CITY SANITATION PLAN
TENALI MUNICIPALITY
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 0
FOREWORD______I was honoured and delighted to be asked to contribute the Foreword to this report on City Sanitation Plan of Tenali Town. This document is a succinct overview of the City Sanitation Plan for City of Tenali in order to recognize the stress areas in the sanitation sector and establish priorities in the intervention areas along the defined strategic guidelines.
City Sanitation Plan is a 30 -year strategic framework to deliver on the long-term vision we have set for the sanitation sector of Tenali Town. This framework forms the basis on which the City Administration will work with stakeholders -including other spheres of government, service providers and beneficiaries - in our common mission to overcome the vast gaps in sanitation services.
The strategic plan reflects the thoughts, feelings, ideas, and wants of the stakeholders of the city and moulds them along with the city's purpose, mission, and regulations into an integrated document. We consider the evolving agenda based on the document to be ambitious, but achievable. This strategic framework represents the first foundation of a new collective process which will breathe life into our long-term vision and strategy and will guide our collective actions as we strive to meet the needs of the city and our community. Wide ownership of the process will ensure that the strategy remains dynamic and adoptable as it is continually enriched and enhanced by the experience of implementation. This document is not a static document as this can be quickly adjusted with additional scenarios that may occur.
The format implementation of this agenda starts in earnest today with the release of this strategy document and continues for the next 30 years. Along the way we intend to address the national goals to which government is committed and meet the needs of the community we have chosen to prioritise. It is my hope that this approach will bear productive results for the benefit of the city in future and i look forward to the active interest and continued support of all stakeholders.
Thank you very much.
Commissioner Tenali Municipality
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 1
Abbreviations: AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transport APMDP Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation ASP Activated Sludge Process BOST Build Operate Share Transfer BOT Build Operate Transfer CBO Community Based Organisation CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation CSP City Sanitation Plan CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSTF City Sanitation Task Force DeWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System DPR Detailed Project Report DTD Door to Door ELSR Elevated Level Service Reservoir FAB Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor GoI Government of India GLSR Ground Level Service Reservoir HH Household HUDCO Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited HWW Head Water Works ICDS Integrated Child Development Services IEC Information, Education and Communication IHHL Individual Household Latrine IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programmes JnNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission LPCD Litres Per Capita per Day M&E Monitoring and Evaluating MA&UD Municipal Administration & Urban Development MBBR Moving Bed Bio Reactor MBR Membrane Bio Reactor MDG Millennium Development Goals MLD Million Litres per Day MoHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development MoHUPA Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation MoUD Ministry of Urban Development MPN Most Probable Number MSW Municipal Solid Waste NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan NGO Non-Governmental Organization NH Nation Highway NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit NUSP National Urban Sanitation Policy O&M Operation & Maintenance OD Open Defecation OHT Overhead Tank PHED Public Health Engineering Department
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 2
PMU Project Monitoring Unit RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana RWH Rain Water Harvest SBR Sequential Batch Reactor SFC State Finance Commission SMP Septage Management Plan SWM Solid Waste Management TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TPD Tonnes per Day UASB Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UDDT Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet UFW Unaccounted for Water UGD Underground Drainage UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns ULB Urban Local Body USHA Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments WHO World Health Organisation WSP Waste Stabilisation Pond WTP Water Treatment Plant
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 3
Table of Contents Abbreviations: ...... 2 Introduction & background ...... 5 City Sanitation Task Force ...... 8 Profile of Tenali Municipality ...... 10 Water Supply ...... 16 Sanitation & Sewerage Management ...... 23 Solid Waste Management ...... 53 Implementation Plan ...... 72 Financial Implementation Plan ...... 88 Block Estimates ...... 91
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 4
Introduction & background
This document is the Plan of the Tenali Municipality for effective handling of the development of Infrastructure, sanitation and solid waste management in the City. The Plan provides a strategic framework and operational details for systematic handling of all the related activities in infrastructure development, sanitation and solid waste management services of the City Administration.
Vision of the Plan
The Plan will enable to build Tenali Town into a “neat, clean and litter-free Town for liveable, healthy, environment friendly, cultural town with standard of vicinity”
Believing that without a City Sanitation Plan a comprehensive planning cannot be achieved to attain the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission, Tenali Municipality is developing a City Sanitation Plan for Tenali Town that identifies the issues related to governance, technical, financial, capacity enhancement, awareness raising and pro-poor interventions and proposes short, medium and long term measures to achieve the goals of National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) to create community driven, totally sanitized, healthy and liveable cities and towns.
The CSP‟s main purpose is to support urban local bodies and NGOs, CBOs, citizens and private sector agencies to take concrete steps to achieve 100% sanitation in their respective cities that includes Water Supply, Waste Water and Sewerage, Storm Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management. The mentioned sectors are considered under CSP as these are directly and indirectly linked to the other sectors that ultimately affect the hygiene of the city. Thus considering the influence of all these sectors on the city sanitation, the Tenali Municipality in consultation and considering the recommendations from citizen groups, elected representatives, government departments and City Sanitation Task Force is developing the CSP. The main aim of the CSTF is to achieve 100% sanitation in the city by involving the suggestions from public, private institutions, NGOs and Aided Organizations in coordination with Town Planning Wing.
To develop the CSP a detailed analysis of baseline information including a primary survey, spatial mapping and city inspection has been conducted. Detailed baseline situation assessment has been conducted for water supply provision, sanitation, solid waste management, situation behaviour and awareness levels on sustainable sanitation practices within the community. This information coupled with information from previous, on-going and future proposals has been used to assess the demand and needs for sanitation and allied services within the city.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 5
Steps towards preparation of CSP
According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the preparatory actions that has been carried out in order to achieve 100% sanitation are
Formation of City Sanitation Task Force:
Mobilize Stakeholders: The first step in making the cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city. A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force has been formed, comprised by representatives from agencies directly responsible for sanitation (divisions and departments of the ULB, PHED, etc.), agencies indirectly involved, and practitioners, representatives of the different stakeholders sectors, NGOs and sanitary workers.
Baseline Data Collection and Creating Database:
In parallel with the preparatory steps, the ULB / Implementing Agency have collated the information on sanitation that exists with the ULB itself and other agencies in the city. This has included demographic, institutional, technical, social and financial information.
Awareness Generation and Launch of 100% Sanitation Campaign:
After a reasonable amount of data has been collated from secondary and primary sources, and the Task Force is in place, the first task will be of launching a citywide 100% Sanitation Campaign.
Specifying Legal and Regulatory Institutional Responsibilities:
Even though many of the municipal laws refer to sanitation responsibilities of households and ULB, etc. these are not clearly laid out or comprehensive. The Implementing Agency will examine the law and rules in this regard and make recommendations for the Task Force to make the rules explicit regarding total sanitation services.
Planning and Financing:
The task of planning and finding sources of funding will be under the oversight of the Task Force but carried out by the Implementing Agency. The Agency has developed plans for the city for different aspects including institutional, social, technical, financial, etc with the help of different departments involved in city sanitation.
Technical Options:
Technology choice poses a major problem in Indian cities not only because of lack of information on what exists at present, but also because of the constraints of land, tenure, and low budgetary priority accorded to sanitation historically. Considering the current practices and obstacles that are stopping for the development of sanitation sector in the city, certain technologies that suit best for the city has been recommended.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 6
Reaching the Un-served Population and the Urban Poor:
Experiences from many Indian cities show that a differentiated approach is necessary to extend good quality sanitation services to the poor – the group that suffers the most in terms of adverse impacts on health and lost earnings.
Operation & Maintenance and Service Delivery Systems:
Institutional systems for O&M are at the heart of any successful set of systems and procedures to achieve and sustain 100% sanitation.
Capacity Building & Training:
The role of capacity building and training is crucial in achieving and sustaining 100% sanitation.
Implementation Plan and Monitoring and Evaluation
While the Implementation Agency will be responsible for overall implementation, it is useful to think about plan implementation and delivery mechanisms for each of the components of the Plan. The City Sanitation Task Force and the Implementing Agency need to think about M&E of the implementation as an integral part of the City Sanitation Plan.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 7
City Sanitation Task Force
A city wide sanitation plan includes the vision, mission and goals of sanitation development as well as strategies to meet these goals. Therefore, for the implementation of the certain strategies, considering that a team with the representatives from the city and corporation would play a responsible role towards launching 100% sanitation campaign, coordinating the activities for awareness raising, revising and approving the CSP and implementing the plan defined in the CSP developed by the consultancy, Tenali Municipality has constituted a City Sanitation Task Force. Each strategy can be found translated into indicative programs (and projects). The CSP shall contain an assessment of the current situation and an immediate, short, medium and long term plan for implementation of the following services and aspects: Technical aspects including strategies and programs for the development of • Domestic waste water services • Solid waste management services • Storm water drainage services Non-technical aspects, including strategies for the development of non-physical aspects such as • Community awareness and participation • Policy and regulation • Institutional capacity • Private sector engagement • NGO engagement • Financing and tariffs • Monitoring and evaluation
Responsibilities of the CSTF: The City Sanitation Task Force is responsible for • Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign • Generating awareness amongst the city‟s citizens and stakeholders • Approving materials and progress reports provided by the implementing agency, other public agencies, as well as NGOs and private parties contracted by the Implementing Agency, for different aspects of implementation (see below) • Approving the CSP for the city prepared • Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress • Issue briefings to the press / media and state government about progress • Providing overall guidance to the Implementation Agency • Recommend to the ULB fixing of responsibilities for city-wide sanitation on a permanent basis The CSTF shall also responsible to monitor and guide the planning process and implementation at the initial stages of the project and shall conduct meetings and field visits at a later stage on an as-needed basis to ensure quality implementation of the project.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 8
The CSTF shall responsibly recommend and assign below listed aspects to the ULB for the citywide sanitation. • The ULB to have final overall responsibility for citywide sanitation, including devolving power, functions, functionaries and funds to them • Planning and financing including State Government and Government of India schemes • Asset creation including improvement and augmentation • Operations and Management (O&M) arrangements for all networks, on-site, individual, community and public sanitation facilities and systems (including transportation up to final treatment and disposal of wastes) • Fixing tariffs and revenue collections in order to make O&M sustainable • Improving access and instituting special O&M arrangements for the urban poor and un-served populations in slum areas and in mixed areas • Adopting standards • Infrastructure (e.g. design standards) (PHEDs/Parastatals), and • Service delivery standards (e.g. by urban development departments) • Adoption of regulatory roles including environmental standards (e.g. state pollution control boards), health outcomes (e.g. health departments) • Measures in case specific stakeholders do not discharge their responsibilities properly • Training and capacity building of implementing agency and related personnel • Monitoring of 100% sanitation involving multiple stakeholders
Members of the CSTF: CSTF shall comprise of representative/agencies from some of the elected members of ULB, social volunteers, institutions involved in law, health, water supply, sanitation, town planning, slum development, eminent persons and practitioners in civil affairs, health, urban poverty, NGOs working on environmental components and representatives of unions of Safai Karmachari‟s etc, following members were elected as the members of the CSTF for Tenali city.
Sl.No Name Designation Position in CSTF 1 K. T. Tulasi Das Chairperson CSTF Chairman 2 K. Sakuntala Commissioner CSTF Convener 3 Dr.K.Eshwara Prasad Representative from Health Standing Committee Health Department Chairman 4 T. Royal Babu Representative from Sanitation Standing Committee ULB Chairman 5 Dr. B.V Ramana MHO Solid Waste Standing Committee Chairman 6 Other Members will be co-opted into the aforesaid commiittees as per their interest and experience
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 9
Profile of Tenali Municipality
Introduction Tenali is a city in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Tenali Mandal and Tenali revenue division. It is one of the oldest Municipalities formed in 1909 and now is Special Grade Municipality with a population of 164937 as per 2011 census. The Municipality at present has an area of 16.63 Sq.kms. Tenali town is the 5th biggest urban centre in this region after Vijayawada, Guntur, Nellore and Ongole. There are 40election wards in this municipality. History Tenali Town in Guntur District is constituted into Municipality in the year 1909 with the population of around 18,000. Tenali, „Andhra Paris‟ is one of the sacred places of Panchavati in the delta area of Krishna River. The Archeological monuments revealed that the village „Teravali‟ gradually became Tenali and it is also reputed for devotees, intellectuals, orators, artists and educationalists from ancient days. During the British imperial rule, Tenali was in Repalle Taluk in Machilipatnam district, which was later divided into Krishna, and Godavari districts. In 1904, Krishna District was again separated into Krishna and Guntur Districts. Repalle Taluk was divided into Repalle and Tenali Taluks in 1909. Regional Connectivity Road: Tenali has road connectivity by means of Guntur, Mangalagiri, Burripalem and Ponnur roads which leads to National Highway No-5. Railway: The Tenali Junction is an A – category junction station in Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone. It is situated on the Howrah-Chennai main line and also connects Tenali - Repalle branch line and Guntur-Tenali section AIR: The nearest airport is Gannavaram – which is at a distance of 50 kms. Location Map
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 10
Town Profile: Drains (in Kms) Area : 16.63 Sq. Kms Pucca Drains : 240.80 Population (2001) : 1,53,756 Kutcha Drains : 61.00 Population (2011) (Present) : 1,64,937 Storm Water Drains : 18.20 No. of Households : 43,604 Total 320.00 BPL Population (21.21%) : 34,918 Street Lighting Literacy (M -76.11%) (F- : 74.76% 40 w Florescent Lamps : 4898 73.34%) 150 w SV Lamps : 580 No. of Municipal Wards : 40 250W SV Lamps : 200 No. of Slums : 44 400 w High Mast Lamps : 13 Slum population : 75,831 LED Lamps : 108 No. Households in Slums : 18,958 Total : 5691 Revenue Sanitation No. of House Tax : 31600 Assessments Compost Yard : 6.732 Acres No. of VLT Assessments : 1938 Garbage Generated per day : 70 MTs No. of Water Tax : Garbage Lifted per day : 70MTs 2006 assessments Slaughter House : 1 No. of Shop rooms Shopping : Conservancy Building : 1 249 Complexes - 21 Vehicles Open places (8) lease : Jeep : 1 Rs. 1.68Lakhs amount (2015-16) Autos : 29 Vegetable Market lease : Rs. 20.80 Tractors with Trailers : 13 amount (2015-16) Lakhs Ladder Mounted Vehicle : 1 Mutton and Fish Stalls Lease : Dumper Placer : 1 Rs. 3.05 Lakhs Amount (2015-16) JCB / Proculainer : 2 Fruit Market Lease Amount : Water Tanker : 1 Rs. 2.75 Lakhs (2015-16) Equipment Other Civic Infrastructures Hand Fogging Machines : 12 CRC Buildings : 3 Sprayers : 16 Travellers Bungalow : 1 Wheel Barrows : 70 Community halls : 5 Dumper Bins : 37 Parks : 2 Push carts : 60 E-Seva Buildings : 3 Town Planning Burial grounds (Hindu - : 1) a) No. of blocks : 11 32 Muslim - , Christian - ) (Housing) No. of Vegetable Markets : No. of Survey wards : 12 1 No of Survey Blocks : (Rythu bazaars-3) 104 Mutton & Fish market : 1 for 12 wards b) No. of Master plan : No. of Shopping complexes : 22 120 Reading rooms : 7 roads No. of Roads widened : Water Supply 1 Protected Water Supply : as per Master plan 7 Proposed No. of Master : Reservoir 2 No. of HSC‟s (BPL-450) : 2300 plan roads widened No. of PSPs : 50 2) Total No. of Mpl. Assets : 124 Vacant open spaces : No. of Public Hand Bores : 610 26 Frequency of water supply : Daily 2 hours including UDA Layout Roads (in Kms) Encroached open sites : 2 CC Roads : 148.50 Provided Fencing : 1 BT Roads : 4.60 Proposed Fencing : 1 3) Total Applications : WBM Roads : 6.50 914 Others : 20.40 received under B.P.S Total : 180.00
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 11
Demography: As of 2011 census, Tenali Town had a population of 164937 of which male population is 81427 and female population is 83510. 14340 children are in the age group of 0-6 years, of which 7347 are boys and 6993 are girls. Sex ratio of the city stands at 1026 females per 1000 males. Average literacy rate stands at 82.75% (male 87.02% and female 78.61%) with 124618 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 73%. The population of the Municipality is as follows. Population Decadal Year 1971 102937 1981 119216 1991 143726 2001 154750 2011 164937
It is observed that the growth rate from 1971 to 1981 is 16279 (13.65% increase). After wards the growth rate from 1981 to 1991 is increased i.e. (15.96% increase) at present in 2011 the population 164937 with a small increase than 2001 population has observed a growth rate of 6.5%. This is due to rehabilitation of some of the residents occupied canal bunds etc. to nearby villages. Hence the Municipality is very essential to improve infrastructure facilities. Ward Wise Population: Ward No. Population Area in sq. m Density PPHA 1 3693 1854272 20 2 3041 1974034 15 3 4396 955587 46 4 4982 742880 67 5 4668 121284 385 6 4314 153556 281 7 4368 237277 184 8 4165 270116 154 9 3848 325289 118 10 4742 297079 160 11 5028 261812 192 12 5341 451839 118 13 3654 156197 234 14 5146 284246 181 15 3385 163154 207 16 4629 115771 400
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 12
Ward No. Population Area in sq. m Density PPHA 17 2833 69607 407 18 4407 56277 783 19 2896 97734 296 20 3894 112678 346 21 4101 116944 351 22 4348 130967 332 23 7435 328824 226 24 4173 411476 101 25 2847 88359 322 26 2770 107863 257 27 4511 193391 233 28 3695 137635 268 29 4225 312737 135 30 4668 284348 164 31 3762 330523 114 32 4062 114714 354 33 4601 224780 205 34 3515 2013892 17 35 4234 1087291 39 36 3399 920162 37 37 4191 356418 118 38 3148 237978 132 39 2915 280578 104 40 4907 255006 192 Total 164937 16634572 99.15
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 13
Present Scenario Water Supply:- The town is provided drinking water supply through Bore Wells fitted with hand pumps. The ground water in some wards is either brackish or saltish. The Preliminary water supply scheme was implemented in the year 1987 with bore well as source. From the bore well the water is used to be pumped through pipes for the length of 3 km to service Reservoir located at Gandhi Irvin Park. The capacity of OHT is 15.90 Lakhs liters. Water is also tapped from bore wells fitted with hand pumps (735 no‟s). The affordable people have been given house service connection. The people in the weaker sections and slum areas are getting drinking water from 50 public fountains.
A comprehensive water supply improvement scheme was constructed under UIDSSMT with surface water. The source of raw water is Krishna River on upstream of prakasam barrage at Tadepalli village. A 32 MLD filtration plant and 6 no‟s of ELSR‟S were constructed and per capita supply was improved to 135 LPCD
Under Ground Drainage:- A sewerage system implemented in 1976 and progressively improved exists in Tenali Town but it is restricted to part of the Block I area The Tenali town was divided into three sewerage blocks but the sewerage scheme was designed to cover only Block I area of the town. The existing sewerage system cover the Municipal wards are 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, & 20 covering a total extent of 1.68 sq.km constituting 11.11% of present Municipal area.
The design details for the existing sewerage system are not available either with the municipality with PHED. The existing sewerage system has been designed for the sewage flow expected up to year 1991. In the existing sewage collection system, sewer diameter starts with 150 mm (6 inch). Lifetime of the scheme also was completed in 1991. This scheme was not used properly due to poor Maintenance of the system. Some of the manholes are chocked-up due to dumping of debris, sludge etc. Some of the manholes could not be located which leads to suspicion that some of the sewer lines also have either blocked or damaged.
