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AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE MAJOR GROUPS & FAMILIES OF VASCULAR IN

Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen Introduction

This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Lesica (2012), and the Associaton (2008-2018). follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2018). The main references are listed at the end of the key. The interactve keys on the Flora ID website (Flora ID. 2017) were very helpful for testng where and how well diferent ft into the keys.

The Alberta S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2018) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious or XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016).

Square brackets ‘[ ]’ are used to indicate alternate names that have been used to refer to various taxa in the key. The alternate names have been taken from commonly used botanical references from this region (e.g. Flora of Alberta, Budd’s Flora).

The phrase ‘(in part)’ appears frequently in the keys to family. This indicates that some, but not all, of the lower taxa in the family named will ft the criteria outlined in the key. For example, ‘ (in part)’ would mean that some, but not all, of the genera and/or species in the Family have the characteristcs described in the key.

Entries in the frst key (Key to Major Groups) are followed by a page number, to guide you to the next step. However, on subsequent pages, the page numbers are replaced by ‘xx’ place holders. These will be actvated when the keys to and species have been fnalized and incorporated into a single fle/volume.

We hope that you will fnd this key helpful in the upcoming feld season. Please let us know if there are ways ithat it can be improved.

2 Keys to the Major Groups of Vascular Plants & Their Families Traditional phylogenetic keys focus mainly on fower characteristics, but in this key we are using a hybrid 1a approach, starting with easily determined vegetative features, and then moving on to fower structure or other more technical considerations as necessary. Key to Major Groups 01a Plants herbaceous, reproducing by ...... and Allies ...... Division Pteridophyta ...... Group 1 (p. 4) 01b Plants herbaceous or woody (, ), 2a producing cones or fowers, reproducing by ...... Plants ...... Division Spermatophyta ….02 02a Plant stems woody to well above ground level, not dying back to the base each year - trees, shrubs or woody ...... Conifers and Woody Flowering Plants Subdivision Gymnospermae+Angiospermae (in part) ...... Group 2 (p. 7) 02b Plant stems herbaceous or woody at the base 3a only ...... Herbaceous Flowering Plants . . . . Subdivision Angiospermae, in part….03 03a Plants aquatic, foating or submersed in water at maturity ...... Aquatic Herbs ...... Group 3 (p. 15) 03b Plants not aquatic, emergent (rooted, with lower parts in the water but upper stems, 4a and fowers held above the water) or upland species with self-supporting stems . 04 04a Plants white, yellow, pink or reddish brown when fresh, often drying blackish, not photosynthetic; leaves reduced to scales ...... Non-photosynthetic Herbs ...... Group 4 (p. 19) 04b Plants green, photosynthetic; leaves usually well-developed .Photosynthetic Herbs….05 05a Leaves unlobed and undivided (rarely with 2 basal lobes), usually parallel-veined, 5a often grass-like; fower parts usually in 3s or 6s (never in 5s); seeds with 1 seed (); stems (when present) without a central pith ...... Monocots ...... Class Monocotyledoneae ...... Group 5 (p. 20) 05b Leaves undivided, divided or lobed, usually net-veined; fower parts usually in 4s or 5s; seeds with 2 seed leaves; stems (if present) with a central pith ...... Dicots ...... Class Dicotyledoneae 5b ...... Group 6 (p. 24)

3 Group 1 Ferns & Fern Allies Key to Families 01a Leaves simple, stalkless, grass-like or scale- like, 1-2 mm wide ...... 02 01b Leaves (fronds) usually lobed or divided, with stalks (stipes), variously shaped and ≥5 mm wide ...... 05 02a Leaves onion-like, basal and slender with 2a wide, sheathing bases, 5-15 cm long; stems thick, short and inconspicuous (covered by leaf bases); cases (sporangia) embedded in the upper/inner side of the leaf base ...... Isoetaceae (p. xx) 02b Leaves scale-like, <1.5 cm long; stems slender and conspicuous; spore cases in cones (cone scales sometimes resembling leaves) or in the axils of stem leaves ...... 03 03a Stems usually hollow, conspicuously jointed; leaves scale-like, in sheath-like rings (whorls) 3a at stem joints; spore cases on the underside of fat, round, umbrella-like scales in cones at stem tips ...... Equisetaceae (p. xx) 03b Stems solid, not jointed; leaves strap-like, spirally arranged or paired (opposite); spore cases in the axils of triangular to strap-like cone scales or in leaf axils ...... 04 4a 04a Plants 5-25 cm tall; leaves mostly strap-like or awl-shaped, 5-10 mm long (triangular to lance- shaped and 2-4 mm long in Diphasiastrum); cones (when present) cylindrical; spores all similar ...... Lycopodiaceae (p. xx) 04b Plants 1-5(7) cm tall; leaves lance-shaped, 4b 1-4 mm long; cones usually ± 4-sided/angled; spores of 2 types (small and large)...... Selaginellaceae (p. xx) 05a In colonies from spreading rootstocks in ponds and lake edges; leaves with 4 leafets at the tip of a long stalk (like a four-leaved clover), often foating in water; spores in a hard, bean-like structures (sporocarps) on a short stalk (often hidden among the leaves) ...... Marsileaceae - Marsilea vestita 05b Plants and leaves not as above; spores in spore cases on green or modifed leaves . . 06 5a 06a Spore cases 1-1.5 mm wide, in grape-like clusters on specialized, fertile leaves; sterile leaves below fertile blades on same stalk ...... Ophioglossaceae (p. xx) 06b Spore cases tiny (<1 mm wide), in dot-like clusters (sori) on the lower surface or along edges of green leaves or specialized fertile leaves ...... 6a Ferns - Polypodiaceae of Moss (1983) . . 07

4 07a Leaves of 2 distinctly different types: green, without spore cases (sterile) and brown (when mature), with spore cases (fertile) ...... 08 07b Leaves all similar, not of 2 distinct types (except Pellaea gastonyi, with fertile leaves distinctly longer than sterile leaves) ...... 09 08a Plants ≤20 cm tall, in small clumps, on rocky sites in mountains or neAB (Canadian Shield); fertile leaves longer than sterile leaves...... 8a ...... Pteridaceae (in part) ...... - Cryptogramma (p. xx) 08b Plants 50-150 cm tall, forming colonies from coarse , on moist sites in boreal 8b forest; fertile leaves shorter than sterile leaves . . Onocleaceae [Dryopteridaceae, in part] ...... Matteuccia struthiopteris (p. xx) 09a Spore clusters on the leaf edges, usually under down-rolled margins, elongated . . . .10 09b Spore clusters set in from leaf edges (if near the edge, then round) ...... 12 10a Spore clusters under down-rolled leaf edges, 10a kidney shaped, separate (not in a continuous strip); leaf segments fan-shaped ...... Pteridaceae (in part) ...... Adiantum (p. xx) 10b Spore clusters in a continuous strip along the 11a leaf edge; leaf segments not fan-shaped . .11 11a Plants 30-300 cm tall; leaves 2X pinnately divided, ± triangular, 20-60 cm wide ...... Dennstaedtiaceae ...... - Pteridium aquilinum (p. xx) 11b Plants mostly <30 cm tall; leaves 1-2X pinnately divided, <10 cm wide ...... Pteridaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... -Myriopteris; Pellaea 12a Leaves 1X pinnately divided, lobed or smooth- 11b edged ...... 13 12b Leaves 2-4X pinnately divided ...... 15 13a Leafets (pinnae) lobed, egg-shaped, 3-7 x 2-5 13a mm; leaves 5-10(15) cm long . Aspleniaceae ...... - Asplenium viride (p. xx) . . . . . [Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum] 13b Leafets smooth-edged or toothed, narrowly oblong to lance-shaped, >10 mm long; leaves (5)10-40 cm long...... 14 14a Leafets rounded at the tip, smooth-edged (without spines). . . . . Polypodiaceae (p. xx) 14b Leafets pointed at the tip, edged with spines ...... Dryopteridaceae (in part) 14a ...... Polystichum (p. xx)

14b

5 15a Leaf stalks (1)1.5-2(3) times as long as the blades; leaves divided into 3 ± equal parts, with each of the 2 lowest leafets ≈ the remaining upper part of the leaf...... Cystopteridaceae (p. xx) ...... [Dryopteridaceae, in part] 15b Leaf stalks usually much <2 times the length

of the blade; lowest pair of leafets gradually → reduced upwards (not much larger than those 15a above) ...... 16 16a Small tufted plants, mostly <20 cm tall; short- creeping scaly rhizomes bear small tufts to dense tussocks of leaves; lower leafets somewhat remote ...... 17 17a 16b Larger plants, generally >20 cm tall; plants tufted or in small scattered tufts or single leaves; lower leafets not remote ...... 18 17a Leaf stalk bases persist after blades are shed; indusia disc- or star-shaped (→), attached

under and obscured by spore clusters ...... → 17b ...... Woodsiaceae (p. xx) ...... [Dryopteridaceae, in part] 17b Leaf stalk bases disintegrate when blades are 18a shed; indusium hood-like (→), attached at the side and curved over the spore clusters ...... Cystopteridaceae [Dryopteridaceae, in part] ...... Cystopteris (p. xx)) 18a Lowest pair of leafets pointing downwards; lower leaf surface with conspicuous, nearly transparent hairs on the veins and midrib...... Thelypteridaceae ...... - Phegopteris connectilis (p. xx) 18b Leaves not as above...... 19 19a 19a Indusia often absent, when present elongated, fap-like (attached along 1 edge) and fringed or toothed ...... Athyriaceae ...... - Athyrium (p. xx) 19b Indusia present (sometimes small and soon shrivelling) round or kidney-shaped, attached 19b in the hollow of the inner side, not fringed ...... Dryopteridaceae (in part) ...... - Dryopteris (p. xx)

6 Group 2 Woody Plants with hard, perennial stems containing (xylem reinforced with lignin) & with that survive above ground in winter - trees, shrubs or woody vines Key to Families 01a a woody or feshy cone, formed of seed- 2a bearing scales, or an exposed seed in a feshy 3a cup; leaves evergreen needles or scales ...... [Gymnospermae] 02 01b Fruit various, not a cone or feshy cup; leaves mostly with blades linear to broad, occasionally needle-like and evergreen ...... [Angiospermae] 05 02a Leaves scale-like Cupressaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... Juniperus, Thuja 02b Leaves needle-like ...... 03

03a Leaves paired (opposite) or in rings around → 4a the stem (whorls); mature ♀ cones -like, feshy, waxy and bluish ...... Cupressaceae (in part) ...... Juniperus (p. xx) 03b Leaves single (alternate) or in clusters; ♀ cones not as above...... 04 04a Plants with either ♂ or ♀ structures (but not both); seeds single, dark blue, embedded in a juicy, bright red, berry-like structure (→ aril); needles single, fat, 1-2 cm long, yellowish 4b green, with a small sharp point; inner bark reddish to purplish; shrubs or small trees in Waterton Lakes N.P...... Taxaceae ...... - Taxus brevifolia S1 (p. xx) 04b Plants with both ♂ and ♀ cones; seeds numerous, in the axils of woody, spirally arranged scales in ♀ cones; needles and bark various, but not as above; trees, often widespread ...... Pinaceae (p. xx) 05a Woody vines, trailing on the ground or climbing on adjacent supports (often other plants) . . 06 6a 05b Trees or shrubs, erect to sprawling on the ground, but not trailing or climbing vines . .09 06a Leaves lobed or divided into leafets; fowers with 4, coloured, -like and no ; with a persistent, feathery style ...... (in part) ...... - Clematis (p. xx) 06b Leaves simple (lower ones sometimes 3-lobed); fowers not as above; fruits without a persistent, feathery style ...... 07 07a Leaves and branches opposite ...... 7a ...... (in part) (p. xx) ...... - ; 07b Leaves and branches alternate ...... 08

7 08a Plants >10 cm tall, with slender, climbing stems (10)50-300(600) cm long; leaves thin and deciduous, 3-7 cm long, elliptic to broadly heart-shaped, sometimes with basal lobes...... (in part) (p. xx) 8a ...... - Solanum dulcamara; Lycium 08b Plants <5 cm tall, with thread-like, trailing stems 10-50 cm long; leaves thick, evergreen, 0.3-1 cm long, egg-shaped to broadly elliptic ...... (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Gaultheria hispidula; . . Vaccinium oxycoccos, V. microcarpum 09a Leaves (some or all) scale-like, 2-4 mm . . . 10 09b Leaves not scale-like ...... 11 10a Leaves and branches paired (opposite); plants hairless or with scattered, short hairs ...... 8b ...... Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Cassiope (p. xx) 10b Leaves and branches alternate; plants with dense, matted grey hairs and sparse, long, soft hairs throughout . . . . (in part) ...... - Hudsonia (p. xx) 11a Leaves evergreen, thick, usually covered by a well-developed protective flm (cuticle); 10a shrubs ...... 12 11b Leaves deciduous, thin and fat (except for a few succulents), rarely with a thick cuticle; 10b trees or shrubs ...... 17 12a Leaf edges (some or all) rolled down/under . 13 12b Leaf edges relatively fat, not down-rolled .14 13a Stipules absent; leaves alternate, paired (opposite) or ± in rings (whorls), hairless to 13a rusty- or yellow-hairy beneath, ± smooth- edged ...... Ericaceae (in part) (p. xx) 13b Stipules well-developed (→), linear to lance- shaped; leaves alternate, white-hairy beneath, usually edged with rounded teeth (at least → near the base), sometimes ± smooth-edged . 13b ...... Rosaceae (in part) ...... - Dryas (p. xx) 14a Leaves and branches ± paired (opposite) . . . 14a ...... (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 14b Leaves and branches alternate ...... 15 15a Leaves distinctly sharp-toothed ...... Berberidaceae (in part) ...... - Mahonia (p. xx) 15b Leaves smooth-edged to obscurely toothed or wavy-edged ...... 16

