Conifer Woodland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Conifer Woodland Great Basin Conifer Woodland Item Type Article Authors Brown, David E. Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 01/10/2021 13:51:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/550963 52 Cold-Temperate Forests and Woodlands This cold-adapted evergreen woodland is characterized by 122.4 Great Basin the unequal dominance of two conifers-juniper (Juniperus) and pinyon (Pinus). These trees rarely, if ever, exceed 12 min height and are typically openly spaced (woodland), except at Conifer Woodland higher elevations and other less xeric sites where interlocking crowns may present a closed (forest) aspect. The shorter, bushier junipers ("cedars") are generally more prevalent than pinyons, but either may occur as an essentially pure stand. David E. Brown Structurally, these juniper-pinyon woodlands are among the in the Arizona Game and Fish Department simplest communities Southwest. This woodland has its evolutionary center in the Great Basin and is one of the most extensive vegetative types in the Southwest. It extends southward through Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southeastern California, northern Arizona, and New Mexico to mountainous area in Trans-pecos Texas, southern New Mexico, central Arizona, and northern Baja California Norte. Juniper-pinyon woodland covers extensive areas here between 1,500 and 2,300 m (extremes are 1,050 and 2,700 m) and reaches its greatest development on mesas, plateaus, piedmonts, slopes, and ridges. Several species of juniper may assume or share dominance in the Southwest. Rocky Mountain Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) is an important constituent in the higher and colder woodlands in Colorado, northern New Mexico and Arizona, and more locally in southern Nevada and Utah (Fig. 23). In northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado, Utah, northern Arizona, Nevada, and eastern California, the Great Basin, Utah Juniper (1. osteospenna) may be the more common. One-seed Juniper (1. monosperma) is the prevalent species in juniper-pinyon woodlands in west Texas, central and southern New Mexico, and much of sub-Mogollon Arizona (Fig. 24), as is the closely related 1. californica in southern California and Baja California Norte. Rocky Mountain Pinyon (Pinus edulis) is the common pinyon pine almost throughout (Fig. 25) except that west of ca. longitude 113.5° it is largely replaced by the single needled form (P. monophylla) or farther south in Baja California Norte by the Four-leaved Pinyon (P. quadrifolia) (Fig. 26). Not included as Great Basin conifer woodland species are Alligator-bark Juniper and Mexican Pinyon. Although the former species may be present in juniper-pinyon woodland with One-seed Juniper and Rocky Mountain Pinyon in central and southeastern Arizona and west-central New Mexico, both trees are species of the Madrean evergreen woodland farther south; they normally occur in the com­ munities of oaks (encinal) and oaks and pine (oak-pine) that have their center of distribution in Mexico. This is also the case with Pinchott and Drooping Juniper east of the Sierra Madre Occidental and in the Big Bend region of Texas. Precipitation ranges from 250 to 500 mm per year with extremes of 180 and 560 mm (Table 4). This sparse rainfall is more or less evenly spread throughout the year, and much of the winter precipitation falls as snow. Summer precipitation is of more importance in eastern juniper-pinyon woodlands than in the western portions where more than 80% of the precipitation falls during the late fall and winter. The unifying climatic feature of all these arid woodlands is cold winter minimum temperatures; freezing temperatures can be expected to occur about 150 or more days a year, precluding the participation of evergreen oaks and other warm-temperate forms. Habitats tend to be rocky, with thin soils predominating. In Brown Great Basin Conifer Woodland 53 Figure 23. Extensive juniper-pinyon woodland of Rocky Mountain lunipets (Juniperus scopulorum) with some Pinyon (Pinus edulis) and Alligatorbark lunipet (Juniperus deppeana) south of the Mogollon Rim, Coconino National Forest, Arizona, ca. 2,000 m elevation. This southern [asciatioti of Great Basin conifer woodland gives way to interior chaparral and semidesert grassland immediately downslope to the south. the central and eastern areas of the Southwest, the principal spp.), dropseeds jSporobolus spp.], and Junegrass jKoeleria contact with Great Basin conifer woodland is grassland, and cristata). extensive landscapes there are characterized by parkland and Junipers have invaded large areas of former grassland savanna-like mosaics. The openness of these "cedar glades" [Humphrey, 1962). That this is also true for pinyons is less depends on soil type, range history and condition. Here the certain, and woodlands well stocked with pinyons are