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Home , Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle, Linnaea, Lonicera involucrata, Triosteum, Viburnum

– FAMILY

Plant: a few herbs but mostly , , or trees Stem: Root: : simple or sometimes pinnately compound, opposite; stipules rare : mostly perfect, often showy, regular (actinomorphic) to irregular (zygomorphic); corolla often a tube with 5 (or 3) flaring lobes or 2-lipped; (4) 5 stamens, alternate with corolla lobes; ovary mostly inferior, 1 pistil, 1 style (often protruding), carpels 3-5, 1 to many ovules : , or , sometimes oily Other: many ornamental vines and shrubs; Group Genera: 15+ genera; locally (bush-honeysuckle), (twinflower), Lonicera (honeysuckle), (elder), , (horse-gentian),

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Morphology in the Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) - a diverse group of genera that probably should be regrouped; corolla and calyx most often with 5 parts (sometimes 2-lipped), ovary mostly inferior; leaves opposite Lonicera Genus Symphoricarpos Genus Viburnum

Coralberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

Limber Honeysuckle Highbush- Genus Triosteum Genus Sambucus

Japanese Honeysuckle Early [Orange-Fruited] Horse-Gentian Common Elderberry Sambucus nigra CAPRIFOLIACEAE – HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Twinflower; L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen Limber [Glaucous; Smooth-Leaved] Honeysuckle; Lonicera dioica L. Yellow Honeysuckle; Sims Twinberry [Bracted; Black] Honeysuckle; (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata Japanese Honeysuckle; Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Introduced) Amur Honeysuckle; (Rupr.) Herder (Introduced) Trumpet [Coral] Honeysuckle; L. Tatarian Honeysuckle; L. (Introduced) Common Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. ssp. Red [Black; Mountain] Elderberry; Sambucus racemosa L. Coralberry [Buckbrush, Indian Currant]; Symphoricarpos orficulatus Moench Early [Orange-Fruited] Horse-Gentian; Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. Feverwort [Common Horse-Gentian]; L. Mapleleaf Viburnum; L. Southern Arrowwood; L. Wayfaring Tree; L. (Introduced) Nannyberry; L. Black Haw; L. Rusty [Southern] Blackhaw [Wild Rasin]; Raf. Highbush-Cranberry; Viburnum trilobum Marsh. Twinflower USDA Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Grand Lake area, Grand County, Colorado Notes: flower white to pinkish-white with interior pink splotches, funnel shaped with 5 lobes (usually not flaring), in pairs on a long pedicel; leaves opposite, evergreen, ovate, with shallow teeth, short petioles; stem hairy; fruit a nutlet; summer; lower elevations to subalpine; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Limber [Glaucous; Smooth- USDA Leaved; Red] Honeysuckle Lonicera dioica L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ; flower color variable (white to yellow, but sometimes red), lower lip of tube enlarged; leaves elliptical, whitened and pubescent below, opposite, uppermost pair united to form a disk; are red berries [V Max Brown, 2006] Yellow Honeysuckle USDA Lonicera flava Sims Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: vine; flower color orange to yellow and either orange or yellow inside, mostly 4 lobbed with lower lip of tube enlarged; leaves elliptical, green above, pale and usually glaucous below, opposite, uppermost pair united to form a perfoliated disk; upper stem green and glabrous, lower stem woody (shreds) toward base; fruits are red or orange-red berries [V Max Brown, 2012] Twinberry [Bracted; Black] USDA Honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Grand Lake area, Grand County, Colorado Notes: ; light yellow tubular flower, pedicels opposite from axils; leaves opposite, elliptical to lanceolate, acute tip, entire; twigs glabrous; bark somewhat flaky; fruit of twin berries in red to purple ; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Japanese Honeysuckle USDA Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Introduced) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Clearwater Lake area, Wayne and Reynolds County, Missouri Notes: woody vine; flower color white, turning yellow with age, 2-lipped, hairy, in pairs; leaves oblong to ovate, opposite, lower leaves may be lobed (semi-evergreen in temperate climates); stem hairy, shredding with age; fruits are black berries (highly invasive) [V Max Brown, 2006] Japanese Honeysuckle (winter views) Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Introduced) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Southwest Missouri, January Amur Honeysuckle USDA Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Introduced) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; flowers white, turning yellow with age; leaves ovate to elliptical with acute tip, leaves lighter below, hairy on veins above and below; bark deeply furrowed and often diagnostic; berries red, peduncles often about as long as leaf petiole; spring [V Max Brown, 2005] Trumpet [Coral] Honeysuckle USDA Lonicera sempervirens L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Ozark Technical College, Richwoods Campus, Christian County, Missouri Notes: vine; flower color a bright red to an orange red, color remains fast after , flower almost actinomorphic, with lobes less than 1/5 of tube length, flowers in 1-4 whorls of 6 at end of branch, calyces very small and green, bracts fused at base; leaves opposite, elliptical to almost ovate on short petiole, uppermost