15a 8 16a Leaves with 3 strong veins from the base and weak side veins, shiny, often sticky and sweet- scented ...... Rhamnaceae (in part) ...... - Ceanothus (p. xx) 16b Leaves usually with a prominent mid-vein bearing several side-veins along its length, sometimes shiny, but neither sticky nor aromatic ...... Ericaceae (in part) (p. xx) 16a 17a Plants 10-30 cm tall, with short, woody branches at the base; leaves in rings (whorls) ...... Polygonaceae (in part) ...... - Eriogonum umbellatum (p. xx) 17b Plants various; leaves alternate or paired. .18 18a Leaves and branches all/mostly paired . . .19 18b Leaves and branches alternate ...... 30 16b 19a Leaves divided into leafets...... 20 19b Leaves simple ...... 22

17a 20a Twigs yellowish green, brown with age, with a thick pith; fower/fruit clusters at branch tips; fowers creamy white, with ♂ + ♀ parts; fruits many-seeded, berry-like , red or black (rarely yellow or white); leaves sharp-toothed . . (in part) - (p. xx) 20b Twigs grey or greenish, grey with age, with a 20a thin pith; fower/fruit clusters along branches and at tips; fowers greenish, ♂ or ♀, with sexes on separate plants; fruits dry, winged samaras; leaf edges smooth or toothed, lobed or unlobed ...... 21 21a Fruits single; leafets 5-9(11), smooth-edged or regularly toothed; twigs grey, hairy; buds brown or black, hairy. . . . . (in part) 21a ...... - Fraxinus (p. xx) 21b Fruits double (in pairs); leafets 3-5(7), shallowly lobed; twigs and buds pale green and hairless ...... (in part) ...... - Acer negundo (p. xx) 21b 22a Leaf edges with small teeth ...... 23 22b Leaf edges smooth or wavy ...... 25 23a Stems mat-forming, sprawling with ascending 23a tips; leaves concentrated at branch tips; fowers purple to lavender, pink or white, 2-lipped . . . . (in part) (p. xx) . . . . . - Penstemon fruticosus, P. ellipticus 23b ...... Stems erect to ascending; leaves not concentrated at branch tips; fowers white or green, regular (not 2-lipped) ...... 24 24a Twigs spine-tipped; leaf stalks 10-27 mm long; fowers greenish, inconspicuous, <0.5 cm 24a 24b wide, not fragrant . . . Rhamnaceae (in part) ...... - Rhamnus (p. xx) 24b Twigs without spines; leaf stalks (0)1-6 mm long; fowers white, 2-4 cm wide, fragrant . . . Hydrangeaceae - Philadelphus lewisii S1 (p. xx)

9 25a Leaves strongly lobed, usually toothed, with fnger-like (palmate) veins from the base . .26 25b Leaves unlobed, smooth-edged (sometimes wavy-toothed), with pinnate veins...... 27 26a white, in erect, fat-topped clusters at 26a branch tips; fruits juicy red ...... Adoxaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 26b Flowers yellowish green, in drooping clusters in the leaf axils and at branch tips; fruits dry, winged samaras, in fused pairs ...... Sapindaceae (in part) ...... - Acer glabrum (p. xx) 27a Shrubs 1-3(4) m tall; lower branches often sprawling and rooting at the joints; twigs 26b deep red to purplish or greenish; fowers/fruits numerous, in branched, fat-topped clusters (cymes); petals 4, white, 2-3(4) mm long; fruits white to bluish (drying greenish), feshy drupes ...... Cornaceae (in part) ...... - sericea (p. xx) 27b Small trees or shrubs 1-6 m tall; lower branches not usually rooting at joints; twigs various, not red; fowers/fruits few to many, often in pairs, 28a not in cymes; petals various; fruits various (if white to greenish drupes, then few and not in cymes) ...... 28 27a 28a Flowers 2-4 mm wide, either ♂ or ♀, with different sexes on separate plants; leaves with small, brown or silvery scales (at least beneath) and tiny, star-shaped hairs; branches sometimes spiny . . . . Elaeagnaceae (in part) ...... - Shepherdia (p. xx) 28b Flowers >4 mm wide, with ♂ + ♀ parts; leaves with or without simple hairs, but without brown or silvery scales; branches never spiny . . .29 29a Shrubs, ±1 m (rarely >3 m) tall; fowers few to several, in pairs or short clusters; leaf stalks 29a 0-1 cm long . . Caprifoliaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Lonicera, 29b Tall shrubs to small trees, 2.5-6 m tall; fowers many, in elongated, densely branched clusters; leaf stalks 1-4 cm long . . .Oleaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 30a Leaves divided into leafets (compound) . .31 30b Leaves undivided (simple) ...... 35 29b 31a Leafets smooth edged, all paired (no tip leafet); stipules usually becoming spines; fowers bilaterally symmetrical, -like, yellow; fruits 4-6 cm pods ...... (in part) 31a ...... - Caragana (p. xx) 31b Leafets toothed or smooth edged, paired plus 1 at the tip; stipules (if present) not spiny; fowers radially symmetric or tiny in round, 3-4 mm heads; fruits various, not as above . . .32

10 32a Stems bristly or prickly . Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Rosa, 32b Stems not bristly or prickly ...... 33 33a Leaves divided into 3 leafets (rarely just 33a 3-lobed)...... Anacardiaceae (p. xx) 33b Leaves pinnately divided into >3 leafets . .34 32a 34a Leaves 2-3X divided, with many slender lobes giving them a delicate, fern-like appearance; sub-shrubs (± woody) or perennial herbs; fowers tubular, yellowish, tiny (<1 mm wide), in round, 3-4 mm heads within a many-branched cluster ...... (in part) ...... - Artemisia abrotanum (p. xx) 34b Leaves 1X divided into 5-20(25) elliptic to egg- shaped leafets, not fern-like; trees or shrubs; fowers white or yellow, 5-25 mm wide, with 5 spreading, egg-shaped to round petals, single or in showy, branched clusters (cymes, 34a panicles) ...... Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - , Sorbaria, Sorbus 35a Leaves mostly wedge-shaped at the base and 35a 3-lobed at the tip, (4)5-35 × 1-7 mm, densely hairy ...... Asteraceae (in part) ...... - Artemisia tridentata (p. xx) 35b Leaves not as above...... 36 36a Some or all fowers borne in or dense, -like spikes...... 37 36b Catkins or catkin-like spikes absent ...... 40 34b 37a Leaves, thick, succulent, ± cylindrical or scale- like ...... 38 37b Leaves thin, fat, with well-defned blades and stalks ...... 39 38a Stems with thorns; leaves linear, ± cylindrical, 38a 1-4 cm long ...... (in part) ...... - Sarcobatus (p. xx) 38b Stems without thorns; leaves scale-like, 38b broadly lance-shaped, 1-2 mm long; not yet wild in AB, but expected to spread from nearby US infestations ...... Tamaricaceae ...... - Tamarix ramosissima XXX (p. xx) 39a ♂ and ♀ catkins on the same plant; fruits nutlets, 1-seeded, winged or wingless ...... Betulaceae (p. xx) 39b ♂ and ♀ catkins on separate plants; fruits capsules, with numerous seeds each tipped with a tuft of hair ...... Salicaceae (p. xx)

39b 39a 40a Leaf edges smooth (sometimes shallowly wavy-toothed) ...... 41 40b Leaf edges distinctly toothed or lobed . . . .49

11 41a Leaves, and sometimes twigs and buds, covered with tiny silvery or brown scales (scurfy) ...... 42 41b Leaves, twigs and buds not scurfy ...... 43 42a Erect shrubs or small trees 2-7 m tall; leaves all alternate, dotted with silvery or brown scales; twigs and buds covered with tiny silvery or brown scales, young growth sometimes with 42a star-shaped hairs ...... Elaeagnaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Elaeagnus, Hippophae 42b Prostrate to ascending (rarely erect) shrubs or sub-shrubs 0.3-2 m tall, often ± as wide as tall; upper leaves alternate, lower leaves often ± paired (opposite), usually grey, often with fne scales . . . . Amaranthaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Atriplex canescens, A. gardneri 42b 43a Leaves smooth-edged (rarely with 1-2 lobes), ± hairless, minutely hairy, woolly or with dots or pits, tipped with a sharp point; stems sometimes woody at the base only, often twisted and gnarled; fowers tiny, in compact, fower-like heads ...... Asteraceae (in part) (p. xx) 44a . - Artemisia cana, Ericameria, Gutierrezia 43b Plants not as above ...... 44 44a Plants densely hairy with matted white to brownish hairs plus star-shaped hairs with 1 long ray; leaf edges strongly rolled down/ under...... Amaranthaceae (in part) ...... - Krascheninnikovia (p. xx) 43a 44b Plants not as above ...... 45 45a Branches often spiny at nodes; twigs creamy/ white; fowers in clusters of 1-4 in leaf axils; shrubs/trees 1-6 m tall .Solanaceae (in part) ...... - Lycium (p. xx) 45a 45b Branches not spiny; twigs gray, green to brown or maroon; fowers various; shrubs...... 46 46a Leaves 1-2 mm wide, linear to narrowly lance- shaped, ± cylindric to fattened, hairless, with a pale, waxy coating (glaucous) ...... Amaranthaceae (in part) ...... - nigra (p. xx) 46b Leaves >2 mm wide (mostly much wider), narrow egg-shaped to elliptic or nearly circular, fattened, hairy or not, glaucous or not . . . .47 46a 47a Twigs and undersides of leaves hairless or with white hairs; fowers urn-shaped, tipped with 5 47a small petal lobes . Ericaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Menziesia, Vaccinium 47b Twigs and leaf undersides with brown to yellowish hairs; fowers cupped, with 5 broad petals .48

12 48a Leaves elliptic to lance-shaped, 5-9 cm long; fowers white, 9-22 mm wide, 1-3 on the main stem in the axils of last year’s leaves; fruits dry, woody capsules ...... Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Rhododendron albiforum (p. xx) 48b Leaves egg-shaped, 1-4 cm long; fowers pinkish, 6-8 mm across, 2-6(15) on the tips of short, leafy side-branches; fruits black, shiny, berry-like pomes ...... Rosaceae (in part) 48a ...... - Cotoneaster (p. xx) 49a Leaves with fnger-like (palmate) veins and 48b lobes ...... 50 49b Leaves with pinnate veins, unlobed or pinnately lobed ...... 53 50a Stems prickly ...... 51 50b Stems not prickly ...... 52 51a Leaves prickly, >15 cm wide ...... 51a ...... Araliaceae (in part) 51b ...... - Oplopanax (p. xx) 51b Leaves not prickly, <15 cm wide ...... Grossulariaceae (in part) (p. xx) 52a Leaves with well-developed stipules >5 mm long; fower/fruit clusters at branch tips; fruits 2(3) dry capsules (follicles) 2.5 mm long or tiny red druplets in coherent, (10)15-20 mm wide clusters (raspberries). . . . . Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Physocarpus, Rubus parviforus 52b Leaves without stipules (at most a few 52a bristles); fower/fruit clusters in leaf axils; fruits red or black berries, 5-10(15) mm wide ...... Grossulariaceae (in part) (p. xx) 52b 53a Stems armed with spines or thorns (sometimes few and scattered) ...... 54 53b Stems not thorny (sometimes with short, projecting branchlets [spurs] that are not spiny-tipped) ...... 55 54a Thorns 15-60 mm long, simple or occasionally branched; leaf blades 2-7 cm long, coarsely toothed, but not spiny . . . Rosaceae (in part) ...... - Crataegus (p. xx) 54a 54b 54b Spines simple or 3-pronged from the base, 9-17 mm long; leaves 1.5-5 cm long, edged with spine-tipped teeth ...... Berberidaceae (in part)...... - (p. xx) 55a Sprawling, mat-forming shrubs 3-20(30) cm 55a tall ...... Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Arctous (p. xx) 55b Erect or ascending shrubs or trees, >30 cm tall ...... 56 56a Leaves prominently lobed, widest above mid- leaf, often fddle-shaped ...... Fagaceae ...... - Quercus macrocarpa X (p. xx) 56a 56b Leaves not as above...... 57

