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An Illustrated Key to the Major Groups & Families Of AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE MAJOR GROUPS & FAMILIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen Introduction This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Lesica (2012), and the Flora North America Associaton (2008-2018). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2018). The main references are listed at the end of the key. The interactve plant keys on the Flora ID website (Flora ID. 2017) were very helpful for testng where and how well diferent species ft into the keys. The Alberta S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2018) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious or XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). Square brackets ‘[ ]’ are used to indicate alternate names that have been used to refer to various taxa in the key. The alternate names have been taken from commonly used botanical references from this region (e.g. Flora of Alberta, Budd’s Flora). The phrase ‘(in part)’ appears frequently in the keys to family. This indicates that some, but not all, of the lower taxa in the family named will ft the criteria outlined in the key. For example, ‘Rosaceae (in part)’ would mean that some, but not all, of the genera and/or species in the Rose Family have the characteristcs described in the key. Entries in the frst key (Key to Major Groups) are followed by a page number, to guide you to the next step. However, on subsequent pages, the page numbers are replaced by ‘xx’ place holders. These will be actvated when the keys to genus and species have been fnalized and incorporated into a single fle/volume. We hope that you will fnd this key helpful in the upcoming feld season. Please let us know if there are ways ithat it can be improved. 2 Keys to the Major Groups of Vascular Plants & Their Families Traditional phylogenetic keys focus mainly on fower characteristics, but in this key we are using a hybrid 1a approach, starting with easily determined vegetative features, and then moving on to fower structure or other more technical considerations as necessary. Key to Major Groups 01a Plants herbaceous, reproducing by spores . ..................... Ferns and Fern Allies ...................... Division Pteridophyta ........................... Group 1 (p. 4) 01b Plants herbaceous or woody (shrubs, trees), 2a producing cones or fowers, reproducing by seeds .................... Seed Plants . Division Spermatophyta ….02 02a Plant stems woody to well above ground level, not dying back to the base each year - trees, shrubs or woody vines . Conifers and Woody Flowering Plants Subdivision Gymnospermae+Angiospermae (in part) ........................... Group 2 (p. 7) 02b Plant stems herbaceous or woody at the base 3a only . Herbaceous Flowering Plants . Subdivision Angiospermae, in part….03 03a Plants aquatic, foating or submersed in water at maturity . Aquatic Herbs ....................... Group 3 (p. 15) 03b Plants not aquatic, emergent (rooted, with lower parts in the water but upper stems, 4a leaves and fowers held above the water) or upland species with self-supporting stems . 04 04a Plants white, yellow, pink or reddish brown when fresh, often drying blackish, not photosynthetic; leaves reduced to scales . Non-photosynthetic Herbs ....................... Group 4 (p. 19) 04b Plants green, photosynthetic; leaves usually well-developed .Photosynthetic Herbs….05 05a Leaves unlobed and undivided (rarely with 2 basal lobes), usually parallel-veined, 5a often grass-like; fower parts usually in 3s or 6s (never in 5s); seeds with 1 seed leaf (cotyledon); stems (when present) without a central pith . Monocots . Class Monocotyledoneae ....................... Group 5 (p. 20) 05b Leaves undivided, divided or lobed, usually net-veined; fower parts usually in 4s or 5s; seeds with 2 seed leaves; stems (if present) with a central pith . Dicots . Class Dicotyledoneae 5b ....................... Group 6 (p. 24) 3 Group 1 Ferns & Fern Allies Key to Families 01a Leaves simple, stalkless, grass-like or scale- like, 1-2 mm wide ....................02 01b Leaves (fronds) usually lobed or divided, with stalks (stipes), variously shaped and ≥5 mm wide ..............................05 02a Leaves onion-like, basal and slender with 2a wide, sheathing bases, 5-15 cm long; stems thick, short and inconspicuous (covered by leaf bases); spore cases (sporangia) embedded in the upper/inner side of the leaf base . .....................Isoetaceae (p. xx) 02b Leaves scale-like, <1.5 cm long; stems slender and conspicuous; spore cases in cones (cone scales sometimes resembling leaves) or in the axils of stem leaves . .03 03a Stems usually hollow, conspicuously jointed; leaves scale-like, in sheath-like rings (whorls) 3a at stem joints; spore cases on the underside of fat, round, umbrella-like scales in cones at stem tips . Equisetaceae (p. xx) 03b Stems solid, not jointed; leaves strap-like, spirally arranged or paired (opposite); spore cases in the axils