not to understory is typically composed of grasses [e.g., Bouteloua be considered as disclimax grassland-as numerous futile gracilis) and .iuubs, e.g. Threadleaf Groundsel jSenecio attempts to "reconvert" these areas to grass will attest. longilobus) and Snakeweed jGutierrezia sarothrae) of the tend to be at lower elevations than and Junipers pinyons' . Plains grassland. Also well represented in many of these grass normally occupy the deeper soil sites below 2,000 m. understories are Galleta Grass jHilaria jamesii), Indian In the Great Basin, conifer woodland occurs on the Ricegrass jOryzopsis hymenoides), Western Wheatgrass mountain gradient above and within Great Basin desertscrub. jAgropyron smithii) and other grasses of the Plains grassland­ Here Big Sagebrush is the principal and often the almost Great Basin grassland transition. Other grasses locally exclusive understory plant. Indeed, Big Sagebrush continues common to abundant include several muhleys jMuhlenbergia to be an important subdominant in juniper-pinyon woodlands 54 Cold-Temperate Forests and Woodlands Figure 24. Series of One-seed Juniper (Juniperus monosperma' and Rocky Mountain Pinyon (Pinus edulis) near Aurora, San Miguel County, New Mexico ca. 1,890 m elevation. An eastern [asciatioti with understory of Blue Grama (Bouteloua gracilis). south-westward to the Sierra Juarez in Baja California Norte. California and Baja California Norte. Other more or less Great Basin Desert associates of general or In the Sacramento, Guadalupe, Organ, Burro, Peloncillo, regional importance are rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.I, and other southern New Mexico mountains, in sub-Mogollon Winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), Arizona, and the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Great Basin and Black Sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula spp. nova). On those conifer woodland phases into the more southerly derived mountain ranges over 1,500 m elevation in and adjacent to Madrean evergreen woodland. This transition is marked by the Mohave Desert, Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) is a the disappearance of Juniperus osteosperma, f. scopulorum., common major understory component of the pinyon-juniper and Pinus edulis, and the appearance of f. deppeana, Quercus woodlands present there. In northwestern and central Arizona emoryi, Q. gtisea, Q. arizonica, and Pinus cembroides with their understory species of adjacent interior chaparral and even respective floral and faunal associates. This replacement may Sonoran desertscrub (Arizona Upland subdivision) may be be gradual or abrupt and is much influenced by slope important in the makeup [e.g., Quercus turbinella, Rhamnus exposure, elevation, and edaphic situation. Generally the crocea, Garrya wngbtii, Catiotia holacantha). Chaparral also warm-temperate and more moisture-requiring Madrean intergrades with Great Basin conifer woodland in southern species first make their appearance on south slopes, pro- Brown Great Basin Conifer Woodland 55 Figure 25. Pinyon {Pinus edulis} dominated Great Basin conifer woodland on Fish Tail Mesa, Kaibab National Forest, Arizona ca. 1,585 m elevation. The maiot understory species on this ungrazed site is Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentatal The shrub in right center of photo is Cliffrose (Cowania mexicana), a common constituent in Great Basin conifer woodlands and an important winter browse species for Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus). tected hillsides, and in drainages; the southernmost conifer intricatusl, Skunkbush Sumac (Rhus trilobatal, Saskatoon Ser­ woodlands are to be found on high north slopes and mesas. viceberry (Amelanchier alnifolial, snowberries (Symphoricarpos Also, particularly at lower elevation, there may be integration spp.l, and currants (Ribes spp]. with interior chaparral, e.g., in the Organ and Burro mountains Other shrubs generally important as subdominant associ­ in New Mexico and in the Apache and other mountain ranges ates in juniper-pinyon woodland include Cliffrose (Cowania in Arizona. mexicsnc], Apache Plume (Fallugia paradoxa I, Mormon-tea The upslope contact with Great Basin conifer woodland is (Ephedra viiidis and others], Barberry or Algerita (Berberis montane conifer forest, except north of Parallel 37° (and {remonti and B. haematocarpa I, Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex locally elsewhere as in the Sandia and Manzano mountains I canescens], Small Soapweed (Yucca glaucal, and Datil (Yucca where Great Basin montane scrubland makes its appearance. baccatal: other associated species as Buffalo-berry (Shepherdia Here, and not uncommonly elsewhere at higher elevations spp.], Antelope Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentatal, and Fernbush within the conifer woodland,
Recommended publications
  • Disturbances Influence Trait Evolution in Pinus