13 57a Leaf stalks with glands at the top (near blade); buds usually clustered at twig tips; fruits feshy drupes (cherries)...... Rosaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 57b Leaf stalks without glands at the top; buds mostly not clustered at tips; fruits various . . 58 58a 58a Leaves lance-shaped, with 1-4 pairs of teeth on the broad upper third, tapered to the 57a base, dotted with tiny yellow glands; shrubs aromatic, growing on shores and in wetlands ...... Myricaceae ...... - Myrica gale (p. xx) 58b Leaves egg-shaped, with teeth along the full length or conspicuous teeth near the tip, without glands; shrubs/trees not notably aromatic, growing in various habitats . . . . .59 59a Branches with short, stout side- that bear leaves and end in fower/fruit clusters . . 59a ...... Rosaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 59b Branches without stout side shoots; fower clusters at twig tips or in leaf/branch axils .60 60a Trees 15-35 m tall, usually with a single trunk; leaves with sharp, forward-pointing teeth and many straight side-veins; fruits fat, circular, winged samaras ...... Ulmaceae (p. xx) 60b Shrubs 0.5-6 m tall, usually with several main stems; leaves and fruits not as above . . . .61 60a 61a Stipules present (at least in early growth), attached to the twig and leaving a scar after falling; leaves with main side veins prominent, curved to run ± parallel to the leaf edge, and 61a not ending in a tooth . Rhamnaceae (in part) ...... - Endotropis (p. xx) 61b Stipules absent or attached to the leaf stalk, so not leaving a scar on the twig; leaves with main side veins prominent or not, not curved to run ± parallel to the leaf edge, and usually ending in a tooth ...... 62 62a Leaves with a few, coarse teeth, mainly near the tip; fowers saucer-shaped, 3-many, in branched clusters at branch tips ...... Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) 62a ...... - Amelanchier, 62b Leaves with many, fne teeth along the entire length; fowers urn-shaped, 1-few at branch tips and/or in leaf/stem axils ...... Ericaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Menziesia, Vaccinium

62b

14 Group 3 Submersed or Floating (Aquatic) Plants 2a Key to Families 01a Plants free-foating on or just below the water surface, not rooted (but sometimes anchored by modifed branches) ...... 02 01b Plants usually rooted, submersed or with some sections projecting above the water surface (fragments may be free-foating) or mature plants foating on the surface ...... 04 02a Plants <1.5-8 mm long, free foating, like → tiny grains, discs or spatulas, without clearly defned stems and leaves; 0-18; fowers tiny and rare ...... Araceae (in part) (p. xx) 3a . [Lemnaceae] - Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffa 02b Plants >1 cm long, mostly foating (sometimes stranded on wet substrates and appearing rooted); roots absent; fowers various. . . . .03

03a Plants carnivorous with bladder-like traps (→); fowers yellow, 1-few on stalks elevated above the water; calyx and corolla 2-lipped ...... Lentibulariaceae (in part) 3b ...... - (p. xx) 03b Branches without bladder-like traps; fowers tiny, stalkless, in leaf axils, submerged; calyx and corolla absent but each fower with 8-12 -like ...... Ceratophyllaceae ...... - Ceratophyllum demersum (p. xx) 04a Plants usually submerged; leaves grass-like, 5-15 cm long, with wide, sheathing bases with a sac of white spores on the upper/inner side; stems thick, short, inconspicuous ...... Isoetaceae - Isoetes* (p. xx) (*a , often mistaken for a seed plant) 04b Plants submerged or foating; leaves and stems not as above; embedded spore sacs absent ...... 05 4a 05a Leaves paired (opposite) or whorled on the stems ...... 06 05b Leaves alternate on stems (sometimes ± paired near the fowers) or all basal or plants 7a stemless ...... 12 06a Leaves deeply divided ...... 07 06b Leaves simple ...... 08 07a Leaves in rings of 4, fnely pinnately divided into thread-like, smooth-edged segments; 7b fowers in terminal spikes above the water ...... Haloragaceae - Myriophyllum (p. xx) 07b Leaves in rings of 5-12, 1-2X deeply forked ± regularly into 2 branches of ≈ size, usually fnely spiny-toothed; fowers stalkless, in leaf axils, submerged...... Ceratophyllaceae ...... - Ceratophyllum demersum (p. xx)

15 08a Leaves (at least some) in rings (whorled) . . 09 08b Leaves paired (opposite) ...... 10 09a Leaves ≥6 per node, smooth edged; stems unbranched, several arising from creeping rootstocks ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) 9a ...... [Hippuridaceae] - Hippuris (p. xx) 09b Leaves 2-4 per node (if >4/node, then conspicuously toothed), smooth-edged to conspicuously toothed; stems usually branched ...... (p. xx) ...... [incl. Najadaceae] 10a Leaves succulent, ± round, 10-35 x 7-25 mm; fowers 6-10 mm wide, short-stalked, 1-2 in leaf axils; corolla tubular, with 5 rounded, spreading white or bluish-white lobes, often yellowish inside; seAB . . . . . Plantaginaceae (in part) . . . . . [] - (p. xx) 10b Leaves thread-like (fliform), ≤2 mm wide; 9b fowers 1-5 mm long, without petals and sepals ...... 11

11a Leaves 35-42(80) x 0.2-1 mm, tipped with a sharp point; stipules thin ± translucent, sheathing the stem; plants submersed ...... Potamogetonaceae (in part) . . [Zannichelliaceae] - Zannichellia (p. xx) 11b Leaves 5-25 x 0.3-1.1 mm, notched at the tip; stipules lacking; plants submersed or sometimes with a foating of spoon- shaped leaves. . . . Plantaginaceae (in part) 10a ...... [Callitrichaceae] - Callitriche (p. xx) 12a Leaves deep-lobed or divided into leafets .13 11a 12b Leaves not deeply lobed or divided (sometimes heart-shaped) ...... 16 13a Plants with spreading rootstocks (rhizomes); leaves ± basal with 3-4 ≈ leafets at the tip of a long stalk ...... 14 13b Plants with slender, fbrous roots at the base or from leafy joints; leaves alternate along the 11b fowering stems, variously lobed or divided but not as above; basal leaves absent ...... 15 14a Leaves basal (from rootstocks), resembling a four-leaf clover; leafets 4, fan-shaped; plants reproducing by spores in hard, bean-shaped structures (often hidden among the leaves) . . .Marsileaceae - Marsilea* vestita S3 (p. xx) (*Pteridophyte, often mistaken for a seed plant) 14b Leaves alternate, crowded near the base of the fowering stalks; leafets, 3, oval; plants reproducing by fowers in showy, elongating 14b clusters (), white to pinkish, with 5, 14a conspicuously hairy petals . Menyanthaceae ...... - Menyanthes trifoliata (p. xx)

16 15a Leaves oblong, pinnately divided into 3-9(13) 15a egg-shaped to round leafets, foating or raised above water; fowers few-many, in fat-topped, elongating clusters (corymbose racemes), 4-parted, white or pink . (in part) ...... - Nasturtium (p. xx) 15b Leaves circular to kidney-shaped in outline, deeply cut into thread-like or linear, fnger- like (palmate) divisions, submersed (often), foating or raised above the water; fowers 1-4 on long stalks from leaf axils, 5-parted, yellow or white ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 16a Leaves all basal (rarely a few scale-like leaves 15b along the stem), arising from rootstocks or fbrous roots ...... 17 16b Leaves (at least some) on the stems . . . . .21 17a Mature leaves foating, oval to heart-shaped; submersed leaves similar to foating leaves, few or none; from thick rootstocks; fowers solitary, on long stalks ...... 18 17b Mature leaves submerged, foating and/or raised above water, linear, narrowly heart- shaped or arrowhead-shaped and notched at the base; from fbrous roots of slender rootstocks; fowers 1-many, stalkless or short- stalked in clusters ...... 19 18a Leaves deeply lobed at the base, with the stalk 18a attached at the notch; submersed parts not 18b gummy; fowers 25-70 mm across, yellow or white; widespread in AB,but some rare spp ...... (p. xx) 18b Leaves oval, with the stalk attached near the center of the blade; submersed parts with a thick gummy coating; fowers 12-25 mm wide, red-purple; neAB...... Cabombaceae ...... - Brasenia schreberi S1 (p. xx) 19a 19a Leaves 2-8 cm long, hollow, linear, in a basal rosette; neAB . . . . (in part) ...... - S1 (p. xx) 19a Mature leaves not hollow, narrowly heart- shaped or arrowhead-shaped and notched at the base submersed, foating or spreading to erect ...... 20 20a Plant juice watery; fowers tiny, many, stalkless in a feshy, 2-10 cm spike (spadix) at the base of a showy white (spathe); mature leaves spreading to erect (not foating or submersed), egg-shaped with rounded to notched bases . . 20b ...... Araceae (in part) - Calla (p. xx) 20b Plant juice milky; fowers showy, with 3 white, 20a 1-2 cm long petals, stalked, in rings (whorls) of 3 in branched, (5)20-50(100) cm tall clusters; mature leaves submersed or foating to erect; erect and foating leaves usually arrowhead- shaped; submersed leaves often ribbon-like . . (in part) - Sagittaria (p. xx)

17 21a Leaves oblong to kidney-shaped, with veins branching out from the midvein ...... 22 21b Leaves linear (foating leaves may be wider), 22a with veins mostly parallel to the midvein. . .23 22a Stems solid; stipules sheathing the stem, 5-50 mm long, ± translucent; basal leaves absent; leaves egg-shaped to oblong-lance-shaped, 1-3(8) x (2)5-15(23)cm, smooth-edged; fowers pink, 4-6 mm across, numerous in 1-2 dense, spike-like, 1-12(15) cm long clusters 22b ...... Polygonaceae (in part) ...... - Persicaria amphibia (p. xx) 22b Stems hollow; stipules absent; basal leaves usually present; leaves kidney- to heart- shaped, 1-5 x 1-2.5 cm, toothed or smooth- edged; fowers white to pinkish, 8-13 mm wide, 2-6 in open, fat-topped clusters (cymes) ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) ...... - natans (p. xx) 23a Submersed leaves <5mm wide, thread-like to ribbon-like ...... 24 24a 23b Submersed leaves mostly >5mm wide, ribbon- like to lance-shaped or oblong ...... 25 24a Stipules fused to the leaf for their entire length; mature fowers/fruits on 2-25 mm stalks in umbrella-shaped clusters at the tip of (3)10- 30 cm long, spirally coiled stalks (5-30 coils); fowers with ♂ and ♀ parts, without ...... Ruppiaceae - Ruppia cirrhosa S3 (p. xx) 24b Stipules partly fused to the leaf, with a free, 24b collar-like tip; mature fowers/fruits stalkless, in cylindrical spikes on straight or curved (not coiled) 5-10(15) cm stalks; fowers with either 25a ♂ or ♀ parts, with 4 tepals ...... Potamogetonaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - , Stuckenia 25a Flowers in conspicuous spherical heads of ♂ or ♀ fowers, the upper heads ♂ and the lower heads ♀; foating leaves mostly 20-100 cm long and ribbon-like . . . Typhaceae (in part) . . . . [Sparganiaceae] - Sparganium (p. xx) 25b Flowering clusters not as above; foating leaves various or absent ...... 26 26a All leaves (in and out of water) linear/ ribbon- 26a like; ligules present; fowers/fruits in small, stalked with 2 scale-like bracts (glumes) below 1-several tiny fowers (forets), , forming branched clusters (panicles); fowers with 2 scales (an outer lemma and usually an inner palea) ...... (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Catabrosa, , Zizania 26b Floating leaves, if present, oblong to elliptic, mostly wider than submersed leaves; emergent leaves absent; ligules absent; fowers/fruits stalkless in cylindrical spikes; fowers with 4 26b tepals ...... Potamogetonaceae (in part) ...... - Potamogeton (p. xx)

18 Group 4 Non-photosynthetic Plants including Dicots and Monocots Key to Families 01a Branched parasitic plants sprouting from the 1a trunks or branches of evergreen trees (usually pines) ...... Loranthaceae . . . . . - Arceuthobium americanum (p. xx) 01b Plants not growing out of trunks or branches ...... 02 02a Plants twining, attaching by suckers to the stems of other plants, and then becoming rootless; stems orange or gold, smooth, often 2a forming a tangled mat over the host plant . . . 3a ...... (in part) ...... - Cuscuta (p. xx) 02b Plants not as above, rooted in the soil, often attached to the roots of nearby plants . . . .03 03a parts usually in 3s or 6s (never in 5s); seeds with 1 seed-leaf (cotyledon); rootstocks with short, thick branches, resembling coral ...... (in part) ...... - Corallorhiza (p. xx) 03b Flower parts usually in 4s or 5s; seeds with 2 seed-leaves; rootstocks absent or, if present, not resembling coral ...... 04

4a 04a Petals separate; sepals separate, united or absent; plants white, yellow, pink or reddish brown when fresh, often drying blackish...... Ericaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Hypopitys, Monotropa 04b Petals wholly or partly united; sepals united at least at the base; plants pink, purplish or reddish brown when fresh (rarely white or yellow), not drying blackish ...... 05 05a Flowering stalks 20-80 cm tall, with sticky, glandular hairs, enlarged and -like at the base; fowers numerous, in 10-30 cm long, 5a elongating clusters (racemes); corolla regular, 5-lobed, with petals fused into an urn shape (not 2-lipped); anthers 10, 2-awned ...... Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Pterospora (p. xx) 05b Flowering stalks usually 3-20 cm tall, with or without sticky, glandular hairs, not enlarged at the base; fowers 1-many; corolla 2-lipped; anthers 4, not awned ...... 5b ...... (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Boschniakia; Aphyllon