of triangular to strap-like cone scales or in leaf axils . .04 4a 04a Plants 5-25 cm tall; leaves mostly strap-like or awl-shaped, 5-10 mm long (triangular to lance- shaped and 2-4 mm long in Diphasiastrum); cones (when present) cylindrical; spores all similar . Lycopodiaceae (p. xx) 04b Plants 1-5(7) cm tall; leaves lance-shaped, 4b 1-4 mm long; cones usually ± 4-sided/angled; spores of 2 types (small and large). Selaginellaceae (p. xx) 05a In colonies from spreading rootstocks in ponds and lake edges; leaves with 4 leafets at the tip of a long stalk (like a four-leaved clover), often foating in water; spores in a hard, bean-like structures (sporocarps) on a short stalk (often hidden among the leaves) . Marsileaceae - Marsilea vestita 05b Plants and leaves not as above; spores in spore cases on green or modifed leaves . 06 5a 06a Spore cases 1-1.5 mm wide, in grape-like clusters on specialized, fertile leaves; sterile leaves below fertile blades on same stalk . Ophioglossaceae (p. xx) 06b Spore cases tiny (<1 mm wide), in dot-like clusters (sori) on the lower surface or along edges of green leaves or specialized fertile leaves ............................... 6a Ferns - Polypodiaceae of Moss (1983) . 07 4 07a Leaves of 2 distinctly different types: green, without spore cases (sterile) and brown (when mature), with spore cases (fertile) . .08 07b Leaves all similar, not of 2 distinct types (except Pellaea gastonyi, with fertile leaves distinctly longer than sterile leaves) . .09 08a Plants ≤20 cm tall, in small clumps, on rocky sites in mountains or neAB (Canadian Shield); fertile leaves longer than sterile leaves. 8a .................... PteridaCeae (in part) ..................... - Cryptogramma (p. xx) 08b Plants 50-150 cm tall, forming colonies from coarse rhizomes, on moist sites in boreal 8b forest; fertile leaves shorter than sterile leaves . Onocleaceae [Dryopteridaceae, in part] . .Matteuccia struthiopteris (p. xx) 09a Spore clusters on the leaf edges, usually under down-rolled margins, elongated . .10 09b Spore clusters set in from leaf edges (if near the edge, then round) . .12 10a Spore clusters under down-rolled leaf edges, 10a kidney shaped, separate (not in a continuous strip); leaf segments fan-shaped . Pteridaceae (in part) ......................Adiantum (p. xx) 10b Spore clusters in a continuous strip along the 11a leaf edge; leaf segments not fan-shaped . .11 11a Plants 30-300 cm tall; leaves 2X pinnately divided, ± triangular, 20-60 cm wide . .................... Dennstaedtiaceae . .- Pteridium aquilinum (p. xx) 11b Plants mostly <30 cm tall; leaves 1-2X pinnately divided, <10 cm wide . Pteridaceae (in part) (p. xx) . -Myriopteris; Pellaea 12a Leaves 1X pinnately divided, lobed or smooth- 11b edged .............................13 12b Leaves 2-4X pinnately divided . .15 13a Leafets (pinnae) lobed, egg-shaped, 3-7 x 2-5 13a mm; leaves 5-10(15) cm long . Aspleniaceae . - Asplenium viride (p. xx) . [Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum] 13b Leafets smooth-edged or toothed, narrowly oblong to lance-shaped, >10 mm long; leaves (5)10-40 cm long. .14 14a Leafets rounded at the tip, smooth-edged (without spines). Polypodiaceae (p. xx) 14b Leafets pointed at the tip, edged with spines . Dryopteridaceae (in part) 14a . Polystichum (p. xx) 14b 5 15a Leaf stalks (1)1.5-2(3) times as long as the blades; leaves divided into 3 ± equal parts, with each of the 2 lowest leafets ≈ the remaining upper part of the leaf. .CystopteridaCeae (p. xx) . [Dryopteridaceae, in part] 15b Leaf stalks usually much <2 times the length of the blade; lowest pair of leafets gradually → reduced upwards (not much larger than those 15a above) ............................. 16 16a Small tufted plants, mostly <20 cm tall; short- creeping scaly rhizomes bear small tufts to dense tussocks of leaves; lower leafets somewhat remote .................... 17 17a 16b Larger plants, generally >20 cm tall; plants tufted or in small scattered tufts or single leaves; lower leafets not remote . .18 17a Leaf stalk bases persist after blades are shed; indusia disc- or star-shaped (→), attached under and obscured by spore clusters . → 17b . WoodsiaCeae (p. xx) . [Dryopteridaceae, in part] 17b Leaf stalk bases disintegrate when blades are 18a shed; indusium hood-like (→), attached at the side and curved over the spore clusters . Cystopteridaceae [Dryopteridaceae, in part] . Cystopteris (p. xx)) 18a Lowest pair of leafets pointing downwards; lower leaf surface with conspicuous, nearly transparent hairs on the veins and midrib. ..................... Thelypteridaceae . - Phegopteris connectilis (p. xx) 18b Leaves not as above. .19 19a 19a Indusia often absent, when present elongated, fap-like (attached along 1 edge) and fringed or toothed . Athyriaceae ..................... - Athyrium (p. xx) 19b Indusia present (sometimes small and soon shrivelling) round or kidney-shaped, attached 19b in the hollow of the inner side, not fringed . DryopteridaCeae (in part) ........................
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