    Master's Thesis Diversify or specialize: Disturbances influence trait evolution in Pinus Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Elena Conti & Dr. Niklaus E. Zimmermann University of Zurich, Institute of Systematic Botany & Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Landscape Dynamics Bianca Saladin October 2013 Front page: Forest of Pinus taeda, northern Florida, 1/2013 Table of content 1 STRONG PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN PINE TRAITS 5 1.1 ABSTRACT 5 1.2 INTRODUCTION 5 1.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 1.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 8 1.3.2 TRAIT DATA 9 1.3.3 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 9 1.4 RESULTS 11 1.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 11 1.4.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 12 1.5 DISCUSSION 14 1.5.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 14 1.5.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 16 1.6 CONCLUSION 17 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 1.8 REFERENCES 19 2 THE ROLE OF FIRE IN TRIGGERING DIVERSIFICATION RATES IN PINE SPECIES 21 2.1 ABSTRACT 21 2.2 INTRODUCTION 21 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 24 2.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 24 2.3.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 24 2.4 RESULTS 25 2.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 25 2.4.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 25 2.5 DISCUSSION 29 2.5.1 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO FIRE ADAPTATIONS 29 2.5.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE, STRESS AND PLEIOTROPIC COSTS 30 2.5.3 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANALYSIS PATHWAY 33 2.5.4 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 34 2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 34 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 2.8 REFERENCES 36 3 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 39 3.1 S1 - ACCESSION NUMBERS OF GENE SEQUENCES 40 3.2 S2 - TRAIT DATABASE 44 3.3 S3 - SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS 58 3.4 S4 - DISTRIBUTION OF TRAITS OVER PHYLOGENY 81 3.5 S5 - PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL OF 19 BIOCLIM VARIABLES 84 3.6 S6 – COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES 85 2 Introduction to the Master's thesis The aim of my master's thesis was to assess trait and niche evolution in pines within a phylogenetic comparative framework.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands: Ecological Composition, Dynamics, and Future Trends
    North American Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands: Ecological Composition, Dynamics, and Future Trends Esteban Muldavin and F Jack Triepke, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction 1 Types of Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands 3 Detailed Pinyon–Juniper Woodland Descriptions 4 G198 Californian Conifer Forest & Woodland Group 4 G487 Madrean Juniper Open Woodland Group 5 G200 Madrean Pinyon–Juniper Woodland Group 5 G900 Colorado Plateau Pinyon–Juniper Woodland Group 5 G248 Columbia Plateau Western Juniper Open Woodland Group 6 G899 Great Basin Pinyon–Juniper Woodland Group 6 G249 Intermountain Basins Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany Woodland & Scrub 6 G252 Southern Rocky Mountain Juniper Open Woodland Group 6 G253 Southern Rocky Mountain Pinyon–Juniper Woodland Group 6 Ecological Dynamics in Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands 7 Fire Regimes 7 Insect Pathogens 8 Ecosystem Services and the Changing Land Use of Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands 9 History and Land Use Impacts (e.g., Involving Herbivory, Changes in Fire Regime) 10 Pinyon nuts 10 Livestock use 10 Fuelwood 11 Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands and Climate 12 Tree Mortality and Plant Composition Changes 12 Carbon Storage as an Ecosystem Service 13 Conclusion—Climate and Carbon 13 Future Trends and Conservation 14 References 14 Abstract Pinyon and juniper woodland is a major biome type centered on the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau physiographic regions of interior western North America. It covers over 40 million ha from western Oregon in the northwest United States, eastward to Wyoming and southward to northern Chihuahua in Mexico, then westward to Baja California. Climatically, these woodlands lie within both the warm and cold temperate zones of North America but at the wetter and cooler portion of the semiarid realm where precipitation seldom exceeds 400 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • California Partners in Flight the USDA Forest Service Klamath Bird Observatory and PRBO Conservation Science