19 Group 5 Monocots excluding Aquatic Families Key to Families 01a Sepals/petals/tepals in 2 whorls (series) of 3 parts each, some or all colored, showy and petal-like ...... 02 1a 1b 01b Sepals/petals/tepals not in 2 whorls, absent or inconspicuous ...... 18 02a Plants emergent aquatics (with lower parts in the water but upper stems, leaves and fowers held above the water); carpels/fruits 6-many, separate or joined at the base ...... 03 02b Plants of wet to dry habitats, but not emergent aquatics; carpels/fruits 3 (rarely 2), fused at the base ...... 04 03a Sepals green; ovaries with 1 ; fruits 1-seeded , not splitting open ...... Alismataceae (p. xx) 03b Sepals pinkish; ovaries with several ; 3a fruits several-seeded pods (follicles) splitting open when ripe ...... Butomaceae XXX 3b ...... - Butomus umbellatus (p. xx) 04a Ovaries inferior, 1-3 ...... 05 04b Ovaries superior (or partly so), stamens 2-4 or 3-6...... 06 05a Flowers radially symmetric; stamens 3; leaves in 2 vertical rows, overlapping and fattened 5a edge-wise to the stem. . . . . Iridaceae (p. xx) 05b Flowers bilaterally symmetric; stamens 1-2; leaves variously arranged but not as above ...... Orchidaceae (p. xx) 06a Flowers with clearly differentiated sepals (small, usually green) and petals (large, showy, blue or white with a pink, blue or yellowish tinge/markings) ...... 07 06b Flowers with all segments of similar size, shape and color (tepals) ...... 09 07a “Leaves” (bracts) 3, whorled, broadly egg- to 5b diamond-shaped, 7-12 x 5-20 cm; fowers 6-8 cm across, single, long-stalked, above the leaves; rare in AB, in in the Waterton area...... Melanthiaceae (in part) ...... [; Trilliaceae] ...... - ovatum S1 (p. xx) 07b Leaves 1-several, alternate, long and slender, 7a <3 cm wide; fowers 2-5 cm across; 1-several on slender stalks in branched clusters . . . .08

20 w08a ...... Stems slender, leafy; leaves several to many, spirally arranged, rolled inward; fowers few-several, in umbrella-shaped clusters (cymes), above 2 leaf-like, 5-15 cm long, strongly sheathing bracts; petals purple to rose, 6-10(16) mm long, smooth; rare, in sand dune areas of seAB ...... Commelinaceae . . . . . - occidentalis S1 (p. xx) 08b Stems essentially leafess; leaves 1-3, basal, fat; fowers 1-5, in fat-topped clusters; petals 8b 8a yellowish white, often lined with purple, 20-25 mm long, densely hairy on the lower half of the upper/inner surface; dry slopes in swAB ...... Liliaceae (in part) - Calochortus (p. xx) 09a Leaves reduced to thin, dry scales with a slender, 3-4 mm blade; stems fnely divided into slender, thread-like branchlets (cladodes), plants with a fern-like look; fowers greenish, small, in leaf axils . . Asparagaceae (in part) ...... [Liliaceae] - Asparagus (p. xx) 09b Leaves green, with well-developed blades (not 9a scale-like); branching not as above, plants not fern-like; fowers various, usually at the stem 10a tips ...... 10 10a Plants with an onion/garlic odor; fowers white, pink or purple, in a dense head or umbrella- shaped cluster () at the tip of the stem ...... ...... [Liliaceae; Alliaceae] - Allium (p. xx) 10b Plants without an onion/garlic odor; fowers various, not in single heads or . . . . 11 11a Fruits dry capsules; leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped (many times longer than wide) or broadly egg-shaped to elliptic with strong lengthwise ribs and accordion pleats . . . . .12 12a 11b Fruits juicy berries; leaves lance-shaped or wider, usually <5X as long as wide, without accordion pleats ...... 16 12a Flowers 1-3(5); leaves often paired or whorled, especially near fowers .Liliaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Fritillaria, Lilium 12b Flowers >5; leaves alternate or basal . . . . . 13 13a Leaves numerous, tough, fbrous, fowering stems erect, 30-120 cm tall...... 14 14a 13b Leaves fewer, soft and easily broken; fowering stems ≤25 cm tall ...... 15

14a Tepals 15-50 mm long; leaves smooth-edged, 4-20 mm wide; wet meadows & prairie, seAB ...... Asparagaceae (in part) (p. xx) . . . . .[Liliaceae; Agavaceae] - Camassia ,Yucca 14b Tepals (1.5)3-15 mm long; leaves 2-4(6) mm 14b wide, rough-edged, wiry pointed at the tip; montane sites, from Crowsnest Pass south ...... Melanthiaceae (in part) ...... [Liliaceae] - Xerophyllum (p. xx)

21 15a Leaves in 2 vertical rows, overlapping at the base and fattened edgewise to the stem in a fan-like arrangement; tepals white, 1.5-5(6) mm long . . Tofeldiaceae (p. xx) [Liliaceae] 15b Leaves neither fattened edge-wise to the stem nor in a fan-like arrangement; tepals 6-15 mm long (except 4-5 mm long in Toxicoscordion venenosum, but then usually with a yellow/ greenish gland at the base) ...... 15b . Melanthiaceae (in part) (p. xx) [Liliaceae] . . . . - Anticlea, Toxicoscordion, Veratrum 15a 16a Flowering stalks leafess; tepals white or yellow, separate and 20-35 mm long or fused in an urn 5-10 mm long . . . . Liliaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... Erythronium, Clintonia, Convallaria 16b Flowering stalks leafy; tepals 3-18 mm long . 17 17a Flowers usually many, in elongated, branched clusters (racemes; panicles) at stem tips; tepals white (0.1)1-5 mm long ...... Asparagaceae (in part) [Liliaceae; Ruscaceae]- Maianthemum (p. xx) 17b Flowers in clusters of 1-4(5) at stem tips or in 16a leaf axils; tepals cream to greenish white or greenish yellow and 8-18 mm long or rose to red-brown with yellow tips and 3-5 mm long...... Liliaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... [Colchicaceae; Uvulariaceae] ...... - Prosartes, Streptopus 17a 18a Flowers in a dense, feshy, 2-10 cm long spike (spadix) with a showy white or green bract (spathe) at the base; emergent aquatics . .19 18b Flowers not in a feshy spadix; upland plants or emergent aquatics ...... 20 19a 19a Leaves rush-like, 40-80 x 0.8-2 cm, stalkless with a sheathing base; fowering spike 3-8 cm long, with an erect, green, leaf-like bract (spathe) resembling and extension of the stem . . Acoraceae - Acorus americanus (p. xx) 19b Leaves egg-shaped to rounded, mostly 17b notched at the base, 5-10 x 4-11(14) cm, long- stalked; fowering spike (→) 1.5-2.5 cm long, above a broad, white bract 3-6(8) cm long, tipped with an abrupt, narrow point 4-10 mm long ...... Araceae (in part) - Calla (p. xx) 20a Flowers with 1 , producing 1 seed; tepals () absent or reduced to bristles or tiny scales ...... 21 20b Flowers with ≥ 2 ovaries or ovary cavities, producing 2-many seeds; tepals 6, in 2 rings (whorls), all similar, tiny but ± petal-like . . .24

19b 21a Styles and stigmas 1; fowers in single spikes; fowers without bracts; wetland plants . . . .22 → 21b Styles or stigmas 2-3; fowers in simple or compound spikes, panicles or racemes; fowers in the axils of bracts (these often highly modifed); wetland or upland plants ...... 23

22 22a Leaves cylindrical, 1-3 mm wide; stems 8-15 cm tall; mature spikes loosely fowered, 1.5-8 mm wide; plants annual, uncommon, only in sAB ...... Juncaginaceae (in part) ...... - Lilaea (p. xx) 22b Leaves fattened, (5)10-20 mm wide; stems 100-200 cm tall; mature spikes densely fowered, ±25 mm wide; perennial, widespread & common (except in/near the mountains) ...... Typhaceae (p. xx)

22a 23a Stems usually hollow and cylindrical (never 3-sided); leaves in 2 vertical rows; leaf sheaths 22b usually open (split down the inner side); fowers mostly with both ♂ and ♀ parts, single or in 2 vertical rows in spikelets; bracts scale- like, with 2 inner scales (lemma and palea) above 2 outer scales (glumes); stigmas 2 ...... Poaceae (p. xx) 23b Stems usually solid, 3-sided or cylindrical; 23a leaves usually in 3 vertical rows; leaf sheaths usually closed (fused in a cylinder around the stem); fowers ♂ or ♀ or with both ♂ and ♀ parts, spirally arranged in spikelets (rarely in 2 vertical rows); bracts single, scale-like or forming a sac (pergynium) around the ovary/ ; stigmas 2-3 . . . . (p. xx) 24a Sepals and petals dry, often thin and translucent 23b (not green); fruits capsules, 3- to many-seeded; fowers in chaffy heads, in clusters at branch tips, or attached to the side of the stem ...... Juncaceae (p. xx) 24b Sepals and petals herbaceous; fruits pods (follicles) or clusters of fused carpels (schizocarps), 2- to 6-seeded; fowers in branched, spike-like clusters (racemes) . . . 25 25a Flowers ±5; carpels joined only at the base; fruits pods (follicles), egg-shaped, 4-10 mm long; seeds 1-2(3) ...... Scheuchzeriaceae 24a 25a ...... - Scheuchzeria palustris (p. xx) 25b Flowers many; carpels ±fused; fruits schizocarps (splitting apart at maturity), slender to ± spherical, 2-8 mm long; seeds 3 or 6 ...... Juncaginaceae (in part) ...... - Triglochin (p. xx)

25b

23 Group 6 Herbaceous Dicots excluding Aquatic & Woody Families 01a Flowers distinctly bilaterally symmetric (irregular), pea-type, with 2 side wings framing

a central keel ...... 02 → → 01b Flowers various, but not pea-like ...... 03 2a → 02a Sepals fused in a cup-shaped or tubular calyx with≤5 lobes or teeth; petals 5, a large upper banner petal, 2 side wing petals (→), and 2 → 2b lower keel petals which enclose the style; stamens 10; fruit a 2-sided pod (legume), or jointed legume (loment), often pea-pod-like ...... Fabaceae (in part) (p. xx) 02b Sepals 5, the outer 3 small and the inner 2 (wings →) large, spreading and petal-like; petals 3, the upper 2 similar, the lower 1 keel- shaped with a distinctive fringed crest; stamens 6 or 8; fruit a . (p. xx) 03a Plants with tendrils; fruits green, 3-5 cm long, 3a infated, thick-skinned berries (pepos) covered in weak spines; leaves long-stalked, ± round, 5-12 cm across, with 3-7 triangular lobes ...... Cucurbitaceae ...... - Echinocystis lobata X (p. xx) 03b Plants without tendrils, fruits and leaves not as above ...... 04 04a Plant 40-100 cm tall, covered in stiff, spiny hairs; leaves mostly stalkless, sharply and coarsely toothed/lobed; fowers large, yellowish white, solitary at stem tips, with petals and sepals attached at the top of the ovary; petals apparently 10 (5 petals+5 petal-like, sterile stamens), 4-8 cm long . . . . ...... - decapetala (p. xx) 4a 04b Plants not as above ...... 05 05a Plants succulent, spiny, with barrel-like or pad- like thorny stems; leaves scale-like, tiny and 5a soon shed or absent . . . . . Cactaceae (p. xx) 05b Plants not as above ...... 06 06a Plants carnivorous, with basal rosettes of specialized leaves for trapping and digesting small invertebrates, in moist to wet habitats 07 06b Plants not as above ...... 09 07a Leaf blades with edges fused to form, curved tubes (pitchers) 10-20(30) cm long with a 7a hood-like fap over the opening, green to yellowish-green with red or purple veins...... Sarraceniaceae ...... - purpurea (p. xx) 07b Leaf blades small, 0.2-2 cm wide, fat or with up-curved edges but neither tubular nor strongly veined ...... 08

24 08a Leaf blades green to reddish, with long, tentacle-like hairs, each tipped with moist, sticky glands ...... (p. xx) 08b Leaf blades yellowish-green with in-rolled edges, surface buttery/slimy with a velvety 8a coating of small, sticky glands ...... Lentibulariaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 8b 09a Leaves with 3 leafets 3-8 cm long, alternate, near the stem base; fowers conspicuously hairy within, deeply 5-lobed, white or pink- tinged, usually >8 in a crowded elongating cluster () on a 10-30 cm stalk; wetland plants, often in standing water ...... Menyanthaceae ...... - Menyanthes trifoliata (p. xx) 09b Plants not as above ...... 10 10a Plants with 1 large compound leaf on a 30-60 cm stalk; blade divided into 3 parts, each with 3-5 leafets 5-15 cm long; fowers tiny, greenish or whitish, many, in (2)3(7) spherical clusters (umbels) 2-5 cm wide at the tip of a slender stalk below the leaf blade; fruits blackish, berry-like drupes ...... Araliaceae (in part) ...... Aralia (p. xx) 10b Plants not as above ...... 11 9a 11a Plants with 2 kidney-shaped leaves 8-14(21) 10a cm wide on stalks 6-20 cm long; fowers solitary on 1.5-3 cm long stalks, 2-4 cm wide, with 3 spreading, purplish, slender-pointed lobes above a tubular base that is hairy and tan or purplish externally and white or pale green internally ...... Aristolochiaceae ...... - Asarum canadense (p. xx) 11b Plants not as above ...... 12 12a Mature fowers and fruits in repeatedly 11a divided, umbrella-shaped clusters (compound umbels); fruits schizocarps, with 2 dry, 1-seeded segments (mericarps) splitting apart at maturity ...... (in part) (p. xx) 12b Flowers and fruits not as above ...... 13 13a Flowers in compact clusters/heads of many small, individual fowers, each cluster often resembling a single fower (e.g. a daisy) . .14 13b Flowers not in compact, head-like clusters . 23 14a Flowers in true heads, with a ring of bracts (an involucre) at the base; fowers tiny forets, often of 2 types (ray and disc forets) . . . . .15 14b Flower clusters head-like, but without involucral bracts under the fowerhead (sometimes bracts under individual fowers) ...... 21 12a