The existing pumping station located at Jandhyalasalawari Street and it could be retained after carrying out required renovation. But the existing treatment plant is in dilapidated condition because of poor maintenance and hence the entire treatment plant cannot be utilized in the new scheme. In this proposed sewage treatment should be cost effective and easy to operate and maintain and low maintenance cost.
Tenali municipal Council meeting was conducted on 17/11/2006 at Tenali municipality. The main intention of the meeting was the public should be made aware of the proposed Under Ground Sewerage Scheme and analysis of Deposit and monthly tariff to be fixed by Tenali Municipality. In that meeting Municipal officials & councilors have explained the failure of the existing scheme and asked the consultant to provide the new sewerage scheme for entire Tenali Municipality. City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 14
From that meeting they concluded that existing sewerage scheme cannot be integrated with the new underground sewerage scheme. As per discussion with Tenali Municipal Commissioner, Engineering section & Tenali Municipal Council, Consultant has proposing a new scheme for entire Tenali Municipality.
Sewage Collection System For design of the existing sewerage system for Tenali Municipality, some area of Tenali Municipality was considered and scheme was executed to that area based on topography and features.
This scheme was designed in 1970‟s. The design period has been taken as 20 years from 1971 to 1991. This scheme was designed for the population of base year (1971) as 25,145 and ultimate year (1991) as 53,000. The per capita sewage flow has been taken at 71 LPCD.
Area lies between contours +12m and +11m.The length of the sewers provided in this block was about 30.715 km including the length of stoneware pipes & RCC pipes were 25.229 km and 5.486 km respectively. The sewer size varies from 150 mm SWG to 900 mm RCC. The total numbers of house service connection provided are 3203. The total numbers of manholes provided are 644. At Present the existing sewerage system is not functioning hence it does not considered in the proposed scheme
Solid Waste management
In 2016, Tenali Municipality generated approximately 70 Metric tons per day of solid waste. Solid waste is generated by a variety of sources, ranging from households, to commercial establishments and vegetable market waste. Tenali Municipality is being collected at the household level in bins (segregated) with 100% door to door collection. At present 96 permanent workers and 302 Temporary Workers are engaged in Solid Waste collection and management. Population Projection Population projection for the city is estimated considering the present population growth. The methods considered for projecting the current population to the future decades are Arithmetic, Geometric and Incremental methods and projected populations are provided in the following table.
Tenali Municipality Population Projection Arthemetic Incremental Geometric Average Year Projection Projection Projecton (AM,IM,GM) 2016 173262 171572 178072 174302 2021 181874 178494 191495 183954 2031 199099 195719 222717 205845 2041 216323 212944 259031 229433
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 15
Water Supply
Water generation in the city being at 135 MLD, considering around 25% of UFW losses due to leakage and unauthorized connections, Water supply in the Tenali varies from area to area depending on their location and proximity to the pumping station. At the present situation water is supplied in two shifts for 2 hours each to almost 10 wards among 40 wards. Source of Water and Water Treatment System The existing source of water is Surface Water from Krisna River with a capacity of 14.50 Cusecs (32MLD). The Water Treatment Plant has a capacity of 30.52 MLD. Presently 4MLD is being filtered for present requirement in the town.
Raw Water Facilities
Capacity Daily Existing S. Year of (KL)/1Rated Operational Source Infrastructure No. installation Discharge Duration Detail (LPM) Hrs SURFACE WATER Krishna VT Pumps (3 1 E&M 2014 110KW/202LPS 6hrs River Nos) Krishna 2 Civil 2014 8M dia sumps NA 6 hrs River
Status of Water Supply service levels: Present MOUD Sl. No Indicators Reliability Status Benchmark Coverage of Water Supply 1 7.5% 100% A connections 2 Per-capita Supply of Water 135 LPCD 135 LPCD A 3 Extent of metering water connections 0% 100% A 4 Extent of Non-Revenue Water 25% 20% A 5 Quality of water Supplied 100% 100% A Cost Recovery in Water Supply 6 24% 100% A Service Efficiency in collection of water 7 88% 90% A supply related charges
1 The rated discharge capacities are as per information provided by officials. However, there is no meter installed to check the present discharge at any of the locations. City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 16
Distribution Zones The City is divided into 7 Zones. Details of total no of Households (HH) in each zone, no of HH with and without water tap connections is given in the Following Table
Households with direct Total No of Households without direct Zone No water supply Households (a) Water supply connection Connection (b) 1A 3153 0 3153 1B 6054 200 5854 2A 4100 300 3800 2B 6012 1500 4512 3A 4093 200 3893 3B 3156 90 3066 4 5032 200 4832
Storage of Water The total water storage capacity in the city is 9400KL with an elevated level service reservoir. Water is being supplied to consumers through elevated reservoirs.
Distribution Network Total length of water supply distribution pipe line laid in the city is 143 KM. Total length of roads in City is 180 KM. There is a need to achieve universal coverage of water supply pipe line. Zone wise details of street length with and without water distribution lines is given in the following Table.
Zone Wise length of distribution network Street length without Total Street Street length with water Zone No water distribution pipe Length distribution pipe line line 1A 19.53 19.34 0.19 1B 29.70 27.56 2.14 2A 21.08 20.84 0.24 2B 33.26 34.71 0 3A 13.38 14.72 0 3B 22.68 19.84 2.84 4 32.62 31.65 0.97
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 17
Water Treatment: Details of the water treatment plant in the city are shown in Table 3.2 below: Details of Existing Water Treatment Plants Location Capacity (Mld) Year of Construction Water Treatment Plant near head water works 30.52MLD 2014
Aerator Inlet Diameter 0.800 M Cascade Dia 8.2 M Grond Level (G.L) +10.050 M Maximum Water Level (M.W.L) +16.560 M
Flash Mixer Inner Diameter 2.5 M Depth of Water 6.6 M Total height of the wall 6.415 M Ground Level +10.050 M Maximum Water Level +15.16 M Bottom Floor Level + 9.250 M Impeller Motor 7.5 HP – 1 No
Clarriflocculator Inlet Pipe 800mm dia DI Shaft 1.340 M dia Floccilator 15.50 M dia Clarrifier 45.00 M dia Depth of Water 3.150 M Total height of Wall 4.490 M Slope 1:8 Sludge Out Let 300mm dia DI Ground Level (G.L) +10.050 M Maximum Water Level (M.W.L) +14.660 M Walk Way Level +16.0 M Flocculator Motors 3HP – 2Nos Bridge motor 3HP – 1 Nos
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 18
Filter House Rate of Flow 6.0 M3/sqm/hr No of Beds 6.0 Nos Size of Bed 6.25 x 7.75 M Wash Water Gutters 3nos per Bed (450mm x 450mm) 1.2M (Pebbled – 0.45M) Depth of Total Media (Sand – 0.75 M) Alum mixing motors 2 HP – 4Nos Chlorinator 1 No – Vacuum type – 5kg/hr Wash water pumps 15 HP - 2Nos Air Blowers 50 HP – 2 Nos (0.35kg/cm2) Wash Water Tank Capacity 300KL Hydraulics Ground Level +10.050M Filter Inlet Channel +13.900M M.W.L in Bed +13.800M M.W.L in Clear Water Channel +11.350 M.W.L in Wash Water Tank +22.250M Clear Water Sump: Capacity 740 KL Diameter 14.5M Ground Level (G.L) +10.050M Lowest Water Level +6.7M Maximum Water Level (M.W.L) +11.2M Depth of Water from L.W.L +4.5M
Clear Water Pump House Details Sl. Number of Operational Transmission 2Capacity Discharging To No Pumps Hours Main Diameter For Zone 5650 KL to 1&2 – 2 Nos 90 KW, 226 Headwater 1 6 Hrs 800 mm LPS, 32.5 M works, Gandhi park, Chiravuru For Zone 3 3600 KL to UDA 75 KW, 2 & 4 – 2 Nos 6 Hrs 600 mm layout, Pinapadu, 139LPS 35 M CBN colony
2 The rated discharge capacities are as per information provided by officials. However, there is no meter installed to check the present discharge at any of the locations City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 19
Details of Service Reservoirs (Existing and Under Construction) Zone Capacity Location - Service Reservoirs Type Status Comment [s1]: ELSR or GLSR Nos. (Kilo Litres) 1 Head Water Works ELSR 1250 KL Existing 2 Gandhi Park New Reservoir ELSR 1250 KL Existing 3 Gandhi Park OLD Reservior ELSR 1650 KL Existing 4 Chinaravuru ELSR 1500 KL Existing 5 Uda Layout ELSR 1500 KL Existing 6 Pinapadu ELSR 1100 KL Existing 7 CBN Colony ELSR 1000 KL Existing Total 9250 KL
Zone-wise Distribution system. Quantity of Distribution Service Type of Zone Water Filled Length Connections Reservoir Reservoir per day (kl) (m) (No.s) I Head ELSR - 18.921 0 IB Gandhi Park ELSR 1400KL 26.6 200 IIA Chinaravuru ELSR 900 KL 17.141 300 IIB Gandhi Park ELSR 800 KL 39.34 1500 IIIA CBN Colony ELSR 600 KL 15.116 200 IIIB Pinapadu ELSR 750 KL 16.299 90 IV UDA Layout ELSR 850 KL 30.26 200 Total 5200 KL 182.59
Water supply connection details
Sr. No. Type of Connection No. of HH 1 Domestic [house service connections on flat rate] 2490 2 Domestic (metered connections) 3 2 Non-Domestic - Total connections 2490 Public stand posts 610 HH served through Tankers - TOTAL 3100 Tariff structure in Municipality Consumer Category Tariff Structure Domestic (unmetered) Rs. 100 per month on flat rate
There are in all 2490 property connections, all of them being unmetered. In addition, there are reported to be about 610 public stand posts, supplying water to economically backward households and slum areas Comment [s2]: Change as per respective city
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 20
Institutional Framework Roles and responsibilities in terms of Operation & Maintenance, policy planning, funding, service provision is given in the following table
Functions, roles, and responsibilities Planning and Design Construction/ Implementation O&M PH & MED PH & MED Tenali Municipality
As the Tenali Municipality, do not have adequate capacity to execute the project, the Public Health and Municipal Engineering department will be executing the project under AMRUT on behalf of the Tenali Municipality and a Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) amongst the A.P state government, the P.H & M.E.D and Tenali Municipality will be entered. The Tenali Municipality will maintain and up keep the created assets. The APUFIDC is the mission directorate. Bridge the Gap Once the gap between the existing Service Levels is computed, based on initiatives undertaken in different ongoing programs and projects, objectives will be developed to bridge the gaps to achieve universal coverage. Each of the identified objectives will be evolved from the outcome of assessment and meeting the opportunity to bridge the gap. The following table shows the list of initiatives undertaken in different ongoing programs and projects to address these gaps
Status of Ongoing/ Sanctioned Sl. Scheme Month of Status Name of Project Cost No. Name Completion (As on 01-01-2017) 1 Providing 14th FC 3.00 Cr December - Annual Development plan Balance Grants and 2016 for the 14th FC has to be distribution SC Sub plans approved. network at Tenali SC Sub plan works Municipality Tender are under progress. 2 Providing House AMRUT 8.59 Cr May2018 Work is under Tender Service scheme progress Connections
Based on assessment of existing infrastructure and ongoing / sanctioned projects, existing gaps and estimated demand by 2021 for water supply pipe network, is calculated. Number of household to be provided with tap connections, and required enhancement in capacity of water source/ treatment plant (MLD) is computed. Gaps in water supply service levels be provided in the following table
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 21
Demand Gap Assessment for Water Supply Sector 2015 2021 Component Ongoing Present Total Demand Gap projects Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Source - River River River River Treatment 30.52 - 30.52 - - capacity Elevated Storage 9400 Kl - 9400 Kl - - capacity Distribution 168 Km 15 Km 183 Km 183 Km - network coverage House service 2490 21500 23990 31600 7610 Connections
Prioritize Projects Based on the citizen engagement and existing gaps, ULB prioritized these activities and their scaling up based on the available resources to meet the respective objectives. The proposed activities to bridge the gap are expected to be funded from AMRUT. The proposals are prepared for prioritized development as per the guidelines of AMRUT and complete life cycle cost of the components is considered to provide house service connections to all households.
Wastage and Distribution Losses It has been observed that wastage of water at consumer‟s end in the City is substantial. Almost 25% of water supplied is lost in transmission and distribution. Comment [s3]: Shall be city specific
Issues: Comment [s4]: In case some of the issues not relevant, please delete for Scarcity in Source: Presently only 7.8 % the population is covered by municipal water respective city. Similarly add specific issues supply. Raw water scarcity is experienced in summer, due to lack of flow of present source, (if any) which are not listed. Bhosga water supply network is needed to be implemented.
Exploitation of Ground Water Source: In the absence of a perennial water source, dependence on ground water continues to be high in the periphery. Apart from the municipal bores, a large number of private bores have been installed in various parts of the city. This has seriously affecting the ground water level, which is depleting at the rate of 2 to 4 m annually. Thus, the reliability and sustainability of the ground water source is questionable.
System Losses: Around 25% of the water supplied gets lost during transmission and distribution.
Limited Duration of Supply: At present, the water is supplied only for 2 hours on every day. It is proposed to supply water for 24 hours and hence necessary modification including construction of ESR at each distribution station will be carried out.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 22
Sanitation & Sewerage Management
Sanitation Proper access to sanitation is very important to maintain health & hygiene of the citizens and is also necessary from town‟s aesthetic point of view. Human waste (faeces and urine) can pollute water, food, and soil with germs and worms, leading to serious health problems. The safe disposal of human waste not only involves building sanitation infrastructure but also demands proper conveyance (sewerage system) and treatment of the waste (sewage). The city of Tenali needs safe, clean and well-designed sanitation facilities to prevent the practice of open defecation, spread of diseases and environmental pollution. The following section describes the present sanitation status of the Tenali Town and delineates various issues which need to be tackled to provide better access to sanitation to the city dwellers.
Current Situation In the following sections the conditions of Tenali Town related to provision of sanitation services are described, including access to private toilet facilities, availability of public toilets, open defecation and community toilets in the slums and school sanitation. Out of the total 44 slums, 37 are notified and 7 are non-notified.
Public and Community Toilets
There are currently 11 community toilets and 6 pay and use public toilets maintained at various locations in the Tenali, however currently this is inadequate and more community and public toilets shall be built with proper facilities like water supply to each water closet with proper ventilation and lighting arrangement
Open Defecation Free
Swachh Andhra Corporation declared Tenali Municipality an Open Defecation Free (ODF) Town of Andhra Pradesh also certified by Quality Council of India.
Slum Sanitation The Tenali Municiality under Swachh Andhra Mission has initiated to construct around 694 individual Toilets and successfully completed the Construction. With the implementation of this project it is believed that the residential sectors in the slum areas will be facilitated with 100% individual toilet facilities. Therefore, to avoid open defecation and urination, public toilets and urinals in transit areas such as bus stands and commercial areas have to be constructed.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 23
Sanitation System General Proposed Sewerage system is designed to carry only the sewage from residential areas. Storm water will not be allowed into the sewerage system.
Sewerage system comprises:
. Sewage collection system consisting of sewers and sewer appurtenances. . Sewage pumping stations and pumping mains. . Sewage Treatment Plant.
Sewage collection system The general topography of Tenali town slopes from centre of town towards all the directions. From the levels it is found that the central portion of the town stands at a contour of about +12.25 m, west side +11.50 m, east side +10.20 m and south side +9.80 m. The central portion of the town is a highly dense area.
The Railway line between Howrah – Chennai and Chennai – New Delhi divides that Tenali in to two major portions. And also three major irrigation canals are passing through the Centre of the Tenali Town.
Present proposals & Feasibility:- The present method of collection of Under Ground Drainage is not scientific and well organized. As there is no Proper Underground drainage system and disposal facilities to the town, at present most of the houses and other establishments are having their own septic tank arrangements .To cater to the poor population, The Municipality has taken up community septic tanks. The Sewerage is let into Naturally Occurring Streams. Waste water thus generated is finally reaching Irrigation canals which not only contaminates the Irrigation water but also the Ground water and creating unpleasant conditions and unhygienic environment in and around the town.
The Proposed sewerage system involves the design of sewer lines, Pumping stations, Pumping Mains & Sewerage Treatment Plant. Pumping Stations will be provided at appropriate locations to handle sewerage for lifting the sewerage so as to discharge into another gravity sewer of for treatment.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 24
The Sewerage Pumping stations will be located based on the comprehensive study of the areas to ensure that the entire area is adequately drained .The Capacity of the pumping stations has to be based on Ultimate sewerage flow.
The Total Town is divided into 3 Zones, Zone –I divided into Sub zone IA, Sub zone IB & Sub zone IC are located from North to South direction of the Town. Zone – II divide into Sub zone IIA, Sub zone IIB are located from Northwest to South west its length is 57.60 km & Zone III is located from West to east side of town, its length 29.790 km. The Pumping Main distribute along the town. The Total Sewerage is Disposed into Sewerage Treatment Plant .The capacity of STP is 24.00 MLD.
Subzone – ID is located on the South east corner of the Town. The contour of this zone-I varies from varies from 10.65 m to 10.10 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 21.417 kms.The sewerage flow will goes in to Sewerage Treatment Plant with Pumping Main-5 of dia 800mm DI K9.
Sub Zone – IA is located on the North east corner of the Town. The contour of this zone varies from 12.410 m to 10.55 m this zone contour permits the Flow through Gravity The total length of sewers in this zone is 15.530 km. Then the sewage will be pumped to Main Pumping Station through pumping main of Dia 300 DIK9 of length 3355m
Sub Zone- IB is located on the Middle of the Town. The contour of this zone varies from 11.465 m to 10.100 m this zone contour to permits the Flow through Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 78.860 km
Sub Zone- IC is located on the South corner of the Town. The contour of this zone varies from 10.42 m to 10.14 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 11.270 km. The total flow is collected at pumping station- IV is pumped to the Main Pumping Station through Pumping Main of Dia 250 DI K7 of length 1580m
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Basic Considerations:
Before commencing to planning and design of sewerage system for Tenali Municipality, certain basic considerations have been made by the consultants for drawing up the conceptual plan and formulation of norms.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 25
Those are
A design period of 30 Years from 2014 to 2044 for the sewerage system would be adopted for implementation during the design period As per capita sewage generated in the sewerage system would be adopted as 80% of l35 lpcd. The sewerage system would be essentially a separate sewer system. Adequate allowance would be made for ground water infiltration. The proposed system would be easy and efficiently functional. The trunk sewers of the network would pass through minimum number of physical barriers like railway track, high embankment, canals, rivers etc., if any. The Most economic and feasible layout of sewerage system would be developed out of several alternatives Total project are would be divided into several contributory sewerage zones delineated primarily on the basis of physical and topographical features The proposed layout would be designed to involve minimum depth of excavation, optimum diameter of sewers adequate number of appurtenances and STP. Located at suitable site with appropriate process and mode of treated effluent and sludge disposal. Treated effluent would be re used for irrigation or for other purposes in general. Excess sludge would be sold as manure or lands fill. Units of proposed STP would be design to suit phased development For all design purposes, recommendations and stipulations in “Manual for Sewerage and Sewage Treatment” by Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), Ministry of Urban Planning would be followed in general up to the possible extent. Wherever required relevant IS codes, National and International Standards and Local Practices are followed with due weight age.