    The Coniferous Forest Bird Conservation Plan A Strategy for Protecting and Managing Coniferous Forest Habitats and Associated Birds in California Version 1.1 March 2002 A project of California Partners in Flight The USDA Forest Service Klamath Bird Observatory and PRBO Conservation Science Conservation Plan Lead Authors: John C. Robinson, USDA Forest Service John Alexander, Klamath Bird Observatory Conservation Plan Supporting Authors, PRBO Conservation Science: Sue Abbott Diana Humple Grant Ballard Melissa Pitkin Dan Barton Sandy Scoggin Gregg Elliott Diana Stralberg Sacha Heath Focal Species Account Authors: Black-backed Woodpecker – Kerry Farris Black-throated Gray Warbler – Tina Mark, USDA Forest Service Brown Creeper – Danielle LeFer, San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Dark-eyed Junco – Jim DeStaebler, PRBO Conservation Science Flammulated Owl – Susan Yasuda, USDA Forest Service Fox Sparrow – Anne King, EDAW, Inc. Golden-crowned Kinglet – John C. Robinson, USDA Forest Service MacGillivray's Warbler – Chris Otahal, USDA Forest Service Olive-sided Flycatcher – Paul Brandy, Endangered Species Recovery Program Pileated Woodpecker – John C. Robinson, USDA Forest Service Red-breasted Nuthatch – Tina Mark and John C. Robinson, USDA Forest Service Vaux's Swift – John Sterling, Jones and Stokes Associates Western Tanager – Cory Davis, USDA Forest Service Financial Contributors: USDA Forest Service Packard Foundation National Fish and Wildlife Foundation PRBO Conservation Science Klamath Bird Observatory Acknowledgements: California Partners in Flight wishes to thank everyone who helped write, promote, and produce this document. Special thanks to Laurie Fenwood, Geoffrey Geupel, Aaron Holmes, Genny Wilson, Ryan Burnett, and Doug Wallace, and to Sophie Webb for her cover illustration. Recommended Citation: CalPIF (California Partners in Flight). 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • (FIA) Annual Inventory Answers the Question: What Is Happening to Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands?
    Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Annual Inventory Answers the Question: What Is Happening to Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands? John D. Shaw, Brytten E. Steed, and Larry T. DeBlander Widespread mortality in the pinyon-juniper forest type is associated with several years of drought in Pinus monophylla Torr.&Frem.)—and one the southwestern United States. A complex of drought, insects, and disease is responsible for pinyon or more juniper species (Juniperus spp.); mortality rates approaching 100% in some areas, while other areas have experienced little or no pure stands of pinyon usually are not con- mortality. Implementation of the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) annual inventory in several states sidered a separate type. Pinyon nuts were a coincided with the onset of elevated mortality rates. Adjunct inventories provided supplemental data on staple food for Native Americans of the damaging agents. Preliminary analysis reveals the status and trends of mortality in pinyon-juniper Southwest for thousands of years, and the woodlands. harvest of this valuable resource continues ABSTRACT today (Lanner 1981). There also are many Keywords: forest inventory, FIA, pinyon pines, pinyon-juniper woodlands, drought, mortality, Ips traditional and modern uses for pinyon and confusus, bark beetles, southwestern United States juniper wood. The extensive range and vol- ume of the resource has generated interest in intensive use, such as an energy-producing biomass crop. However, pinyon-juniper he Forest Inventory and Analysis same systematic sample grid as was used for woodland is seen as a weedy invader of pro- (FIA) is a national USDA Forest periodic inventories, but the plots are evenly ductive grasslands by some.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish and Mexican Baseline of California Tree and Shrubland Distributions Since the Late 18Th Century
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 33 | Issue 1 Article 4 2015 The pS anish and Mexican Baseline of California Tree and Shrubland Distributions Since the Late 18th Century Richard A. Minnich University of California, Riverside Brett R. Goforth California State University, San Bernardino Richard Minnich Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Minnich, Richard A.; Goforth, Brett R.; and Minnich, Richard (2015) "The pS anish and Mexican Baseline of California Tree and Shrubland Distributions Since the Late 18th Century," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 33: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol33/iss1/4 Aliso, 33(1), pp. 5–76 ISSN 0065-6275 (print), 2327-2929 (online) THE SPANISH AND MEXICAN BASELINE OF CALIFORNIA TREE AND SHRUBLAND DISTRIBUTIONS SINCE THE LATE 18TH CENTURY RICHARD A. MINNICH1,3 AND BRETT R. GOFORTH2 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; 2Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, California State University, San Bernardino, California 92407 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Historical distributions of 31 tree species, chaparral, and coastal sage scrub described by Spanish land explorers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (1769–1806) and in land grant disen˜os (1784– 1846) are reconstructed at 634 localities across central and southern California. This baseline predates most formal botanical surveys by nearly a century, allowing for assessment of vegetation change over the broadest time frame for comparison with pre-historical evidences and future distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mistletoes of North American Conifers