25 15a Upper plant blue- or purple-tinged; fowers in several stalked, 1.5-2 cm, egg-shaped to spherical heads each with a ring of spiny, 16a 15-25 mm long bracts radiating out from the base ...... Apiaceae (in part) 15a ...... - (p. xx) 15b Plants and fower clusters not as above . . . 16 16a Flowers tiny (<5 mm tall), with either 1 ovary or 1 stamen and with no petals or sepals, in compact, fower-like clusters from a cupped involucre above showy, petal-like bracts; plants with milky . Euphorbiaceae (p. xx) 16b Flowers not as above; plants with clear or milky sap ...... 17 17a Flowers with sepals only, these usually showy and petal-like; petals absent; involucral bracts 18b usually fused in a cup or funnel; leaves paired or basal ...... 18 17b Flowers with both petals and sepals (sepals modifed to form a in Asteraceae); involucral bracts usually separate; leaves 18a alternate, paired or basal ...... 19 18a Sepals 5; stamens 3-5; involucre forming a broad, corolla-like cup; leaves paired ...... Nyctaginaceae (p. xx) 18b Sepals 6; stamens 9; involucre ± funnel- shaped; leaves mostly basal (sometimes also in a ring below the fower cluster) ...... Polygonaceae ...... - Eriogonum (p. xx)

→ → 19a 19a Stamens usually 5 (4 in Matricaria), with anthers fused in a tube or flaments fused at the base; fowers (→) either ♂ or ♀ (imperfect) or with both ♂ and ♀ parts (perfect) ...... Asteraceae (p. xx) 19b Stamens 4, separate (not fused in a tube); fowers perfect ...... 20 20a Plants little branched; stem leaves paired (opposite), pinnately lobed or divided; fowers lilac or pink, 9-12 mm long, in dense, fat heads 3-4 cm across . . . . . Caprifoliaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 20b Plants freely branched; stem leaves in rings (whorls) of 6-8, simple, smooth-edged; fowers 20a blue-purple, 5-6.5 mm long, in open, rounded heads ±1 cm across . . . (in part) 20b ...... - (p. xx) 21a Leaves mostly basal, 1-3 times divided into 3 leafets; fowers radiailly symmetric, 5-8 mm wide, yellowish-green in small clusters of 3-6 ...... Adoxaceae (in part) ...... - Adoxa (p. xx) 21b Leaves alternate or paired on the stem (not basal), simple, not divided into leafets; fowers 21a radially or bilaterally symmetric, pink to lilac or pale purple ...... 22

26 22a Corolla 20-35 cm long, strongly 2-lipped (irregular); leaves paired; stems square; plants with a strong, pleasant odor (wild bergamot) ...... (in part) ...... - Monarda (p. xx) 22b Corolla 3-15 mm long, regular, funnel- to trumpet-shaped; leaves alternate; stems rounded; plants not strongly scented ...... (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Collomia, Navarretia 23a Flowers with just one foral ring (either petals 22b or sepals absent) or with both petals and 22a sepals present but ± identical, rarely without petals and sepals ...... Group 7 (p. 27) 23b Flowers with sepals and petals both present and distinguishable, in 2 foral rings (series), the inner (petals) usually larger and colored, the outer (sepals) usually smaller and greenish ...... 24 23a 24a Petals all distinct, separate down to the base; sepals separate or united . . . Group 8 (p. 30) 24b 24b Petals, at least some, united, sometimes only at the base ...... Group 9 (p. 36)

24a ------Group 7 Herbaceous Dicots without sepals & petals, or with just 1 floral ring & all similar

01a Flowers with either ♂ or ♀ parts but not both (imperfect) ...... 02 01b Flowers with both ♂ and ♀ parts (perfect) .05 2a 02a Female fowers and fruits in catkin-like clusters from upper leaf axils; plants twining vines or erect, many-branched herbs ...... (p. xx) 02b Fruits not in catkin-like spikes; plants various, not twining vines ...... 03

03a Leaves 1-4X divided pinnately or in 3s ......

→ ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) → ...... - Thalictrum (p. xx) 03b Leaves simple, undivided ...... 04 3a 04a Stigmas 2-5; fruits enclosed in 2 often feshy 4a bracts (→); plants without stinging hairs ...... Amaranthaceae (in part) (p. xx) 04b Stigmas 1; fruits enclosed by 2-4 thin sepals; plants usually with stinging hairs ...... Urticaceae (p. xx) 05a Leaves in rings (whorls) of 3-8, sometimes also in a basal rosette; fowers few, in clusters at stem tips or in leaf axils ...... 06 05b Leaves basal, opposite or alternate, not 4b whorled; fower in various clusters or sometimes solitary ...... 07

27 06a Sepals 5, pale green or white; corolla absent; stems ± cylindrical, smooth; basal rosette of leaves present (may be shed as plants mature) ...... Molluginaceae ...... - Mollugo verticillata X (p. xx) 6a 06b Sepals absent; corolla 3- to 4-lobed, greenish yellow to white or bluish-purple; stems usually 4-sided, smooth or edged with tiny barbs; basal rosette absent . . . Rubiaceae (in part) ...... - Galium (p. xx) 07a Leaves with stipules ...... 08 07b Leaves without stipules...... 09 08a Leaves paired (opposite); stipules large, silvery, membranous, free; plants forming 8a dense mats or cushions 2-7 cm tall ...... (in part) ...... - Paronychia (p. xx) 08b Leaves alternate; stipules (ocreae) sheathing 6b the stem; plants various, sprawling to erect, mostly >10 cm tall ...... Polygonaceae (in part) (p. xx) 09a Leaves opposite ...... 10 09b Leaves basal or alternate on the stem (lower stem leaves sometimes opposite) ...... 13 8b 10a Leaves scale-like; stems feshy; fowers (→) tiny, embedded in the stem; plants in saline areas, bright red at maturity ...... Amaranthaceae (in part) ...... - Salicornia (p. xx) 10b Leaves not scale-like; stems not feshy; fowers → and plants not as above ...... 11 → 11a Leaf bases clasping, sometimes sheathing the stem; stem joints usually swollen ...... 11a ...... Caryophyllaceae (in part) (p. xx) 10a 11b Plants not as above ...... 12 12a Erect perennials (sometimes sprawling at the base) or sprawling to trailing annuals; fowers in loose, branching or umbrella-shaped clusters (sometimes solitary); leaves usually short-stalked >2 cm long, and 3-60 mm wide; fruits achenes (with conspicuous veiny wings in Tripterocalyx) . . . . Nyctaginaceae (p. xx) 12b Erect or spreading, leafy-stemmed perennials, from slender, creeping rootstocks; fowers solitary in leaf axils; leaves stalkless, usually <3 cm long and 1-10 mm wide; fruits few- seeded capsules, opening at the tip ...... (in part) 12a ...... - (p. xx) 13a Leaves divided into leafets or deeply lobed 14 13b Leaves simple (often shallowly lobed) . . . .15

12b

28 14a Stamens 2; sepals not petal-like, 4, ±1 mm long; petals absent; fowers 30+ in elongating, branched clusters (racemes); fruits dry, rounded pods (silicles) 2-3.5 mm long, winged and usually notched at the top ...... Brassicaceae (in part) ...... - Lepidium densiforum (p. xx) 14b Stamens ≥5 (often many more); sepals petal- like, (4)5-many, ≥5 mm long; petals absent; fowers 1-many in fat-topped to rounded 14b 14a clusters (cymes or umbels); fruits achenes or pods (follicles), not winged or notched at the top, pods >3.5 mm long ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) (p. xx)

15a Ovary (→) with foral rings (sepals, petals, stamens) attached at the top or on the sides 15a (inferior to partly inferior)...... 16 15b Ovary (→) with foral rings attached at the base (superior) ...... 17 16a 15b 16a Sepals attached near the middle of the partly inferior ovary; fruits many-seeded, 2-beaked capsules . . . . (in part) (p. xx) . . - Chrysosplenium, Heuchera cylindrica 16b Sepals somewhat united above the ovaries; fruits nutlets or feshy berries or drupes ...... Santalaceae (p. xx) 17a Flower clusters terminal, 2- to 9-fowered 16b cymes or umbels, or fowers solitary; fowers conspicuous, sepals ≥5, petal-like, petals absent ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) ...... - Caltha (p. xx) 17b Plants not as above ...... 18 18a Leaves all basal; sepals 6; fower clusters in 17a small cones of fused bracts (involucres)...... Polygonaceae (in part) ...... - Eriogonum (p. xx) 18b Leaves basal or alternate along the stem (sometimes paired near the base); sepals 2-5; fower clusters sometimes with 1-2 bracts at the base, but not from an involucre of fused bracts ...... 19 19a Sepals 1-5, free to partly fused, usually equal 18a in size; fowers greenish or purplish, in various clusters; stamens 0-5; styles 0-3 ...... Amaranthaceae (in part) (p. xx) 19b Sepals 2-3, partly fused and unequal in size; fowers appear pink to reddish or purplish (due to stamens), in a dense, elongating spike with small green bracts; stamens 2, deep purple to reddish; style 1 . . . Plantaginaceae (in part) ...... - Veronica wyomingensis (p. xx)

19a

19b

29 Group 8 Dicot Herbs - with separate petals & separate or fused sepals 1a 01a Plants matted semi-aquatic (often growing in mud); leaves opposite; fowers tiny, in leaf axils ...... ...... - Elatine americana (p. xx) 01b Plants not as above ...... 02 2a 02a Plants with milky juice; leaves basal or alternate, pinnately divided into 5-9 leafets or lobes (just toothed in somniferum) ...... (in part) (p. xx) 4a . . . - Chelidonium, , Papaver 02b Plants with clear juice; leaves various . . . .03 03a Flowers strongly bilaterally symmetric (irregular) and/or spurred (with 1 or more hollow, tubular to sac-like extensions (spurs) projecting back/down from the base of the fower) ...... 04 03b Flowers without spurs and radially symmetric (regular) or nearly so ...... 07 04a Sepals 2, small; petals 4, the inner 2 forming a sac-like base; stamens 6, in two bundles of 3 Papaveraceae (in part) (p. xx) [Fumariaceae] 04b Sepals 5 (1 or more sometimes resembling 5a petals); petals 4-5 (the lower 3 sometimes absent in ); stamens 5 or many, not in 2 bundles of 3 ...... 05 05a Petals 5, the 2 side petals frequently bearded at base, the lowest petal with a sac-like basal spur; 6a sepals green, not petal-like; fruits capsules, splitting into 3 parts ...... Violaceae (p. xx) 05b Petals not as above; sepals (at least some) variously colored and petal-like, the upper one helmet-shaped or with a slender, hollow extension (spur) projecting from the base; fruits clustered pods (follicles) or 5 parted capsules ...... 06 6b 06a Stamens 5, 10 or more, usually numerous, separate; fruits achenes or clusters of 3-5 pods (follicles) . . . .Ranunculaceae (in part) (p. xx) 06b Stamens 5, ± joined around the ; fruits elongated, 5-parted capsules, splitting explosively when ripe ...... Balsaminaceae (p. xx) 7a 07a Flowers tiny, 1.9-2.3 mm long, with 2 slender outer sepals and 3 broad (egg-shaped) inner sepals; petals 3, shorter than the sepals; leaves undivided and smooth-edged (entire), basal and alternate on the stem; fruits spherical capsules 1.8-2 mm long . Cistaceae (in part) ...... - Lechea (p. xx) 07b Flowers and fruits not as above ...... 08

30 08a Flowers with 4 sepals 4 and 4 petals attached at the base of the ovary; ovary tipped with a single style; fruits linear to spherical, pod-like capsules (siliques) ...... 8a ...... Brassicaceae (in part) (p. xx) 08b Flowers and fruits not as above ...... 09 09a Leaves opposite or whorled or all basal . . .10 09b Leaves mostly alternate on the stem (occasionally with some lower leaves opposite); basal leaves present or not . . . .28 10a Main leaves 4-6 clustered (± whorled) at the stem tip ; lower leaves small and inconspicuous; fowers 1-2 mm, numerous, clustered at the centre of 4 conspicuous, white bracts (resembling petals of a larger, single fower); fruits red, berry-like drupes in round, compact 10a clusters ...... Cornaceae (in part) (p. xx) 10b Leaves, fowers and fruits not as above . . . 11 11a Leaves mainly basal (fower stalks usually with 1 stalkless leaf/bract); fowers solitary on long stalks; petals white with greenish or 11a yellowish veins; fertile stamens 5, alternating with 5 branched, gland-tipped sterile stamens 12a () ...... Celastraceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 11b Leaves and fowers not as above ...... 12 12a Flowers with either ♀ or ♂ parts (unisexual; imperfect) ...... Caryophyllaceae (in part) ...... - Silene (p. xx) 12b Flowers with both ♀ and ♂ parts (perfect) .13 13a Styles 1/fower ...... 14 13b Styles ≥2/fower (rarely 1 in Agrimonia) . . .23 14a Ovary with petals, sepals and stamens attached at the tip (inferior); petals and sepals in 2s or 4s, stamens usually 8 ...... (in part) (p. xx) 14a 14b Ovary with petals, sepals and stamens attached at the base (superior or partly so), 16a petals and sepals in 4s, 5s or 6s; stamens few to many ...... 15 15a Sepals 2, but often shed early in fowering; petals 5; stamens 6-10; styles 4-6 ...... 16 15b Sepals >2, usually 5 and persistent; fowers not as above ...... 17 16a Plants annual, weedy, generally sprawling on the ground; petals yellow; ovary partly inferior, with sepals, petals and stamens attached near the middle ...... Portulacaceae ...... - Portulaca oleracea (p. xx) 16b Plants not as above; petals white, pink or 16b rose-red; ovary superior, with foral rings at the base ...... Montiaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Claytonia, Lewisia