pair usually partially fused and perfoliate, upper surface bright green, lower surface pale; mostly glabrous; fruits are red berries; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2011] Tatarian Honeysuckle USDA Lonicera tatarica L. (Introduced) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; flowers pink to red (variable) on long pedicels {1-3 cm); leaves elliptical to ovate, short petioles, glabrous when mature; bark furrowed and scaly; branchlets glabrous, hollow between nodes; berries red on long peduncles (variable), glabrous; spring [V Max Brown, 2008] Common Elderberry USDA [Elder] Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; 5-lobed flower, white, in saucer shaped to slightly convex cymes; leaves opposite and pinnate, usually 7 leaflets, serrate; twigs yellowish-gray with white pith; stem stoloniferous; berries purple-black [V Max Brown, 2005] Red [Black; Mountain] Elderberry USDA Sambucus racemosa L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: shrub; 5-lobed flower, white, in pyramidal or round to cylindrical cymes; leaves opposite and pinnate, usually 5-7 pointed leaflets, serrate; twigs gray with white pith; stem stoloniferous; berries red or purple-black (several varieties); lower foothills to subalpine environments; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Coralberry [Buckbrush, USDA Indian Currant] Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: small shrub often forming patches; flower greenish-white-purplish, sessile, in small spikes; bark stringy; red to pink berries often persistent through winter; summer [V Max Brown, 2005] Early [Orange-Fruited] Horse-Gentian USDA Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower purplish red, corolla tube pubescent; leaves ovate, stalkless but not really perfoliate (evidently hybridizes with Common Horse-Gentian, T. perfoliatum); stem hairy; fruit orange-yellow; spring to summer (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2005] Feverwort [Common Horse-Gentian] USDA Triosteum perfoliatum L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower tubular, reddish to reddish-purplish, styles exerted; leaves clearly perfoliate (evidently hybridizes with early Horse- Gentian, T. aurantiacum); stem pubescent; fruit orange; woods; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2008] Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA Viburnum acerifolium L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; 5-lobed flower, white, in clusters (cymes), no sterile flowers; leaves mostly 3 (or 5) lobed with acute tip, ovate, serrate, brown/black dotted and hairy or not below (varieties), no glands on petiole; twigs hairy; bark not flaky; fruit black, not glaucous; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Southern Arrowwood USDA Viburnum dentatum L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Irwin Prairie Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; flowers very small; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, each lateral vein and branch ending in tooth, somewhat hairy beneath (especially veins), rounded at base, petioles with some hairs in vein furrow; twigs glabrous to somewhat hairy (variable); fruit cymes glabrous (several varieties); spring [V Max Brown, 2008] Wayfaring Tree USDA Viburnum lantana L. (Introduced) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; 5-lobed flower, white, in large cymes without outer large sterile flowers; leaves long ovate, toothed (single), upper surface hairy or not, lower surface with stellate hairs; bark rough; twigs gray to reddish, with stellate tomentose pubescence on upper internodes; naked, stalked, gray tomentose pubescence; fruit red turning purple-black; spring (very similar to V. lantanoides, Hobblebush) [V Max Brown, 2006] Nannyberry [Sheepberry] USDA Viburnum lentago L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub or small tree; 5-lobed flower, white, in clusters; leaves mostly ovate, fine serrate, often acuminate, leaf petiole winged; end long, 2 scales, often flattened or angled and swollen at base; bark becoming flaky; fruit blue to black and glaucous; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Black Haw USDA Viburnum prunifolium L. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: shrub to small tree; 5-lobed flower, 5 stamens, white, small, in clusters; leaves opposite, mostly ovate to elliptical, thin, glabrous, dull green above and paler below, many fine teeth, petiole grooved but not winged, leaf 3-10 cm long; end bud smooth to ‘scurfy’ , flower buds swollen; bark gray-brown, becoming platy; fruit blue to black and glaucous at maturity, in clusters; spring [V Max Brown, 2012]

Flow. Buds Rusty [Southern] Blackhaw USDA [Wild Rasin] Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: mostly a shrub; 5-lobed flower, white, small, in clusters; leaves opposite, mostly obovate, thick, glabrous, very glossy above, many fine teeth; end bud long with rusty hairs; bark rough and fissured; fruit blue to black at maturity, in clusters; rusty hairs often on veins or undersurface of leaves, petioles, twigs, and buds; spring [V Max Brown, 2010] Highbush-Cranberry USDA Viburnum trilobum Marsh. [ L. var. americanum Aiton] Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub to small tree; 5-lobed flowers, white, larger outer flowers sterile; leaves mostly 3-lobed, 3-5 palmate main veins, petiole glands with thickened ends, furrow in petiole glabrous; buds stalked, green to red, 2 scales; fruit red (very similar to V. opulus, introduced) [V Max Brown, 2005]