_ :: !iii IHH~ I.:: W nll_ "'~~W.... IIIII~ 1I111~ I 'IIII'~ 11111 1.4 111111.6 ""'1.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL aUREAU OF STANDARDS-J963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-J963-A " .L ,.I:.' ,.t' I ., , f,· SINDHI·JERSEY and SINDHI·HOLSTEIN ~"'" ~ '.:;1- ::J l:;~ -.'~ ~]~; CROSSES 1""; >OJ r~ r.:..> <'J r· ~:-i ~ r. ,L. C') ~, TM~ir External Form (, {' a:ncf~Internal Anatomy Compared With Those of Purebred Jerseys and Holsteins Technical Bulletin No. 1236 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE hV{:J$y:.,C,ri' ,ck,-\,.c l\ ~' .... ~ j __ _ CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION__________________ ~ ____ .. ______ 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS_ ________________ 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION _________________ -_ 3 Variability in Body Form and Anatomical Stl'ucture____ 8 Basis for Comparisons Among Breed Groups___________ 11 Comparisons of Body Form Among Jersey and Sindhi- Jersey Crossbred Groups______ _______ ______ ___ _____ 19 Comparisons of Internal Anatomy Among Jersey and Sindhi-Jersey Crossbred Groups_ _ _ _______ __________ 21 Comparisons of Effects of Crossing Jerseys and Holsteins WIth Sindhis, in Body .Fol'm and Internal Anatomy__ __ 22 Relative COI;nbin.ing ~bility of Jerseys and Holstems in Crosses WIth Smdbls____ __ ______ __ ______________ __ 23 General Discussion- ___ _______ ____ _______ __ _ ________ 24 SUMMARY -_________________________________ .. _ 24 LITERATURE CITED _____________ ._____________ 26 Washington, D.C. Issued J IlDUIlry":1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,/.. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.-l:'rice 15 cents m !,,,;,~ ,<,SINDHI·-1ERSEY '" and SINDHI-HOLSTEIN ":'l, CROSSES:~ Their External Form and Internal Anatomy Compared With Those of Purebred Jerseys and Holsteins By W. W. SWETT, C. A. MATTHEWS, and R. E. McDoWELL, Dairy Cattle P.e­ search Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Division, Agricultural Researt;h Service I INTRODUCTION Observations suggesting the Zebu cattle possess qualities which make them particularly adaptable to tropical or subtropical climates have led to various studies of these cattle in different parts of the world. The results of these studies have been reviewed by McDowell et a1. (?J, 3, 4).2 In connection with cooperative experiments designed to develop_dairy cattle better able to withstand the heat in the Southern United States, Red Sindhi cattle, a type of Zebu from India, were imported and crossed with European breeds of dairy cattle. It has been shown that the Sindhi-Jersey crossbreds have greater heat tolerance than Jerseys (3,6). Studies of the w(,ight, growth, and external characteristIcs of Jerseys and the Sindhi-Jersey crossbred females from threo stations also have been reported by McDowell etal·(4). This report deals with comparisons of the weight, body form, and internal anatomy of representative samples of three groups of Sindhi-Jersey crossbreds and one group of Sindhi-Holstein cross­ breds with purebred Jersey and Holst'3in cows of approximately the same average age. The primary purpose of this portion of the study was to determine the effects of crossing these breeds on the internal anatomy of the cows. It appeared also that some anatomical I The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of J. H. Book, who was resp,0nsible forcoUecting most of the data on Sindhi crossbreds. Italic numbers In parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 26. 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1236, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE characteristics peculiar to Sindhi crossbred cows might help to ex­ plain their greater heat tolerance and their characteristic growth pattern. Consideration was given to body weight and to the external measurements of body form of Sindhi-.Jersey crosses to show wherein the results based on small sam}?les followed the pattern of reported results for larger groups of whlch they were a part (4-). Only cows from the Beltsville herds, reared and maintained under essentially the same conditions of management, were included in the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on the Silldhi crossbred cows were obtained by the same pro­ ~ram used for more than 25 years to study the external form and mtel'l1al anatomy of Holstein and Jersey cows at the time of their removal from the Beltsville herds. This program includes more than 30 body measurements taken prior to slaughter and a similar number of anatomical weights or measurements obtained after slaughter. Most of the external and internal measurements are adequately described in tables. By way of further explanation, thickness of hide was measured as a double thickness over the 13th rib. Diameter of the trachea was measured as a lateral dimension at the throat. Slope of rump, usually measured with a clinometer, is the angle of inclination from horizontal made by a line from the highest pomt on the hip to the highest point on the pinbone. Calcul..tted values were obbtined from vfLrious aute mortem and post mortem measurements. Body wedge in depth is the ratio of depth of patmch to depth of fore chest. obtained by dividing the former by the latter. 