    United States Department of Agriculture Mistletoes of North Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station American Conifers General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-98 September 2002 Canadian Forest Service Department of Natural Resources Canada Sanidad Forestal SEMARNAT Mexico Abstract _________________________________________________________ Geils, Brian W.; Cibrián Tovar, Jose; Moody, Benjamin, tech. coords. 2002. Mistletoes of North American Conifers. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS–GTR–98. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 123 p. Mistletoes of the families Loranthaceae and Viscaceae are the most important vascular plant parasites of conifers in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Species of the genera Psittacanthus, Phoradendron, and Arceuthobium cause the greatest economic and ecological impacts. These shrubby, aerial parasites produce either showy or cryptic flowers; they are dispersed by birds or explosive fruits. Mistletoes are obligate parasites, dependent on their host for water, nutrients, and some or most of their carbohydrates. Pathogenic effects on the host include deformation of the infected stem, growth loss, increased susceptibility to other disease agents or insects, and reduced longevity. The presence of mistletoe plants, and the brooms and tree mortality caused by them, have significant ecological and economic effects in heavily infested forest stands and recreation areas. These effects may be either beneficial or detrimental depending on management objectives. Assessment concepts and procedures are available. Biological, chemical, and cultural control methods exist and are being developed to better manage mistletoe populations for resource protection and production. Keywords: leafy mistletoe, true mistletoe, dwarf mistletoe, forest pathology, life history, silviculture, forest management Technical Coordinators_______________________________ Brian W. Geils is a Research Plant Pathologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, AZ.
    [Show full text]
  • FOOD PLANTS of the NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS by ELIAS YANOVSKY, Chemist, Carbohydrate Resea'rch Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils
    r I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 237 Washington, D. C. July 1936 FOOD PLANTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS By KLIAS YANOYSKY Chemist Carbohydrate Research Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils Foe sale by the Superintendent of Dosnenia, Washington. D. C. Price 10 centS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 237 WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY 1936 FOOD PLANTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS By ELIAS YANOVSKY, chemist, Carbohydrate Resea'rch Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils CONTENTS Page Page Foreword 1 Literature cited 65 Introduction I Index 69 Plants 2 FOREWORD This publication is a summary of the records of food plants used by the Indians of the United States and Canada which have appeared in ethnobotanical publications during a period of nearly 80 years.This compilation, for which all accessible literature has been searched, was drawn up as a preliminary to work by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils on the chemical constituents and food value of native North American plants.In a compilation of this sort, in which it is im- possible to authenticate most of the botanical identifications because of the unavailability of the specimens on which they were based, occa- sional errors are unavoidable.All the botanical names given have been reviewed in the light of our present knowledge of plant distribu- tion, however, and it is believed that obvious errors of identification have been eliminated. The list finds its justification as a convenient summary of the extensive literature and is to be used subject to con- firmation and correction.In every instance brief references are made to the original authorities for the information cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific and Common Names Common Names Scientific Names