Generation of Sewerage:-
The project has been designed in according to the Relevant Highest Score and Sewerage manuals “Second Addition for the Ultimate Population keeping in view of l35Lpcd of Water Supply and 80% of the Estimate being sewage Contribution. Ground Water Infiltration has been considered in the Design and enclosed. The scheme is to be designed for a Period of 30 years with the Initial year as 2014 with Prospective Year 2029 & Ultimate year 2044.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 26
Design Flows Rate of water supply (LPCD ) 135.00 Lpcd Sewage generated - 80% of Water supply(LPD) 108.00 Lpcd Rate of infiltration - 10% of sewage generation 10.8 Lpcd Total sewage generated 118.80 Lpcd
Hydraulic Network Analysis:
The Hydraulic Network Analysis is carried out using spreadsheets in Excel.
Based on the Topography and also available of Natural Terrain of the Town is divided into 3 zones
The Under Ground Drainage scheme is Designed as per CPHEEO Manual as follows
. First we consider man holes at the road junctions . Measure the length from node to node i.e. junction to junction . Take some considerable length besides the road which we have considered as a width of catchment area. . From that we calculate the tribute incremental area in hectares (Width of catchment area X Cumulative distance in meters/1000) . Take the levels of the both nodes as upstream and downstream . By differencing of upstream and downstream we get natural ground Slope = L / (G.L - D.L) . With referring to natural ground slope calculate the proposed slope
. . Consider some pipe diameters which would to nearly suitable . For new connection the invert level at upstream is taken as upstream-0.45 and for downstream connection is taken as (I.L at upstream-sewer length/provided slope) . By differentiating the upstream and upstream I.L we get the depth of cutting at starting node and by differentiating the downstream and downstream I.L we get the depth of cutting at ending node. . Assume that 452 persons/hec ,so multiply with tribute incremental area we get the population for ultimate year . The Velocity of flow in an section is given by the equation . V= [(1/n)] ([R2/3] S1/2
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 27
. N = Manning‟s coefficient of roughness (0.011) . R =Hydraulic Radius . S = provided Slope . Check Whether provided slope is sufficient for given diameter of pipe, provide slope if not increase the diameter of the pipe and decrease the slope to minimum depth . The Sewage flow is generated for 300 persons per hectors and takes 80% on 135 LPCD to get 32400 lts/ day. Above 50,000 32400/3600x1000cum/sec = 0.000375x2.5 =0.00094 cum/sec /hector. Population to take peak factor is 2.5 as per CPHEEO Manual . Add the upstream flow to the Present flow to get total flow in MLD . To get the ultimate average flow(MLD) consider the 10% of the ground water infiltrate of total sewage, then add to the total flow then we will get the ultimate average flow(MLD) . For ultimate peak flow = (Ultimate Average flow*2.5*1000)/(24*60*60) . Convert the Ultimate peak flow from MLD to LPS . Full flow Cumulative( Cum/sec)( Capacity of Pipe)= Area X Velocity . Check for safe that if Full flow is greater than or equal to Ultimate peak flow then pipe is safe otherwise it is not safe, so increase the pipe diameter. Flow Friction Formula:
The available head in sewers is utilized in overcoming surface resistance and, in small part, in attaining kinetic energy of flow. The design practice is to use Manning‟s formula for sewers and open channel flows.
V= [(1/n)] ([R2/3] S1/2
For Circular Conduits
V= [(1/n)] ([R2/3] S1/2 Where S = Slope of hydraulic gradient D = Internal diameter of pipe line in mm R = Hydraulic radius in m V = Velocity in mints „n‟ = Manning‟s coefficient of roughness City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 28
Manning’s Roughness Co-Efficient: Manning‟s roughness coefficient varies with the type of pipe material used in sewer construction. The values for Coefficient of Roughness as per CPHEEO Manual for different materials of pipes are as indicated in the table below:
Type of Material Condition n Salt glazed stone ware pipes (a) Good 0.012 Cement Concrete Pipes (a) Good 0.013 (b) Fair 0.015 Spun concrete pipes (RCC &PSC 0.011 UPVC (Plastic pipes) 0.011
Watershed Delamination:Total Tenali area has been surveyed and detailed contour map has been prepared to find out the depression areas and ridge points. Depending on topography of the area and existing natural drainage pattern and water bodies‟ total municipal area has been divided in 3 zones.
Interception Factor:-As per Sewerage Manual it is assumed that 80 % of the average daily water supply will find its way into sewers.
Peak Factor:
All the Sewers are designed for a peak flow for the Ultimate Population as well as Present Population with a peak factor of 2.25 as incorporated in the manuals.
Contributory Population Peak factor Up to 20,000 3.0 20,000 – 50,000 2.6 50,000 – 7,50,000 2.25 Above -7,50,000 2.00
Sewers Pipes Material: In according to the guide lines and as providing in the manuals Unplasticized Non-Pressure Polyvinyl Chloride(UPVC) pipes are proposed to be used for a diameter up 110 mm to 315 mm and RCC S/S Pipes beyond 800 mm dia keeping a minimum diameter of 350 mm for a public sewer keeping in view of velocities conforming IS : 651-1980.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 29
Recommended Depth of flow of sewers:-
Size of Sewer Depth of Flow Up to 400mm dia 1/2 depth 400 mm 700 mm dia 2/3 depth Larger than 900mm dia 3/4 depth
Gradient of Sewers:
Accordingly Gradient of sewers is so selected that the proposed gradient is parallel to the existing natural ground slope wherever applicable and separate proposal were proposed in remaining areas, so that depth of the cutting can be minimized (the depth of pipe lines are also proposed keeping the future crossing of water supply pipe lines in consideration).
Hydraulics of Sewers:
Manning‟s formula is used for calculation of velocity, in which constant n‟ is considered as 0.011 for Plastic and RCC pipes, depth of flow up to 0.8 times of Diameter.
Velocity:
Sewers are designed for self-cleaning velocity of 0.30 Mtrs/Sec, at designed peak flow. For sub branches and laterals at tail ends where upstream water coming is nil is kept considered for safe even where the velocities are less than self cleaning in order to reduce excessive depth of cutting. However the main sewer line is designed to attain 0.60 m/Sec at peak flows. At the same time Non Scouring velocities are also considered not to attain a maximum velocity of 3.00 m/Sec at peak flows.
Cushion:
Minimum depth of cushion is taken as 0.250 m for Laterals and sub main is at starting pipes. Encasement of sewer lines replacement with RCC pipe will be taken up where ever the depth is excessive and inadequate.
Sewer Trenches:
For different diameter and different depths trenches for sewer pipes as approved in the manual. Provision is not made for shoring and shuttering as the soil in the area is hard enough to have vertical section.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 30
Manholes: Manholes should be provided at all places of start of sewer lines, change of direction, change of gradients, change of size and at junction of two or more sewers. The location of manholes should be at convenient places depending upon the size of the sewer lines. Along straight length of sewers, the Manual on Sewerage recommends that the manholes should be so spaced that maximum distance between manholes should not exceed as under:
Spacing of Manholes: Manholes are provided at points, where there is change of direction, size, slope and joining of sewers. In straight trenches manholes are provided, at an average distance of 30 Mtr intervals. As per site conditions, manholes will be constructed as per standard type design and IS: 4111- 1986 (part-i)
Size of Sewer Maximum distance between manholes Up to 300 mm dia Larger Sewers 30 m may go up to 100m or more Manholes shall be ensured to be water tight to exclude any infiltration.
Shape and Size of Manholes: Manholes or inspection chambers are required to be provided at every change of alignment, grade or diameter. The shape of the manhole is circular and varies from 1.5m to 6m.
Vent Column: Ventilating columns are used to remove gases generated in sewer lines by septicity or decomposition of the sewage or given off by liquid and other substances. Ventilating arrangements are also required to release the pressure caused by rush of flow or due to chokage. The following is the practice being followed:
A Vent column is provided at the upper end of each sewer and also at change in size of sewer. Normally vent columns should be spaced at intervals along each sewer at about 300 m. These shall be connected to the sewer at manhole only. In case of large sewers, especially in congested areas, 300 mm Dia D.I. Column should be provided at correspondingly shorter intervals. Vent column should be sufficiently high to discharge the foul gases, well clear of the flat roof of the nearby buildings.
Vent shafts shall be of best quality foundry grey metal, tough and closed grained castings free from blow holes and imperfection. The machined surfaces shall be properly finished. These shall be set in perfect level and alignment, embedded in mortar. Ventilating column is erected at a safe point causing least obstruction to traffic. These are connected to a manhole by means pipe at 450 angle from sewer line upstream of manhole.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 31
In modern, well designed sewerage system, the Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Government of India, recommends, the ventilating columns are not necessary where intercepting traps are not provided. It is necessary, however, to make provisions for the escape of air and to take care of the exigencies of full flow. Ventilating columns should be provided on large pumping mains and they should be taken above the hydraulic grade lines.
Oblique Junctions for House Sewer Connections:
Where new sewers are laid, connections of properties to sewers should be made through oblique junction branches. For this purpose, the number and position of junction to be provided for the purpose should be properly and judiciously worked out.
Junctions should also be provided for under developed areas for the assumed future development. In case of brick sewers, the connections should be made in manholes. A junction book should be kept to show the position of junction left while laying sewers in the following form:
Rates Considered: The rate for the civil works is worked out based on the Common SSR, for the year 2013-2014. The rates which are not covered in the SSR‟s prevailing market rates! rate contracts approved by Govt. bodies based on variations is considered. The Labor Cess 1% and VAT 5% are also considered in the rate analysis. Suitable L.S Provision for transportation of materials (i.e. pipes etc) and all taxes and duties for materials is provided. This should be paid as per actual only.
Plans and Layout: The layout of sewer lines would be planned in such a manner that the sewer line connects each building in every street already existing or likely to come up in future. The laterals or branch sewers to serve future area may not be laid until required but planning must be done in a way that
Future expansion must be simple and can be completed at a reasonable cost.
A detailed survey plan of area to be provided with sewer and anticipated areas in future were prepared. The plan should indicate spot levels and also show elevations and location of all streets, roads, railways, parks and all other important features that can influence the design of sewer lines. It should also indicate proposed location of sewage treatment plants with complete details of elevation and location of any obstacle.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 32
Pumping is costly but necessary under certain situations owing to topography of the area. A detailed study of topography, future extensions, location of treatment works were considered for design. The cost of construction of sewer increases rapidly with the increase in depth. Efforts were made to select alignment, which involves less depth.
Following design norms are adopted in preparation of water supply augmentation scheme. Majority of the design norms are based on CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Ministry of Urban Development.
Zoning System: The Total Town is divided into 5 Zones, Zone –I is located to North direction of the Town & it covers wards from 1, 2, 3 & 37 to 40. Zone – II divide into Sub zone IIA, Sub zone IIB are located from Northwest to South west and it covers wards from 4 to 20 except 14 and some part of 12 & 35 to 36 and some part of 37, Zone III is located at southeast direction of the town & it covers wards no 14 and some part of 12. Zone IV is dived into 3 subzones, Subzone IVA, Subzone IVB, Subzone IVC and its length is 57.60 km & Zone V is located from West to east side of town, and it covers the wards from 29 to 32 and its length 29.790 km. The Pumping Main distribute along the town. The Total Sewerage is Disposed into Sewerage Treatment Plant .The capacity of STP is 24.00 MLD.
Details of Zonal System:-
Zone – I: Zone – I is located on the Eastern portion of the Municipality. It covers ward nos. 1 to 20 & 35 to 40. The contour varies from 12.40 m to 10.10 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 127.13 km
Zone- I:- Sub Zone – I is located on the North east corner of the Town. It covers ward nos. 1, 2, 3 half ward of 37, half ward of 38, 39, and 40. The contour of this zone varies from 12.410 m to 10.55 m this zone contour permits the Flow through Gravity .The total length of sewers in this zone is 36.065 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed Pumping Station – I. Then the sewage will be pumped to Main Pumping Station through pumping main of Dia 400 DIK9 of length 3000m.
Zone- II:- Zone II is located on the South east corner of the Town It covers ward No‟s 11, part of 12 13, 15 & part of 16. The contour of this zone-I varies from varies from 10.65 m to 10.10 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 21.417 kms. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed Main Pumping Station. Ultimately the sewerage flow will goes in to Sewerage Treatment Plant with Pumping Main-5 of dia 800mm DI K9.The
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 33
Ultimate peak flow is 8.18 MLD. The ultimate peak flow of zone -1 and the remaining zones sewerage flow are pumped to the Proposed Main Pumping Station through respective pumping mains, then the total ultimate peak flow will pumped to the STP through pumping main
Sub Zone- IIA:- Sub Zone- IB is located on the Middle of the Town. It covers ward nos. 4 to 10, 16 to 20, 35, 36, part of 37, part of 38. The contour of this zone varies from 11.465 m to 10.100 m this zone contour to permits the Flow through Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 55.129 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the Main Pumping Station this Main Pumping Station is in the Zone –II
Zone- III:- Zone-III is located on the South corner of the Town. It covers ward No‟s half of 12 & 14. The contour of this zone varies from 10.42 m to 10.14 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 11.270 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed Pumping station – IV as shown below fig 6.1.e. The total flow is collected at pumping station- IV is pumped to the Main Pumping Station through Pumping Main of Dia 250 DI K7 of length 1580m.
Zone- VI:- Zone – VI is located on the North West corner portion of the municipality. It covers ward nos. 21 to 28 & 33 to 34. The contour of this zone varies from 11.65 m to 9.010 m. The total length of sewers in this zone is 57.60 km
Further the Zone – II is divided in to 3 sub zones namely IV, IVA, & IVB
Zone- VI:- Zone – VI is located on the North West corner of the Town .It covers ward No‟s 23 & 24 The contour of this zone varies from 10.97 m to 9.01 m these zone contours to permits the Flow through by Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 10.180 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed Pumping Station –III as shown below fig 6.1.f. From here the Sewerage will pumped to Main Pumping Station through Pumping main of Dia 450 DI K9 of length 2500 m.
Sub Zone- VIA:- Sub Zone –VIA is located on the North West corner of the Town .It covers ward No‟s part of 24 to 28. The contour of this zone varies from 11.585 m to 9.010 m these zone contours to permits the Flow through by Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 31.390 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed pumping Station –III at zone-VI.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 34
Sub Zone- VIB:- Sub Zone – ViB is located on the North West corner of the Town .It covers ward No‟s 21, 22, 33 & 34. The contour of this zone varies from 11.65 m to 9.010 m these zone contours to permits the Flow through by Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 16.40 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed pumping Station –III at zone-VIB
Zone- V:- Sub Zone – III is located on the North West corner of the Town .It covers ward No‟s 29 to 32. The contour of this zone varies from 11.65 m to 10.00 m these zone contours to permits the Flow through by Gravity. The total length of sewers in this zone is 29.790 km. The sewage from this zone will be collected at the proposed Pumping Station –II as shown below fig 6.1.g. From here the Sewerage will be pumped to the Main Pumping Station through Pumping main of dia 300 DI K9 of length 3247m
Sewer – Hydraulic design:- The sewer network consists of likes (pipes) and nodes (manholes). The pipes are connected by manholes. One or more links come and join at a node and the sewage is discharged through a downstream link, which goes into another manhole. The design of sewer network involves selection of appropriate size and slope of a link so as to connect the succeeding node to transport the sewage while meeting the requisite hydraulic parameters. Peak factor, minimum allowable velocities, Manning‟s coefficient, maximum cover depth, outfall nodal demand, ground elevation, no of nodes, links etc. The result includes the peak flows, water depths, pipes slopes, and ground slopes for each link. In respect of nodes, the total excavation depth and the difference in elevation of the highest invert entering the node and that of living the node is given. The pipe slope is chosen to minimize the excavation depth and maintain minimum cover depths and the quantity of excavation.
Sewerage Treatment Plant
Sewage treatment plant (STP)
As Per CHPEEO Guide lines, the sullage water shall be treated before letting into the disposal directly. Since the sewage will be of bio-degradable quality, it can be used for Irrigation purposes subject to the normal safeguards. However during rainy season, the same will have to be discharged into the river after the treatment
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 35
Characteristics of sewage: The design of the sewage treatment plant will be based on BOD at 200C of raw sewage. Average BOD of 300mg/l is considered in designing the treatment system.
Discharge Standards: The sewage treatment plant is designed to achieve a treated effluent quality that will conform to inland surface water standards viz BOD 20mg/l and SS 30 mg/l.
Sludge Handling: The sludge generated I the bioreactors is totally digested. Since the F/M ratio in the bioreactors is very low, the excess sludge generation is lower than compared to the conventional ASP system. The present system does not envisage any sludge digestion (since the sludge is aerobically stabilized in the bioreactors itself), making the system more suitable to be installed under such climatic conditions.
The excess sludge is separated in the secondary clari settler is collected in a sludge sump then thickened in the gravity thickeners. It is then directly pumped to solid Bowl centrifuge for mechanical dewatering. The dewatered sludge is disposed off suitably by client.
Capacity of Sewage treatment plant: The capacity of treatment plant is worked out as 24.00 MLD for the Prospective stage (2029).
DESIGN FLOWS Rate of water supply (LPCD ) 135.00 Lpcd Sewage generated - 80% of Water supply(LPD) 108.00 Lpcd Rate of infiltration - 10% of sewage generation 10.8 Lpcd Total sewage generated 118.80 Lpcd
Factors determining location of Sewage treatment plant
The location of a sewage treatment plant would largely be dependent on the following considerations:
Topographic conditions, which will determine the feasibility of bringing all or most of the sewage of a particular area or district to a common point, as far as possible by gravity and or minimum pumping. Matter of disposal of the effluent so that the treated water can be conveyed to the disposal point without long length of pipeline network, pumping and rising mains. The method of disposal will also determine the type and sophistication of the treatment plant, which will also have an ultimate bearing on the area of land required for setting up the STP. City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 36
The necessity to utilize the existing works like the sewerage system, existing treatment plants, pumping stations to the full capacity with little or no alteration. Even if the utilization of some of the existing works need not be the most economical solution yet the time frame in which the sewerage system can be commissioned and benefit given to the maximum number of inhabitants will be a guiding factor. Avoidance of long length of large size sewer lines involving not only heavy initial capital cost (blocking of funds due to unutilized capacity). The time involved in laying and commissioning a long length and large size sewer line will form an important criterion in selection of the location of a STP. Necessity of reduction of pumping as much as possible and also avoidance of long lengths of rising mains so that heavy recurring expenditure especially on power consumption is reduced. Using treated effluent as a major water source for irrigation, thereby reducing the demand of fresh water for irrigation which can in turn be made available for the domestic purposes. Environmental and pollution aspects. The above factors often contradict each other and therefore a very judicious choice has to be made to satisfy as much as, possible the above considerations taking into account socio- economic considerations.
Selection of Treatment Process:- Selection of sewage treatment process shall be based on the following factors: Quantity of sewage Characteristics of sewage Desired treated water standard Availability of land and soli characteristics Capital cost Operation and Maintenance cost
The designs will be prepared in compliance with APUSP technical committee and CPHEEO manual are taken into consideration.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 37
The sewage collected through the sewerage system will have to be treated properly to have treated effluent standard of 20 mg/l BOD and 30mg/l SS as prescribed by the PCB norms. The STP to be built in these towns will require a definite technology has to be cost effective, technically sound and eco friendly.
After site inspection carried out along with Municipal Officials, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) has been proposed as sewage treatment process for Tenali Municipality.