'Wedge in width and wedge in circtlll1ference were obtained by dividing the paunch measurement by the corresponding chest measure­ ment. Thoracic index is the ratio obtained by dividing the depth by the width of fore chest. Abdominal index was determined by dividing the depth by the width of paunch. Leg~iness is the percentage uf the total 11eight below the tmdersm:face of tIle chest. It was determined by subtracting the depth of fore chest from the height at withers, di­ viding the difference by the height at withers, and multiplying by 100. Head ratio is the proportion obtained by dividing head length by head width. Two head ratios were determined-A, using the wiath at the forehead, and B, the width at the eye leve1. The ratio of body weight to chest circumference (heart girth) was obtained by dividing the former by the latter. Empty body weight is the difference between the weight immediately before slaughter and the weight of the contents of the digestive tract. Dressing 1?ercentage was calculated on the basis of live weight and on the baSIS of empty body weight. Ordinarily, body measurement.s were obtained not more than 6 to S hours after a full feeding. Body weight was'determined at the tim.e of measuring. Body weight was recorded again immediately before shLughter for use only in the calculation of net or empty body weight. .... The plan of the study was to obtain ante mortem and post mortem data on representative samples of 10 cows from each Sindhi crossbred group, and to compare these data with data available on purebred Jersey and Holstein cows fwm the Beltsville herds slaughtered at approximately the same average age. By the time the Sindhi cross­ SINDHI-JERSEY AND SINDHI-HOLSTEIN CROSSES 3 breeding work was terminated, data had been obtained from ten % Jersey-I,4 Sindhi cows, ten ljz Jers~y-1h Sindhi cows, nine 14 Jersey­ %, Sindhl cows, one lis Jersey-% Sindhi cow, and nine lh IIolstein-lh S-indhi cows. ~ Data' for the % Jersey-% Sindhi and % .Jersey-% Sindhi cows were combined to represent the highest amount of Sindhi lJlheritance available for these studies. Although this group is referr~d to as the % Jersey group, the average amount of Jersey inheritance is 23.75 percent. 'Vhile the:lis Jersey cow devi n.ted from the purebred .Jerseys III some measurements slightly more tlutn did most of the 1,4 Jersey cows, usually two or three 1./t Jersey cows deviated more than did the 1/s Jersey crossbred. For brevity in subsequent discussions the crossbred groups are refened to as the % J, 1/2 J, 1/.1 J, and ljz II groups. The average age of the three groups was approximately 3 1h years. Therefore, the data for all Jersey cows slnughtered at Beltsville between 3 and 4: yen,rs of age were used for comparison. There were 14 cows in this group, and they were shtughterecl at an average age of 43 months. The nine 112 II crossbred cows were slaughtered at an average age of 37 months. 'l'hi1'1:een Holstein cows previously slaughtered for anatomical studies at 13eltsvj]Je were withbl 3 months of the average age of the 112 II crossbreds. They also averaged 37 months of age and were used for comparison. Eight of the ten % J cows were sired by three purebred .Jersey buns and out of1/2 J da ms. The other two wen' reciprocal crosses. The 112 J cows were sired by two pmebred Sindhi lmlls and out of pure­ bred Jersey darns. The 1,4 J cows were by two purebred Sindhi sires and out of 1.12 J darns. The one lis .J cow in the Same group was sired by a purebred 8inclhi bull and out of a 1;,'1 J darn. The % H cows were by two purebred 8inl111i sires and ont of purebred Holstein darns. The group of 14 .Tersey cows used for comparison were by 13 different sires. Eight different sires were represented in the group of 13 Holsteins used for comparison with the Sindlu­ Holstein crossbreds. RESULrrs AND DISCUSSION Means, standard deviations, and coofTicients of variation were deter­ mined for each item of "weight, measurement, Rnd body proportion, and for each item of weight or meaSUl"ement of internal anatomy, for all groups. The means for the ante mortem and post mortem items are shown in tables 1 and 2, respectively. Coefficients of va.ria­ tion for weights, measurements, ancl calculated proportions a.re shown in tables 3 and 4. Datil. for the three groups of Jersey crossbreds are arranged in the order of diminishing proportions of Jersey inheritance.
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