    The Search for Forest Facts: A History of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1926–2000 Scientific and Common Names Common names Scientific names Plants: Acacia Acacia Mill. Ash Fraxinus spp. Asian raspberry Rubus ellipticus Sm. Australian saltbush Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Austrian pine Pinus nigra Arnold Banana poka Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey Bear clover Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Bishop pine Pinus muricata D. Don Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Blue gum Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Bristlecone pine Pinus aristata Engelm. California black oak Quercus kelloggii Newberry California poppy Eschscholzia californica Cham. California red fir Abies magnifica A. Murray Catalpa Catalpa spp. Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. Cinchona Cinchona spp. Common iceplant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Cork oak Quercus suber L. Coulter pine Pinus coulteri D. Don Currant Ribes spp. Desert false indigo Amorpha fruticosa L. Digger pine (gray pine) Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Faya-tree Myrica faya Aiton Four-leaf pine Pinus quadrifolia Parl. Gorse Ulex europaeus L. Gray pine Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas Guayule Parthenium argentatum A. Gray Hemlock Tsuga spp. Hemp Cannabis spp. Hickory Carya spp. Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Indian hemp Apocynum cannabinum L. Indigo bush Amorpha californica Nutt. Interior live oak Quercus wislizeni A. DC. Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Balf. Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata Lemmon Koa Acacia koa A. Gray Koster’s curse Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Larkspur Delphinium spp. Loblolly pine Pinus taeda L. Locust Robinia spp. 443 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-233 Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Mill. Madrone Arbutus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Population-Wide Changes in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands Caused by Drought in the American Southwest: Effects on Structure, Composition, and Distribution
    Population-Wide Changes in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands Caused by Drought in the American Southwest: Effects on Structure, Composition, and Distribution John D. Shaw* USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 507 25th Street, Ogden, UT 84401 Abstract A complex of drought, insects, and disease caused widespread mortality in the pinyon-juniper forest types of the American Southwest in recent years. Data from 14,929 plots spanning 25 years and representing over 25 million hectares were analyzed to characterize effects of drought-related mortality on the structure, composition, and distribution of pinyon and juniper species throughout their ranges. Pinus edulis experienced higher rates of mortality since 2003 than at any time between 1981 and 2002. Most Juniperus species experienced very low rates of mortality under normal conditions, and showed a small increase in mortality during the recent drought event. Trees affected by drought tend to be lower in elevation than the general population, and smaller trees appear to have experienced a higher proportion of mortality than larger trees. However, there is no evidence of elevational or geographic range contraction. This analysis quantifies landscape-level changes resulting from human, biological, and climatic influences. Keywords: stand structure, mortality, species composition, species distribution, range contraction 1. Introduction “Pinyon-juniper” is a catch-all term that includes mixtures of several pinyon and juniper species, as well as pure stands of any of the species used to define the type (Table 1). In the western U.S. the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program recognizes 4 forest types belonging to the pinyon-juniper group – Rocky Mountain juniper, western juniper, juniper woodland, and pinyon-juniper woodland – which are defined by composition of pinyon and juniper species.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.P652 04/02/2005, 05:04 P.M
    Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p652 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. EL BOSQUE DE CONÍFERAS DE LA SIERRA DE SAN PEDRO MÁRTIR, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p653 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p654 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. EL BOSQUE DE CONÍFERAS DE LA SIERRA DE SAN PEDRO MÁRTIR, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO José Delgadillo Rodríguez Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Instituto Nacional de Ecología Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p655 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p656 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. Contenido Prólogo 7 Introducción 8 Capítulo 1. Generalidades 9 Primeros