Types of treatment process:- Development of infrastructure like Sewage Treatment Plants place a role in accelerating the pace of Economic development of a country and provides safe, clean, hygienic, environment in the human settlement areas. The selection of treatment process place an important role in the economic appraiser of Under Ground Drainage Schemes in sense it affects initial construction cost, maintenance cost for certain level of service, operation cost, cost of chemicals and consumables. In this study it is proposed to investigate with existing state of input in appraisal process for comparative study of various technologies for implementation of Sewage Treatment Plants
In the present study different technologies that are sophisticated, dependable, Eco-friendly, proven working performance record have been considered for 20 MLD capacity facilities. The technologies are as follows.
1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 2. Extended Aeration (EA) 3. Fluidized Bed Aerobic Bio-reactor (FAB) 4. Densadeg Biofar (DBF) 5. Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 6. Stabilization Ponds 7. Oxidation Ponds In the present study life cycle cost of the all technologies have been evaluated for period of 30 years. All costs such as capital investments, routine annual maintenance costs, other maintenance costs, have been reflected in the analysis as per the field conditions.
In analyzing the cash flows capital budget techniques such as net present value method of analysis has been considered for finalization of technology. All the parameters, variables and costs have been considered based on the field conditions and prevailing rates.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 38
From the study adaptability of extended aeration process for diluted wastewater, which is prevailing in the eastern part of the city, is established. The work highlights sensitive of the study to the basic input data like B.O.D. values discount rate, service life, maintenance philosophy and specifically treatment process for finalization of Sewage Treatment Plants in urban sphere. The comparison of various Technologies and typical performance of various technologies are detailed respectively
In the Light of Field visits, alternative studies of various site identifications and after collecting relevant field particulars, the existing STP site is found to be the most suitable site for sewerage treatment plant. The existing 17 acres is been utilized for the centralized STP. The Proposed Sewerage Treatment Plant is 24.00 MLD.
The Method of Treatment process proposed is UASB. It is proposed to let out the Treated Sewerage in to the nearby drainage canal, which is leading to the sea.
Activated sludge process: In wastewater treatment processes aeration introduces air into a liquid providing an aerobic environment for microbial degradation of organic matter. The purpose of aeration is two folds.
Supply required oxygen to the microorganisms. Provide mixing so that the microorganisms come in contact with the dissolved and suspended organic matter. An activated Sludge plant essentially consists of the following
Primary settling tank. Aeration tank containing microorganisms in suspension in which the reaction takes place. Activated Sludge Re-circulation system. Excess sludge de-watering and disposal facilities. Aeration-system to transfer oxygen. Secondary sedimentation tank to separate and thicken activated sludge. Process Description Pre-Treatment The pretreatment comprises of-.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 39
Screening: Medium and fine screens are located to screen the raw sewage from bigger size matter. The screenings can be removed mechanically or manually. De-gritting: This unit removes the inorganic settable matter. The rejects from the above are collected in wheelbarrows for disposal. Flow measuring device is located to measure the variation in flow. Primary settling tank For Primary sedimentation tanks, both, surface overflow rate and detention period are important design criteria as the solids to be settled are flocculent in nature and undergo flocculation. The raw sewage is given the primary treatment in the primary settling tank. The detention period is I to 1.5 hours. The primary settling tank removes less percentage of settle able solids. Due to the removal of some of these solids, the efficiency of the subsequent treatment increases.
Aeration: Aeration tank is provided with necessary aeration system to supply oxygen to the microorganisms. Surface Aerators: They generally consist of large diameter impeller plates revolving on a vertical shaft at the surface of the liquid. A Hydraulic Jump is created by the impellers at the surface causing air entertainment in the sewage. The raw sewage is mixed up with the required quantity of Activated sludge which is also called the return sludge as it is pumped into the aeration tank from the Secondary Clarifier. This mix is called the mixer Liquor that is aerated and agitated simultaneously in the aeration tank and this is sent to the secondary Clarifier for the sludge to settle. Secondary Clarifier: The flow from the aeration tank is directed to the Secondary Clarifier The major design parameters for secondary settling tanks to remove settable solids is the solids loading rate as well as the surface overflow rate. The biodegraded mass will settle in the clarifier if provided with the necessary detention time. The secondary settling tank of the activated Sludge process is sensitive to fluctuations in flow rate and hence units are to be designed for the peak flow rates. The secondary Clarifier consists of the following Sludge Circulation system: The Sludge collected in the sludge pit is re-circulated to the Aeration tank to maintain the MLSS level in the aeration tank. The extra sludge is pumped to the sludge disposal mechanism. Sludge Treatment: Sludge treatment can be achieved by pumping sludge to the mechanical decanter.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 40
Applicability: Widely applied all over the world for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastes. The system can be installed in modules and the capacity can be increased by constructing the modules as and when required. Performance: In India, most of the treatment plants are based on the Activated sludge process. This technology is proven and can meet the desired output parameters Description of Extended Aeration method: It is an aerobic suspended growth method of treatment with supply of required oxygen through artificial way i.e. pumps, fans etc.
The Extended aeration Process is similar to the Activated Sludge Process except that the Primary settling tank is omitted the process employs low organic loading, high aeration time, high MLSS concentration and low F/M ratio. The BOD removal efficiency is higher because of higher detention time in the aeration tank. The production of sludge is less but the oxygen requirement is very high. Primary settling and sludge digestion is eliminated.
Process Description
Pre-Treatment: The pre-treatment comprises of (a) Screening: Medium and fine screens are located to screen the raw sewage from bigger size matter. The screenings can be removed mechanically or manually. (b) De-gritting: This unit removes the inorganic settable matter. (c) The rejects from the above are collected in wheelbarrows for disposal. (d) Flow measuring device is located to measure the variation in flow. Aeration: Aeration tank is provided with surface aeration system to supply oxygen to the microorganisms. Surface Aerators: They generally consist of large diameter impeller plates revolving on a vertical shaft at the surface of the liquid. The impellers at the surface causing air entertainment in the sewage create a Hydraulic Jump. The raw sewage is mixed up with the required quantity of Activated sludge that is also called the return sludge as it is pumped into the aeration tank from the Secondary Clarifier. This mix is called the mixer Liquor that is aerated and agitated simultaneously in the aeration tank and this is sent to the secondary Clarifier for the sludge to settle.
Secondary Clarifier: The flow from the aeration tank is directed to the Secondary Clarifier the major design parameters for secondary settling tanks to remove settable solids is the solids loading rate as well as the surface overflow rate. The biodegraded mass will settle in the clarifier if provided with the necessary detention time. The secondary settling tank of the
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 41
activated sludge process is sensitive to fluctuations in flow rate and hence units are to be designed for the peak flow rates. The secondary Clarifier consists of the following Sludge Circulation system: The Sludge collected in the sludge pit is re-circulated to the Aeration tank to maintain the MLSS level in the aeration tank. The extra sludge is pumped to the sludge disposal mechanism. Sludge Treatment: Sludge treatment can be achieved by pumping sludge to the mechanical decanter. Efficiency : 95 – 98% removals of B.O.D., C.O.D. & T.S.S. Detention Time : 12 to 15 Hours. Area required : 1 Acre per 10 MLD. Fluidized Aerobic Bio-Reactor: This treatment is based on the principle of attached growth on fluid media. Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor consists of tank containing small carrier elements. The carrier elements are made from special grade plastic with controlled density so that by using an aerating device they can be fluidized. A bio film develops on the element, which moves along with the effluent within the reactor. The movement within the reactor is generated by providing aeration by means of diffusers placed at the bottom of the reactor. The thin Bio film on the element enables the bacteria to act upon the Biodegradable matter in the effluent reducing the COD & BOD content in the presence of oxygen and the air used for Fluidization.
Process Description
Pre-Treatment: The pretreatment comprises of a) Screening: Medium and fine screens are located to screen the raw sewage from bigger size matter, .Me screenings can be removed mechanically or manually. The screenings are collected in trolleys and disposed. b) De-gritting: This unit removes the inorganic settleable matter. c) Flow measuring device is located to measure the variation in flow. Equalization Tank and Pump House: The flow is collected in the equalization tank having around one hour storage capacity. The raw sewage is pumped to the FAB reactor at the designed rate. The pumps are provided with 50 % standby arrangement.
Fluidized Aerobic Bio-reactors: Fixed Film Biological Process is adopted to reduce the reactor volumes as well as retention times, as this process provides large area for biomass to grow. The system is based on Extended Aeration. Medium bubble aeration is provided by City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 42
means of a blower. Further developments in this field have led to the development of Fluid Bed Technology in which the fixed films are made of plastic materials which are freely moving and non-clogging type. This is called the Fluid Bed Reactor (FAB).
High Specific Bio-film Surface is achieved by having the Biomass to grow on small carrier elements that move along with the water in the reactor. The movement within the reactor is generated by providing aeration with the help of diffusers placed at the bottom of the reactor. The thin Bio-film on the element enables the bacteria to act upon the Biodegradable matter in the effluent and reduce the BOD and COD content in the presence of oxygen available from the air that is used for fluidization. It is recommended that for the effluent to be treated,
The Process is designed in such a manner such that two FAB reactors are to be used in a sequence The raw sewage from the equalization tank is pumped to FAB-1, the effluent from FAB- I enters FAB-2. From FAB-2, the effluent is directed to the clari-settler.
Details of Fab Reactor: The FAB reactors are usually 5 to 6 in in depth and cylindrical in shape and consists of Plastic cylindrical media of V2 inch size. To decide the quantity of media required certain Pilot tests are required t be carried out ... The FAB reactor consists of diff-users placed at the bottom for aeration. The raw water enters from the top of FAB-1, where as the air for aeration travels from bottom to top. The FAB reactor contains two concentric cylindrical compartments. The raw water effluent enters the outer compartment from the top and then comes to the inner compartment through an opening at the bottom of the reactor. From the top of the inner compartment, the water from FA-B- I enters FAB-2
Details of Granular Media: The plastic granular media has a specific gravity less than water and hence it is always in a suspended state. The material is designed in such a way that although there is a biological growth on the media it will always remain suspended. The quantity of media required depends on the type of waste and can be arrived at only after The Biomass grows on the media and there is no backwashing or cleaning of the media required. The Biomass grows on and inside the media and the oxygen requirement is met with from the blowers. Optimum oxidation takes place as the air does not travel in a straight path and keeps changing its direction since the granular media blocks its straight path. Hence, the path of travel of the bubble is considerably increased. The velocity is maintained in such a way that the sludge Biomass is allowed to grow. Some of the Biomass is lost due to shearing of the media. Degraded Biomass is also lost due to Sloughing and this flow to the claris- City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 43
etteler along with the overflow from the FAB reactor the media does not require any replacement.
95-98% of ' BOD will be removed from the sewage through this process.
SECONDARY CLARIFIER The secondary Clarifier unit mainly consists of a) Inlet pipe: The inlet pipe carrying the effluent containing the biodegraded and dislodged biomass from FAB-1 & FAB-2 enters the secondary Clarifier at the influent well of the Clarifier. b) Influent well: The inlet pipe discharges the effluent at the top of the influent well The path of the effluent from FAB is such that each particle has to travel down the 'influent well and then travel upwards upto the launder of the Clarifier. Due to such a path of flow and corresponding detention time, the biodegraded and dislodged biomass tends to settle on the floor of the Clarifier. c) Plate settlers: Before entering the launder, the flow is made to pass through the plate settlers due to which the velocity of very small particles is reduced and they too settle down. d) Scrapper mechanism: The sludge on the floor of the Clarifier is collected in the sludge pit by the scrapping mechanism. e) Sludge Pit: The sludge collected in the sludge pit is pumped to the sludge thickener. f) Launder: The clarified effluent is collected in the launder and sent to nearby drains and nallahs since it has met the required parameters. If required residual chlorine dose can be injected in the launder before disposal. Sludge Thickener: The sludge from the sludge pit is pumped to the Sludge Thickener. The mechanism is the same as that of the Secondary clarifier. The sludge is collected in the sludge pit and pumped to the centrifuge shed where as the water part of it is collected in the launder and sent back the FAB reactor.
Centrifuge Shed: The sludge collected in the Sludge thickener is pumped to the centrifuge shed for dewatering The sludge is flocculated with a polyelectrolyte solution before dewatering The thickened sludge is extracted from the Sludge Thickener and is mechanically dewatered in the Centrifuge Shed The sludge cakes are disposed off and the water part from the centrifuge is again let into the FAB reactor.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 44
Applicability: These systems have a relatively small footprint, and are useful where available land is limited. This system can be installed in modules and duplicating the modules can enhance the capacity.
Design Criteria: The final BOD of the treated effluent as per the design is anticipated to be around 20 mg/i and a COD removal efficiency of 90%. These details are presented in table.
Densadeg and Bio-Filtration Technology: This is a patented technology offered by Decrement. This is an aerobic treatment process based on Submerged Media Type Up flow Fixed bed Aerobic Bio- reactor and designed to make the plants very compact so as to fit in locations where space availability is a constraint. The raw sewage after Pre-treatment is passed through Densadeg unit (high rate Clarifier) and Bio-fer unit (filters) to achieve the desired effluent characteristics. The raw sewage is pumped to the inlet chamber and there after the entire treatment Process is by gravity.
Process Description
Pre-Treatment: The pretreatment comprises of a) Screening: Medium and fine screens are located to screen the raw sewage from bigger size matter. The screenings can be removed mechanically or manually. b) De-gritting: This unit removes the inorganic settleable matter. An aerated De gritting unit Is provided with air diffusers to dislodge all the organic matter entangled in the grit particles and only the grit settles down. This also helps in aeration of the sewage the aeration avoids septicity of sewage and odor nuisance. This grit is removed by a screw type de gritting mechanism. c) Scum removal: The floating oil and grease matter that can interfere with the Biological process is removed in this chamber. d) The rejects from the above are dropped from chutes and collected in wheelbarrows for disposal. e) Flow measuring device is located to measure the variation in flow. Primary Treatment: The primary treatment is provided for the removal of settable solids. Densadeg is a high rate clarifier, which can be used with or without chemicals. If chemicals like Alum or Polyelectrolyte are used the size of the Clarifier is considerably reduced. Scrapper on the arms of the clarifier directs the settled sludge on the floor of Densadeg to the sludge pit from where it is pumped to the Sludge Digesters. The sludge is also thickened in the same unit and hence not requiring any separate sludge thickener. The clarified effluent is City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 45
collected in a common channel leading to the secondary treatment unit. The plate settlers also assist in the particles to settle down.
Secondary Treatment: In the secondary treatment, clarified sewage from the primary treatment which contains remaining suspended solids which do not settle in the primary treatment, soluble BOD and suspended BOD is treated biologically so as to degrade and remove it. The unit used for achieving this is Biofer. Biofer is provided in two stages to achieve the desired effluent parameter. The treated effluent from Biofer-Stage I is taken to the Biofer-Stage 2. Blofer essentially consists of
a) Network of nozzles at the bottom to distribute the clarified sewage on the entire bed of the Biofer. The Biomass is allowed to grow on the filter media which has a very high porosity. This provides a very large specific surface area of Biomass that comes in contact with the incoming sewage water for degradation of organic pollutants. The oxygen requirement of the biomass is met with the help of process aeration system consisting of fine bubble diffusers and Air Blowers. b) The effluent from the Biofer meets the required parameters and can be disposed to the nearby drain or can be utilized for other purposes if required like horticulture etc. The clogging of filter media increases the head loss and requires backwashing. The backwashed water is pumped back into the Densadeg. c) Ile excess Biomass concentration on the Biomedia over a period of time is to be dislodged to maintain the treatment efficiency. This is achieved by back washing simultaneously with air and water. The water used for backwashing is the treated sewage water. The backwash water is recycled into the Densadage unit. The treated sewage water meets the disposal standards and can be let out into a nearby drain. The time required for backwashing is 30 minutes and the frequency of backwashing is 3days and 5 days for varies from 2 days to five days for Biofer-Stage I and Biofer-Stage-2 respectively.
Sludge Treatment: Anaerobic Sludge Digesters are provided to digest the sludge so that the sludge stabilizes against uncontrolled degradation and reducing the volatile organic solids. The digested sludge is extracted from the Digester and is mechanically de watered by using the mechanical de-watering machine called Super press. The sludge is flocculated with a polyelectrolyte solution before de watering. City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 46
Applicability: These systems have a relatively small footprint, and are useful where the availability of land is limited. This system can be installed in modules and the capacity can be enhanced by duplicating the modules. Performance: Two plants of 10 MLD based on this technology are constructed and maintained by Degremont for Delhi Jal Board. Table: - Performance of Densadeg Plant
Parameter Influent Sewage Treated Sewage BOD, mg/1 210 to 310 7-9 COD, mg/1 350-400 Suspended Solids, mg/1 400-500 9-12
Aerated Lagoons (AL): It falls under Aerobic suspended growth method of treatment in which oxygen is supplied artificially through Aerators. Process: In this method screened waste water is admitted in to aerated lagoon for Biological treatment. The BOD will be reduced through oxidation and synthezation of organic matter through active aerobic bacteria. The treated effluent let out from other end of the lagoon for disposal. Oxygen will be supplied through floating and fixed aerators. The digested sludge accumulated at the bottom of the tank will be removed once in 5 – 10 years. In this process there is no sedimentation tanks, digestion tanks and gas handling systems. Efficiency : 80 – 90% in removal of BOD. Detention Time : 3 – 5 days. Area Required : 6 Acres. Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB):
The USAB reactor is an anaerobic reactor based on Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process. The principle of UASB reactor is to introduce raw sewage at the bottom to evenly distribute it over the base of the reactor. This eliminates short-circuiting and helps in maintaining a sludge blanket, which is very critical for this process. The incoming sewage flows upwards and passes through the blanket. On its passage, fine suspended particles are filtered and soluble components are absorbed in the Biomass. This Biomass converts the waste into the Biogas and some new Biomass. The gas leaves the blanket in bubbles and provides necessary mixing. Gas is collected in separate upper region. The sludge settles and water passes through the legs of the deflectors in upward direction. The settled sludge is digested in the bottom zone.
Process Description
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 47
Pre-Treatment a) Screen and Grit Chambers: The screen and grit chambers are designed as per the standard practice and their function is to remove the floating material and the grit. The screen consists of rectangular bars placed evenly across the channel. In the grit chamber heavy inorganic particles like sand, grit is removed. Automatic mechanical equipment can be fitted for removing the grit and screen. b) Flow measuring devices in the form of parshall flume are located to measure the flow. The rejects from the screen and grit are collected in wheelbarrows for disposal. c) Distribution Boxes: The fiction of the distribution boxes is to distribute the flow uniformly at the bottom of the UASB reactor. UASB Reactor: The raw sewage is treated by the anaerobic process. The UASB reactor consists of two parts. The lower compartment is called the reaction compartment where the Biological breakdown process will be achieved and the upper part consists of three phase separators where the separation of gas, liquid and sludge takes place. Sewage is fed at the bottom of the reactor and flows upward to a blanket of anaerobic sludge. During the passage through the sludge blanket particulate matter is entrapped and subsequently an aerobically digested. Dissolved material is also absorbed by the anaerobic bacteria in the sludge and is digested directly. The gas liquid separator is provided in the upper part of the USAB reactor. The gas produced is placed in the gas collector from where it is withdrawn and stored in the gas holder.
Sludge Sump and Pumps: The sludge sump is provided to store the sludge withdrawn from the USAB reactors by gravity and instantly pump the same to the sludge to the decanter to save the space.
Bio gas Holder and Flaring system: Bio gas generated from UASB reactors is collected in the gasholder. The gasholder acts as a storage facility having a detention time of 5 – 6 hrs. Provision of flaring of excess gas is also provided. Excess Biogas is flared as and when required.