31 17a Leaves all basal; stem leaves absent or tiny . 18 17b Basal leaves present or not; stem leaves well- developed ...... 20 18a Flowers 15-40 mm long; petals bent sharply back; stamens 5, projecting beyond the petals in a cylinder around the style ...... 18a ...... Primulaceae (in part) ...... - Primula (p. xx) [Dodecatheon] 18b Flowers 2-15 mm long; petals not bent sharply back; stamens 5 or 10, separate ...... 19 19a Petals white, slender, with a stalk-like base (claw); stamens 5; sepals united >3/4 of their length ...... Saxifragaceae (in part) ...... - Conimitella (p. xx) 19b Petals white, greenish, pink or reddish, rounded to broadly egg-shaped, not clawed; stamens 10; sepals joined at base only . . . . . 19a ...... Ericaceae (in part) 19b ...... - Pyrola (p. xx) 20a Leaves deeply divided into fnger-like (palmate) lobes or leafets, with stalks 1/4->3/4 as long as the blade; fruits long-beaked capsules, splitting into 5, 1-seeded parts; stamens 10 (5 in Erodium) with flaments united ...... (p. xx) 20b Leaves not divided, smooth-edged or with small teeth, ± stalkless; fruits and stamens not as above ...... 21 21a Leaves in 2s or 3s; plants 50-100 cm tall; fowers showy, 25->50, set in whorls on spikes; sepals 5-7, hairy, united >3/4 of their 20a length; petals 5-7, purple (rarely white), 7-11 mm long; stamens 10-14, 2X as many as the petals ...... Lythraceae ...... - Lythrum salicaria XXX (p. xx) 21b Leaves in pairs; plants 5-30 cm tall; fowers single at stem tips or in leaf axils or up to 40 22a in short spikes or racemes; sepals 4-5, free or joined at base only; petals 4-5, white or light 21a blue; stamens 10 or fewer ...... 22 22a Petals (4)5, blue, 10-12 mm long; sepals (4)5 free or sometimes joined at the base; stamens (4)5; leaves smooth-edged and stalkless; fruits egg-shaped capsules, 5-12 mm long ...... (in part) ...... - Lomatogonium (p. xx) 22b Petals 4, white, 2-3 mm long; sepals 4, free; stamens 2; leaves smooth-edged or edged with small teeth, stalkless to short- stalked; fruits fattened, broadly heart-shaped capsules, 3-4 mm long ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) ...... - Veronica peregrina (p. xx) 22b

32 23a Leaves marked with translucent or black glandular dots; stamens 9 or more (often many more), sometimes joined at the base in 3-5 bundles; fowers mostly yellow, (pink in ); ovary 3 chambered ...... (p. xx) 23b Leaves not glandular-dotted; stamens 10 or fewer, not joined or in bundles; fowers variously colored; ovary 1- to 9 chambered 24

23a 24a Sepals and petals borne on an enlarged foral cup or disk () ...... 25 24b Sepals and petals borne on a that may be slightly enlarged but is not a distinct cup or disk ...... 26

25a 25a Leaves simple, sometimes palmately lobed; stamens (4)5 or 10; carpels 2 (sometimes more), united; styles and stigmas usually 2; fruits dry capsules, splitting open when ripe ...... Saxifragaceae (in part) (p. xx) 25b Leaves mostly pinnately divided into lobes or leafets; stamens usually >10 (5 in Sibbaldia); 25b carpels numerous, separate; styles and stigmas usually >10; fruits aggregates of multiple achenes set on receptacles that are either dry (e.g. triforum), or feshy (e.g. Fragaria) ...... Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) 26a Styles >5/fower (sometimes 3-4 in Coptis, but then with stalked carpels/capsules) ...... 26a ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) (p. xx) 26b Styles 2-5/fower ...... 27 27a Styles 2-5; stamens usually 5 or 10; fruits few- to many-seeded capsules, 1/fower; fowers variously colored, but not yellow; leaves succulent or not, paired and sometimes in small bundles (fascicles)...... Caryophyllaceae (in part) (p. xx) 27a 27b Styles 4-5; stamens (8)10; fruits small pods (follicles), joined at the base in heads of 4-5/ 27b fower; fowers yellow to yellow-green; leaves succulent, paired, not fascicled...... (in part) ...... - divergens (p. xx) 28a Sepals 2; plants hairless ...... 29 28b Sepals >2; stems hairless or not ...... 30 29a Plants sprawling, ± fat on the ground, persistent weeds on disturbed ground; stems usually purplish red, repeatedly branched; petals 4-6, yellow ...... Portulacaceae 29b 29a ...... - Portulaca oleracea (p. xx) 29b Plants erect to sprawling but with erect tips, native plants of moist sites in the Waterton area; stems usually green, branched or unbranched; petals 5, white, pink or rose-red ...... Montiaceae (in part) ...... - Montia (p. xx)

33 30a Leaves undivided (simple) ...... 31 30b Leaves divided into leafets (compound) or 31a deeply lobed ...... 38 31a Flowers with either ♀ or ♂ parts (unisexual; imperfect) ...... Crassulaceae ...... - (p. xx) 31b Flowers with both ♀ and ♂ parts (perfect) .32 33a 32a Styles 1/fower ...... 33 32b Styles ≥2/fower, often numerous (or fowers unisexual, styles absent in male fowers) . .35 33a Ovary inferior; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 8 ...... Onagraceae (in part) (p. xx) 33b Ovary superior; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous ...... 34 34b 34a Anther flaments united together into a tube or that surrounds the style; leaves palmately veined . (in part) (p. xx) 34b Filaments not united; leaves pinnately veined ...... Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Orthilia (p. xx) 34a 35a 35a Leaves stalkless, succulent, feshy; styles 4 or 5; stamens 10, not united; fruit a follicle; stems succulent; petals yellow (rarely white); plants hairless, sometimes with a pale, waxy coating ...... Crassulaceae (in part) ...... - Sedum (p. xx) 35b Plants not as above ...... 36 36a Floral cup (hypanthium) present ...... 36a ...... Saxifragaceae (in part) (p. xx) 36b Hypanthium absent ...... 37 37a Leaves shaped variously, not usually linear, stalkless to long-stalked, edges usually toothed to lobed (sometimes smooth-edged); sepals 5+; petals 3-15; styles 5+; stamens 10 or more, not united; fruits achenes, follicles or berries (not capsules) ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) (p. xx) 37b Leaves linear, stalkless, edges entire (not toothed or lobed); sepals 5; petals 5; styles 5; stamens 5, united at base; fruits capsules ...... Linaceae (p. xx) 37b 38a Flowers with either ♀ or ♂ parts (unisexual; imperfect) ...... Rosaceae 37a ...... - Aruncus (p. xx) 38b Flowers with both ♀ and ♂ parts (perfect) .39 39a Styles 1/fower ...... 40 39b Styles ≥2/fower, often numerous ...... 43

38a

34 40a Sepals 4; petals 4; leaves long stalked (at least lower ones), divided into 3 leafets; fowers/fruits 8 to many, in elongating clusters (racemes) of stalked fowers ...... (p. xx) 40b Sepals 5, petals 5 ...... 41 41a flaments not united ...... Ranunculaceae (in part) ...... - Actaea (p. xx) 41b Stamen flaments united in a tube or column around the style ...... 42 40a 42a Stamens >5, usually numerous; fowers 1-few in upper leaf axils; basal leaves sometimes 41a present; leaves palmately veined, simple or palmately divided into 3-5 leafets, not glandular-dotted; fruits segmented, wheel- shaped capsules, composed of 5-15, wedge- shaped, 1-seeded sections (2- to 3-seeded in Iliamna) ...... Malvaceae (in part) (p. xx) 42b Stamens 5; fowers many, in dense, 2-7 x 1-1.5 cm spikes; basal leaves absent; leaves pinnately veined, pinnately divided into 3-9(15), glandular-dotted leafets; fruits 1- or 2 seeded pods, 2-4 mm long . . . . . Fabaceae (in part) ...... - Dalea (p. xx) 42a 43a Leaves divided into 3 heart-shaped, 1-2 cm long leafets at the tip of a slender, 2-8 cm stalk; foral cup (hypanthium) absent ...... Oxalidaceae 42b ...... - Oxalis stricta X (p. xx) 43b Leaves variously lobed or divided but not as above; hypanthium present ...... 44 44a Styles 2-3 per fower; stamens 10; leaves palmately divided into 3-5 leafets...... Saxifragaceae (in part) (p. xx) 44b Styles >2 (usually >10) per fower; stamens 5, 10 or >10; leaves various ...... Rosaceae (in part) (p. xx) 43a

44a

44b

35 Group 9 Dicot Herbs with fused petals (at least at the base) & separate or fused sepals 01a Flowers in 1-sided elongating clusters coiled in a spiral (scorpioid) with fowers on the outer side of the curve ...... (in part) (p. xx) 01b Flowers clusters not scorpioid ...... 02 02a Flowers with 1 or more hollow, sac-like or slender extensions (spurs) projecting back/ 1a down from the base ...... 03 02b Flowers not spurred at base (upper fower lip sometimes projecting forward, as a beak) .06 03a Flowers usually with 4, ± straight spurs (1 from the base of each petal), purplish green or bronze, about 6 mm long; leaves paired, stalkless and undivided...... Gentianaceae ...... - (p. xx) 03b Flowers with 1 spur, variously colored but not as above, >6 mm long; leaves alternate, with or without stalks, simple or divided ...... 04

4a 04a Sepals 3, 2 small and often green-tinged, 1 large, petal-like and projecting back in a

3a conical spur that tapers to a slender, often → curved tip (→); petals 3, 1 curved upward and 2 curved down in a lower lip; fertile stamens 5

→ 5a ...... Balsaminaceae (p. xx) 04b Sepals 2 or 5, similar, mostly greenish, and inconspicuous; petals 4-5, 1 projecting back in

a slender tube or sac (spur); fertile stamens 4 → or 6 ...... 05

05a Petals 5, fused into a 2-lobed upper lip (→), 3-lobed lower lip and a long, slender spur projecting back from the base; stamens 4 ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) (p. xx) . . - Chaenorhinum, Linaria, 05b Petals 4, the upper/outer 2 fused in an upper lip with a sac-like base (→), the lower/inner 2 forming the lower lip; stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 Papaveraceae (in part) (p. xx) [Fumariaceae] ...... - Capnoides, , Fumaria 5b 06a Flowers strongly bilaterally symmetrical (irregular), 1 or more petals different from the others ...... 07 06b Flowers radially symmetrical (regular), or nearly so; petals all similar ...... 14

07a Ovary with petals and sepals attached at the top (inferior) Campanulaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - , Lobelia 07b Ovary with petals and sepals attached at the base (superior) ...... 08 7a

36 08a Sepals 5, the outer 3 small and the inner 2 (wings) large, spreading and petal-like; petals 3, the upper 2 similar, the lower 1 keel-shaped with a distinctive fringed crest; stamens 6 or 8 ...... Polygalaceae (p. xx) 08b Sepals & petals not as above; stamens 2-6 . 09 8a 09a Leaves all basal or alternate on the stem 9a (sometimes opposite below, alternate above) ...... Orobanchaceae (in part) (p. xx) . . . . - Castilleja, Orthocarpus, 09b Leaves opposite ...... 10 10a Ovary distinctly 4-lobed, often divided nearly to the base into 4 nutlets ...... Lamiaceae (in part) (p. xx) 10b Ovary not as above...... 11 10a 11a Calyxes 4 lobed ...... 12 11b Calyxes 5 lobed ...... 13 12a Stamens 4; corollas 2-lipped, strongly bilaterally 12a symmetric, white to yellow (pinkish purple in Odontites) . Orobanchaceae (in part) (p. xx) 12b Stamens 2; corollas slightly bilaterally symmetric, not markedly 2-lipped, with 4, widely spreading, white, blue or purple lobes ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) (p. xx) 12b 13a ...... - , Veronica 13a Calyxes strongly 5-angled (looking ridged)...... (in part) (p. xx) 13b Calyxes not or weakly 5-angled ...... Plantaginaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Collinsia, Penstemon

13b 14a Ovaries with sepals, petals and stamens attached at the top (inferior) or towards the middle (partly inferior) ...... 15 14b Ovaries with sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base (superior) ...... 17 15a 15a Leaves alternate or all basal ...... Campanulaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 15b Leaves in pair or rings (whorls) on the stem . 16 16a Leaves linear to lance-shaped, smooth-edged (entire), stalkless, with pointed tips ...... Rubiaceae (in part) ...... - Houstonia (p. xx) 16b Leaves broadly-oval to oblong, shallow- 16b toothed to deeply lobed, stalked, with rounded tips ...... Caprifoliaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Linnaea, 16a