habitantes 9 Primeros exploradores 9 La misión 10 La actividad ganadera 11 La actividad forestal 13 Estatus de conservación 15 Otras propuestas 16 Capítulo 2. Caracterización física 17 Fisiografía 17 Geología 21 Edafología 24 Hidrología 25 Capítulo 3. Bioclimatología 26 Clima mediterráneo 27 Bioclimatología 28 Diagramas climáticos 35 Diagrama de balance hídrico 35 Pisos bioclimáticos 44 Piso mesomediterráneo 49 Piso supramediterráneo 50 Pinos San Pedro-Preliminares.p657 04/02/2005, 05:04 p.m. Capítulo 4. Fitogeografía 48 Región californiana 57 Provincia martirense 57 Capítulo 5. Composición florística 59 Flora 59 Formas biológicas 60 Endemismo 64 Consideraciones florísticas especiales 66 Capítulo 6. Descripción de la vegetación 70 Bosque de pinus 72 Bosque de pinus de montaña 73 Bosque de Pinus quadrifolia y Pinus monophylla 75 Bosque de Pinus jeffreyi 79 Bosque mixto 81 Bosque de Pinus contorta var. murrayana 86 Bosque de Juniperus 87 Bosque de Cupressus 89 Vegetación riparia 91 Praderas 95 Capítulo 7.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Summary List and Discussion of Single Fossils. Small Fossil Set Additional Fossils of the Large Fossil
    A. Summary list and discussion of single fossils. Small fossil set - Pinus baileyi. 45 Ma; stem section Pinus - Pinus canariensis. 12.8 Ma; stem P. canariensis - P. roxburghii (clade) - Pinus crossii. 27 Ma; stem subsection Balfourianae - Pinus densiflora. 1.1 Ma; P. densiflora – P. sylvestris divergence - Pinus florissantii. 34 Ma; stem subsection Strobus - Pinus fujiii. 15 Ma; stem MRCA of P. kesiya and P. tabuliformis - Pinus haboroensis. 65 Ma; stem subgenus Pinus - Pinus halepensis. 12.8 Ma; P. halepensis – P. brutia divergence - Pinus hazenii. 5 Ma; P. coulteri – P. sabiniana divergence - Pinus prekesiya. 5.3 Ma; P. yunnanensis – P. kesiya divergence - Pinus radiata. 0.4 Ma; P. radiata – P. muricata divergence - Pinus storeyana. 12 Ma; stem or within Attenuatae clade - Pinus triphylla. 90 Ma; stem subgenus Pinus - Pinus yorkshirensis. 129 Ma; stem Pinus Additional fossils of the large fossil set - Pinus delmarensis. 38 Ma; stem subsection Strobus - Pinus lindgrenii. 6 Ma; MRCA of P. edulis - P. johannis clade - Pinus premassoniana. 5.3 Ma; stem of P. massoniana - Pinus riogrande. 27.2 Ma; Ponderosae clade - Pinus sanjuanensis. 27 Ma; stem of subsection Cembroides - Pinus truckeensis. 12 Ma; subsection Ponderosae within P. ponderosa - clade - Pinus weasmaii. 3 Ma; stem of P. contorta Genus Pinus Pinus yorkshirensis Location: Wealden Formation, NE England Age: 131-129 Ma. Discussion: These are the earliest well-dated cones that belong to the genus Pinus, based on internal anatomy and external morphology, such as the presence of cone scales with apophyses and umbos, features unique to Pinus among extant Pinaceae (Ryberg et al., 2012). Another early representative from the Wealden Formation (P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cahuilla and the Santa Rosa Mountain Region : Places and Their
    BLM LIBRARY NT i < % %% 5* • .. California Desert District > *•*•• •• The Cahuilla and the Santa Rosa Mountain Region: Places and their Native American Association by Lowell John Bean, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young RUSSELL L KALDENBERG - SERIES EDITOR cultural resource publications anthropology - history Cover illustration of pictograph in the Santa Rosa Mountains from a slide taken by Robert Laidlaw. Illustration by Jim Carrol. FOREWARDS This ethnographic overview represents a significant and innovative con- tribution to studies of culture history in the California Desert. The authors have succeeded in synthesizing archival and contemporary materials into a unique ethnographic research document. A number of systems models have explored the interaction between the Native Populations of the Southern California and the physical environment in which their cultures developed. This volume contributes significantly to understanding these human relationships to the land and its resurces in a portion of traditional Cahuilla territory. We offer special thanks to the Native American consultants who in conjunction with the efforts of Dr. Lowell Bean, Sylvia Brakke Vane and Jackson Young, made this report possible. Robert M. Laidlaw Anthropologist Bureau of Land Management, Sacramento, CA I wish to thank all of those who have supported the archaeology program in the California Desert in its efforts to print and disseminate cultural resource data to the general and professional public. Among those are, Gerald Hillier, Bruce Ottenfeld, Bary Freet, Ronald Keller, and Bill Olsen. A special note of thanks goes to Clara Stapp who did the petroglyph drawing from a photograph taken by Robert Laidlaw. I hope that in these days of constrained budgets that the reprinting and dissemination of Cultural Resource Reports will be further accomplished and encouraged by management and staff alike.
    [Show full text]