Final Polishing Unit / Aeration tank: To meet the desired effluent characteristics for ultimate disposal, the treated effluent from UASB reactor is directed to polishing pond. The function of the polishing pond is to remove the balance BOD and TSS so as to meet the desired discharge standards. This is an aerobic process and can be achieved by aerating the
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 48
sewage from the USAB reactor by mechanical aerators. In the present proposal aeration tanks with the mechanical aerators has been proposed to save the space.
Secondary Clarifier: From the polishing tank / Aeration tank the effluent from the UASB is directed to the Secondary Clarifier. The sludge from the Secondary Clarifier is again sent to the Sludge Centrifuge.
Applicability: The UASB technology has been developed in the western countries and is relatively new to India. However, commercial plant exists at locations such as Kanpur and Mirjapur. They can be located where land availability is a problem since they can be accommodated in small areas.
Operation and Maintenance: The efficiency of the process revolves around the maintenance of sludge blanket. If the sludge blanket is disturbed then the whole process fails. It is likely that the sludge blanket developed would get disturbed due to heavy shock load of flow due to which it may get washed away. This will disturb the whole anaerobic process. This requires a very high degree of monitoring. There is also a chance of the sludge blanket breaking due to excessive hydraulic loading even though the operator is skilled.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 49
Comparative Statement of Salient Features of Technologies Reviewed
Activated Sl. Aerated Dens aged & Bio filtration Fluidized Aerobic Extended Features UASB Sludge No. lagoon Technology Bioreactor Aeration Process 1 Suitability of Technology in Indian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes conditions. 2 Whether the Technology is patented? NO Yes No Yes No No 3 Whether Primary treatment is required? No Yes No No No Yes 4 Ability to take shock loading Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 5 Ability to meet disposal norms Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 6 Type of Process Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic 7 Effluent Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand < 20 7 to 9 > 20 5 to 7 20 20 (mg/s) 8 Effluent Suspended Solids (mg/1) < 30 9 to 12 > 30 15 to 35 30 30 9 Whether spares are available No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10 Whether Spares are Patented. Yes Yes No Yes No No 11 Public Resistance No. No No No Yes Yes 12 Fly & Odor Nuisance No No No No Yes Yes Activated Sl. Aerated Dens aged & Bio filtration Fluidized Aerobic Extended Features UASB Sludge No. lagoon Technology Bioreactor Aeration Process 13 Complexity of system operation. High Medium High Medium Medium High 14 Level of Automation. High Medium High Medium Medium Medium 15 Manpower requirement. Low Medium Medium Medium High High 16 Land Required 4 Acres 1 Acre 2 Acres 0.75 Acres 1 Acre 1.25 Acres
Typical Performance Characteristics for various sewage Treatment Methods
Conventional Facultative Conventional Tricking Waste stabilization S.No Items Activated sludge UAS B Extended Aeration Aerated Filter ponds Process (ASP) Lagoons Performance BOD 1 85-92 75-85 95-98 80-90 90 75-85 Removal %
Manual deluding once in 2 First digest then dry on Directly dry on beds No digestion dry on First digest then dry on Mechanical year for anaerobic and 5- 2 Sludge Handling beds or use mechanical or use mechanical beds or use beds or use mechanical deluding once 10 years for facultative devices devices mechanical devices devices in 5-10 years pond
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 50
Equipment requirement Aerators, recycle Nil except gas Aerators, recycle Filter arm, recycle pumps, (excluding pumps, scrappers, collection and flaring pumps, sludge scrappers, thickners, 3 NILL Aerators only screening and grit thickeners, digesters, ,gas conversion to ,scrappers for large digeters, dryers, gas removal common to dryers, gas equipment. electricity is optional settlers equipment. all processes
Operational Skilled operation Skilled operations 4 Simpler than ASP Simpler than ASP Simplest Simple characteristics required required
Simplest treatment Considerable Minimal to negligible BOD removal highest, method and nill power but Power required equipment & skilled power required effluent nitrified, high very high and required similar to ASP 5 Special features operation required makes it economical power required Same as ASP Anaerobic pond my give Operational specially when gas alt. even if gas favored for small & foul smell. Power required simpler collection and usage revenue is neglected medium plants similar to ASP Operational simpler
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 51
Justification for Selection of UASB Technology:-
UASB Technology is recommended from the above comparison statement considering the following Merits.
1. Considerable Power saving when compared to extended aeration, Fab and
Activated sludge Process Technologies.
2. Low energy consumption involved in principle and involves in Energy Generation
With Methane Gas Bio-product and no other technology generates gas by product.
3. Technology is recommended by Government of INDIA. It is a proven technology hence now
being widely used in several local bodies.
4. Requires relatively less land of about 2 Acres/24MLD.
5. Reasonable Capital cost of about Rs 75-80 Lakhs/MLD
6. Achieves required effluent standards prescribed by Pollution control Board for disposal of sewage.
7. Reasonable Maintenance cost involved i.e. about Rs 280 lakhs/ Annum.
8. Comparatively low odor and fly Nuisance involved.
9. Here proposed technology for STP i.e. UASB requires the 2 Acres of land
17 acres of land is available at existing site but 2 acres of land is sufficient for the required
technology (UASB)
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 52
Solid Waste Management
Introduction The State of Andhra Pradesh (AP) consists of 110 Urban Local Bodies (ULB) comprising of 13 Municipal Corporations, 72 Municipalities of different grades and 25 Nagar Panchayats. The total population of the Andhra Pradesh State is 494.00 lakhs and the urban population is 140.00 lakhs constituting 28.34% of the State Population. The ULBs in the State are estimated to generate on an average 6440 MTs of solid waste per day. The quantities of waste are growing 5% annually with the increasing per capita generation and change in living standards. From time to time, Government of AP and C&DMA (AP) had issued orders, guidelines and several instructions. Despite these orders and instructions, ULBs are found to be adopting non-uniform practices for collection, handling and final disposal of solid waste without standard norms. Though ULBs are spending substantial budgetary resources on sanitation, the inconsistent practices are ultimately resulting in unsatisfactory sanitary conditions and poor public satisfaction. Besides these deficiencies, some of other major dissatisfactions and limitations, noticed are: Non-uniform adoption of standard specifications for micro level planning, route mapping, and workers‟ distribution that should be based on number and types of waste generating units, road and drain lengths. Instead of outsourcing complete work units for maintenance of sanitation, most of the ULBs engage workers from contractors on outsourcing basis. These contractors do not pay the minimum wages and not remitting PF and ESI contributions on time. Also, a few bidders have been monopolizing the contracts, but not meeting the service delivery requirements. Absence of rationality in the number of workers engaged including permanent public health workers and workers engaged on temporary and contract basis. Availability of funds in the ULB is not taken into consideration while outsourcing the maintenance of sanitation. Many ULBs have fallen into arrears in making payments to the contract agencies. Inefficient contractor management. Gaps in resource recovery – recyclables, compostable, combustibles Above all, poor sanitary and solid waste management conditions in ULBs and wide-ranging public dissatisfaction with the services 1.3. The above deficiencies necessitated the issue of new operational guidelines, specifying norms for micro planning and preparing separate work packages for sanitation and solid waste management in residential and commercial areas and main and important roads. Also, the guidelines provide norms for shifting from Worker Outsourcing to Work Outsourcing System. Accordingly, the new guidelines are issued superseding all the existing government orders, circulars, instructions on entrustment of works and outsourcing maintenance of sanitation.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 53
About GO-279 Swachh Bharat Mission, launched at the National Level by the Government of India, stipulates clean, neat and totally sanitized Cities that are aesthetic, and environmentally healthy and livable. In line with this Mission, Government of Andhra Pradesh had set up Swachh Andhra Corporation to manage the Swachh Andhra Pradesh Programme in a mission mode. The State has a vision of transforming Cities and Towns in Andhra Pradesh into neat, clean and litter-free areas for bestin-class livability; health standards; environment, tourism and investment attractiveness. The Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000 are applicable to every Urban Local Body. The Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 clearly stipulate the roles and duties of different stakeholders in the entire chain of solid waste management. Non-compliance with the rules by ULBs and not adhering to the time lines are strictly monitored by the Hon‟ble National Green Tribunal, which has powers to impose penal actions on the State and Central machineries. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, has notified the draft Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015. With this background, after consultation with the relevant experts and discussions in the workshops, the Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad has submitted draft Operational Guidelines for Micro Planning, Work Rationalization and Outsourcing of Work Packages and three draft RFPs i.e., (1) for Commercial & Bulk Waste, (2) Mechanical Sweeping and Residential Micro Pockets Management, and (3) Road Sweeping & Drain Cleaning in the reference 3rd read above for approval, stating that issuance of new Operational Guidelines for shifting from Manpower Outsourcing (Worker) to Work Outsourcing System is required to guide the ULBs for effective implementation of Solid Waste Management (M&H) Rules 2000, NGT recent directives and other relevant regulations in a systematic manner, with reference to Source Segregation, Collection, and Transportation of Solid Waste. OBJECTIVES 1. Guiding the ULBs for effective implementation of MSW rules, NGT directives and other relevant regulations in a systematic manner, with reference to Source Segregation, Collection, and Transportation of Solid Waste. 2. Guidelines for micro planning of the residential, commercial areas and main roads, work responsibilities, and methods for carrying out the sanitation and solid waste management activities. 3. Rationalizing the norms for manpower, transportation of vehicles, tools, implements and conservancy materials. 4. Guiding the ULBs on the methods of tendering and contract management aspects.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 54
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 55
Scope of the City Plan for Solid Waste Management and Sanitary Cleaning
The solid waste handling and sanitary cleaning functions include the following sets of activities.
Solid Waste Handling Activities Collection and Transportation of Source Separated Waste ( Organic Wet, Dry Recyclables, and Hazardous) from the Residential, Commercial and other Public Places Scientific Processing of collected Waste as per Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 and appropriate environmental rules and guidelines. Sanitary Cleaning Activities Manual Sweeping, Litter Picking and Sanitation of Residential Areas and Main Roads and Public Places, and Mechanical Sweeping of select stretches of the main roads, wherever feasible. Cleaning of Shallow Surface Drains, Cutting and removal of weeds, shrubs and Unwanted Vegetation Disinfectants Spraying and Vector Control
For the purpose of systematic organization and planned execution of the sanitation and solid waste handling activities, Kakinada Municipal Corporation had grouped the above activities into three major Work Modules 1. Sanitation and Solid Waste Collection in Micro Pockets (Residential Localities and adjoining Main and Arterial Roads) 2. Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste from Commercial Areas and Bulk Waste Generating sources 3. Mechanical Sweeping of Main and Arterial Roads ( based on the surface conditions of the roads) This Plan provides detailed operational procedures and methods for adopting Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management and Sanitary Cleaning Practices in Kakinada Municipal Corporation Area A. Operational Work Plan for handling the three Work Modules B. Outsourcing Work packages to third party private agencies for quality service delivery and operational efficiency C. Decentralized Upstream Processing Plan for handling different Waste types (Organic Wet, Dry Recyclables and Hazardous Materials) D. Strategic Steps for achieving total Environmental Cleanliness and Swachh Bharath Objectives i. Compliance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 of Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India. ii. Extensive Training, Capacity Building of the staff of the Corporation and the Outsourced Works Partners iii. Formation of city Sanitation Task Force, Sanitation Committees iv. Large Scale Community Involvement for practicing Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Appropriate Waste Disposal Principles v. Information, Education and Behaviour Change Communication(IEBC) Campaigns to promote principles and practices of segregation at source, waste wise disposal, non-littering in open and public places vi. Involvement of Industry, Commercial and Institutional entities for fulfilling Extended Producer Responsibility obligations
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 56
vii. Enforcement Measures for achieving compliance with the Municipal Regulations for Prevention of Mixing of Wastes, Non-Cooperation with the Municipal Service Providers, Public Littering, Open Urination and Open Defecation viii. Monitoring the Implementation of Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Activities with ICT, Internet and Mobile Technology Tools ix. Continuous Improvement Steps for achieving the Service Level Benchmarks, prescribed for the Urban Local Bodies by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Operational Work Plans
Sanitation and Solid Waste Collection in Micro Pockets (Residential Localities and adjoining Main and Arterial Roads)
For ease of handling and providing focused Micro Pocket Level Solid Waste services, the residential areas of the City are Handling and Sanitary Cleaning divided into 140 Micro Pockets. The Micro Activities Pocket is the smallest work area and the basic 1. Daily collection of source segregated sanitation unit in an election ward. A solid waste (bio degradable wet, dry continuous area containing between 300 to 350 waste generating units made of households, recyclables and hazardous separately) petty shops and small commercial units are at the gates / doors of the households, demarcated as a residential micro pocket. Main shops, vendors and places of public and arterial roads, adjoining the respective utility situated in predominantly residential micro pockets are also included in residential area. the micro pocket responsibilities for sanitary 2. Daily sweeping of all the Pavements, cleaning and solid waste handling. Foot Paths, Paved Areas, Parking Tenali Municipality Area consists of a Lots, Foot Over Bridges, Bus little over 49098 residential area Shelters, Sub Ways, Traffic Islands, households and small shops that are and any other structure abutting the spread in election 40 wards. For the main roads as indicated. purpose of planning the sanitation 3. Picking and removal of all loose activities, the wards are classified into materials, litters, debris, rubbish four categories as given in the table deposited on roads and abutting below. Micro Pockets have been demarcated in pavements, foot paths and paved each of the wards and the details of the areas. Micro Pockets, staff deployment for 4. Daily Cleaning of street side drains handling the activities and contact and removal of garbage, litter and silt details of the community from the shallow surface drains. representatives who will be exercising 5. Cutting and removing all the oversight on the quality of the service unwanted vegetation and weeds on delivery are given in Annexure -1 to this Plan. the roads, footpaths, pavements and open roadside drains / mouth of shoulder drains. 6. Watch over the places of water logging and water stagnation points City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality and clearing the clogging garbagePage for 57 ensuing quick flow of flood water - weekly once in dry season and daily in monsoon seasons 7. Disinfectant spraying, shrubs cutting,
High Density – Low Public Movement High Density – High Public Movement Wards Wards 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 23, 27, 30, 33, 40 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 32 (12 Wards) (13 Wards) Low Density – Low Public Movement Low Density – High Public Wards Movement Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 34, 35, 36 (7 Wards) 9, 12, 24, 29, 31, 37, 38, 39 (8 Wards)
Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste from Commercial Areas and Bulk Waste Generating sources
Ward Connecting Commercial and Bulk Waste No. of
No. Generating Areas Waste Main and arterial Generating roads, major streets Units and market areas and pockets that comprise 6 KODURU VARI STREET, NEHRU ROAD, 365 of commercial and MUNISWAMY NAIDU ROAD, KAVI RAJA PARK ROAD, TADIBOYINA VARI STREET, SANKA VARI institutional STREET, RANGANAYAKULA VARI STREET, KAJA establishments and VARI STREET, KATRA GADDA VARI STREET, large dwelling units VINAYAKA TEEMPLE STREET (Apartments and Gated 7 KOTHAPET, M. N. ROAD 646 Communities) which 14 84 generate waste in bulk 15 45 quantities are 16 CHINARAVURU 43 identified for 18 VAHOB ROAD 80 providing Commercial 19 VAHAB ROAD 1390 and Bulk Waste 20 VEERA RAGHAVULA VEEDHI, AJEEM LINE 776 Collection services. VEEDHI, VENKATAPPA VAARI VEEDHI, AKKALA
BASAYAYYA VEEDHI, VEERA RAGHAVULA
VEEDHI, UPPU BAZARU, RAVI ANJAIAH VEEDI , Commercial Areas: UPPU BAZARU, VAHAB ROAD, MAIN ROAD, Shopping malls, MARKET AREA, THULASI RAM CHOWK, KOTI hotels, restaurants, REDDY VAARI VEEDHI. cinema halls, marriage 26 4 and function halls, 29 JMJ COLLEGE FRONT ROAD 98 shops, retail outlets, (GUNTUR MAIN ROAD, TILAK ROAD) hostels, offices, 35 PRAKASAM ROAD 151 religious places, 36 KODURUVARI STREET, MARVADI GUDISTREET, 474 commercial GOPALA REDDY STREET, NEHRU ROAD complexes, markets 37 178 etc. in which trading, 38 62 shopping, commercial 6 KODURU VARI STREET, NEHRU ROAD, 365 and institutional MUNISWAMY NAIDU ROAD, KAVI RAJA PARK activities are being ROAD, TADIBOYINA VARI STREET, SANKA VARI carried out. STREET, RANGANAYAKULA VARI STREET, KAJA VARI STREET, KATRA GADDA VARI STREET, VINAYAKA TEEMPLE STREET, GANTHA VARI STREET.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 58
Bulk Waste Generating Units: o Multistoried complexes, gated communities which have more than 20 dwelling units used for either for residential or other multipurpose use. o Industrial Units
Commercial and Bulk Waste Collection and Transportation Activities 1. Collection of source segregated solid waste (wet, dry and hazardous separately) at the gates or appointed places within the buildings or premises of the bulk waste generators. 2. Transfer of the collected waste to the points of secondary transportation or to the designated handling facilities in the ULB. 3. Collection and Transportation of Construction and Demolition Waste Mechanical Sweeping of Main and Arterial Roads a. The road stretches that are well paved with black top or cement concrete and with the Kerbs on the sides finished with stones or concrete are identified for mechanical sweeping. The pavement or road median structures are at least of 15 cm height above the road level so that mechanical sweepers will be able to sweep the dust. b. In Tenali City, the road stretches identified for mechanical sweeping services are given in the side table
Mechanical Road Sweeping Activities 1. Daily sweeping of the entire road lengths, from one end to the other end, at the Kerbs 2. Transporting all the collected material to the designated place.