37 17a 17a Plants with milky juice/sap; leaves opposite (occasionally sub-opposite) ...... (p. xx) 17b Plants without milky juice; leaves opposite or not ...... 18 18a Stamens 8 or 10; ...... 19 18b Stamens 2-5 ...... 20 19a Leaves with 3 heart-shaped, 1-2 cm leafets 19a at the tip of a slender, 2-8 cm stalk, delicate, dying at summer’s end ...... Oxalidaceae ...... - Oxalis stricta X (p. xx) 19b Leaves smooth-edged or lobed, not divided into 19b leafets, usually thick, leathery, persisting over winter (wintergreen) . . . . . Ericaceae (in part) ...... - Gaultheria (p. xx) 20a Stamens directly in front of the corolla lobes and the same number . . Primulaceae (p. xx) 20b Stamens alternating with the corolla lobes or not the same number ...... 21 21a Leaves mostly opposite or in a ring () at the top of the stem ...... 22 21b Leaves mostly alternate or all basal ...... 27 20a 22a Flowers clustered in axils of upper leaves or bracts that are much longer than the fowers, often forming narrow spikes; stems mostly 4-angled ...... 23 22b Flowers solitary or in branched clusters (not spikes); stems mostly cylindrical ...... 24 23a 23a Corolla deep blue or violet; spikes congested, with fowers in the axils of conspicuous, slender (linear to lance-shaped) bracts; plants mat-like with much-branched, stems sprawling on the ground (rarely erect) . . .Verbenaceae ...... - Verbena bracteata (p. xx) 23b Corolla pale blue or white; spikes open to interrupted, with fowers mostly in upper leaf axils; stems ± erect ...... Lamiaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Lycopus, Mentha 23b 24a Flowers with a 3-celled ovary tipped with 1 style bearing 3 stigmas; fruits capsules, splitting down the centre of each cell/cavity of the ovary . . . Polemoniaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Leptosiphon, Microsteris, Phlox 24b Styles with 1 stigma; fruits nutlets or capsules that split open around the tip or along the partitions between the ovary cells/cavities .25

24a

38 25a 25a Fruits 1-seeded nutlets, in compact clusters of 4; ovaries 4-lobed . . . Boraginaceae (in part) ...... - Asperugo (p. xx) 25b Fruits capsules splitting open around the tip or along the partitions between the ovary cells/ cavities ...... 26 26a Calyx strongly 5-angled (looking ridged), sepals 5; fowers yellow, often with red spots or stipes in the throat . Phrymaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 26b Calyx not or weakly 5-angled, sepals 4-5; fowers variously colored, if yellow, then 26b without red spots or stipes ...... Gentianaceae (in part) (p. xx) . . . .- , Gentianella, Gentianopsis 27a Leaves all basal, simple, long stalked . . . .28 26a 27b Stem leaves present, alternate (sometimes a few upper or lower leaves paired)...... 29 28a Leaves slender, 0.3-3 cm long; plants with slender runners (stolons); fowers solitary, 2-3 mm wide, on 8-30 mm stalks; stamens 4 ...... Scrophulariaceae (in part) ...... - Limosella (p. xx) 28b Leaves kidney-shaped, 1-3 cm broad, 5-7 28a lobed; stolons absent; fowers 5 or more in a loose raceme, >5mm wide; stamens 5 ...... Boraginaceae (in part) ...... - Romanzoffa (p. xx) 28b 29a Plants juice milky; stems twining; fowers funnel-shaped, with petals fused ± to the tip ...... Convolvulaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Convolvulus, Calystegia 29b Plant juice clear; stems not twining; fowers tipped with clearly defned petal lobes . . . .30

29a 30a Fruits 1-seeded nutlets, in compact clusters of 4 (→); ovaries 4-lobed ...... Boraginaceae (in part) (p. xx) 30b Fruits capsules or berries; ovaries not 4-lobed ...... 31 31a Flowers with a 3-celled ovary tipped with 1 style bearing 3 stigmas; fruits capsules, splitting lengthwise in the centre of each cell of the ovary ...... Polemoniaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 31b Styles with a simple or 2-lobed stigma; fruits berries or capsules that split open around the

→ tip or along the partitions between the ovary cells/cavities ...... 32 30a

31a

39 32a Stamens 2 or 4 . . . . . Plantaginaceae (p. xx) ...... - Gratiola, Plantago, Veronica 32b Stamens 5...... 33 33a Stamen flaments (at least some) densely 32a hairy; fowers yellow; plants usually biennial, with a basal rosette of leaves (→) in the frst year and a tall, fowering/fruiting stalk in the second year . . . Scrophulariaceae (in part) ...... - (p. xx) 33b Stamen flaments not densely hairy; fower colours various; plants annuals, biennials or perennials, but not usually forming a basal rosette of leaves in the frst year ...... 34

→ 34a Ovary partly divided by 2 membranes that don’t 34a join in the center; fruits capsules 3-7 mm long 33a ...... Boraginaceae (in part) (p. xx) ...... - Ellisia, 34b Ovary completely divided into 2 cells; fruits berries or capsules 12-50 mm long, sometimes spiny ...... Solanaceae (in part) (p. xx)

34b

40 References Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2018. List of all Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - March, 2018. in Alberta Parks, editor. ACIMS, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Brayshaw, C. T. 2000. Pondweeds, Bur-reeds and their Relatves of Britsh Columbia. Aquatc Families of . Royal Britsh Coumbia Museum, Victoria, BC. Brayshaw, T. C. 1996. Trees and shrubs of Britsh Columbia. UBC Press, Vancouver, Britsh Columbia. Briton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated fora of the northern United States and Canada. Reprinted by Dover Publicatons in 1970 editon. Dover Publicatons, Inc., , New York. Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. A. M. Favreau, P. Bélisle, and P. Desmet. 2018. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. Accessed October 2018. htp://data.canadensys.net/vascan/. Budd, A. C., J. Looman, and K. F. Best. 2016. Budd’s fora of the Canadian prairie provinces. Volume 1. Ferns and Fern Allies, Conifers, Monocots. . Reprint editon. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platorm, North Charleston, SC. Budd, A. C., J. Looman, and K. F. Best. 2016. Budd’s fora of the Canadian prairie provinces. Volume 2. Dicots. Reprint editon. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platorm, North Charleston, SC. Crow, G. E. and C. B. Hellquist. 2000. A revised and enlarged editon of A Manual of Aquatc Plants. Volume 1, , , and Angiosperms: by N.C. Fasset. University of Press, Madison, WI. Crow, G. E. and C. B. Hellquist. 2000. A revised and enlarged editon of A Manual of Aquatc Plants. Volume 2, Angiosperms: Monocotyledons by N.C. Fasset. University of Wisconsin Press. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 3. Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Onagraceae). Britsh Co- lumbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 4. Dicotyledons (Orobanchaceae through Rubiaceae). Britsh Colum- bia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2000. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 5. Dicotyledons (Salicaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pterido- phytes. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2001. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 6 Monocotyledons (Acoraceae through Najadaceae). Britsh Colum- bia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2001. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 7 Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). Britsh Co- lumbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia.

41 Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2002. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 8. General summary, maps and keys. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1998. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 1. Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons (Aceraceae through Asteraceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1998. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 2. Dicotyledons (Balsaminaceae through Cuscutaceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Flora ID. 2017. Interactve plant keys for all natve and naturalized vascular plants in the Pacifc Northwest. Flora-id.org, Pendleton, Oregon. Accessed 2017. htp://fora-id.org. Flora North America Editorial Commitee. 2008-10. Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed 2014-2016. www.fna.org. Hamel, K., Jenifer Parsons, Marc Boule, Sharon Feldman, Ingrid Wertz, and L. Zempke. 2001. Aquatc Plant Identfcaton Manual for ’s Freshwater Plants. Online Version, htp://www.ecy.wa.gov/PROGRAMS/wq/ plants/plantd2/index.html. Washington State Department of Ecology, Lacey, WA. Kuijt, J. 1982. A fora of Waterton Lakes Natonal Park. The University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta. Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A feld manual of ferns and fern-allies of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Insttuton Press, Washington, D.C. Lesica, P. 2012. Manual of Vascular Plants. Botanical Research Insttute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas. Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta. 2nd editon. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, . Packer, J. G. and A. J. Gould. 2017. Vascular Plants of Alberta Part 1: Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Monocots. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta. Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regulaton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB. Accessed 2018. www.qp.alberta.ca. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1988. The genus Vaccinium in North America. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Otawa, Ontario. Vit, D. H., J. E. Marsh, and R. B. Bovey. 1988. Mosses, lichens and ferns of northwestern North America. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta. Washington State Department of Ecology. 2017. An aquatc plant identfcaton manual for Washington’s freshwater plants: On-line version. Department of Ecology, State of Washington. Accessed 2017. htp://www.ecy.wa.gov/ PROGRAMS/wq/plants/plantd2/index.html. Wilkinson, K. 1990. Trees and shrubs of Alberta. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, AB Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to fowering plant families. The University of Press, Chapel Hill, NC.

42 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Adoxaceae Adoxa moschatellina H&C Amaranthaceae Atriplex dioica H&C Amaranthaceae Atriplex patula H&C; LK Amaranthaceae Chenopodiastrum simplex H&C Amaranthaceae Salicornia rubra H&C Apiaceae Bupleurum americanum H&C Apiaceae Conium maculatum H&C Apiaceae Eryngium planum BC Apiaceae Zizia aptera H&C; JM Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium H&C Apocynaceae Asclepias viridifora B&B Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis H&C Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense B&B Asteraceae Artemisia frigida B&B Asteraceae JM Asteraceae Solidago gigantea H&C Asteraceae ofcinale H&C Asteraceae Townsendia hookeri LK Balsaminaceae Impatens capensis LK; B&B Balsaminaceae Impatens noli-tangere H&C Boraginaceae Andersonglossum boreale H&C Boraginaceae Asperugo procumbens H&C Boraginaceae Cynoglossum ofcinale H&C Boraginaceae Ellisia nyctelea H&C Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum H&C Boraginaceae Lithospermum ruderale H&C Boraginaceae Myosots arvensis H&C Boraginaceae Nemophila brevifora H&C Boraginaceae Phacelia campanularia LK Boraginaceae Romanzofa sitchensis H&C Brassicaceae Lepidium densiforum H&C Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi H&C

43 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Cactaceae Escobaria vivipara H&C Cactaceae Opunta polyacantha H&C Campanulaceae Campanula alaskana H&C Campanulaceae Downingia laeta H&C Campanulaceae Lobelia kalmii H&C Cannabaceae Cannabis satva B&B Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus H&C Caprifoliaceae Knauta arvensis H&C Caprifoliaceae H&C Caprifoliaceae H&C Caryophyllaceae Cerastum arvense H&C Caryophyllaceae Cerastum beeringianum H&C Caryophyllaceae Moehringia laterifora H&C Caryophyllaceae Paronychia sessilifora H&C Caryophyllaceae Saponaria ofcinalis H&C Caryophyllaceae Silene latfolia H&C Celastraceae H&C Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum H&C Cistaceae Lechea intermedia B&B Cleomaceae Peritoma serrulata H&C Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium H&C Cornaceae H&C Crassulaceae Rhodiola integrifolia H&C Crassulaceae Sedum divergens H&C Crassulaceae Sedum lanceolatum H&C Cucurbitaceae Echinocysts lobata H&C Droseraceae rotundifolia B&B Elatnaceae Elatne triandra H&C Ericaceae Gaultheria hispidula H&C Ericaceae Orthilia secunda H&C Ericaceae Pyrola grandifora LK Euphorbiaceae virgata esula H&C

44 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Fabaceae H&C; JM Fabaceae Oxytropis podocarpa JM Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa B&B Gentanaceae Gentana calycosa H&C Gentanaceae Gentanella amarella H&C Gentanaceae Halenia defexa H&C Gentanaceae Lomatogonium rotatum H&C Geraniaceae Geranium richardsonii H&C Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus lewisii H&C Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum B&B; H&C Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea H&C Lamiaceae H&C Lamiaceae Lycopus asper H&C Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis H&C Lamiaceae Monarda fstulosa H&C Lentbulariaceae Pinguicula vulgaris JM Linaceae Linum usitatssimum H&C Loasaceae Mentzelia decapetala H&C Loranthaceae Arceuthobium americanum H&C Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria H&C Malvaceae Iliamna rivularis H&C Malvaceae Malva parvifora H&C Malvaceae Sphaeralcea coccinea H&C Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata H&C Molluginaceae Mollugo vertcillata H&C Montaceae Claytonia lanceolata H&C Montaceae Lewisia rediviva H&C Montaceae Monta linearis H&C Montaceae Monta parvifolia H&C Myricaceae Myrica gale H&C Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis albida JM Onagraceae Chamaenerion angustfolium H&C

45 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Onagraceae Chamaenerion latfolium H&C Onagraceae Circaea alpina H&C Onagraceae H&C Orobanchaceae Castlleja miniata H&C Orobanchaceae Melampyrum lineare H&C Orobanchaceae Orthocarpus luteus H&C Orobanchaceae Pedicularis oederi H&C Orobanchaceae Pedicularis racemosa H&C Orobanchaceae Rhinanthus minor H&C Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta H&C Papaveraceae Capnoides sempervirens H&C Papaveraceae Papaver nudicaule BC Phrymaceae Erythranthe gutata H&C Phrymaceae Erythranthe patula LK Plantaginaceae Collinsia parvifora H&C Plantaginaceae Gratola neglecta H&C Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris H&C Plantaginaceae Nutallanthus texanus H&C Plantaginaceae Penstemon elliptcus H&C Plantaginaceae Plantago major H&C Plantaginaceae Veronica americana H&C Plantaginaceae Veronica peregrina H&C Plantaginaceae Veronica persica H&C Plantaginaceae Veronica wyomingensis H&C Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis H&C Polemoniaceae Leptosiphon septentrionalis H&C Polemoniaceae Microsteris gracilis H&C Polemoniaceae Navarreta leucocephala H&C Polemoniaceae H&C; JM Polemoniaceae Polemonium pulcherrimum H&C Polygalaceae paucifolia B&B; JM Polygonaceae Eriogonum favum H&C