S.N Starting Point Ending Total With Divider Roads Without Divider Total O of the Road point of Road in Km Roads Machine (With Land the Road Length in Km Sweepin Mark) (With Land (in g length Road Sweeping Road Sweeping Mark) KMS) in Km Lengt Length (4 Lengt Length (2 (7+9) h Sweeps, h Sweeps, Each Each sweep sweep in 3 mtrs) in 3 mtrs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Gandhi lthanagar 1.5 1 4 0.5 1 5 Chowk
2 Gandhi Burripalem 2 1.6 6.4 0.4 0.8 7.2 Chowk Road
3 Gandhi Chinaravur 1.5 1 4 0.5 1 5
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 59
Chowk u Road
4 Municipal JMJ College 3 2 ·8 1 2 10 office
5 Prakasam Lakshmi 0.6 0.6 2.4 0 0 2.4 Road Theather
6 Gandhi Municipal 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1 Chowk Office
7 Railway Morrispet 1.5 0 0 1.5 3 3 Station Railway Gate
8 Wahab Road Bose Road 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1
9 Railway Bus Stand 0.3 0 0 0.3 0.6 0.6 Station
10 Bus Stand Ganganam 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1 ma Pet
11 Swaraj Ramalingas 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.6 1.6 Theater wara Pet
12 Chinaravur Ayyappa 1 0 0 1 2 2 Donka Road Nagar
13 Chinravuru Jagadigunt 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 0.8 Thota a Palem Culvert
14 Kotha Wahab 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.5 1 2.2 vantena Road road
15 VSR College Vykunta 3 0 0 3 6 6 Puram Road
16 VSR College Linga Rao 3 0 0 3 6 6 Center
17 Other Roads 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.8 1.6 3.2
Total 22 6.8 19.2 15.2 30.4 58
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 60
Strategic Zones Formation for Effective Handling of Solid Waste Management and Sanitary Cleaning Activities
With a view to improve the operational efficiency and quality of service delivery, Kakinada Municipal Corporation has demarcated the work units and the responsibilities as shown in Table
Manpower Strategies for Managing the Work Packages All the activities related to the residential micro pockets in Zone 1 will be managed by the workers and supervisory staff who are currently on the permanent rolls of Kakinada Municipal Corporation. The vacancies arising out of the retirement of the employees currently on the rolls in the PH section will not be replenished with fresh recruitments or by hiring workers on contract basis. The excess or unmet work load caused by the retirements, will be met / serviced through complete work outsourcing options
All the activities given hereunder will be managed by outsourcing complete work packages, meaning that the outsourced contractor will bring one‟s own equipment, transportation vehicles, required manpower and meet all the costs of capital and operations and maintenance. However, the contractor will be asked to engage the workers, who are currently working with the corporation on outsourced basis or temporarily. Henceforth, the Corporation will not engage any workforce on either outsourcing basis or temporary basis for solid waste management and maintenance of sanitation activities. All such functions will only be performed on work outsourcing mode.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 61
Zones for Residential and Commercial Waste Handling and Mechanical Road Sweeping
Residential Micro Pockets Management Zone 1 : ULB Managed - No. of Micro Pockets : 37
War 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 d 0 No. No. 7 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 of Micr o Pock ets Zone 2 : Outsourced - No. of Micro Pockets : 56 War 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 No. No. 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 4 of Micr o Pock ets Zone 2 : Outsourced - No. of Micro Pockets : 47 War 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 No. No. 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 5 2 4 3 3 4 3 of Micr o Pock ets
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 62
Outsourcing Work Packages to third party private agencies
Work Packages outsourcing is done as per the guidelines issued vide AP GO 279 of 31-12- 2015. The contractors will be selected through a competitive bidding system. The corporation will adopt appropriate Systems and Processes for achieving measurable operational results. Performance Measurement of the outsourced service providers will be monitored as per the key performance indicators as given in the tables below. 1. Go – 279 Brief Notes on Residential Package
Residential Residential Total ULB Package -1 Package – 2 (10.38 Crs) (8.01 Crs)
18 (1 to 2, 11 to 20, Ward Numbers 40 8 (3 to 10) 14 (21 to 34) 35 to 40)
No. of Micro 56 (1 to 6, 44 to 75, 140 37 (7 to 43) 47 (76 to 122) Pockets 123 to 140)
No. of Waste Generators 49098 12846 19803 16449 (HH + Petty Shops)
90 (Permanent Workers Required 302 179 133 Workers)
Tractors / Tippers 11 3 7 3
Push Carts 140 37 56 47
HDPE Bins 1120 296 448 376
Tarpaulin Bags 280 74 112 94
Note: At present municipality is having 12 Tractors, 54 Push Carts, 216 HDPE Bins, and 54 Tarpaulin Bags Pushcart 1 per micro pocket HDPE Bin 8 per micro pocket Tarpaulin Bags 2 per micro pocket Tractor 1 for 15 Micro Pockets Capital Cost for fixing GPS equipment for each tractor 1 per Tractor Total No. of workers for Micro Pockets 2.50 per micro pocket No. of Workers for Tractors for secondary transportation 4 per tractor Supervisors 1 for 15 micro pockets
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 63
Disinfectant Spraying per Micro Pocket ( Lime and 30 Kg per month Bleaching powder) Vector Control per Micro Pocket 0.5 Lt per month Vector Control (Anti-larvae oil) per Micro Pocket ( Malarial 10 Lt per month oil & Pharmafos and Diesel
Other Equipments: Tubs (Gumpa) 15 -25 lts (2 for push cart and 2 for street sweeping), Hand spades 9" (Cheti Para), Drain Spades 6" (Kalva Para), Drain Spades 12" (Kalva Para), Long Handle Forks (Dantenalu), Rakes for Scrapping, Sickle (Kodavali), Crowbar (Palugu), Heavy knifes (Kommakathulu), Sprayer, Broom Sticks (Two for month) Brief Notes on Commercial
Estimation 0.71 Lakhs Total Number of Waste generators as per 4396 commercial survey Total estimated Waste generated in the Work 8 tonnes Package No. of workers for commercial waste 6 collection No. of Workers for Tippers/Tractors used in 4 the main roads Total No. of Workers 10
Estimation of Waste Generation: Residential waste generated is estimated at 1.5kg/Waste Generating Unit/Day considering 5 members per household. Commercial Bulk waste generation is estimated based on the number of tips and the waste generated through street sweeping and litter picking is estimated at 0.2kg/Waste Generating Unit/Day. The total waste generation is given the following table
Waste generation
Residential Package -1 36 tonnes
Residential Package -2 25 tonnes
ULB managed micro Pockets 19 tonnes
Commercial and Bulk waste 8 tonnes
Total Waste Generation 88 tonnes
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 64
Table: Service Level Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Micro-Pocket Management and Formula for Penalties and Contract Termination
Key Performance Field Evidence Service Level Weight Formula for Levying Penalties and Contract Termination Indicators Benchmark age
Coverage 100% collection coverage daily is the key to 100% 20% • Daily Performance will be recorded and service failure ( deviation prevent indiscriminate littering & disposal - from the benchmark levels) will be calculated on monthly basis Providing collection service at least 6 out of 7 days is a top priority • Formula for levying monthly penalties from the payment of Segregated Collection - Collection of the dry and wet waste in the 80% 20% monthly contractor premium Weighment at Micro Pocket quantities within the range as per specified (80% Wet Transfer Point and at the by the ULB ( to ensure that the coverage Penalty to be levied : Designated Place targets are achieved fully) 20% Dry) = (Monthly Contractor Premium X Weightage of the Indicator ) X % Dust free and litter free Sweeping for removal of dust creates clean 80% 10% of Service Failure roads, Free flow drains and aesthetic look to the ULB and is a top without chocking priority.Manual Collection of Litter at Illustration for Failure in Coverage Indicator regular intervals and sweeping of pavements, Road margins, Bus Stops, FOBs, Subways (Rs. 2,00,000 X 35%) X 10% = Rs. 7,000 and areas where mechanical sweeping is not possible. Termination Condition : Citizen Complaints & Complaint and redressal reports 90 % 10% Continuous failure to achieve 80% satisfaction in all the indicators, Resolution Within 24 hours subsequently for three months will result in termination of contract with Payment of Salary, PF, ESI, Payment receipts 100% 20% a notice period of one month. Protective Wears and One day Weekly Off Worker and Supervisor 100% attendance of allotted manpower is a 100% 10% Absenteeism priority as there is provision for reserve PHWs Social Audit / IVRS Audit Reports, IVRS reports 90% 10% Satisfaction Levels Table: Service Level Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Commercial and Bulk Collection activities and Formula for Levying Penalties and Contract Termination
Key Performance Field Evidence Service Level Weight-age Formula for Levying Penalties and Contract Termination Indicators Benchmark
Coverage 100% collection coverage daily is the key to 100% 30% • Daily Performance will be recorded and service failure prevent indiscriminate littering & disposal - (deviation from the benchmark levels) will be calculated on Providing collection service at least 6 out of 7 monthly basis days is a top priority • Formula for levying monthly penalties from the payment of On time lifting of C&D On time lifting of C&D waste upon service 100% 20% monthly contractor premium waste request by the ULB Penalty to be levied : Citizen Complaints & Complaint and redressal reports 90% 10% Resolution = (Monthly Contractor Premium X Weightage of the Indicator ) X % of Service Failure Within 24 hours Illustration for Failure in Coverage Indicator Payment of Salary, PF, Payment receipts 100% 20% ESI, Protective Wears (Rs. 2,00,000 X 35%) X 10% = Rs. 7,000 and one day Weekly Off Termination Condition: Continuous failure to achieve 80%
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 65
Worker & Supervisor Muster reports 100% 10% satisfaction in all the indicators, subsequently for three months Absenteeism will result in termination of contract with a notice period of one month. IVRS Satisfaction IVRS reports 90% 10% Levels
Table: Service Level Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Mechanical Sweeping and Formula for Levying Penalties and Contract Termination
Key Performance Indicators Field Evidence Service Level Weightage Formula for Levying Penalties and Contract Termination Benchmark
Coverage GPS Reports 100% 30% • Daily Performance will be recorded and service failure ( deviation from the benchmark levels) will be calculated on monthly basis Down time occurrences Daily Downtime Logs Zero Down time 15% • Formula for levying monthly penalties from the payment of monthly contractor premium
Penalty to be levied : Punctuality & Clean Dust Daily Run time Logs and 90% 15% Daily Random Checks Free Roads = (Monthly Contractor Premium X Weightage of the Indicator ) X % of Service Failure
Payment of Salary, PF, ESI, Payment receipts 100% 15% Illustration for Failure in Coverage Indicator Protective Wears and One day (Rs. 2,00,000 X 35%) X 10% = Rs. 7,000 Weekly Off Termination Condition: Continuous failure to achieve 80% Worker and Supervisor Muster reports 100% 15% satisfaction in all the indicators, subsequently for three months will Absenteeism result in termination of contract with a notice period of one month. Maintenance of GPS system Monthly Reporting& Logs 100% 10% with related infrastructure
Data Management & Reporting
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 66
Waste Handling Methods
Better delivery of services: To ensure that both the ULB managed packages and the outsourced packages deliver better services, the performance of the service providers will be monitored and the continuance of the services by the outsourced contractors will be strictly based on their performance efficiency. Performance monitoring, levying penalties and contract termination will be carried out as per the provisions mentioned in the guidelines (clauses 3.39 to 3.44) and as indicated in tables
Compliance to MSW rules & NGT directives: The provisions of the draft Solid Waste Management Rules 2015, and NGT Directives will be followed to safeguard and promote the natural environment of Kakinada and by adopting the scientific principles propounded in the above Rules. Source level storage of solid waste ( Dry, Wet and Hazardous): Citizens, households and all types of waste generators will be encouraged and motivated through large scale and ongoing IEC programmes, and intensive community involvement to separate the waste at source and also store the waste in separate containers / bags Collection of source separated waste: 100 % coverage will be provided to all sections of the corporation. Waste will be collected at the gates of the households, commercial establishments, institutions and other bulk generators through push carts, and trucks. The push carts will have separate HDPE bins to collect wet and hazardous waste. We organic waste will be collected in the green containers, whereas the hazardous waste will be in red containers. Dry recyclables will be collected in white tarpaulin bags. Each residential micro pocket will be provided with one push cart and a minimum of two public health workers. Secondary Transportation and Storage: Based on the location and the number of micro pockets to be served, tractor trucks will be provided to do secondary collection of the waste from the micro pockets. Waste brought from the micro pockets in the pushcarts will be directly transferred to the trucks. The waste brought in each trip (dry, wet and hazardous separately). Kakinada Municipal Corporation is demarcated into three sanitation divisions and in each of these three divisions, separate storage yards for storing and bio stabilizing wet waste will be created. The waste that cannot be bio stabilized will be sent to Waste to Energy plants to recover the energy. Setting up and maintaining Material Recovery Facility (MRF): Separate Material Recovery Facilities will be created in each of the sanitary zones for handling dry recyclable waste. Operations and maintenance of the MRFs will be outsourced to third party contractors. The contractor will be responsible for creating facilities for sorting the waste into different categories such as paper, glass, plastic, metals, bale them and sell them off to waste recyclers for upstream processing Upstream processing of solid waste: Upstream processing of waste will be undertaken as indicated in the figure below. Street Sweeping and cleaning of surface drains: The workers allocated for the micro pockets will perform street sweeping and drain cleaning activities.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 67
Table : Scientific Methods of Collecting, Handling and Processing of Stream Separated Household Solid Waste Resources Principle: 3 Rs - 1. Maximum Resource Recovery based on the Material Character Strategies that are in alignment with MSW M&H Rules, 2015 Source and Source Segregated Collection Transportation Handling End of Pipeline Collection Material Categories Methods Plan Processes Technology Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 GREEN Collected together, Loaded into the Combustibles, Bio-Stabilization CONTAINER unmixed with any secondary Hazards and in Windrows in Organic Waste - other dry or transportation and Recyclables are Centralized such as Food, Kitchen, hazardous waste into taken to SWRM removed and only the Facility Vegetable, Fruits, the Green Bin in the Park / Compost Organics are bio- Flowers Push Cart Plant stabilized in Windrows Materials that are of Localized Bio- high moisture and low Methanation of calorific value are materials not
used for bio suitable for methanation incineration and (Community / not viable for long Commercial level) distance transportation ) RED CONTAINER Collected separately, Loaded into the secondary transportation Hazardous Waste - and deposited into the and taken directly to WtE Plant, if located Incineration in Sanitary Wastes, Red Bin in the Push in the same ULB. WtE Plant, Diapers, Condoms to Cart OR Cement Kilns be wrapped separately Based on the quantities, taken to Transfer RDF Plants etc. Hazardous Rejects Station for bulking and sent to Cluster WtE such as : Medical and Plants at intervals based on the
Personal Use transportation economy
Daily Household Collection Daily Household Collection
Discards, Multilayer
I. Packaging Materials WHITE BAG Collected together, Loaded into the Sorted into different Recycling Dry Recyclables- unmixed with any secondary Resource Or paper, plastics, glass, organic or hazardous transportation and Categories, baled Up cycling metal, all dry waste deposited into taken to and sold to formal packaging materials the tarpaulin bag in the Material waste recyclers or and e-waste push cart. Recovery up cyclers Facility
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 68
Table Scientific Methods of Solid Waste Management of Public Places and Related Public Health Activities Principle: Strategies that are in alignment with MSW M&H Rules, 2015
Source and Types of Handling End-of- Pipeline Collection Collection Methods Transportation Materials Processes Technology Schedule All Manual Removal by Open Tipper Direct Concrete Construction the Micro Pocket PH Lorries or transportation Filling materials
and Team and loading on Tractors to places as Upcyclin Demolition to volume suitable fixed by the ginto concrete
wastes motorized vehicle ULB – Town bricks, paver separately Planning blocks. heaped Section – PH
Waste Salvagin within the Section to g usable private coordinate materials Daily Removal of Daily Removal of premises by with TP Combusti
the waste Section Construction & Construction Demolition & bles sent to WtE
generator II.
- Dust, debris Lifting in From Carts to Can be Stabilized block and mixed Carts or Tippers from Secondary screened and making or litter from narrow roads and Transportationto made into Burial Sweeps smaller drains Landfill stabilized
Dripping wet Mechanical blocks or Street Sweeping Street black silt and Vacuum Suction in Or Mechanical safely buried
….. wider roads and Vehicle to
drains landfill
III. & Drains De silting
Leaves, Tree Collect and deposit in Transport to Compost Curbside /
Trims, curbside Compost SWRM Park or Bio-mass Windrow
Green Green Shrubs, meshes or to vehicles Compost Plant Composting Waste Waste Grass and Bio-mass
IV. garden waste incineration
Any animal Completely Covered Transport to Safe Burial Make pits large carcasses of Tipper Vehicles with Burial sites or enough to bury
Dogs, Cows, ramp to drag in designated and cover the Dead Dead Buffaloes carcasses places in SWRM animal with
etc. Park earth.
V. Animals Removal
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 69
Collection, Transportation and Upstream Processing
Temporary End –of- Storage and Pipeline Collection and Transportation Processing Processing
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 70
Continuous Improvement Steps for achieving Service Level Benchmarks, prescribed for the Urban Local Bodies by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Tenali will continuously measure its performance efficiency and take necessary corrective and preventive actions to reach the national bench marks.
Benchmark Indicator Benchmark Target Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services 100 %
Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste 100 %
Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste 100%
Extent of municipal solid waste recovered/recycled 80 %
Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste 100 %
Extent of cost recovery in Solid Waste Management services 100 %
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80 %
Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90 %
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 71
Implementation Plan
During the project period, the current issues that affect the growth of Water Supply, Sanitation, Storm Water Drainage and Solid Waste Management sectors along with the existing situations, practices and ongoing central and state schemes for the improvement of the same were studied and analyzed considering future demand till 2045. Based on the analysis developed on the current sanitation situations/practices, certain strategies for the development of the said sectors that suit for Tenali Town are recommended.
Considering that CSP‟s mandate is to understand and develop all aspects of safe and sustainable sanitation, that includes strategic, technical and managerial interventions, the main concerns were classified into Hardware and Software components while planning a sanitation strategy for Tenali Town. Software component address institutional roles and responsibilities, awareness generation and capacity building, while Hardware component address the technologies, designs and the implementation strategies keeping in mind sustained improvements, which reaches the un-served and poor in a city-wide approach.
Implementation Plan: Hardware Component The city sanitation plan includes strategic technical and managerial interventions for successful achievement of the vision, which includes: Safe access to water Safe access to sanitation services Safe collection, disposal and treatment of household liquid waste Safe disposal of storm water drainage Safe collection, transport, treatment and disposal of solid waste
For the city to achieve 100% sustainable sanitation, It has been recommended short term (2016- 2021), medium term (2022-2031) and long term (2031-2041) action plan goals based on the numerous one-to-one meetings with the officials from Tenali Municipality towards the development of this CSP. The following table presents the overall general goals for services Table 40: Overall goals for services
Goal Present Short term Medium term Long term (2016-2021) (2022-2027) (2028-2033) Water Supply 10% 100% 100% 100% Solid Waste Management collection 100% 100% 100% 100% Sewerage - 80% 100% 100% Drainage/Storm Water Drains 63% 60% 100% 100%
Management of municipal waste, scarcity of water and addressing the issues related to water supply has been identified as priorities, with 100% coverage by 2021. Accordingly, access to sanitation, sewerage management and drainage has been considered as second priority, as it will be only by 2027 when total coverage will be met. Also 100% provision of the two basic services benefiting the poorest sectors of society and eradicate open defecation have also been prioritized.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 72
List of identified problems for different sectors
Solid Waste Water Supply Access to Sewage Storm Water Sanitation Management 1.Lack of 1.Inadequate water 1. Poor awareness 1. No 1. No dedicated awareness supply among public on comprehensive storm water regarding 2.No access for proper sanitation septage drains. reduction, new WS sources practices management. 2. Choking of segregation and 3.Inadequate water 2. 10% of the 2. Incomplete drains due to storage of waste storage facilities slums still need underground solid waste. at HH level. 4. Low Individual toilet drainage network 3.Insufficient accessibility to the facilities system. coverage of piped network. 2. Lack of 3. No separate storm water 5. Unmetered community and drains for drainage connections. public toilets in Sewage and storm 4. Width of slums and at major water. existing open floating areas. 4.No Sewage drains is very Treatment Plant in less affecting the town. their capacity.
Based on the availability of resources, planning has been made to achieve the aspects of sanitation according to the prioritization. Very evidently, capacity building in terms of understanding the areas of immediate attention as well as equipping Tenali with the necessary skill set to create a sense of responsibility and participation among the residents require immediate attention in view to support future technical interventions. In view of limited resources, it is also prudent to prioritize interventions in terms of the required financial resources. Evidently, high-priority interventions, requiring low or minimal capital investment, are recommended to be taken up in the short term, while interventions requiring higher capital investment and O&M costs should be taken up later in a phased manner. Furthermore, it is important to take into account that currently a set of DPRs are being developed for improving sewerage management, and water supply, and the strategies to be proposed should build up on these initiatives.
This approach is used to also define appropriate time horizons for various components of the City Sanitation Plan, as shown below:
The current sewerage system in the city is defunct and only 11.1% of the city is provided with sewerage network. While implementing the approved “Comprehensive UGD Scheme”, the sewerage network needs to be designed and sized for a long time horizon. The main sewers and intercepting sewers may be designed and constructed to accommodate even the future flows from areas which are developed in stages during the 25 year horizon period as the periodic duplication of the works is not possible at short intervals. However, the network of branch sewers and laterals to be designed during the initial stage will cover only the existing road network and as and when new roads develop, this network will have to be extended in stages.