46 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia H&C Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea H&C Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata H&C Primulaceae Lysimachia latfolia H&C Primulaceae Lysimachia maritma H&C; JM Primulaceae Primula conjugens H&C Primulaceae Primula conjugens JM Primulaceae Primula egaliksensis JM Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra H&C Ranunculaceae formosa H&C Ranunculaceae JM Ranunculaceae Ceratocephala testculata H&C Ranunculaceae glaucum H&C Ranunculaceae Halerpestes cymbalaria H&C Ranunculaceae H&C Ranunculaceae Thalictrum occidentale H&C Ranunculaceae Trollius albiforus H&C Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus H&C Rosaceae Comarum palustre H&C Rosaceae Drymocallis pseudorupestris H&C Rosaceae H&C; JM Rosaceae Geum triforum H&C Rosaceae Potentlla gracilis H&C Rosaceae Potentlla pensylvanica H&C Rubiaceae Asperula arvensis LK Rubiaceae Galium boreale H&C Rubiaceae Houstonia longifolia B&B Santalaceae Comandra umbellata H&C Sarraceniaceae Sarracenia purpurea B&B Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium tetrandrum H&C Saxifragaceae Conimitella williamsii H&C Saxifragaceae Heuchera cylindrica H&C; JM

47 Keys to Family - Illustration Sources Family Species Source Saxifragaceae Leptarrhena pyrolifolia H&C Saxifragaceae Lithophragma glabrum H&C Saxifragaceae nelsoniana H&C Saxifragaceae Micranthes odontoloma H&C Saxifragaceae austromontana H&C Saxifragaceae Suksdorfa ranunculifolia H&C Saxifragaceae Tiarella trifoliata H&C Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatca H&C Scrophulariaceae H&C Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger H&C Solanaceae Solanum triforum H&C Tamaricaceae Tamarix ramosissima LK Ulmaceae B&B Ulmaceae BC Urtcaceae Urtca dioica H&C Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata H&C Violaceae nephrophylla H&C Violaceae Viola orbiculata H&C Violaceae Viola selkirkii B&B

48 Index Asparagaceae 21, 22 Acer Asparagus 21 glabrum 10 Asperugo 39 negundo 9 Asperula 26 Acoraceae 22 Aspleniaceae 5 Acorus Asplenium americanus 22 trichomanes-ramosum. See Asplenium Actaea 35 viride Adiantum viride 5 aleuticum 5 Asteraceae 11, 12, 26 pedatum. See Adiantum aleuticum Athyriaceae 6 Adoxa 26 Athyrium 6 Adoxaceae 9, 10, 26 alpestre. See Athyrium distentifolium Agavaceae. See Asparagaceae americanum. See Athyrium Alismataceae 17, 20 distentifolium Alliaceae. See Amaryllidaceae Atriplex Amaranthaceae 11, 12, 27, 28, 29 canescens 12 Amaryllidaceae 21 gardneri 12 Amelanchier 14 Bacopa Anacardiaceae 11 rotundifolia 16 29 Balsaminaceae 30, 36 Angiospermae 7 Berberidaceae 8, 13 Anticlea 22 Berberis Apiaceae 25, 26 vulgaris 8, 13 Apocynaceae 38 Betulaceae 11 Araceae 15, 17, 22 Boraginaceae 36, 39, 40 Aralia 25 Boschniakia 19 Araliaceae 13, 25 Botrychium Arceuthobium dusenii. See Botrychium crenulatum americanum 19 lunaria. See also Botrychium Arctous 13 neolunaria Aristolochiaceae 25 multifdum. See Sceptridium Artemisia multifdum abrotanum 11 oneidense. See Sceptridium oneidense cana 12 virginianum. See Botrypus virginianus tridentata 11 Brasenia Aruncus 34 schreberi 17 Asarum Brassicaceae 17, 29, 31 canadense 25 Butomaceae 20

49 Butomus Commelinacea 21 umbellatus 20 Conimitella 32 Cabombaceae 17 Convallaria 22 Cactaceae 24 Convolvulaceae 19, 39 Calla 22 Convolvulus 39 palustris 17 Corallorhiza 19 Callitrichaceae. See Plantaginaceae Cornacea 10 Callitriche 16 Cornaceae 31 Calochortus 21 Cornus Caltha sericea 10 natans 18 Corydalis 36 Calystegia 39 Cotoneaster 13 Campanula 37 Crassulaceae 33, 34 Campanulaceae 17, 36, 37 Crataegus 13 Cannabaceae 27 Cryptogramma 5 Capnoides 36 Cucurbitaceae 24 Caprifoliaceae 7, 10, 26, 37 Cupressaceae 7 Caragana 10 Cuscuta 19 Caryophyllaceae 28, 31, 33 Cyperaceae 23 Cassiope 8 Cystopteridaceae 6 Castilleja 37 Cystopteris 6 Catabrosa 18 Dalea 35 Ceanothus 9 Dasiphora 11 Celastraceae 31 Dennstaedtiaceae 5 Ceratophyllaceae 15 Dodecatheon 32 Ceratophyllum Downingia 36 demersum 15 Droseraceae 25 Chaenorhinum 36 Dryas 8 Cheilanthes. See Myriopteris Dryopteridaceae 5. See Chelidonium 30 also Onocleaceae; See Chrysosplenium 29 also Cystopteridaceae; See Cistaceae 8, 30 also Woodsiaceae; See Claytonia 31 also Athyriaceae Clematis 7 Dryopteris 6 Cleomaceae 35 assimilis. See Dryopteris expansa Clintonia 22 Echinocystis Colchicaceae. See Liliaceae lobata 24 Collinsia 37 Elaeagnaceae 10, 12 Collomia 27 Elaeagnus 12

50 Elatinaceae 30 Heuchera Elatine cylindrica 29 americana 30 Hippophae 12 Ellisia 40 Hippuridaceae. See Plantaginaceae Endotropis 14 Hippuris 16 Equisetaceae 4 Houstonia 37 Ericaceae 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 19, 32, Hudsonia 8 34, 38 Huperzia Ericameria 12 haleakalae. See Huperzia continentalis Eriogonum 26, 29 Hydrangeaceae 9 umbellatum 9 Hydrocharitaceae 16 Eryngium 26 Hypericaceae 33 Erythranthe 39 Hypopitys 19 Erythronium 22 Iridaceae 20 Eschscholzia 30 Isoetaceae 4, 15 Euphorbiaceae 26 Isoetes 15 Fabaceae 10, 24, 35 Juncaceae 23 Fagaceae 13 Juncaginaceae 23 Fraxinus 9 Juniperus 7 Fritillaria 21 Knautia 26 Fumaria 36 Krascheninnikovia 12 Fumariaceae 30, 36 Lamiaceae 27, 37, 38 Galium 28 Lechea 30 Gaultheria 38 Lemna 15 hispidula 8 Lemnaceae. See Araceae Gentiana 39 Lentibulariaceae 15, 25 Gentianaceae 32, 36, 39 Lepidium Gentianella 39 densiforum 29 Gentianopsis 39 Leptosiphon 38 Geraniaceae 32 Lewisia 31 Glyceria 18 Lilaea 23 Gratiola 37, 40 Liliaceae 21, 22. See Grossulariaceae 13 also Melanthiaceae; See Gutierrezia 12 also Asparagaceae; See Gymnocarpium also Amaryllidaceae; See jessoense. See Gymnocarpium also Tofeldiaceae continentale Limosella 39 Halenia 36 Linaceae 34 Haloragaceae 15 Linaria 36

51 Linnaea 7, 37 Mentha 38 Loasaceae 24 Mentzelia Lobelia 36 decapetala 24 dortmanna 17 Menyanthaceae 16, 25 Lomatogonium 32 Menyanthes Lonicera 10 trifoliata 16, 25 dioica 7 Menziesia 12, 14 Loranthaceae 19 Microsteris 38 Lycium 8, 12 Molluginaceae 28 Lycopodiaceae 4 Mollugo Lycopodium verticillata 28 alpinum. See Diphasiastrum alpinum Monarda 27 clavatum. See Lycopodium lagopus Monotropa 19 complanatum. See Diphasiastrum Montia 33 complanatum Montiaceae 31, 33 dendroideum. See Dendrolycopodium Myrica dendroideum gale 14 inundatum. See Lycopodiella inundata Myricaceae 14 obscurum. See Dendrolycopodium Myriophyllum 15 dendroideum Najadaceae. See Hydrocharitaceae selago. See Huperzia selago; Nasturtium See Huperzia continentalis ofcinale 17 sitchense. See Diphasiastrum sitchense Navarretia 27 Lycopus 38 Nemophila 40 Lysimachia Non-photosynthetic Plants 19 maritima 28 Nuttallanthus 36 Lythraceae 32 Nyctaginaceae 26, 28 Lythrum Nymphaeaceae 17 salicaria 32 Oleaceae 9, 10 Maianthemum 22 Onagraceae 31, 34 Malus 14 Onocleaceae 5 Malvacea 35 Ophioglossaceae 4 Malvaceae 34 Oplopanax 13 Marsilea Orchidaceae 19, 20 vestita 4, 16 Orobanchaceae 19, 37 Marsileaceae 4, 16 Orthilia 34 Matteuccia Orthocarpus 37 struthiopteris 5 Oxalidaceae 35, 38 Melanthiaceae 20, 22 Oxalis

52 stricta 35, 38 Primulaceae 32, 38 Papaver 30 Prosartes 22 Papaveraceae 30, 36 Prunus 14 Parnassia 31 Pteridaceae 5 Paronychia 28 Pteridium Pedicularis 37 aquilinum 5 Pellaea 5 Pteridophyta 3 atropurpurea. See Pellaea gastonyi Pterospora 19 Penstemo 37 Pyrola 32 Penstemon Quercus ellipticus 9 macrocarpa 13 fruticosus 9 Ranunculaceae 7, 17, 18, 27, 29, 30, Persicaria 33, 34, 35 amphibia 18 Ranunculus 17 Phegopteris Rhamnaceae 9, 14 connectilis 6 Rhamnus 9 Philadelphus Rhodiola 34 lewisii 9 Rhododendron Phlox 38 albiforum 13 Phrymaceae 37, 39 Romanzofa 39 Physocarpus 13 Rosa 11 Pinaceae 7 Rosaceae 8, 11, 13, 14, 33, 34, 35 Pinguicula 25 Rubiaceae 26, 28, 37 Plantaginacea 36 Rubus Plantaginaceae 9, 16, 29, 32, 37, 40 idaeus 11 Plantago 40 parviforus 13 Poaceae 18, 23 Ruppia Polemoniaceae 27, 38, 39 cirrhosa 18 Polemonium 39 Ruppiaceae 18 Polygalaceae 24, 37 Ruscaceae. See Asparagaceae Polygonaceae 9, 18, 26, 28, 29 Sagittaria 17 Polypodiaceae 4, 5 Salicaceae 11 Portulaca Salicornia 28 oleracea 31, 33 Sambucus 9 Portulacaceae 31, 33 Santalaceae 29 Potamogeton 18 Sapindaceae 9, 10 Potamogetonaceae 16, 18 Sarcobatus 11 Primula 32 Sarracenia Primulacea 28 purpurea 24

53 Sarraceniaceae 24 Taxus Saxifragaceae 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 brevifolia 7 Scheuchzeria Talictrum 27 palustris 23 Telypteridaceae 6 Scheuchzeriaceae 23 Tuja 7 Scrophulariaceae 39, 40. See Tofeldiaceae 22 also Plantaginaceae Toxicoscordion 22 Sedum 34 Tradescantia divergens 33 occidentalis 21 Selaginella Triglochin 23 densa Trilliaceae. See Melanthiaceae var. scopulorum. See Selaginella Trillium scopulorum ovatum 20 var. standleyi. See Selaginella Typhaceae 18, 23 standleyi Ulmaceae 14 Selaginellaceae 4 Utricularia 15 Shepherdia 10 Uvulariaceae. See Liliaceae Silene 31 Vaccinium 12, 14 Solanaceae 8, 40 microcarpum 8 Solanum oxycoccos 8 dulcamara 8 Valeriana 37 Sorbaria 11 Verbascum 40 Sorbus 11 Verbena Sparganiaceae. See Typhaceae bracteata 38 Sparganium 18 Verbenaceae 38 Spiraea 14 Veronica 37, 40 Spirodela 15 peregrina 32 Streptopus 22 Viburnum 10 Stuckenia 18 Violaceae 30 Suaeda Wolfa 15 nigra 12 Woodsiaceae 6 Submersed or Floating (Aquatic) Plants Xerophyllum 21 15 Yucca 21 Symphoricarpos 10 Zannichellia Syringa 10 palustris 16 Tamaricaceae 11 Zannichelliaceae. See Potamogetonaceae Tamarix Zizania 18 ramosissima 11 Taxaceae 7

54