Facilities like individual toilets, public toilets, community toilets and roadside drains should be designed considering the present population and incremental population while planning
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 73
the need at the early stages of requirement and construction. While some components like sewerage treatment plants and pumping stations can be developed in modular fashion in stages as the demand develops.
While developing initiatives in improving Solid Waste Management services, it is necessary to consider future demand for another 25 years from the current year. Implementation of Go Ms No- 279 would bring in environmental, economical and financial benefits to the city, which can be implemented in stages started at one ward and expand it to the entire city.
Activities towards eradicating open defecation have started and the Municipality has recently open defecation free town from the recent survey conducted by Quality Control of India(QCI).
The specific goal, timeframe to achieve the goal and strategies are proposed in the following section based on the baseline status of each of the service sector:
Goal 1: Proposed strategies for Water Supply
Drinking water supply is a very important parameter for upkeep of sanitation facilities and environment/health status. Poor quality of water as well as insufficient quality of potable water can pose serious public health hazardous water borne diseases that are quite common in the cities, particularly among the urban poor. Hence it is considered to include a performance indicator for drinking water sector. Hence drinking water supply is also taken into consideration as one of the element of CSP.
Given the demand-supply gap of Supply frequency is for 4 hours daily and household service connections account for only 26.5%. With the absence of bulk flow metering, in the network, reported network losses cannot be validated. There is no regular monitoring of ground water status. Power cost for operating bore-wells based network is observed to be significantly higher relative. These issues in service delivery reflect in low Cost recovery and poor Collection efficiency levels.
Various strategies are proposed to address the above stated issues to provide decent water supply, both in terms of quality and quantity, to the residents of Tenali. These strategies are of high priority and the starting point for a sustainable City Sanitation Plan for Tenali.
Table 43: Proposed strategies for Water Supply
Sl.No Issues Proposed solutions Explanation • Providing water supply through Surface source points, implementing a water distribution • Provide Water scheme i n A M R U T according to population Existing water sources Supply through rise and augmentation of old schemes in (Infiltration galleries, surface and sub- addition to the one proposed and approved for 1 deep bore wells and surface water sources implementation by government – open wells, SS tank) for the present and Comprehensive Water Supply Scheme with future. Sangem Anicut on River Penna. • Conservation of • Conservation, rehabilitation of lakes as Lakes, SS Tank and holding structures for rain water and storm Water Quality water.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 74
• Maintenance and augmentation of storage capacity, leakage control, monitoring and Water distribution maintenance of distribution network, training the 2 losses (leakage and Water storage and staff, etc. unauthorized losses) distribution • Proposed 17 ELSRs of capacity 14100 KL to cover entire city core area and 15 ELSRs of capacity 6250 KL to cover recently added 15 Gram Panchayats Householdwater Increase water Facilitate water network coverage to the entire 3 network coverage is network coverage to city less (approx. 11%). 100% Un-metered Implementation of water metering in order to connections (just 0.3% Improve water levy right water tax and to keep check on 4 is the current metering leakages, collecting full cost of operation & Metering system maintenance through volumetric tariff. covered in the city). • Once the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is Poorawareness among in place and starts treatment, the reuse of the public on water Capacity building on treated (reclaimed) water from STP shall be 5 usage, conservation conservation of water diverted for use for irrigational purposes in and harvesting and reuse of treated agricultural areas and for recharging of wastewater groundwater table using Soil Aquifer Treatment. • Conservation of water using water saving devices and behavioural changes. Lack of awareness on 6 practicing Rain Water Promoting rainwater • Promotion and implementation of Harvesting (RWH) harvesting rainwater harvesting system. systems in the city.
The following section proposes a set of strategies to be followed in order to overcome the identified problems in the water supply sector:
Providing Water Supply through surface and sub-surface water sources for the future: Tenali Municipality has started initiation to provide waster supply through the nearby surface and sub-surface water sources in various areas of Tenali in order to meet the water demand at local level as a part of AMRUT Scheme. This approach helps to minimize the capital cost of infrastructure and thereby also the operation and maintenance cost of the infrastructure in future.
In addition to identifying surface and sub-surface water sources and implementing new schemes that includes high capital investments, it is recommended to identify water leakages and distribution losses and take necessary measures in controlling such losses and reduce the future capital investments and future operation and maintenance costs in implementing the new schemes.
Conservation of Lakes, SS Tank and Water Quality: It is essential to identify the surface and sub-surface water bodies in the city limits and start planning to conserve and protect these water bodies. Dried lakes can be modified into Retention Basins and few ponds can then be converted into Micro Basins. The goals for conservation of lakes have to be tailored to individual regions, specific to the problems of degradation and based on the level of dependence. This requires reconstruction of the physical conditions;
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 75
chemical adjustment of both the soil and water; biological manipulation, reintroduction of native flora and fauna, etc.
Some of the important points to be followed to ensure development and conservation of the groundwater bodies in Tenali include: Exiting tanks not be breached but retained as water bodies Efforts should be made to ensure that the tanks are not polluted by discharge of effluent and industrial wastes Prevent silting up of the tanks by offshore development through tree planting and also removal of encroachments Breached tanks not be used for formation of sites but should be used to create tree parks De-weed all tanks and develop aquatic life Examine possibility of construction of more tanks along the natural valleys with surplus runoff and implemented. Coverage of manholes is recommended to avoid mixing of undesirable matter at the Filtration Beds. Periodic cleaning of sumps, OHTs, regular and adequate chlorination and maintenance of a log book at reservoirs and in the distribution system to have a regular check on the residual chlorine levels. Maintain residual chlorine at 1.0 to 2.0 PPM in view of recent floods to avoid water borne diseases.
Rainwater harvesting (Water Reuse & Ground Water Recharging): Rain water harvesting can also provide with an alternative source of water. Tenali receives an annual rainfall of 900 to 1200 mm, which means minimum of 630 Cu.m of rain water can be harvested per square meter of area at roof catchments, and 450 liters at ground surface coverings.
Calculation: Water harvesting potential = Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchment x Runoff Coefficient. Runoff coefficient for roof catchments varies from 0.7 to 0.9 and for ground surface coverings it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
With minimal amount of treatment this harvested rain water can be used for various non potable domestic purposes. With some extra treatment like filtration, UV/Ozonation, etc, it can be used for potable purposes too. Thus water can be harvested and put to use locally with minimal amount of investment.
To spread the awareness about the rain water harvesting, Tenali Municipality has taken up awareness campaigns on mass scale. Also incentives given to the citizens and colonies who implement rain water harvesting. Incentives can be in the form of rebate over property tax or water tax. Rain water harvesting should be made mandatory in institutional set-up like apartments, public buildings, institutions, hospitals, schools and colleges, industrial and commercial properties, etc. immediately as these kind of properties generally have huge roof area and also paved surface which are helpful for rain water harvesting. Another way of promoting rain water harvesting is creating entrepreneur opportunities for the young people. As per the guidelines provided in G.O.Ms. No. 350 MA, 10% rebate on the tax can be provided to the owners of the buildings who have adopted both recycling of waste water and rain water harvesting structures. As stated in the G.O.Ms.No. 350 MA, rainwater harvesting shall be made mandatory to take up in all the new and existing buildings in Tenali with an area of 300 Sqm or above in their premises, and
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 76
Once the storm water drains and the STPs are in place, instead of directing the drains to the nearby flowing river, this water should be treated and used to recharge the ground water table. Tenali largely depends on the ground. To avoid problems in future one should try and infiltrate as much amount of water possible in to ground water table. However before resorting recharging and infiltration process it should be kept in mind that the water should be completely treated and free of contamination as infiltration of contaminated water City Sanitation Plan may lead to contamination of the ground water table rendering the accumulated water unfit for drinking.
Tenali Municipality shall also ensure that the paved surface around the building shall have percolation pits or trenches or combination of pits and trenches in such a way that total volume of such structures shall not be less than 6 cum for each 100 Sqm of roof top area and multiples there on.
The structural type designs, sizes and legislations as per the building category are discussed in detail at http://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/wwo/UI/neerumeeru.aspx, and http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/govt_order2.htm
Reuse of treated waste water: There is a good possibility of using the treated effluent for irrigating the city‟s agricultural lands. Most of the lands in and around the Tenali Town are observed to be dependent on bore-wells for irrigation of lands. Therefore, use of treated sewage for irrigation is definitely a viable alternative.
The treated water coming out of the centralized sewage treatment plant can be used for various non potable purposes. If the treated water fits into the standards of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) then the water can be used for Fertigation (irrigational) purposes (BOD < 100 mg/lit & TSS < 200 mg/lit) or can even be safely discharged into a surface water body (BOD < 30 mg/lit & TSS < 50 mg/lit). Treated water can also be used for Aquaculture (flora & fauna). On a household level Vertical Gardens, Grey water Towers and Evapotranspiration Bed can also be used for safe treatment and disposal of grey water. The treated water can also be used in the industries which do not need water for potable purposes like in furnaces etc.
The treated water can be used for Surface Groundwater Recharge or Subsurface Groundwater Recharge. For safe treatment and disposal of the wastewater natural technologies like Soil Aquifer Treatment and Short Rotation Plantation can be used. For safe disposal of grey water, Leach Fields or Soak Pits can be used.
Water Metering 100% water metering has to be initiated in the city. The existing unmetered connections and the new connections should be fitted with meters and metering of water should be done. Once the connections are installed with water meters, water pricing on volumetric bases can play vital role in effective implementation of water meters and will also lead to increase in the cost recovery.
Water audits should be conducted for various colonies and zones to keep a check on illegal or unmetered tapping of water and leakages. Leakage control can play a vital role to reduce transmission and distribution losses, which are usually high in a centralized water distribution system.
Metering alone can ensure 20% reduction in water consumption. This has been proved in practice where metering system has been introduced. Flow meters may also be installed at all un-metered supply points to provide complete monitoring of flows into each supply zone and City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 77
district metered area. Consideration will be given to the type of meter, duly comparing their effectiveness, installation cost and maintenance cost. Domestic meters are covered by IS 779 and bulk meters are covered by IS 2373. The ULBs must have a dedicated staff who will take immediate action on repair/replacement of defective meters.
Collecting Full Cost of Operation & Maintenance through Volumetric Tariff: Water and wastewater tariffs determine the level of revenues that service providers receives from users in centralized or semi-centralized systems. Water pricing is seen as an important economic instrument for improving water use efficiency, enhancing social equity and securing financial sustainability of water utilities and operators. In a uniform volumetric charge, or constant volumetric tariff, all water units are priced the same independent of the use, and consumers pay proportionally to their water consumption. With this type of tariff, all consumers (domestic, industrial and commercial) pay the same unit rate, and their water bill corresponds directly to the quantity of water consumed. The constant volumetric tariff can be designed as a single tariff or as a two part tariff combined with a fixed charge. Volumetric price schemes present several advantages: first of all is easy to understand for consumers - because it is how most other commodities are priced – furthermore it sends a clear signal to the consumers about the cost of supplying them with additional water. Moreover, the tariff incorporates the concept of water conservation as the water bill increases with consumption.
Conservation of Water (Awareness programmes for Citizens) In addition towards the steps in improving municipal water supply system, Tenali Municipality should also develop a comprehensive awareness drive in collaboration with local NGO‟s, CBOs, schools and other institutions for promoting water conservation in the city. The community needs to realize that water is an important limited commodity and hence needs to be conserved. There are various ways by which water can be conserved at household level by using water efficient devices/products or by adopting minor changes in the behavioural practices for efficient water usage. Programmes for farmers may also be conducted for promoting sustainable agricultural practices such as drip irrigation, reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation etc.
Goal 2: Safe Access to Sanitation Services: Various strategies are proposed to address the access to safe sanitation facilities in slums in Tenali. These strategies are of high priority and the starting point for a sustainable City Sanitation Plan for Tenali.
Proposed facilities for sanitation facilities
S. No Issues Proposed solutions Explanation Awareness raising towards 1 78% individual Encourage individuals encouraging people to have toilet connections in to build their own toilets ownership towards creating their slums own sanitation facilities Implementation of a management Management system for system for the construction, 2 inadequate community community/shared toilets operation, maintenance and toilets Community Led Total upgrading of community toilets in Sanitation Program slum areas. • Provide Community Led Total Sanitation Program
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 78
Awareness raising towards encouraging people to have Low awareness on ownership towards creating their 3 good sanitation Capacity building and own sanitation facilities practices awareness programs Upgrading the sanitation facilities in schools and educational institutes and to create awareness among the students. 4 open defecation Eradicate open defecation Toilet facilities to reach entire HHs in slums Eco friendly technologies Eco friendly technologies consist of No eco-friendly consist of Urine Diversion Urine Diversion Dehydration 5 technologies for Dehydration Toilets and Toilets and Biogas Linked Pour sanitation facilities Biogas Linked Pour Flush Flush Toilets. Toilets.
Individual Toilets: In general, individual household toilets are preferable to community/public toilets, particularly because this option promotes ownership and secure maintenance and proper operation. The approach in selecting the appropriate toilet design needs to address the following issues: Suitability and preference of the beneficiary population Availability of space within the household for a private toilet Affordability of the user households Ease of operation and maintenance Sustainability of the system
Other than in slums, in the saturated areas of the city, under the immediate implementation plan, access to toilet facilities should be increased. Considering that the sewerage scheme is going to be implemented in the city, conventional Pour Flush Toilets or Low Flush Toilets shall be promoted. The municpality should provide incentives to people who are building and using toilets for proper sanitation. Tenali municpality can avail various schemes for providing the incentives.
In the agricultural zones, ecological sanitation practices like Bio digester (Bio-Toilets), Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets (UDDT), compost toilets, etc can be promoted. These toilets not only help us to convert the human waste into soil conditioner (manure) but are also cheap and easy to operate and maintain.
Bio-Toilets: Bio toilets also called as bio digesters degrades night soil and produces colourless, odourless, and inflammable biogas containing 50% - 70% methane. The bio-digester tank in every toilet is filled with inoculums containing four types of bacteria. The water trap system in the toilet prevents air from getting into the tank, the human waste is processed by anaerobic bacteria in seven chambers in the tank and the methane gas is produced. Each unit approximately costs around INR 10,000/-.
Implementation of a management system for the construction, operation, maintenance and upgrading of community toilets in slums: Construction of community toilet: Shared or community toilets are the most appropriate solution in slum areas, because of the notably high-density with a high proportion of tenants. A
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 79
programme shall be carried out by the Municipality, in order to cover the sanitation needs of the slum dwellers. This can be done in the frame of different programs for the rehabilitation of the Urban Impoverished Programs, such as:
“Swachh Andhra Mission”, that aims at open defecation elimination, eradication of manual scavenging, modern and scientific municipal solid waste management, to effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices, generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health, capacity augmentation for ULB‟s and to create enabling environment for private sector participation in capital expenditure and operation and maintenance.
Under the mission, Tenali municipality has identified and approved for the construction of 9269 individual toilets in slums. More information can be found at: http://sac.ap.gov.in/sac/UserInterface/Application/Reports/StateReport.aspx
Operation and Maintenance of Community Toilet: Operation and maintenance of community toilet is the most important for sustenance in the long run. These can be done by two ways: Pay & Use basis: One time monthly pass system on fixed rate basis should be planned out in consensus with the community and the ward councilor. A caretaker to be appointed to take care of daily cleaning and other activities like purchasing of cleaning materials and keeping all the records Maintenance by the municipality: The Tenali Municipality shall be responsible for maintaining the toilet and overall in-charge of the O&M of the toilet block.
Goal 3: Sewerage System and Waste Water Management 11 out of 40 wards are covered with underground drainage system in the city serving a population of nearly 30,000 i.e. 11.1% of the entire city population. The available network is designed inappropriately without proper disposal and treatment facilities demanding a comprehensive sewerage system for the city. However, considering the current sewerage facilities and ground situations in the city, a comprehensive sewerage scheme is proposed and is approved for implementation by the GoI.
Various strategies are proposed to address the issues prevailing out of poor sewerage network in the Tenali Town. These strategies are of high priority and the starting point for a sustainable City Sanitation Plan for Tenali
Proposed strategies for Sewerage Management
S. No Issues Proposed solutions Explanation No separate system Required comprehensive Implement comprehensive UGD scheme 1 to carry sewage and UGD scheme approved for Tenali storm water No comprehensive Required comprehensive Implement comprehensive UGD scheme 2 storm water drainage UGD scheme approved for Tenali scheme
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 80
• Need for periodic cleaning of drains • Need for proper management of debris 3 Poor maintenance of removed after Proper solid waste management open drains cleaning/desilting work proposals need to be placed • Eradicate choking of open drains due to dumping of garbage and other solid wastes Septic tank sludge management, schedule for de-sludging of septic tanks, 4 Improper septage Proper septage treatment of the sludge and its safe management management disposal. Sludge thickening, large scale anaerobic biogas digesters, sludge dewatering. • Waste water management for highly dense areas in using Activated Sludge Process, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Solid free sewerage system. Sewerage and wastewater • Wastewater and sludge management No sewerage and management system for for developing areas: Simplified wastewater Saturated areas (highly sewers, Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge 5 management systems dense) Developing Blanket Reactor, Trickling Filter, areas, Scattered Membrane Bioreactor, Bio-towers, settlements Decentralized Treatment Systems, etc. • Wastewater and sludge management for scattered settlements and agricultural areas: Ecological Sanitation principles, Urine management, Faeces management. Wastewater let into Minimization of sewage • Separate collection & treatment of 6 available water generation and reuse of grey water for reuse purpose for non bodies treated waste water potable purpose, awareness activity for water conservation.
Considering that the city has been approved for implementation of 100% sewerage system, few strategies are proposed for proper operation and management of the existing and the proposed sewerage system in the city.
Sewerage Management System and Sewage Treatment Considering that the existing sewerage system is in dilapidated condition, and to avoid insanitary conditions that are prevailing due to lack of proper sanitation facilities in the city, there is a need to collect domestic sewage, transmit, and treat and disposal sewage safely. With this consideration the government has approved to implement a Comprehensive Sewerage Scheme at an estimated cost of INR. 160 Crores covering entire Tenali Town. This scheme is designed only for domestic waste water according to the population of that specific region and hence the storm water drains shouldn‟t be joined to these drains. But if it is done so then during monsoon the drainage system overflows and couldn‟t carry the domestic waste water load for which it is designed. Therefore, it is recommended to have separate drainage system for domestic waste water and storm water as the degree of treatment and the process of treatment are different for both these types of water. City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 81
For the implementation of the approved comprehensive sewerage scheme, the city is divided into 7 sewerage zones taking into cognizance the general slope of the area and the availability of the municipal lands for locating the pumping stations and sewage treatment plants. Gravity sewerage network is adopted for the flow from each zone to reach respective pumping stations and trenchless technology is adopted
Of the several technologies available to treat the sewage as per CPHEEO norms like intensive waste stabilization pond (WSP), Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Biological Filters (Trickling Filters), and technically advanced systems like Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process, Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR), Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor (FAB), and Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR), the Tenali city has opted SBR technology to treat the sewage. The SBR technology typically eliminates the need for separate primary and secondary clarifiers in most municipal systems, which reduces operations and maintenance requirements. The O&M costs associated with SBR system is similar to a conventional activated sludge system. Typical cost items associated with wastewater treatment systems include labour, overhead, supplies, maintenance, operating administration, utilities, chemicals, safety and training, laboratory testing, and solids handling. Labour and maintenance requirements are less in SBRs because clarifiers, clarification equipment, and RAS pumps are not necessary. Though the SBR system best suits for the need of Tenali Town, the corporation should be responsible in monitoring and checking the performance of the system as the controls, automatic valves, and automatic switches, and other important systems are delicate and require more maintenance than required in other systems. An increased level of sophistication usually equates to more items that can fail or require maintenance. The level of sophistication is very advanced in larger SBR technologies requiring a higher level of maintenance on the automatic valves and switches.
Septic tank/Sludge/Septage Management In absence of any orderly municipal sanitation network, on-site sanitation facilities are most commonly developed by the residents themselves, as in the case of Tenali too. Those are little concerned about the problems with sludge removed from their facilities. Sludge or Septage management is usually limited to a de-sludging service that is provided by municipal agencies or the private sector, proper solutions for sludge disposal are generally lacking. This situation may have less serious impacts when the population density is low. However, in urban areas the negative impacts on the urban environment become too high and actions have to be taken. Instead of leaving the responsibility completely to individuals, the public relevance of sludge management must be recognized and a strategy for better management of sludge be developed. Sludge management is an integral as well as indispensible part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site sanitation facilities. It is definitely irresponsible to promote septic tanks without providing solutions for regular de-sludging of the facilities and for safe management and disposal of the sludge. 100% of human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities including toilets must be disposed of safely. In order to achieve this goal, the following activities shall be undertaken: • Promoting proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems and ensuring connections of households to them wherever possible. • Promoting recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non potable applications wherever possible will be encouraged. • Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic tanks, pit latrines, etc.). • Ensuring that all the human wastes are collected safely confined and disposed of after
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 82
treatment so as not to cause any hazard to public health or the environment.
Septic Tank: Two compartments septic tanks have been found to be more effective with lower solids concentration in the treated effluent. More information is enclosed in annexures.
Other than placing appropriate on-site technologies, the goal of Septage Management Plan is to provide the local operator with the clear understanding of: How often sludge is removed from the facilities The preferred method of treatment and disposal of sludge The back-up plan when preferred method is unavailable; such as land-filling Management of the sludge collection, transport and treatment processes
Most of the septic tanks are actually unlined soak-pits in Tenali, and hence the de-sludging interval varies depending upon the infiltration of the liquid component. Hence, assuming an interval of 3 months to each septic tank, Tenali will require 3000L capacity vacuum suction pump mounted TATA 100 vehicles.
Most of the wastes either solid or liquid wastes find their way directly into land or water bodies causing land pollution and water pollution. These wastes also emit green house gases like methane and carbon dioxide that adds to air pollution. In order to avoid the direct discharge of the sludge on to the land, a set of decentralized sludge treatment plants will have to be installed in different zones of the town. Decentralized treatment systems of sludge per zone would avoid the long distance transportation of the sludge. The following flow diagram explains the steps involved in sludge processing:
Thickening -> Stabilization -> Dewatering -> Large scale composting -> Reuse or Disposal
The following paragraphs explain the technical options for the steps mentioned above:
Sludge Thickening: The first and the most important step in sludge processing is the sludge thickening. Its primary function is to reduce the water content and sludge volume. The solid concentration of unthickened anaerobically digested primary sludge from primary digester is 8% whereas that of thickened sludge it is 12%. This means that the reduction in volume is 33% approximately. For achieving this volume reduction, technical options are gravity thickening, floatation thickening, centrifugal thickening, gravity belt thickening or rotary drum thickening.
Large-scale anaerobic biogas digester: are reactors used for the conversion of the organic fraction of large volumes of slurries and sludge into biogas by anaerobic digestion. The volumes of the reactors are ranging from several hundred to several thousand m3. The bio-methanation Plant provides a cost – effective and eco-friendly solution for extracting energy, mainly derived from organic waste. Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion (fermentation) of decaying plants, animal matter, human excreta etc. It is naturally occurring emission of bacteria that thrive without oxygen and occurs in three stages of digestion. Biogas produced in anaerobic digesters is burned to generate clean renewable energy. Biogas is recovered and used either directly for heating the reactors or transformed into combined power and heat and fed into the grid or can be used for indigenous application.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 83
Sludge dewatering technologies: Sludge dewatering is a physical/chemical operation to reduce liquid residuals (i.e., sludge) volumes by up to 90%, converting them into a solid “cake”. Municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment facilities commonly use mechanical sludge dewatering techniques (e.g., belt-filter press, sieve drum, centrifuge, dissolved air flotation, gravity belt thickeners, etc.) to facilitate the dewatering of their sludge, usually resulting in a substantial net savings in sludge disposal costs. Mechanical sludge dewatering options are available as short-term or long-term remedies but are capital and energy intensive for facilities already operating on a tight budget.
Other options for sludge treatment include planted and unplanted drying beds: Drying beds are either planted or unplanted sealed shallow ponds filled with several drainage layers and designed for the separation of the solid from the liquid fraction of (faecal) sludge from wastewater treatment systems. Sludge is dried naturally by a combination of percolation and evaporation. When plants are present, evaporation is enhanced by transpiration (evapo- transpiration). The percolate still contains pathogens and needs to be collected for treatment or controlled reuse. After treatment in planted drying beds (humification beds), the dried sludge, a nutrient-rich soil amendment, can be directly used in agriculture. If unplanted sludge drying beds are used, additional treatment by composting may be foreseen.
Safety concerns while collecting, handling and transporting Septage from on-site installations is detailed in the annexure enclosed.
Minimization of Waste Water and Reuse To minimize liquid waste generation, people should be made aware of the sanitation techniques like UDDT, Low Flush Toilet and Water Saving Urinal which consume very less water compared to conventional sanitation techniques. Out of 135 lpcd, 35 lit (25%) of water is used for flushing hence minimizing water use for flushing will lead to less generation of liquid waste.
Another way of minimizing the sewage generation is segregation of the grey water and black water. Water coming from bathroom and kitchen mainly can be termed as grey water as it contains comparatively less organic load where as water coming from toilets is termed as black water which contains comparatively more organic load. Out of 135 lpcd, 85 lit (62.96%) of water per person is used for bathing and washing clothes and utensils. Less degree of treatment is needed for grey water. Hence segregating the grey water from black water and treating it and reusing it for various non potable purposes can help us to save water and reduce the generation of liquid waste.
Goal 4: Storm Water Management Tenali Town has 200 Km of road length of which only 360 km are provided with drains on both sides to the required 400 km. All the storm water drain performs as the conveyance of grey water from the households today, since all the septic tanks are designed to handle only the black water. Further, these storm water drains are severely abused with solid waste dumping.
Drain cleaning is handled by the municipal workers who are also responsible for solid waste management. In the context of less door to door collection, awareness and accountability, the drains are choked with solid waste, and hence there is an immediate need to address these inadequacies.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 84
Improving the urban drainage system requires not only capital infusion, but also ongoing funding for operation and maintenance. A single point obstruction in a storm-water drain would have a cascading overall impact. The steps involved in upgrading storm water drainage include: Extension of the storm water drain network into surrounding municipal council areas Clearing all encroachments that come in the way of the storm water drain network in the city Aligning the drain network and checking blockage and overflowing of drains Reviewing existing storm water drains, ensuring connectivity of primary, secondary and tertiary drains
The storm water management is emerging as vulnerable pollution hotspot as solid waste dumping, grey water flows, overflows from septic tanks, sewage contamination and poor maintenance threaten to create adverse health and environmental impacts. The city is currently approved for the construction of underground drainage system covering entire city, which is expected to reduce the problem pertaining out of poor solid waste management activities. Though the city is provided with underground drainage system, the storm water drains that meant to carry excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces cannot be addressed in isolation, and need to be managed along with initiatives on SWM and waste water flows covering the following actions Identification and elimination of large point sources of grey water, septic tank overflows and solid waste disposal along the drain network through focused clean-up drives and awareness campaigns to Stringent actions to minimize grey water flows, Elimination of dumping of solid waste through effective waste collection practices Punitive measures for littering/dumping waste in drains. Identification of potential for setting up water retention zones within and in the vicinity of Tenali Municipality through restoration and creation of water bodies, given the city topography and orientation / flows along the storm drains. Rehabilitation of existing networks covering lining of open drains, bar screens against storm water flow at strategic points in the network to reduce clogging and facilitate easy removal, covering of open drains with precast cement slabs in commercial areas (with manholes for maintenance and cleaning) and removal of encroachments along drains. Development of new drains in uncovered areas to provide city wide access to minimize problems arising from water logging.
Specific actions to be implemented with respect to Storm water management are listed below. As indicated above, large scale investment program on storm water drain should be necessarily preceded and complemented with initiatives on a war-footing on Solid Waste Management and Waste-Water flows as ineffective management of these aspects render any investments in Storm water drains ineffective and useless.
On immediate basis citizen awareness is therefore a critical issue, and citizens and NGOs can play a key part in monitoring development in the region to ensure that drainage is not obstructed, and dumping of debris and MSW in drains does not occur.
Tenali Municipality has prepared a comprehensive plan and preparation of project estimate for providing storm water drainage facilities for the entire municipal area of the city for construction, conveyance, treatment and disposal arrangements for storm runoff.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 85
Goal 5: Solid Waste Management Realizing that with increasing population, the amount of waste will also increase proportionately in future, there is an immediate need for Tenali municipality to improve its services and gear up for meeting the demands of its citizens in near future. As discussed in the previous chapters, the city is going for outsourcing of solid waste management in the implementation of GO-279
Various strategies are discussed and proposed to address the inefficiencies in solid waste management in Tenali These strategies are of high priority and a step towards clean Tenali Town
Proposed system improvements
The system improvements shall focus on the following aspects of MSWM system:
Segregation of Waste: As per the Draft MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2015, it is the duty of waste generators to segregate waste into at least 3 types viz. dry waste, wet waste and domestic hazardous waste and store it separately. Citizens need to be made aware and sensitized towards segregation. It is recommended for TMC to distribute bins in the city and promote segregation at source. Segregating waste at source will ensure that waste is less contaminated and can be collected and transported for further processing.
Organization of door to door collection of waste (with community participation) in entire city: Presently, 100% of households are being covered under door to door collection of waste The primary waste collection system in residential areas shall be a mix of motorized door to door collection (auto), manual waste collection in areas inaccessible by vehicles and individual disposal at the community waste bins. The commercial establishments including hotels and restaurants should be covered by door to door collection and through secondary waste storage depots provided in vicinity. The vegetable and meat waste to be collected separately through door to door collection.
Based on local conditions and socio-economic status of the city, following are some of the strategies that can be adopted by TMC to move towards sustainable waste management. Table 51: Proposed strategies for SWM
Sl.No Issues Proposed solutions Explanation A national level adoption of policy of product manufacturing and packaging using less 1 Lack of awareness Waste avoidance material, minimizing the use of virgin plastic, among public household level waste management awareness, polluters pay principle, etc.
Corporation to distribute different coloured bins to the HHs for waste segregation. When you No segregation at Practice and achieve segregate waste into two basic streams like 2 HH level 100% segregation at organic and inorganic, the waste generated is HH level better understood and consequently recycled and reused with higher potential for recovery.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 86
Inadequate Need to procure The municipality has implementing outsourcing machinery and machinery and of solid waste management to solve the issues o manpower manpower Inadequate machinery and man power 4 immediately • MSWM rules to Principles of land be followed filling as per •Waste Managing the landfill sites, development of the 5 MSWM rules is transformation new landfill sites on scientific basis, capping not followed (without resource existing dumped garbage etc. recovery) prior to disposal • Resource Sorting of waste into dry and recyclable waste, recovery through bio waste, garden waste and inert waste. The material recycling municipal solid waste processing plant of higher 6 No resource •Maximize on capacities to be planned on the build and recovery market opportunities operate contract, construction of various biogas, in resource recovery vermin-composting and mechanical composting technologies projects.
No intermediate Decentralized Having an intermediate station between 7 stations stations for SWM collection point and processing point for is required increasing the efficiency of the system.
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 87
Financial Implementation Plan Financial Options Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals, preferably the intended users, is willing to pay for the new facilities required. Even when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not going to fulfil the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an ever-growing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely, but also finance in much more creative ways.
Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan to access finances from other sources, such as central government, provincial government, the private sector and the public. Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers, both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan.
1. 14th Finance Commission:
The 14th finance commission has grants to the local bodies towards supporting and strengthening the delivery of basic services like water supply, sanitation including Septage management, sewerage, storm water drainage and solid waste management, street lighting, local body roads and footpaths, parks, playgrounds, burial and cremation grounds. The 14th finance commission is meant to only spend the grants on the basic services within the functions assigned to them under relevant legislations.
Page 88
2. State Finance Commission: The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens apart from urban poor.
3. Swachh Bharat Mission In April 1999, the GoI restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was again renamed as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA). On 2nd October, 2014, the prime minister of India launched Swachh Bharat Mission that aims at eradicating open defecation by 2019, thus restricting the NBA. The programme has funds allocated under NBA which were not utilized and also received funding and technical support from World Bank, corporations as part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and by state governments under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes. The program plans to construct 12 crore toilets in rural India by October 2019.
During 2013-2014, the GoI has sanctioned Rs. 40 Cr towards strengthening SWM, IHHL & CTBs, IEC activities and Capacity Building to the state of Andhra Pradesh and during 2014- 2015 it has sanctioned Rs. 30 Cr to the state of Andhra Pradesh towards constructing IHHL.
4. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Missoin, GoI, JnNURM Under the Ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have funding options for sanitation. The Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) component has funds for building sewerage network and the Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) component has funds for developing and strengthening sanitation related activities like Storm Water Drainage, Sewerage, SWM and Water Supply.
5. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Under the AMRUT scheme, the GoI of India has funds for developing and implementing projects related to Water Supply and Parks/Green spaces. The aim of this programme is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens.
6. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), GoI Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programs which cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by constructing toilets in the housing structure.
7. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a „Slum-free India‟ through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner.
Page 89
The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become inclusive. This specific program also would enable the city to achieve complete sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would take care of this issue.
8. ULBs Finance The ULB also has considerable income for creating some provision for sanitation scheme in the city. As the State Municipalities act also specifies some of the duties to be performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in the municipal budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open Defecation free status.
9. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, GoI Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. Relieving these people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation of the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from this ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the families who has practiced before.
10. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (MoHRD), GoI Ministry of Human resource Development is a potential source of financing as school sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has funding for school sanitation. The ULB with the support of the education department should make efforts to pool in money for school sanitation. The ministry has also come out with a manual on school sanitation along with GIZ.
11. International Agencies The ULB should make combined efforts in bringing more international agencies to fund city in terms maintaining its sanitation and catering to the needs of the urban poor. Advocacy for greater focus on sanitation with governments and in integrated financing and project support facilities has to be explored.
12. Public Private Partnership Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the ULBs to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential as the population is willing to pay for the services. Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more community as well as public toilets can be built. This would relieve the city from capital investment and reduce the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic urban services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to increase access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options can emerge. These include: service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract. Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships.
Page 90
13. NGOs NGOs have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. There are several NGOs which are ready to invest and look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGOs which are working on partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary through installments and bank.
Block Estimates The block estimates for each of the different goals has been prepared in accordance to the implementation plan. The general assumptions made for each of the goals are given below: • Capital costs at current costs, and no inflation correction has been adopted • O&M cost at current costs, and no inflation correction has been adopted • Assumed costs for each of the goals based on discussions with different stakeholders and costs assumptions used in different DPRs/CDPs.
Goal 1: Water Supply The implementation strategy for water supply concentrates on providing the population with adequate water quantity at the requisite quality, and hence, the same reflects in the estimates. Further, it‟s also elementary to ensure that the water supplied, after it‟s said utility, should be converted to a form wherein the same could be reused and recycled.
Adequate attention has also been provided to conservation of the lake in Tenali. Water metering has also been a highlight component since it will ensure optimal water utilization and minimize wastage.
The estimate also caters line items to both preparation of DPRs and Master Plans, as required from time to time to ensure implementation of suggested strategies, and also towards operation and maintenance.
Cost estimation for Water Supply
Goal 1.Water Supply Terms. (In Crores) S. No. Implementation Parameter Short Medium Long 1 Filling up gaps in Distribution Network 3.02 - - 2 Giving House Service Connections to all HH 8.01 - - 3 Conservation of Lakes (@ 300 lakh/MLD ) 6.00 6.00 - 4 Rainwater Harvesting 0.05 0.05 - Operation and Manintenance (@ 70000/MLD and 15% 5 escalation 0.21 0.25 0.30 Total 17.29 6.3 0.3
Page 91
Goal 2: UGD and wastewater treatment system and sanitaion As an immediate action point, it is important to provide adequate attention to manage the Septage generated for the numerous septic tanks the city now has. This definitely is a must, given the context of the town and the timeframe for implementation of underground drainage system, and wastewater treatment system.
Further, immediate attention is provided to set-up wastewater management system for both the highly dense as well as developing areas.
The estimate also caters line items to both preparation of DPRs and Master Plans, as required from time to time to ensure implementation of suggested strategies, and also towards operation and maintenance.
Cost estimation for sewerage management
Goal 2. UGD & Wastewater management Terms. (In Crores) S. No. Im Short Mediu Long 1 Projectlamentation development Parameter (Master plan/DPR preparation) 0.10 m 0.10 0.10 2 Under ground drainage network 160.00 3 Sewage Treatment Plants (5 MLD capacity)* 10.00 - - 4 Sewage Treatment Plant (10 MLD capacity)* 18.50 - - 5 Sewage Treatment Plant (10 MLD capacity)* - 18.50 - 6 Operation and Maintenance costs 0.10 0.20 0.50 Total 208.10 *Assuming an STP cost of Rs. 2 Cr/MLD
Goal 3: Storm water management With the provision of underground drainage system, the storm water drains will cater only the storm water, and hence the goal is interlinked with the successful implementation of the goal for UGD. The storm water management also focuses on micro-shed management by involving the lakes, and ensuring on-site rainwater infiltration mechanisms.
The estimate also caters line items to both preparation of DPRs and Master Plans, as required from time to time to ensure implementation of suggested strategies, and also towards operation and maintenance.
Cost estimation for storm water management
Goal 3. Storm water management Terms. (In Crores) S. No. Implementation Parameter Short Mediu Long 1 Project development (Master plan/DPR preparation) 0.10 m 0.10 0.10 2 Storm water management plan (150 km length) 18.00 - - 3 Storm water management plan (100 km length) - 12.00 - 4 Storm water management plan (50 km length) - - 6.00 5 Operation and maintenance costs 0.10 0.20 0.30 Total 18.20 12.30 6.40 *Cost of drain @ Rs. 12 lakh/km
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 92
Goal 4: Solid Waste Management For achieving complete sanitation for any city, solid waste management assumes adequate importance for the very fact that it‟s very visible. SWM should be a well planned out integrated approach with efficient collection, transportation, resource recovery and disposal systems based on scientific analysis.
The estimate also caters line items to both preparation of DPRs and Master Plans, as required from time to time to ensure implementation of suggested strategies, and also towards operation and maintenance.
Cost estimation for SWM
Goal 4. Storm water management Terms. (In Crores) S. No. Implementation Parameter Short Mediu Long 1 Outsourcing of Solid Waste Management 30.00 m60.00 60.00 Total 30.00 60.00 60.00 *Outsourcing of Solid Waste management Cost Nearly 6.00 Cr per Year
City Sanitation Plan – Tenali Municipality Page 93